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View Full Article ACTA MICROBIOLOGICA BULGARICA Spread and Manifestations of Pear Rust (Gymnosporangium sabine) on Different Pear Cultivars Antoniy Stoev, Georgi Kostadinov Institute of Soil Science, Agrotechnologies and Plant Protection “Nikola Pushkarov”, Sofia, Bulgaria Abstract The paper presents an investigation aimed at identifying the zones with regular incidence of pear rust. Such zones are appropriate for testing of cultivar susceptibility to the pathogen and fungicidal efficacy. The investigation data indicate that the disease is common on the monitored pear trees grown in the skirts of the north slopes of mountain Vitosha. Further away from the mountain, in Sofia Valley, the rate of pear rust attack is lower or the infection is missing. Key words: pear rust, Gymnosporangium sabinae, Rostellia cancellata Резюме Статията представя изследване, насочено към установяването на зони, където болестта крушова ръжда се явява често. Такива зони са подходящи за изпитване на сортовата устойчивост, а така също и на фунгицидната ефикасност срещу патогена. Данните от изследването показват, че в подножието на северните склонове на Витоша болестта се явява масово по наблюдаваните дървета. В по-отдалечени от планината райони на Софийското поле нападението отслабва или няма инфекция. Introduction The pear is a fruit species for whose growth there are appropriate conditions in Bulgaria. Pear gardens can provide yields whose quality and quantity are sufficient for the needs of the domestic market and for export (Iliev et al., Kitanov, 1986). The data for harvested land, however, indicate that the pear gives way not only to the apple but also to Fig. 1. Symptoms of pear rust on leaf lamina the rest of basic seed and stone fruit species. One of the reasons is the spread of diseases which cause project on economically important diseases on fruit pear trees to wither or perish (Aldwinckle, 1997; species in Bulgaria. It was aimed at testing the Borovinova, 2003). Thus the pear has become cultivar resistance and to the fungicidal efficacy unattractive to owners of large orchards. against pathogens. In the small non-market farms and orchards, however, the pear trees are not rare. Traditionally Materials and methods various cultivars are grown. The variety provides An investigation was carried out in the regi- fresh fruits from the middle of the summer till ons on the territory of Sofia, Capital municipality the beginning of the winter. A part of the yield and in Kostinbrod municipality (Table 1). is intended for processing - drying, cooking of Small orchards, country house gardens and compote, distilling alcohol, etc. These possibilities plots among residential and public buildings with are undoubtedly an advantage, which can be utilized planted pear trees were visited. Subject of the mostly by small scale farmers. supervision were trees which had not been treated In the period between August 2014 and with fungicides. August 2015, a research was done to establish The spread of the disease was traced out on zones with pear trees suffering from pear rust (Fig. the leaves of the common and standard Bulgarian 1). The investigation was part of a bigger research cultivar Popska (synonyms Pastornice, Curé, 145 , Table 1. Spread and manifestations of pear rust in some parts of Sofia field. Municipality / district / Location Rate of Cultivar quarter latitude, longitude attack Capital / Pancharevo 42º35´32.71“ N; Popska 1 23º24´48.38“ Е summer pear 3 Capital / Vitosha, 42º37´59.57“ N; Popska 2014 - 3 close to Vrana residency 23º26´19.83“ Е 2015 - 3 Vitosha 42°37‘22.07“ N; Popska 6 Dragalevtsi quarter 23°19‘07.71“ E Passe Crassane 6 Vitosha 42°38‘50.66“ N; 2 Popska Boyana quarter 23°15‘53.09“ Е Vitosha 42°39‘29.05“ N; 5 Passe Crassane Boyana quarter 23°16‘02.26“ Е Studentski 42°39‘08.83 N; unknown small fruit 1 University of forestry 23°21‘32.65“ Е variety Slatina 42°40‘33.05“ N; unknown summer 1 Institut of microbiology 23°22‘06.66“ E cultivar Slatina, close to Romanian 42°41‘13.32“ N; Popska, 0 embassy 23°21‘10.60“ E summer unknown Ovcha kupel 42°40‘09.14“ N; 1 - 2 Popska New Bulgarian university 23°15‘34.25“ E Novi Iskar 42°49‘43.01“ N; Passe Crassane 0 Kurilo quarter 23°21‘14.30“ E unknown summer 0 Municipality Kostinbrod 42°49‘06.87“ N; 0 Popska Distdict № 1 23°13‘57.85“ E 42°48‘11.98“ N; unknown wild small 1* District № 2 23°11‘03.02“ E fruit variety Pastorenbirne, Belle de Berry, Bon - papa) (Fig. 2) as well as cultivar Passe Crassane (synonym Edel Crassane) and some pear trees with unspecified cultivar affiliation. When the disease is present the rate of attack on the leaves of the trees is determined on a scale (0 - 5) proposed by Lazarov et al. (1979) and Yoncheva et al. (1979) as follows: 0 - healthy leaves; 1 - single small spots; 2 - up to 5% of leaves with spots; 3 - up to 10% of leaves with spots; 4 - up to 25% of leaves with spots; 5 - up to 50% with spots. For the specifying of the present research to the scale was added rate 6 - above 50% of leaves are spotted. The injuries on the leaf lamina were determined Fig. 2. Pear cultivar Popska (synonyms: Pastornice, by means of HP Scanjet 4850 desktop scanner. Curé, Pastorenbirne, Belle de Berry, Bon - papa) Canon Powershot SX20 IS and Panasonic DMC TZ1 digital cameras were used. The background was a white sheet of paper. Measuring the area of digital image was done by Adobe Photoshop. In our 146 case the software product was used to list the pixels manifested symptoms characteristic of the disease. on which the image was located (Kostadinov and Besides, some of the leaves manifested two and Moteva, 2014). more spots on the lamina. In Slatina and Ovcha kupel, symptoms were Results and discussion rarely observed or were almost missing. Only one The disease was found in fife Sofia districts: spot was recorded in Kostinbrod municipality. No Vitosha, Pancharevo, Studentski, Slatina, Ovcha symptoms were observed on the trees in district kupel” and in Kostinbrod municipality (Table Novi Iskar. 1). The trees in Dragalevtsi and Boyana were the The damage recorded at the end of September most severely affected,Table 2. Manifestationwhere almost ofall pear leaves rust on the2014 leaves on the of leaves different of Popska pear cultivars tree grown in location grown in different locations Table 2. Manifestation of pear rust on the leaves of different pear cultivars Table 2. ManifestationCultivar Popska of pear(30.09.2014) rust on grownthe leavesl ocation:in different of different avenue locations pear „Tsarigradsko cultivars grown shose in” different(close locations to Vrana residency) CultivarTable 2. Popska Manifestation(30.09.2014) of pearlocation: rust on theavenue leaves „Tsarigradsko of different pearAverage shose cultivars” area(close Number of Gauged leaf Part of the Number spots grownto Vrana in different residency) locations of samples area cm² injury cm² on the leaves Averageone spot areacm² Number of Gauged leaf Part of the Number spots of Cultivarsamples14 Popska area(30.09.2014)42,63 cm² injurylocation:1.38 cm ²avenueon the „20Tsarigradsko leaves shose0.9” (close Ratio 3.24% to Vrana residency) one spot cm² 14 42,63 1.38 20 Average0.9 area CNumberultivar Popskaof Gauged(04.08.2015) leaf Partlocation: of the avenueNumber „Tsarigradsko spots shose” (close Ratio 3.24% of samples area cm² to injuryVrana c mresidency)² on the leaves Cultivar9 Popska (04.08.2015)22.60 location:0.06 avenue „18Tsarigradskoone shose 0.39spot”cm(close² 14 Ratio42,63 2.65% to Vrana1.38 residency) 20 0.9 C9ultivar RatioPopska22.60 3.24%(06.08.2015)0.06Location: district18 Vitosha, quarter0.39 Cultivar PopskaRatio(04.08.2015) 2.65% location:Dragalevtsi avenue „Tsarigradsko shose” (close C7ultivar Popska31.10(06.08.2015)to Vrana0.78Location: residency) district19 Vitosha, quarter0.303 9 Ratio22.60 2.51% Dragalevtsi0.06 18 0.39 Cultivar7 PasseRatio Crassane31.10 2.65%(06.08.2015)0.78 Location:19district Vitosha,0.303 quarter Cultivar PopskaRatio 2.51%(06.08.2015)DragalevtsiLocation: district Vitosha, quarter Cultivar9 Passe Crassane40.29 (06.08.2015)Dragalevtsi3.09 Location:53district Vitosha,0.53 quarter 7 Ratio31.10 7.62% Dragalevtsi0.78 19 0.303 Cultivar9 PasseRatio40.29 Crassane 2.51% (?) (06.08.2015)3.09 Location:53 district Vitosha,0.53 Cultivar PasseRatio Crassane 7.62%(06.08.2015)quarter BoyanaLocation: district Vitosha, quarter C10ultivar Passe34.83 Crassane (?)Dragalevtsi(06.08.2015)1.32 Location:23 district Vitosha,0.537 9 Ratio40.29 3.85% quarter3.09 Boyana 53 0.53 Unknown10 summerRatio 34.83pear 7.62%(06.08.20151.32 г.) Location:23district Vitosha,0.537 quarter Cultivar PasseRatio Crassane 3.85% (?)Dragalevtsi(06.08.2015) Location: district Vitosha, Unknown10 summer17.45 pear (06.08.2015quarter0.74 г.) BoyanaLocation:14district Vitosha,0.495 quarter 10 Ratio34.83 4.24% Dragalevtsi1.32 23 0.537 Uunknown10 smallRatio17.45 fruit3.85% pear (06.08.2015)0.74 Location:14 district Studentski,0.495 Unknown summerRatio pear 4.24%(06.08.2015University г.) ofLocation: forestry district Vitosha, quarter Uunknown3 small5.05 fruit pear (06.08.2015)Dragalevtsi0.08 Location:3 district Studentski,0.074 10 Ratio17.45 1.58% University0.74 of forestry14 0.495 Unknown3 summerRatio5.05 pear4.24% (04.08.2015)0.08 Location: district3 Slatina, Institute0.074 Uunknown smallRatio 1.58%fruit pearof (06.08.2015) microbiologyLocation: district Studentski, Unknown9 summer19.84 pear (0University4.08.2015)0.64 ofLocation: forestrydistrict9 Slatina, Institute0.614 3 Ratio5.05 3.23% of microbiology0.08 3 0.074 Unknown9 summerRatio19.84 1.58% pear (04.08.2015)0.64 Location:9 district Pancharevo0.614 Unknown10 summerRatio31.41 pear3.23% (04.08.2015)0.67 Location: district13 Slatina, Institute0.519 Unknown Ratiosummer 2.13% pear (0of4 microbiology.08.2015) Location: district Pancharevo 109 31.4119.84 0.640.67 139 0.5190.614 The comparisonRatio between 2.13%3.23% the injuries on the leaves of summer pears shows the highestUnknown level in Dragalevtsisummer pear quarter.
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