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Selected Chloroalkyl Ethers Environmental Health Criteria 201 Selected Chloroalkyl Ethers 0 tMU Fc.I& • I1I_ ftC', MO, WOO. IJNDO, LYNITARand OECD THE ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH CRITERIA SERIES Acetaldehyde (No. 167, 1995) Chlorine and hydrogen chloride Acetonitrile (No. 154, 1993) (No. 21, 1982) Acrolein (No. 127, 1991) Chtoroalkyl ethers. selected(NJ0. 201, 1998) Acrytamide (No. 49, 1985) Chlorobenzenes other than Aorytic acid (No. 191. 1997) hexachlorobeozene (No. 128, 1991) Acrytooitrile (No. 28. 1983) Chlorofluorocarbons, fully hatogenated Aged population, principles to: eva(uatng (No. 113. 1990) the efiecis of chercicats (No. 144 592) Chiorofiuorocarbons parlially hatogenated Atdicarb (so. 121 111Sf) (ethane derivatives) (No. 139, 1992) Aidrin and dieldnn (No. 9, 1589) (methane derivatives) (No. 126, 1991) Allethuns (No. 87, 1989) Chloroform (No 163 1994) Aluminium (No. 194. 1997) Chtoro5eno(s (Nc. 33 '989) Am,trote (No. 158, 1994 1, Chioro(noo( (No 183 9961 Ammonia (No. 54, 1986) 'Ohrcm'ro' (Nc. ' "985' Antrcoagulant rodentf(,,ides No '15 .995 .Ooppe' 2013. 998) Arsenic (No. 18 1981) 1,resNs "Ni'. '58. '99o: Asbestos and other natural m'oem, Obrea Cvba'o1°'r' No 99. (990: 53. 986) iperrcthr'n lb 82 1989, Sarium (Nc.. 107 900) :Ilvperr.e(nrir'. aiprrr- (No (/'/ ''992: Benomyl (No. (48, "993) CDT and ts der'vet';es 'No. 9. I Benzene (No 155 19931 CDT and (Is dervatves Beryltum (No. 106 990) elvrcrmer':e: esoeco No 13 :0891 ,3)ornaikers and rsk asseserre" Det(amer(',rr (No. 97. 090: and olnci pies (No, 155 ':990, Derreton-S-mnethv "c 197 95:. .9miox'r.s, 55090 (maO"9 '500 L3aflpo(o300as No. 74, 510 37, 1984; 'No "92 '991 Bromnared dpr,em'erseis 52 .1 o'5se°"o '.11' 9961 Bj)ar'ols . 90' isomers J r, Cadmom Nc 034 Cacmom - "IC. ':35 '(792 Camohech 3m ((cc. '10 Carbernare cesl;cOes: a ntroau050r'')'o. 64, 936. larbar, (No. .53. 994 Csrbendozdc SIc '49. 1993 Carbon disuttrde (No. 10 '(9179 1: am: "r4xcores No "26 093 CarSoc rncco:ode (No. 13 (779, "3ch0n,'Os 'arc(r"ogerrs, surnrr:arc'''-c',:':. evaloatron 0) sOon-to 'No. 47 19851 'Oarcrr'oqerrs, SUrO'O'J - oia5raoon of shor(Ce ' coo "00 '-qOS C"4cdsne 1 NO. 19 133. C"Iordvne(rm 'INco 199 "53.' Oolo:deoore )No Ctorsnc3c soil nc n'1hcc'r:r- This report contains the collective views of an international group of experts and does not necessarily represent the decisions or the stated policy of the United Nations Environment Programme, the International Labour Organisation, or the World Health Organization. Enviromnental Health Criteria 201 SELECTED CHLOROALKYL ETHERS First draft prepared by Dr R. Liteplo and Ms R. Gomes, Health Canada, Canada Published under the joint sponsorship of the United Nations Environment Programme, the International Labour Organisation, and the World Health Organization, and produced within the framework of the Inter-Organization Programme for the Sound Management of Chei4-. World Health Organization c Geneva, 1998 The International Programme on Chemical Safet y (IPCS), established in 1980, is a joint venture of the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), the International Labour Organisation (ILO), and the World Health Organization (WHO). The overall objectives of the IPCS are to establish the scientific basis for assessment of the risk to human health and the environment from exposure to chemicals, through international peer-review processes, as a prerequisite for the promotion of chemical safety, and to provide technical assistance in strengthening national capacities for the sound management of chemicals. The Inter-Organization Programme for the Sound Management of Chemicals (IOMC) was established in 1995 by UNEP, [LU, the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, WHO, the United Nations Industrial Development Organization, the United Nations Institute for Training and Research, and the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (Participating Organizations), following recommendations made by the 1992 UN Conference on Environment and Development to strengthen cooperation and increase coordination in the tield of chemical safety. The purpose of the IOMC is to promote coordination of the policies and activities pursued by the Participating Organizations, jointly or separately, to achieve the sound management of chemicals in relation to human health and the environment. WHO Library Cataloguing in Publication Data Selected chloroalkyl ethers. (Environmental health criteria 201) 1 .Bis(Chloromethyl) ether - toxicity 2.13is(Chloromethyl) ether - adverse effects 3.Environmental exposure 4.Occupatiorial exposure I.International Programme on Chemical Safety II.Series ISBN 924 157201 9 (NLM Classification: QZ 202) [SSN 0250-863X The World Health Organization welcomes requests for permission to reproduce or translate its publications, in part or in full. Applications and enquiries should be addressed to the Office of Publications, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland, which will be glad to provide the latest information on any changes made to the text, plans for new editions, and reprints and translations already available. ©World Health Organization 1998 Publications of the World Health Organization enjoy copyright protection in accordance with the provisions of Protocol 2 of the Universal Copyright Convention. All rights reserved. The designations employed and the presentation of the material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Secretariat of the World Health Organization concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. The mention of specific companies or of certain manufacturers products does not imply that they are endorsed or recommended by the World Health Organization in preference to others of a similar nature that are not mentioned. Errors and omissions excepted, the names of proprietary products are distinguished by initial capital letters. PRNTED IN FINLAND 9U12101 —VAMyIALA-3000 CONTENTS ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH CRITERIA FOR SELECTED CHLOROALKYL ETHERS PREAMBLE viii ABBREVIATIONS xviii SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS 1 1.1 Identity, physical and chemical properties, analytical methods I 1.2 Sources of human exposure I 1.3 Environmental transport, distribution and transfonnation. 2 1.4 Environmental levels and human exposure 2 1.5 Kinetics and metabolism 3 1.6 Effects on laboratory animals and in vitro test systems 4 1.7 Effects on humans 5 1.8 Effects on other organisms in the laboratory and field 6 1.9 Conclusions 6 1.9.1 BCEE 6 1.9.2 BCME and CMME 7 IDENTITY, PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES, AND ANALYTICAL METHODS 8 2.1 Identity 8 2.2 Physical and chemical properties 8 23 Conversion factors S 2.4 Analytical methods 13 2.4.1 BCEE 13 2.4.2 BCME 13 2.4.3 CMME 14 Im EHC 201: Selected Chioroalkyl Ethers SOURCES OF HUMAN ANID ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE 15 3.1 Natural occurrence 15 3.2 Anthropogenic sources 15 3.2.1 Production 15 3.2.1.1 BCEE 15 3.2.1.2 BCME 15 3.2.1.3 CMME 16 3.2.2 Uses 16 3.2.2.1 BCEE 16 3.2.2.2 BCME 17 3.2.2.3 CMME 17 3.2.3 Sources in the environment 17 32.3.1 BCEE 18 3.2.3.2 BCME and CMME 18 ENVIRONMENTAL TRANSPORT, DISTRIBUTION, AND TRANSFORMATION 20 4.1 Transport and distribution between media 20 4.1.1 BCEE 20 4.1.2. BCME and CMME 20 4.2 Abiotic degradation 21 4.2.1 BCEE 21 4.2.2 BCME and CMME 21 43 Biodegradation, biotransformation and bioaccumulation 22 4.3.1 BCEE 22 4.3.2 BCME and CMME 22 4.4 Ultimate fate following use 22 5 ENVIRONMENTAL LEVELS AND HUMAN EXPOSURE 23 5.1 Environmental levels 23 5.1.1 BCEE 23 5.1.2 BCME and CMME 28 5.2 General population exposure 28 5.3 Occupational exposure 29 5.3.1 BCEE 29 5.3.2 BCME and CMME 29 iv 6 KINETICS AND METABOLISM IN LABORATORY ANIMALS 32 6.1 Absorption and distribution 32 6.2 Metabolism 32 6.3 Elimination 33 7 EFFECTS ON EXPERIMENTAL MAMMALS AND IN VITRO TEST SYSTEMS 35 7.1 Single exposure 35 7.1.1 BCEE 35 7.1.2 BCME and CMME 35 7.2 Short-term exposure 37 7.2.1 BCEE 37 7.2.2 BCME 38 7.2.3 CMME 38 7.3 Long-term exposure/carcinogenicity 39 7.3.1 BCEE 39 7.3.2 BCME 49 7.3.3 CMME 52 7.4 Mutagenicity and related end-points 54 7.4.1 BCEE 54 7.4.2 BCME 55 7.4.3 CMME 56 7.5 Other toxicity studies 56 EFFECTS ON HUMANS 57 8.1 General population exposure 57 8.1.1 Human exposure studies 57 8.2 Occupational exposure 57 8.2.1 Case reports 57 8.2.2 Epidemiological studies 58 9. EFFECTS ON OTHER ORGANISMS IN THE LABORATORY AND FIELD 63 EHC 201: Selected Chioroalkyl Ethers 10. EVALUATION OF HUMAN HEALTh RiSKS AND EFFECTS ON THE ENVIRONMENT 64 10.1 Evaluation of human health risks 64 10.1.1 BCEE 64 10.1.2 BCMEandCMME 64 10.1.3 Guidance values 66 10.2 Evaluation of effects on the environment 67 10.2.1 BCEE 67 10.2.2 BCME and CMME 67 RECOMMENDATIONS FOR PROTECTION OF HUMAN HEALTh AND THE ENVIRONMENT 68 FURThER RESEARCH 69 PREVIOUS EVALUATIONS BY INTERNATIONAL BODIES 70 REFERENCES 71 RSUME ET CONCLUSIONS 80 RESUMEN Y CONCLUSIONES 88 vi NOTE TO READERS OF THE CRITERIA MONOGRAPHS Every effort has been made to present information in the criteria monographs as accurately as possible without unduly delaying their publication. In the interest of all users of the Environmental Health Criteria monographs, readers are requested to communicate any errors that may have occurred to the Director of the International Programme on Chemical Safety, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland, in order that they may be included in corrigenda.
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