DOCSLIB.ORG

BARNWELL-DISSERTATION.Pdf

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
BARNWELL-DISSERTATION.Pdf Copyright by Kristi Nichole Barnwell 2011 The Dissertation Committee for Kristi Nichole Barnwell Certifies that this is the approved version of the following dissertation: From Trucial States to Nation State: Decolonization and the Formation of the United Arab Emirates, 1952-1971 Committee: Wm. Roger Louis, Supervisor Kamran S. Aghaie Clement Henry Antony G. Hopkins Abraham Marcus From Trucial States to Nation State: Decolonization and the Formation of the United Arab Emirates, 1952-1971 by Kristi Nichole Barnwell, B.A.; M.A. Dissertation Presented to the Faculty of the Graduate School of The University of Texas at Austin in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy The University of Texas at Austin August 2011 Dedication For my mother Acknowledgements I am indebted to countless people who provided direct and indirect aid while I researched and wrote this dissertation. People across three continents helped in myriad ways, both direct and indirect, to bring this project to fruition. The staff at The National Archive in Kew and at the Gulf Research Center at the University of Exeter were an enormous source of help and knowledge. Additionally, the library staff at the Center for Documentation and Research welcomed me, provided me with a quiet space to work, and copied hundreds of pages for me without complaint. I would like to offer special thanks to Dr. Jassim Jirjees and Dr. Jayanti Maitra al-Hajji for their help and interest in my work. Many thanks to Robin Dougherty, the Middle East librarian at the University of Texas, for the books and the chocolate. This dissertation would not have come into being if it had not been for the suggestion of my advisor, Wm. Roger Louis. It was he who first suggested the general topic, he who encouraged my research, and he who carefully read and commented on my chapters as I wrote them. His guidance and support kept me moving forward throughout my too-long graduate career and I am grateful for his continued encouragement. Several other mentors went above and beyond their usual duties as members of my dissertation committee. Kamran Aghaie served as a constant source of encouragement as well as a formidable devil‘s advocate throughout my graduate career. With him, I honed my answers for those who would ask, ―Why work on the UAE?‖ I v also am grateful to Clement Henry for his enthusiasm for my research topic. Our conversations always led me down new avenues of inquiry and his contributions helped to make my dissertation a richer study. Mary Wilson served as my mentor at the University of Massachusetts and guided me toward graduate studies in Middle Eastern History. She was the first of my professors to demonstrate interest in me and my work as an undergraduate. Mary is the kind of teacher and mentor I strive to be. Additional thanks go to: Antony Hopkins, Abraham Marcus, Peter Shapinsky, Hina Azam, James Onley, Steven Wright, Hanan Hamad, Somy Kim, Nora Eltahawy, Lauren Apter, Stefanie Wichart, Marian Barber, Ann Genova, and Roy Doron. Jane Bristol-Rhys deserves particular mention. She helped me—a stranger in a strange land—to navigate the pitfalls of research in the Emirates, to find my voice as a writer, and to become a scholar of the Gulf. She is also much more: a generous and kind friend. Thank you for the JITC marathons. My family members provided a non-academic oasis to which I could escape in times of great stress. Of those, my mother deserves the most thanks for being my number one fan and loudest cheerleader. It is for these reasons that I dedicate this work to her. vi From Trucial States to Nation State: Decolonization and the Formation of the United Arab Emirates, 1952-1971 Kristi Nichole Barnwell, Ph.D. The University of Texas at Austin, 2011 Supervisor: Wm. Roger Louis Harold Wilson, the British Prime Minister, announced in January 1968 that the British government would withdraw from the Persian Gulf by the end of 1971. For Britain, the decision indicated a re-prioritization of British global defense obligations. For the rulers of the Arab emirates of the Persian Gulf, Wilson‘s announcement signaled an end of British military protection, and the beginning of a process of negotiations that culminated in the establishment of the United Arab Emirates on December 3, 1971. An examination of the process by which the individual Persian Gulf states became a sovereign federation presents an opportunity to examine the roles of nationalism and anti- imperialism played in the establishment of the Union. This work demonstrates that Arab rulers in the Persian Gulf strove to establish their new state with close ties to Great Britain, which provided technical, military, and administrative assistance to the emirates, while also publicly embracing the popular ideologies of anti-imperialism and Arab socialism, which dominated the political discourse in the Arab world through most of the twentieth century. vii This dissertation draws on primary source materials from British and American government archives, speeches and government publications from the Arab Emirates, memoirs and a wide variety of secondary sources. These materials provide the basis for understanding the state-building process of the United Arab Emirates in the areas of pre- withdrawal development, the decision to withdraw, the problems of establishing a federal constitution, and the problems posed by the need for security in the post-withdrawal Persian Gulf. viii Table of Contents List of Tables ......................................................................................................... xi List of Figures ....................................................................................................... xii List of Abbreviations ........................................................................................... xiii Note on Transliteration ........................................................................................ xiv Chapter 1: Introduction ...........................................................................................1 The United Arab Emirates Today ...................................................................7 Chapter Structure ............................................................................................8 Comment on Sources ....................................................................................12 Chapter 2: Protected Status, 1820-1952................................................................19 The Arab Gulf Before the Trucial Agreements ............................................19 British Administration in the Arab Gulf States.............................................25 British Air and Oil Interests in the Arab Gulf...............................................32 Arab Nationalism and the Persian Gulf ........................................................38 Chapter 3: Development, 1952-1967 ....................................................................51 The Trucial States Council............................................................................53 Development and the Threat of Nationalism ................................................60 Excluding the Arab League ..........................................................................71 Another Overthrow .......................................................................................83 Chapter 4: Withdrawal, 1952-1968 .......................................................................89 Nationalism and East of Suez .......................................................................91 The Economics of East of Suez and the Gulf .............................................103 Coinciding Crises ........................................................................................110 The Decision ...............................................................................................119 Chapter 5: Federation, 1968-1971 ......................................................................120 The Origins of Federation: The British Perspective ...................................122 Arab Nationalism and Federation ...............................................................127 ix The Dubai Agreement, February 1968 .......................................................133 Maintaining the Regional Status Quo .........................................................140 A Federation of Seven ................................................................................150 Chapter 6: Security, 1951-1976 ..........................................................................155 The British Military Presence in the Arab Gulf ..........................................158 Local and Imperial Forces ..........................................................................163 From Aggressors to “Twin Pillars”.............................................................172 Chapter 7: Conclusion.........................................................................................179 Appendix A: The Provisional Constitution of the United Arab Emirates (English)183 Appendix B: The Provisional Constitution of the United Arab Emirates (Arabic)216 Appendix C: Rulers of the Trucial States from 1947-Present ............................267 Appendix D: Selection of British Officials, 1947-1971 .....................................270 Bibliography ........................................................................................................273 x List of Tables Table 1: Population Growth in the Trucial Coast in
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Education in Ras Al Khaimah and the United Arab Emirates
    Fact Sheet Education in Ras Al Khaimah and the United Arab Emirates Natasha Ridge, Susan Kippels, & Sahar ElAsad1 Historical Development of Education in the United Arab With the new wealth from pearling, demand for education increased. In 1912, the first private schools in the Trucial States 2 Emirates opened in Dubai and Sharjah (Davidson, 2008). These schools The earliest forms of education in the sheikdoms of the Arabian were independent initiatives started by pearl traders who Gulf3 were the katateeb –extensions of education in mosques, had been exposed to modern schools during their travels which focused on Islamic teachings and the basics of reading (AlNaqbi, 2009). By the 1920s, many of the Trucial States had and writing (AlNaqbi, 2009). At this time students, primarily opened schools using curricula and teachers from nearby young boys, were taught by the local mutawa’a, a religious Arab nations, which began the shift towards the more secular preacher, or the fiqi, a visiting religious teacher (Ridge, 2009). and vocational education that exists today (UAE Ministry At the end of the nineteenth century, there was a fundamental of Education [MOE], 2013; Davidson, 2008). However, these shift in education as the region experienced greater wealth early developments were stifled when the pearling industry following a boom in the local pearling industry. collapsed in the 1940s (Davidson, 2008). 1 The authors would like to thank Hanadi Mohammed Ali for her help collecting updated data for this report. 2 This section on the historical development of the UAE is largely adopted from Education and the Reverse Gender Divide in the Gulf States: Embracing the Global, Ignoring the Local (Ridge, 2014).
    [Show full text]
  • Hamazor 05-1.Pdf
    HAMAZOR - ISSUE 1 2005 C o n t e n t s The Chairman, WZO - p 24 007 Congratulatory messages 024 25th Anniversary celebrations in the UK - the chairman’s address and report 033 A brief exposition of spirituality in Zoroastrianism - kersey h antia 038 Changing world of Zarathushti faith - jehan bagli 042 How can Zoroastriansim be practiced ... - mehernosh m bhadha 045 Lasting friendships of outstanding Zoroastrians - shahpur f captain 048 Down memory lane - noshir h dadrawala 050 Happy 25th anniversary - dolly dastoor 053 Restructured WZO: a long term vision - adi j davar 058 The emergence of the World Zoroastrian Organisation - john r hinnells 065 The Pahlavi-Chinese bilingual inscription from Xi’an - hulmut humbach 068 What is the Zarathushtrian commitment - kaikhosrov d irani 070 Singularity & Universality of Zoroastrianism - yasmine jhabvala 075 Zoroastrians in the new millenium - jamsheed marker 081 Harmony in Paradox - dina g mcintyre 084 Achievements of 25 years service to the community 087 Twenty Fifth Anniversary of WZO - farhang mehr 092 Ahreman’s end between Theology & Philosophy - antonio panaino 098 A global community without borders - rohinton rivetna 114 Fostering Zoroastrian Unity Worldwide - dinshaw k tamboly 120 Man & Divinity in the Gathas - farrokh vajifdar 125 Farsi Article - Zartosht Azadi 126 Announcement from the Chairman, WZO Happenings: 129 “It just wasn’t my time” - usheen davar 134 Journey to tsunami affected area - niloufer randeria 136 Nuturing Navsari - report from dinshaw tamboly PHOTOGRAPHS 138 XIII N A
    [Show full text]
  • The Light of the Sacred Fire
    THE LIGHT OF THE SACRED FIRE Zo*orstrianisrn giave to the West rrany o{ it. rnost irnportant spiritu"l fu"okngs. A{t"r thousanJt years, this ancient "{ {aith is still goingf strongi. by Honroh U.C. Shopnro ' h. light of an ancient fire reflects into both our serious and our popular culturl: the three Magi attending the Christ Child at the manger, the I philosophical ramblings of Nietzsche's Thus Spake Zarathustra, the Porten- tous Strauss tone poem inspired by Nietzsche's work. And then there are the bad puns about Zorro and Lieutenant Uhura, the stories of fire-worshipers in Iran, and ih. ,tttcoottted thousands of Mazda light bulbs andJapanese cars. But there is a real light Zoroastrianism, the ancient light that sends these reflections forth - the of 62 Gnosis Mogazine I Sumner 1994 I I i.ti religion of Persia, which is still a living tradition after "Alexander the Accursed," burnt the great library at the more than three millennia. Persian capital of Persepolis in 330 B.C.E. The Cathas Zarathushtra, known as Zoroaster in Greek translit- and other Avestan religious texts survived because they eration, lived in rvhat is now eastern Iran or Afghanistan. still remained in priests' memories as ritual documents rn No one knows exactly when he lived; Zoroastrian tradi- constant use. tions date him at around 600 B.C.E., but modern schol- The Parthian state, a Zoroastrian kingdom in what is arship has placed him earlier, anywhere from 1600 to 1000 now Iran and lraq, flourished in the period between the B.C.E.
    [Show full text]
  • Acknowledgments 1 Background
    NOTES Acknowledgments 1. Science and Science Policy in the Arab World , published by Centre for Arab Unity Studies 1979 and Croom Helm, 1980; and The Arab World and the Challenges of Science and Technology: Progress without Change , published by Centre for Arab Unity Studies, 1999. 1 Background 1. These numbers, as we shall see, are approximate. 2. “10 Emerging Technologies 2009,” Technology Review 102, 2 (April 2009), 37–54. 3. For a report on the ongoing debate in Germany on this issue, see Carter Dougherty, “Debate in Germany: Research or Manufacturing,” New York Times , August 12, 2009. 4. See Alvin and Heidi Toffler, Revolutionary Wealth (Currency Doubleday, 2006), 94. 5. Ibid., part 6, 146ff. 6. Gavin Weightman, The Industrial Revolutionaries: The Making of the Modern World (Grove Press, 2007). 7. It is speculated that the steam engine may have been invented earlier by Pharaonic priests and that knowledge of this invention was available to Hero of Alexandria at about 10 to 60 CE 8. It seems that cats became domesticated around 1450 BC and were used at that time to protect granaries in Egypt. See, for an interesting account of the cat in Egypt, Jaromir Malek, The Cat in Ancient Egypt (London: The British Museum Press, 2006), 54–55, Revised Edition. 9. Research concerning the conversion to steam shipping was already well under way. See Christine Macleod, Jeremy Stein, Jennifer Tann, and James Andrew, “Making Waves: The Royal Navy’s Management of Invention and Innovation in Steam Shipping, 1815–1832,” History and Technology , 16 (2000), 307–333. 10. Naomi Klein, The Shock Doctrine: The Rise of Disaster Capitalism (Allen Lane, 2007).
    [Show full text]
  • Anatolian Studies
    ANATOLIAN STUDIES Journal of the British Institute of Archaeology at Ankara VOL XXIII 1973 Special Number A§VAN 1968-1972 An Interim Report DAVID FRENCH with BEHIN AKSOY STEPHEN MITCHELL STEVEN DIAMANT ANTHONY McNICOLL GERALD HALL SEBASTIAN PAYNE SVEND HELMS ALWYN RIDDELL GORDON HILLMAN MALCOLM WAGSTAFF SAM McBRIDE MATINA WEINSTEIN DAVID WILLIAMS Published annually by THE BRITISH INSTITUTE OF ARCHAEOLOGY AT ANKARA 140, Cromwell Road, London SW7 4HE Price £4-00 Downloaded from https://www.cambridge.org/core. IP address: 170.106.40.219, on 02 Oct 2021 at 06:51:49, subject to the Cambridge Core terms of use, available at https://www.cambridge.org/core/terms. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0066154600003501 ANATOLIAN STUDIES Journal of the British Institute of Archaeology at Ankara VOL XXIII 1973 Special Number A§VAN 1968-1972 An Interim Report DAVID FRENCH with BEHIN AKSOY STEPHEN MITCHELL STEVEN DIAMANT ANTHONY McNICOLL GERALD HALL SEBASTIAN PAYNE SVEND HELMS ALWYN RIDDELL GORDON HILLMAN MALCOLM WAGSTAFF SAM McBRIDE MATINA WEINSTEIN DAVID WILLIAMS Published annually by THE BRITISH INSTITUTE OF ARCHAEOLOGY AT ANKARA UO, Cromwell Road, London SW74HE Downloaded from https://www.cambridge.org/core. IP address: 170.106.40.219, on 02 Oct 2021 at 06:51:49, subject to the Cambridge Core terms of use, available at https://www.cambridge.org/core/terms. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0066154600003501 CONTENTS Page The Year's Work 5 Recent Archaeological Research in Turkey 13 Asvan 1968-72 : an Interim Report 69 Contents 71 Downloaded from https://www.cambridge.org/core. IP address: 170.106.40.219, on 02 Oct 2021 at 06:51:49, subject to the Cambridge Core terms of use, available at https://www.cambridge.org/core/terms.
    [Show full text]
  • Is Civil Society Heard in Brussels?
    THE FEDERAL TRUST Enlightening the Debate on Good Governance Is Civil Society heard in Brussels? Interest representation and the role of civil society in EU decision-making Adrian Beresford Taylor European Essay No.4 A Definition of Federalism Federalism is defined as ‘a system of government in which central and regional authorities are linked in an interdependent political relationship, in which powers and functions are distributed to achieve a substantial degree of autonomy and integrity in the regional units. In theory, a federal system seeks to maintain a balance such that neither level of government becomes sufficiently dominant to dictate the decision of the other, unlike in a unitary system, in which the central authorities hold primacy to the extent even of redesigning or abolishing regional and local units of government at will.’ (New Fontana Dictionary of Modern Thought) _________________________________________________________________________ Patrons Council Lord Briggs Andrew Adonis Sir Bernard Burrows David Barton Rt Hon Lord Cockfield Professor Iain Begg Sir Brian Corby Graham Bishop Lord Ezra Dr Michael Burgess Lord Forte Alison Cottrell Sir Michael Franklin Harry Cowie Sir Arthur Knight Geoffrey Denton Lord Mackenzie-Stuart Robert Emerson Sir Donald Maitland Dr Nigel Forman Baroness Nicholson of Baroness Sally Greengross Winterbourne MEP Professor Stanley Henig Rt Hon Sir Michael Palliser Isabel Hilton Lord Plumb Jonathan Hoffman Lord Roll of Ipsden John Leech Rt Hon Lord Scarman Baroness Ludford MEP Rt Hon Lord Thomson of Peter Luff Monifieth Nicolas Maclean Carole Tongue David Martin MEP Sir Brian Urquhart Dr Richard Mayne Sir Peter Ustinov Professor Jörg Monar John Pinder OBE John Stevens Lord Taverne QC Dr Richard Whitman Ernest Wistrich _________________________________________________ The views expressed in this European Essay are the views of the author only.
    [Show full text]
  • Table 1 Comprehensive International Points List
    Table 1 Comprehensive International Points List FCC ITU-T Country Region Dialing FIPS Comments, including other 1 Code Plan Code names commonly used Abu Dhabi 5 971 TC include with United Arab Emirates Aden 5 967 YE include with Yemen Admiralty Islands 7 675 PP include with Papua New Guinea (Bismarck Arch'p'go.) Afars and Assas 1 253 DJ Report as 'Djibouti' Afghanistan 2 93 AF Ajman 5 971 TC include with United Arab Emirates Akrotiri Sovereign Base Area 9 44 AX include with United Kingdom Al Fujayrah 5 971 TC include with United Arab Emirates Aland 9 358 FI Report as 'Finland' Albania 4 355 AL Alderney 9 44 GK Guernsey (Channel Islands) Algeria 1 213 AG Almahrah 5 967 YE include with Yemen Andaman Islands 2 91 IN include with India Andorra 9 376 AN Anegada Islands 3 1 VI include with Virgin Islands, British Angola 1 244 AO Anguilla 3 1 AV Dependent territory of United Kingdom Antarctica 10 672 AY Includes Scott & Casey U.S. bases Antigua 3 1 AC Report as 'Antigua and Barbuda' Antigua and Barbuda 3 1 AC Antipodes Islands 7 64 NZ include with New Zealand Argentina 8 54 AR Armenia 4 374 AM Aruba 3 297 AA Part of the Netherlands realm Ascension Island 1 247 SH Ashmore and Cartier Islands 7 61 AT include with Australia Atafu Atoll 7 690 TL include with New Zealand (Tokelau) Auckland Islands 7 64 NZ include with New Zealand Australia 7 61 AS Australian External Territories 7 672 AS include with Australia Austria 9 43 AU Azerbaijan 4 994 AJ Azores 9 351 PO include with Portugal Bahamas, The 3 1 BF Bahrain 5 973 BA Balearic Islands 9 34 SP include
    [Show full text]
  • A History of Zimbabwe, 1890-2000 and Postscript, Zimbabwe, 2001-2008
    A History of Zimbabwe, 1890-2000 and Postscript, Zimbabwe, 2001-2008 A History of Zimbabwe, 1890-2000 and Postscript, Zimbabwe, 2001-2008 By Chengetai J. M. Zvobgo A History of Zimbabwe, 1890-2000 and Postscript, Zimbabwe, 2001-2008, by Chengetai J. M. Zvobgo This book first published 2009 Cambridge Scholars Publishing 12 Back Chapman Street, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE6 2XX, UK British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Copyright © 2009 by Chengetai J. M. Zvobgo All rights for this book reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior permission of the copyright owner. ISBN (10): 1-4438-1360-5, ISBN (13): 978-1-4438-1360-0 To Kelebogile Clara and Ruvimbo Heather And to the memory of Eddison. TABLE OF CONTENTS Acknowledgements .................................................................................. xiii Preface....................................................................................................... xv Summary ................................................................................................. xvii Introduction ............................................................................................... 1 Chapter One............................................................................................. 11 From the Occupation of Mashonaland to the Ndebele and Shona Risings,
    [Show full text]
  • Suddensuccession
    SUDDEN SUCCESSION Examining the Impact of Abrupt Change in the Middle East SIMON HENDERSON KRISTIAN C. ULRICHSEN EDITORS MbZ and the Future Leadership of the United Arab Emirates IN PRACTICE, Sheikh Muhammad bin Zayed al-Nahyan, the crown prince of Abu Dhabi, is already the political leader of the United Arab Emirates, even though the federation’s president, and Abu Dhabi’s leader, is his elder half-brother Sheikh Khalifa. This study examines leadership in the UAE and what might happen if, for whatever reason, Sheikh Muham- mad, widely known as MbZ, does not become either the ruler of Abu Dhabi or president of the UAE. THE WASHINGTON INSTITUTE FOR NEAR EAST POLICY ■ POLICY NOTE 65 ■ JULY 2019 SUDDEN SUCCESSION: UAE RAS AL-KHAIMAH UMM AL-QUWAIN AJMAN SHARJAH DUBAI FUJAIRAH ABU DHABI ©1995 Central Intelligence Agency. Used by permission of the University of Texas Libraries, The University of Texas at Austin. Formation of the UAE moniker that persisted until 1853, when Britain and regional sheikhs signed the Treaty of Maritime Peace The UAE was created in November 1971 as a fed- in Perpetuity and subsequent accords that handed eration of six emirates—Abu Dhabi, Dubai, Sharjah, responsibility for conduct of the region’s foreign rela- Fujairah, Ajman, and Umm al-Quwain. A seventh— tions to Britain. When about a century later, in 1968, Ras al-Khaimah—joined in February 1972 (see table Britain withdrew its presence from areas east of the 1). The UAE’s two founding leaders were Sheikh Suez Canal, it initially proposed a confederation that Zayed bin Sultan al-Nahyan (1918–2004), the ruler would include today’s UAE as well as Qatar and of Abu Dhabi, and Sheikh Rashid bin Saeed al-Mak- Bahrain, but these latter two entities opted for com- toum (1912–90), the ruler of Dubai.
    [Show full text]
  • REIMAGINING INTERFAITH Shayda Sales
    With Best Compliments From The Incorportated Trustees Of the Zoroastrian Charity Funds of Hong Kong, Canton & Macao FEZANAJOURNAL www.fezana.org Vol 32 No 3 Fall / Paiz 1387 AY 3756 Z PUBLICATION OF THE FEDERATION OF ZOROASTRIAN ASSOCIATIONS OF NORTH AMERICA - CONTENT- Editor in Chief Dolly Dastoor, editor(@)fezana.org Graphic & Layout Shahrokh Khanizadeh, www.khanizadeh.info 02 Editorial Dolly Dastoor Technical Assistant Coomie Gazdar Consultant Editor Lylah M. Alphonse, lmalphonse(@)gmail.com 03 Message from the Language Editor Douglas Lange, Deenaz Coachbuilder President Cover Design Feroza Fitch, ffitch(@)lexicongraphics.com 04 FEZANA update Publications Chair Behram Pastakia, bpastakia(@)aol.com Marketing Manager Nawaz Merchant, [email protected] Columnists Shazneen Rabadi Gandhi, rabadis(@)gmail.com Teenaz Javat, teenazjavat(@)hotmail.com Page 7 MahrukhMotafram, mahrukhm83(@)gmail.com Copy Editors Vahishta Canteenwalla Yasmin Pavri Nazneen Khumbatta Subscription Managers Arnavaz Sethna, ahsethna(@)yahoo.com Kershaw Khumbatta, Arnavaz Sethna(@)yahoo.com Mehr- Avan – Adar 1387 AY (Fasli) Ardebehesht – Khordad – Tir 1388 AY (Shenhai) Khordad - Tir – Amordad 1388 AY (Kadimi) Mehrdad Aidun. The ceramic stamped ossuary (a depository of the bones of a deceased) with a removable lid, from the 6 - 7th centuries CE, was discovered in Yumalaktepa, near Shahr-i 11 Archeological Findings Sabz, Uzbekistan, in 2012. In the lower right section of the scene, a priest wearing a padam is shown solemnizing a ritual, while holding in 22 Gatha Study Circle his left hand two narrow, long sticks, identified as barsom. The right half of the scene depicts the heavenly judgment at the Chinwad Bridge. 29 In the News The figure holding scales is Rashne, who weighs the good and evil deeds of the deceased, who is shown as a young boy.
    [Show full text]
  • Policy Paper 23.Indd
    POLICY PAPER Policy Paper No. 23 February 2018 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Preserving and Promoting Perhaps more than any other emirate, Ras Al Khaimah’s Cultural Ras Al Khaimah’s urban and rural environments convey the aura of Heritage authenticity sought by many visitors to the region. The emirate contains Matthew MacLean, New York University numerous sites of cultural and archaeological interest, many of which are underutilized and underdeveloped. Introduction Current efforts to revitalize these sites In the Arabian Gulf, there has been a “heritage boom” over the past decade in the form are in their planning stages and as the of heritage-related festivals, museum construction, and popular engagement with and emirate grows as a tourist destination, interest in heritage. In scholarly literature, heritage is understood as being constructed it will have to balance the desire to by the relatively young states of the Gulf region, and the region’s various museums are attract tourists with the need to retain perceived as carriers of official national, cultural, and historical narratives (Erskine- the authentic atmosphere that attracts Loftus et al., 2016; Exell, 2016; Exell & Rico, 2014; Fox et al., 2006). visitors in the first place. This paper proposes a broader temporal and spatial In spite of the growing interest in heritage within the region, the Gulf is still heritage concept than is usually found perceived in many tourist markets as inauthentic and artificial. Ras Al Khaimah in the Gulf, and emphasizes continuities presents an opportunity to develop new heritage preservation and cultural tourism between heritage and contemporary practices that combine state-centric narratives with the daily life practices and Ras Al Khaimah.
    [Show full text]
  • Varieties of Patron-Client State Relationship
    Varieties of Patron-Client State Relationship: The U.S. and Southeast Asia Hojung Do Ewha Womans University The United States (US) was one of the two superpowers during the Cold War and after the eventual demise of Soviet Union, consolidated its supremacy as sole hegemon of the world. US relations with many regions and many states have been extensively studied upon and in Asia, the relationship mostly dealt with China, Japan and South Korea. US patron relationship to Northeast Asia is relatively stable, durable, one consisting of visible and tangible security transactions such as military bases still stationed in South Korea and Japan. There is a wealth of literature to be found pertaining to Northeast Asia but US relationship with Southeast Asia is lacking compared to its neighbors. This paper starts with the following questions: Does a patron-client state relationship actually exist between the US Southeast Asia? Why is there a lack of patronage compared to one displayed in Northeast Asia? Is there room for maneuver for clients? How does US patronage change over time and in what way? The first part of this paper will briefly review previous literature on patron-client relationships. Second, key concepts of patron-client state relationships and the 6 types of relationships will be enumerated. Third, these relationships will be applied to three periods: 1965-67, 1975, 1985-87 in three countries: Indonesia, Philippines and Thailand to examine the trend of US patronage. Finally, implications and future modifications of this theory to Southeast Asia will be discussed. Patron-Client Relationship in Literature Patron-client relationship is not a fresh concept in the eyes of anthropology, sociology and even politics.
    [Show full text]