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Social Science Asia, Volume 5 Number 3, P: 81-92 81 Official Social Science Asia, Volume 5 Number 3, p: 81-92 The Effects of Symbolism on a Social Movement: The Wang Sapung Gold Mining Conflict In Loei Province, Thailand Chantha Thanawattanawong1 Abstract Mining industries, which are involved in the extraction of minerals, have a long history in the Americas, Europe, Africa, Asia and Australia. These industries bring profit to both the entrepreneurs and the state. However, the consequences that come with extractive industries are the potentially significant changes to the environment, economy, and society. Those changes often cause conflicts or controversies between local communities (especially near or in mining areas), private companies and among government officials. Often extractive industries catalyze violence due to the deterioration of natural resources, environmental conditions, and inequalities in the distribution of public benefits. This article focuses on the conflict within the mining industry, using a Thai case study as its main methodology, the gold mining conflict at Wang Sapung, Loei Province. In the conclusion, this paper shows that the varieties of symbolism that were created by the anti-gold mining movement could help to overcome the situation that the movement was concerned about and, in the meantime, they used those symbols to support their collective identity. This symbolism had an emotionally powerful effect on the followers of the movement and brought the movement to the attention of the public. Those conditions contributed to the anti-gold mining movement becoming a non-violent social movement. Keywords: Extractive industries, non-violent movements, symbolic practices, mining Introduction Mining industries have a long history in the Americas, Europe, Africa, Asia It was a year since the violence had and Australia and bring profit to both the occurred at Nanongbon village, Wangsapong entrepreneurs and the state. However, the District when a group of men invaded the consequences that come with extractive village to clear the way for trucks to be able industries are potentially significant changes to transport gold from the area. The to the environment, economy, and society. Rakbankerd movement of the villagers who Those changes often cause conflicts or opposed the industrial mining company held controversies between local communities a remembrance day for the resources stolen (especially near or in mining areas), private from the land. 1 Faculty of Political Science, Ubon Ratchathani University Email: [email protected] Received: May 26, 2018 Revised: November 10, 2018 Accepted: Jan 29, 2019 Official Journal of National Research Council of Thailand in Conjunction with 81 the College of Local Administration, Khon Kaen University Social Science Asia, Volume 5 Number 3, p: 81-92 companies and among government officials. development projects. By surveying air Often extractive industries catalyze violence geophysics throughout the country between due to the deterioration of natural resources, the years 1984-1987, it was possible to environmental conditions, and inequalities in determine the potential areas for various the distribution of public benefits, as can be minerals. The survey results allowed the seen at Nanongbon village. Department of Mineral Resources to confirm This article focuses on the conflict the potential of gold in Thailand in many within the mining industry that made the areas including Loei Province. Following the Rakbankerd movement turn their strategy survey, the government accelerated the from counterattack to the use the symbolism. policy of allowing gold mining in practice by The main objectives of this research are to approving its policy on gold exploration and examine the varieties of symbolic conditions development proposed by the Ministry of that existed in this conflict and the conditions Industry on 3 February, 1987 to encourage that contributed to the anti-gold mining private entrepreneurs to invest in gold mining movement becoming a non-violent social exploration (Techawan, 2003, pp. 1-2) and movement. The first part will show the nature pay special returns to the state. of the gold mining that was the root of the In particular, the promotion of private conflict, the second part will give the investment led to large private gold mining background to the conflict at Nanongbong companies having the opportunity to explore village, the third part will illustrate the the potential areas for gold ore. In the case of symbolic strategy of the Rakbankerd Loei, Thungkum Company Limited obtained movement and finally a conclusion will be the right to survey and explore for gold drawn. mining on plot 4, the Namcute - Phu Khum Thong site that covers an area of 545 square The nature of gold mining kilometers. The company ran the operation until gold ore was found and it could estimate Gold is a mineral that has great value the economic worth of extracting it before in the market. Its special characteristics are its making a proposal for a special license and yellow color, brightness, resistance to rust for paying special returns to the state. even if buried in soil or mud, cleanliness and When considering the exploration resistance to stains. These features have made and development system for mineral gold desirous to humans for centuries. The resources in Thailand, it can be seen that it is value of gold is important and has dominated a system that does not provide opportunities international exchange rates. for local people who have minerals in their Gold mining was supported by the areas to get to know how to develop their own Thai government in the fifth National areas. This is a policy that causes conflicts Economic and Social Development Plan that are difficult to resolve and which was (1982-1986). The first gold mining was prolonged for more than 9 years in the case carried out by Cholsin Company Limited at of the mine at Wang Saphung District, Loei Tum Mo Mine, Sukhirin District, Narathiwat Province; this was a conflict partly derived Province. It operated during 1994-1996 and from the mindset relating to the management produced a total of 230 kilograms of gold. of state resources with the government Meanwhile, the Department of Mineral considering that it was the duty of the state to Resources invested in mineral resources Official Journal of National Research Council of Thailand in Conjunction with 82 the College of Local Administration, Khon Kaen University Social Science Asia, Volume 5 Number 3, p: 81-92 manage the natural resources that are public revenue for the development of domestic property At the same time, the use of economic growth. resources for national development were Open pit mining, in which the ore allocated to private individuals, as happened deposits extend very deep into the ground and in the case of the gold mineral resources. which is the most common form of mining Although there are rules and regulations set for strategic minerals, has key impacts on the on the basis of sustainable use of resources, environment such as acid mine drainage and the impact on the way of life and the health contaminant leaching, erosion of soils, and of people living in settlements in a project mine wastes deposited into surface waters. area are often neglected. Relying solely on Many of these mining activities are located technical data, revenue figures and special within local communities, and when mining benefits that operators offer to the activities are not properly managed the government only results in never-ending results are degraded soils, water, conflict. biodiversity, and forest resources, all of The nature of the mining business is which are critical for the subsistence of local considered as a source of conflict between people. Moreover, when contamination is not local communities in the location of gold controlled, the cost of the contamination is resources and private developer companies, transferred to other economic activities, such whether from inside or outside the country. as agriculture and fishing. Additionally, the States often have policies that benefit the contamination in water, soil and air increases drilling for and extraction of mineral the potential health risks to the community. resources by entrepreneurs rather than local Frustration about the health issues of communities; this is due to the expectation of local communities is an important condition economic benefits from local employment, that leads to collective behavior among local revenue and mineral royalty payments from people that is related with social movements’ private companies. These revenues are used literature. Those movements are by states as a factor in determining the wealth characterized by a collective behavior, its of a country. purpose being to raise objections to changes in the environment that affect the natural The mining conflict and social movement resources and livelihoods of local communities as a result of the mining Data from mining conflicts around activities. the world suggest that mining activity which Collective action is a framework for is growing on different continents, whether in the study of the characteristics and Latin America, Asia, Africa or Europe, is a integration of individuals in society. The business that requires an intensive level of shared grievances are important prerequisites investment and comes with high risks as well and necessary conditions that create because minerals are exhaustible natural collective actions or social movements. resources. It is clear that all mining activities However, resource
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