The Mysteries of the Deep Vessels Dive to Find Wrecks and Investigate the Underwater World

The mysteries of the deep Vessels dive to find wrecks and investigate the underwater world

eBikes in the snow DFKI: A mission to Jupiter’s moon? 2 Contents __ __ Contents 3

4 News p. 8 p. 12 p. 22 Focus underwater robotics 8 In search of a lost veteran Archaeologists discover the wreck of the lost U-boat I-402 with the help of a submarine vehicle from Seamor. Editorial

12 The secret world of the deep The challenges Scientists discover the deep sea as research area. A little journey through time. of the deep 18 Brave new underwater world The scientists of the Robotics Innovation Center in Bremen explore water worlds – here and on other planets. p. 7 p. 33 21 Special deep sea drives These drive systems are suitable for the most diverse challenges, whether they are designed for sea water or individual underwater applications.

22 Underwater eye p. 24 Underwater enthusiasts can cast a glance at the fascinating world of the deep sea and even make Eugen Elmiger, CEO, maxon motor ag movies with HydroView.

Interview

Annemarie Hirth 24 Only the right controller brings out / the best in your motor You might think that exploring the depths of the “Precise control engineering is the prerequisite for ocean would be a breeze compared with a robotics and automation,” says Daniel Hug, Product mission to Mars, but you’d be wrong. The ex Manager for Electronics and Systems Technology. tremely high pressure and aggressive salt water Special create major problems for mechatronic compo 26 Easy rider nents. That’s probably the reason why so p. 26 Explore snow, ice and sand with the eBike. few suppliers have been bold enough to ven ture into this market, despite the fact that Expertise there’s so much to discover in the ocean, from 30 The main question: DC or BLDC motors? historic wrecks and ancient treasure to raw DC motors with or without brushes? Our expert gives advice. materials and new scientific findings.

p. 21 maxon history We at maxon want to solve these problems. 33 For nostalgics: the home tape recorder This is why we supply not only DC motors maxon has always been the brand of choice for suitable for underwater use, but also complete music lovers. systems, including actuators and thrusters. We also bring together experts from all over Innovation 34 “I just want to walk, walk, walk” the world to identify new solutions. Andre van Rüschen is a paraplegic. Now he can walk again because of his exoskeleton: such a In this issue of driven, you can find out more great feeling. about the technical challenges involved in p. 18 working below the surface of the sea. Dive Contest down with us into the darkness, and you 37 How many maxon products are hidden under water? will discover that distant planets and the depths Take part in our competition and win a Sea-Doo of the ocean have a lot in common. Pedrag Vuckovic, Seamor, Wildlife Conservation Society, Aquabotix, maxon motor ag, Philipp Schmidli, Rewalk Robotics, DFKI Seamor, Pedrag Vuckovic, / Seascooter GTS. Happy reading!

p. 34 Photos: iStockphoto

driven The maxon motor magazine 1 // 2016 driven The maxon motor magazine 1 // 2016 for thedrivesandsteering. are 18motormodulesdesigned of maxonmotors.Amongthem 2018. Itisequippedwithdozens ExoMars Roverwillfollowin surface aspartofatest.The module thatwillbesenttothe 2016. Itistransportingalanding uled toreach MarsinOctober on board. TheOrbiterissched carrying a Russian proton rocket totheredits journey planet pean SpaceAgencyESAbegan Gas Orbiter(TGO)oftheEuro On March 14,2016,theTrace Bound forMars 4 News __ News - -

1 // 2016 driven Themaxon motormagazine 1//

Photos: ESA / Boris Bethge, maxon motor ag Relocating to a new manufacturing base Relocating toanewmanufacturingbase Korea South systems inSwitzerland New businessunitformechatronic drive Maxon AdvancedRobotics&Systems The officeisonlyafewkilometers from maxon integrating themintotherespective application. motors, gearheads,controllers and software and task ofcombiningcomponentssuch asDC Systems) wasfoundedinJanuary 2016.Ithasthe ness unitMARS(MaxonAdvanced Robotics& system solutions.Forthisreason thenewbusi and wouldliketooffer itscustomersmechatronic maxon motorisincreasingly focusingonrobotics moved to their new quarters in moved totheirnewquartersin and QualityControl departments end oftheyear. TheDevelopment ces were completedbefore the installations andmachineacceptan December. Thatwaymostofthe the relocation onscheduleinmid- with great speed.maxoncarriedout adapted toitsnewrequirements ters andthenewbasehadbeen between thetwositesis11kilome (420,000 inhabitants).Thedistance situated ontheoutskirtsofCheonan invest inanexistingsite,whichis limits. in Sejonghadreached itscapacity opment theprevious production site production lines.Duetothisdevel of theEC60flataswell90 EC-i motorsandtheintegration caused bytheincreased demandfor space forstorageandlogistics reason beingtheneedforadditional developed atanewlocation.The South Korea hasproduced and Since December2015maxonmotor maxon decided in autumn 2015 to maxon decidedinautumn2015to motors are manufactured Cheonan, SouthKorea. new production sitein Mainly brushless DC Mainly brushlessDC

at maxonmotor’s

- room forfurtherexpansion. able space.Italsooffers suf due toitsbuildingsandtheavail Cheonan isaninvestmentinthefuture the beginningof2016.Thesitein working intheirnewenvironment at in SejongandSwitzerlandstarted members ofstaff whowere trained Cheonan duringthesameperiod.All -

1 // 2016 driven Themaxon motormagazine 1// ally beincharge ofMARS untilfurthernotice. head. maxonmotorCEOEugenElmiger willperson such asanewdriveunitwithdual-clutch gear and soldperyear. thousand unitsofBikedriveare to beproduced Bikedrive, whichwaslaunchedin2015.Several employees. Itsfirstproject istheeBikedrive headquarters inSwitzerlandandhasaround 20 Added tothisare otherproducts forrobotics, ficient -

- - __ News __ News 5 6 News __ __ News 7

NEW PRODUCTS 600 bar Deep sea. A pressure of 600 bar prevails at a water depth of 6,000 meters. This Brushless speed equates to 600 kilograms per square centimeter and corresponds to the pressure New products of a vehicle on an area the size of a postage in the X drives family stamp. An enormous pressure that hardly any living creature can withstand. Fish and This spring maxon motor will present the new members other living creatures in the deep sea of the X drives family. “X” stands for drives which maxon EC-i 52 long have adapted to extreme conditions. Diving can be configured online and which are produced in 11 days. At the same time it denotes state-of-the-art Ø 52 mm, brushless robots are constantly discovering new technology in brushed (DCX) and brushless motors animal species. Some of the most bizarre (ECX) and planetary gearheads (GPX). A new addition life forms are found at this depth – whether is, for example, the brushless ECX Speed 22 High meter-long tube worms, giant isopods, Power. It is not only quick (up to 60,000 min-1) but also Torque without end relatively strong (35 mNm). fish or predatory crustaceans. Some of them There are also several new planetary gearheads, even live at depths of 6,000 to 8,000 meters, which are designed for high speeds. They can also be EC-i 52 High such as a type of snail fish – blind with sterilized. Their cousins, the GPX High Power, on the Torque wing-like fins. But what do maxon drive sys- other hand, were designed for high-power transmission and are available in diameters from 12 to 32 millimeters. tems have to do with this dark, freezing It is amazing what the engineers at cold location? The new underwater actua- The entire X drives range can be found at: maxon have achieved here: a tors from maxon withstand this extreme xdrives.maxonmotor.com brushless DC motor with an incredi- pressure of 600 bar without any problems. ble amount of power in a small space. The High Power variant of the Gearheads, motors and controllers have EC-i motor with a diameter of been adapted in such a way that they func- 40 millimeters was presented last tion with the usual quality in the deep sea. year. Now comes the bigger and (see page 21) much stronger brother with a diame- maxon ECX Speed 22 HP ter of 52 millimeters – ideally suited Ø 22 mm, brushless for applications in robotics, prosthet- ics, and industrial automation. With torques of up to 520 mNm this motor will delight the drive world. Robotics In a mobile phone shop in Japan customers are greeted Pepper is running a mobile phone shop by Pepper robots. The Japanese telecommunications entertainment and technical advice. group Softbank conducted an exciting Pepper was developed by Softbank’s experiment in March. Mainly Pepper subsidiary Aldebaran and can not robots were employed for a week in its only speak several languages, but also newly opened shop in the center of read people’s emotions and respond Tokyo. They greeted customers, offered to them. Batches of one thousand robots have been offered every month since maxon GPX 26 HP Ø 26 mm, 4-stage last summer. And they always sold out within a minute. Although Pepper is a humanoid robot,

he does not have any legs. Instead, dpa, Aldebaran Robotics, maxon motor ag / he moves on wheels, which are driven by Swiss maxon motors. Six brushless DC drives are installed in each robot. Photos: Keystone

driven The maxon motor magazine 1 // 2016 driven The maxon motor magazine 1 // 2016 8 Focus __ Underwater robotics Underwater robotics __ Focus 9

The old steel giant rests at a depth of 190 meters, dilapidated and overgrown. Yet the researchers quickly realized that this wreck In search is the Japanese submarine I-402: the largest submarine built in WWII, 120 meters long, carrying three airplanes that were able to of a lost veteran take off via a pair of launching rails. After The I-402 submarine Japan’s capitulation, the US military scuttled In the final days of WWII, Japan the vessel at an unknown location. With the The largest submarine of WWII has been sitting on the developed a novel submarine that aid of a state-of-the-art dive robot from Can bottom of the ocean off the Japanese coast for 70 years. was larger than all types known ada, scientists discovered the wreck in sum at the time. The objective was to mer 2015. Researchers finally found the lost wreck with the aid of an create a submarine class capable of reaching any point on the globe LED lamps illuminate wreck parts The remote-controlled underwater robot – and Swiss drive technology. and returning to Japan. It also needed The robot is a ROV: a remotely operated underwater vehicle to offer space for several planes from Seamor supports that could be launched from the deck. vehicle that moves underwater. It was built archaeologists in the In the end, only three of these by Seamor Marine, a manufacturer of com search for the missing submarines were completed. They pact, easy-to-navigate ROVs that can be fit submarine I-402. were 122 meters long, with a weight ted with various accessories such as sonar, of 6,600 tons. The hull offered depth gauge, and scanner. A high-resolution space for three specially designed camera and powerful LED lights are among airplanes. Japan was planning to use this super weapon to attack the standard equipment of the ROV. These cities on the East Coast of the lights played a central role in the identifica US. However, these plans never tion of the Japanese wreck, as they illumi became reality. The three submarines nated its specific features. Controlled via a were captured by US forces. The cable, the ROVs are able to reach depths of Americans were quite surprised and up to 600 meters. The operator pilots the Elaine Parker, who is in charge of marketing thoroughly analyzed the technology. machine with a panel at surface level from at Seamor. The ROVs are commonly used to I-402 was scuttled right where it a boat, dock or dry land, using a real-time inspect water tanks, pipelines, or the hulls of was; the two other exemplars were taken to Hawaii, where the US video feed and onboard compass to navigate ships and boats. “We are also seeing increased military destroyed them later to underwater. applications in tourism, for example at the prevent the Soviets from inspecting “Underwater archaeology is only one of Shanghai Aquarium, where one of our ROVs

Photos: iStockphoto, maxon motor ag, Seamor, Composing: Peter Kruppa Photos: iStockphoto, maxon motor ag, Seamor, the submarines as well. many applications for our vehicles,” says is used in an exhibition.”

driven The maxon motor magazine 1 // 2016 driven The maxon motor magazine 1 // 2016 10 Focus __ Underwater robotics Underwater robotics __ Focus 11

The deep sea: in eternal darkness When we refer to the deep sea, we are talking of a depth of 800 meters and more. It accounts for over 70 percent of the oceans and has still not been investigated very much. This is due to the fact that a murderously high ambient pressure, cold and darkness prevail in the deep sea. On-site research is time-consuming and expensive. New technologies could change this. Autonomous Mariana The ROVs can robots which can remain at such low depths for a long time are Trench provide images from a depth of up needed. This can be achieved, among other things, by using better to 600 meters. The batteries, energy-efficient actuators and intelligent software. vehicles are controlled via a console – the screen helps with orientation.

Depth in Comparison of the lowest and highest point of the Earth meters 0 214 meters, record in free diving 200 meters, without a breathing the maximum depth at which sunlight penetrates. apparatus. 610 meters, current record with an armored diving suit. Suitable for experts and beginners ’s Seamor set itself the goal of developing re – 2,000 mote-controlled underwater vehicles that are reliable and easy to use. Many customers are not specialists in the field, therefore operation 3,000 meters, sperm whales can be encountered has been made intuitive and easy to learn. to this depth. 3,657 meters, record water resistance of a mass-produced 3,800 meters, – 4,000 “Our ROVs reach places that are inaccessible diver’s watch. wreck of the Titanic. to humans, or too dangerous,” says Robin Li, maxon RE 40 Seamor Marine Company President. The ve This 150-watt hicles also have to be lightweight enough to maxon DC motor be handled by one or two people. maxon is equipped with The difficulty when developing this kind – 6,000 6,000 meters, diving 6,000 meters, this is the proven ironless of ROV is to achieve a compact system that depth of the Russian how deep the motor- winding and neo- submarines Mir I and gearhead combination simultaneously has powerful drives. This Mir II. of maxon can go. dymium magnets. is why Seamor uses maxon products. The Its efficiency lies at over 90 percent. underwater drives of the vehicle consist of a motor-and-gearhead combination: a DC – 8,000 motor (RE 40) and a planetary gearhead (GP 32) with ceramic components. Seamor 7,700 meters, deepest point at which also uses several maxon drives for the un a ﬁsh was ﬁlmed. derwater gripper and the camera angle ad justment. The company chose the Swiss drive – 10, 000 specialist because, as Seamor Lead Engineer,

Dr. Chris Parker, said, “maxon is the leader in Mount Everest high-quality DC motors and is able to deliv (8,848 m a. s. l.) maxon GP 32 C er a product that fulfills our specific require Russian bomber plane in Finnish lake This planetary gear- ments.” Seamor ROVs are seeing widespread use head with a diameter The motors of a Seamor ROV need to de these days. The company sells up to 50 units – 11, 000 11,000 meters, the Japanese robotic submersible Kaiko undertook of 32 millimeters liver high power while taking up little space. annually. Therefore, it comes as no surprise is reinforced with several dives down to the bottom Low noise is also important. Last but not least, that, once again, a Seamor vehicle recently of the Mariana Trench. It was lost in 2003. ceramic components. This significantly tight tolerances in the drives are critical for caused a stir. On the bottom of a lake in Fin preventing vibration that might cause seals to land, it illuminated the silhouette of a Soviet Mariana Trench lengthens the service deepest point (11,035 m b. s. l.) life. fail underwater. aircraft crashed in 1941. NOAA Photo Library Photos: maxon motor ag, Seamor, – 12, 000

driven The maxon motor magazine 1 // 2016 driven The maxon motor magazine 1 // 2016 12 Underwaterrobotics __ Focus life belowlife 550 meters. Today we know better. yet And deep the The is a deep sea young field ofresearch. as Even as little The secret world of the 150 years ago scientists believed there that no was deep waters still holdwaters many secrets still for us. 1 // 2016 driven Themaxon motormagazine 1//

Photos: iStockphoto / Kuzma, DEA G Dagli Orti Avenueimages 1 // 2016 driven Themaxon motormagazine 1// __ Focus Underwater robotics __Focus infinite depth. concludes: Theseaisof from whichMagellan reach thebottom,however, 700-meter rope doesnot the seafrom hisship.The a weightattheendinto Magellan drops arope with The seafarer Ferdinand 1521

13 Underwater robotics __ Focus 15

1862

A defective telegraph cable is recovered in the Mediterra- nean. It was lying at a depth of around 2,000 meters. In spite of this, several animal species had already settled there. This is conclusive proof of life in the deep sea.

1868 1930

The marine biologist Charles William Beebe (pictured) and Wyville undertakes a first Otis Barton dive to a depth expedition for the systematic of 435 meters in a steel ball study of the depths of the with a bulls-eye window, ocean. The team retrieves where they are surrounded many strange living crea- by jellyfish and shrimp. tures from the depths of the Four years later they reach a sea off the coast of Scot- depth of 923 meters with land. Wyville also leads the the same ball. Challenger Expedition from 1873 to 1876, on which this illustration of radiolarians was created. 1843

Edward Forbes deter- mines that the number of animals decreases with increasing depth. He publishes the theory that there can be no life below 550 meters (Abyssus Theory). Creative Commons, WildlifeCreative Conservation Society / Photos: Ernst Haeckel

driven The maxon motor magazine 1 // 2016 driven The maxon motor magazine 1 // 2016 Underwater robotics __ Focus 17

1977

Researchers discover hot springs at around 2,500 meters below sea level off the Galapagos Islands. Many still unknown species of bacteria, worms and crustaceans thrive around these springs.

1960 2012

Jacques Piccard (right) and The Canadian director Don Walsh reach the Chal- James Cameron dives down lenger Deep in the Mariana to the Mariana Trench to Trench with their bathy- a depth of 10,898 meters. scaphe. Even down there, at He is the third person to a depth of 10,910 meters, reach this depth. And his they discover fish and other submersible Deepsea Chal- living creatures. lenger is only the fourth man-made vessel to reach such low depths. AP National Geographic Mark Thiessen / Photos: Steve Nicklas NOS NGS NOAA Ship Collection, Keystone

driven The maxon motor magazine 1 // 2016 driven The maxon motor magazine 1 // 2016 18 Focus __ Underwater robotics Underwater robotics __ Focus 19

The passion of the engineers is apparent from unknown waters or perform measurements the Christmas tree which stands at the bottom in the deep sea. of a large water tank throughout December, The maritime sector has led a shadowy prominently displayed for all the visitors to existence for a long time. Large sections of the German Research Center for Artificial In the deep sea are still uncharted, for example. telligence (DFKI) in Bremen. Buoyancy pulls So we don’t know what it looks like exactly Brave new the Christmas baubles upwards. Fairy lights down there, at a depth of 3,000 to 6,000 me provide suitable lighting – with 230 V. But ters. There are more accurate maps of even don’t worry. The researchers know what they the surface of Mars. But in the next few years Robotics Center are doing. Underwater technology is their all this is set to change – also due to modern underwater world The German Research specialist area. They decorated the Christmas technologies. Center for Artificial tree for the fun of it in their spare time. “With The Robotics Innovation Center of the Intelligence (DFKI) is the excellent conditions here at the institute, DFKI is working closely together with the Engineers at the Robotics Innovation Center in Bremen have Germany’s leading the motivation for trying out innovative new engineers at maxon motor on new underwa institute in the field of approaches is particularly high. Sometimes ter drives with brushless DC motors. They been working with underwater robots. They are intended innovative software technology based on we enjoy staying here longer,” says Peter are pressure-tolerant, compact and energy- to help us understand the world’s oceans. And in the future also artificial intelligence Kampmann, research associate and specialist efficient and ideally suited for ROVs (remotely the deep waters of other planets. methods. It has a work- in underwater robotics at the DFKI Robotics operated vehicle) and AUVs (autonomous force of 800 spread Innovation Center. underwater vehicle). A development which across various locations. Kampmann takes us through the large comes in handy for Peter Kampmann and Around 130 employ- maritime exploration hall of the DFKI, which his colleagues. “New components which are ees and 80 students are was opened two years ago. This is home to a lighter and more powerful open up complete working on 25 Europe-wide unique testing system for diving ly new opportunities for us.” to 30 projects dealing with robots in space robots: a saltwater basin eight meters deep and or in the deep sea at with a capacity of 3.4 million liters. Perfectly The polar bear comparison the Robotics Innovation suited for testing new underwater systems, The trend in underwater technology is mov Center in Bremen. which inspire ships and pipelines to explore ing towards “small and intelligent.” Photos: DFKI / Annemarie Hirth

driven The maxon motor magazine 1 // 2016 driven The maxon motor magazine 1 // 2016 20 Focus __ Underwater robotics Underwater robotics __ Focus 21

The Europa Explorer (left) is to be used to explore Jupiter’s moon Europa. Peter Kampmann and his colleagues at the DFKI are testing new approaches to control and navigation with the Micro- MT30: AUV. Oil-filled underwater drive comprising a brushless DC motor, planetary gearhead and controller. Pressure-tolerant up to 6,000 meters in depth.

Engineers are currently building vehicles time, it must rise to the surface through posi Special which are equipped with sensors and elec tive buoyancy control, otherwise it will be lost tronics. The machines should be able to car for ever. The Micro-AUV is driven by four ry out research, collect data and react auton maxon DC motors. They are particularly en deep sea drives omously to different scenarios for months ergy-efficient drives and enable a long service without any human intervention. Not an easy life in spite of the small battery. task in such tough conditions, for visibility is poor in the sea and wavelengths which are Trip to Jupiter’s moon soon? used for GPS or WLAN signals are quickly Another of DFKI’s exciting projects is the maxon motor is venturing into the dark depths compensator via a tube. The water pressure is absorbed in water. This makes navigation Europa Explorer, an underwater exploration EVENT of the ocean. After a two-year development transferred to the oil by a membrane, which, difficult. The saltwater also attacks the com vehicle, which is long and shaped like a thin period the Swiss drive specialist is presenting depending on the depth of the water or water Meeting of inter ponents, and even corrodes stainless steel cigar. The long-term objective of this project its own underwater drives. These thrusters pressure, is compressed by a particular vol after a certain time. Sensitive parts such as is the exploration of Jupiter's moon Europa. national underwater consist of a brushless DC motor, a gearhead ume. The drive is equipped with connectors motor shafts should therefore be made from It is covered with a 3- to 15-kilometer-thick experts and a controller. Added to this is the housing to connect the control electronics. The com titanium. And last but not least, there is the layer of ice, under which lies an ocean. The Experts in underwater and a propeller. The unit is designed for use pact underwater drive is available with diam high ambient pressure. The pressure at 6,000 DFKI is researching into the potential of such technology will meet in seawater, withstands pressure at a depth of eters of 16 to 42 millimeters. And this will be meters is 600 bar. This is roughly compara a mission on behalf of the German Aerospace up on May 3, 2016 in New 6,000 meters (600 bar) and is corrosion-resis customized depending on the customer’s re ble to a fully grown polar bear sitting on an Center (DLR). This would involve – accord tant. To ensure this, maxon used mainly tita quirements. Orleans (USA) at the area of only one square centimeter. The Ro ing to the current theory – the AUV reaching nium and plastic. The engineers cooperated Aquatic Solutions Confer- botics Innovation Center can simulate such the underground ocean inside a drill, where with the German Research Center for Arti aquaticsolutions.maxonmotor.de values in a pressure chamber. maxon motor it then detaches itself, autonomously collects ence (ASC). The aim of ficial Intelligence (DFKI) to carry out devel also had its specially developed underwater data and then sends it to the Earth. The cur this international non-profit opment work. The institute is specialized in drives tested here. Components at a depth of rent test type at the DFKI is equipped with a conference is to gain underwater vehicles. The first model of the 6,000 meters can be used in over 95 percent maxon Escon Module 50/5 motor controller. a better technical under- thruster, the MT30, is available this year as a of the world’s oceans. It is particularly popular on account of its dy standing of underwater standard product. Other sizes (20-, 40- and namics and assist function. “The controller applications. The focus is 70-millimeter diameters) are planned. Every gram is important autonomously detects sources of error, which on electric actuators. While walking through the Robotics Innova makes our work much more pleasant,” says At the ASC academics and Oil-filled and pressure-tolerant tion Center of the DFKI we come across sev Peter Kampmann. industry experts will dis- maxon offers a pressure-tolerant drive system eral underwater vehicles. Take, for example, And after the visit to the DFKI Robot cuss new ways of meeting as a standard solution for custom underwa the Micro-AUV. As the name says, it is partic ics Innovation Center it’s clear: The field of the challenges posed ter applications. The core element is a mo ularly small and is used by researchers to test underwater applications is no longer char tor-gear combination, comprising a brush by the deep sea. The new approaches to control and navigation. acterized by large, robust components and less DC motor and planetary gearhead. For event will be organized by Pressure-tolerant Everything on this vehicle must be designed improvisations. Sensor technology, automa Annemarie Hirth, maxon motor ag corrosion protection the drive is encased in a / maxon motor together underwater to achieve minimum residual buoyancy. Ev tion and robotics are also playing a role in the plastic housing and sealed with two titanium drive with motor ery additional gram of buoyancy plays a role meantime. A promising starting point for the with the DFKI. flanges. It can be connected to a compensator. and gearhead

under water. For if a system should fail at any future. Photos: DFKI asc-conference.org The oil-filled drive unit is connected to the from maxon.

driven The maxon motor magazine 1 // 2016 driven The maxon motor magazine 1 // 2016 Underwater robotics __ Focus 23

The HydroView remotely operated vehicle operates from 10 volts DC for up to three hours dependent on how it is used. It can be controlled using an iPad or PC laptop.

that users don’t have to search for a signal and efficient, allowing the unit to operate up while floating on the water. The HydroView to three hours on a full charge. More impor Underwater communicates from the user’s handheld de tantly, the maxon motors delivered a smooth, vice to the HydroView’s topside box, which in low-vibration operation. This was important, turn connects to the submersible vehicle via since the HydroView required a longer motor eye a cable tether. LED lights and an HD camera shaft, which would amplify any vibration cre provide a direct human-to-machine interface. ated inside the motor. Besides corrupting the Intuitive, user-friendly screen displays help received video, vibration could cause system make control of the device easy. Operations leaks, compromising all the electronics and are designed to imitate video game screens to drive functions. provide a familiar feel to functionality. Tail provides pitch control Three DC motors for the propellers The photographs and videos Side motors are speed-controlled for vehicle The dream of every weekend submarine commander: an The ability to accurately control movement is can be streamed maneuvering. Right and left movements are underwater vessel that can produce high-resolution videos and required to make it easier for the user to get controlled through coordinated adjustments. the desired information – whether that is to directly on a smartphone, The third -A max motor in the tail of the Hy is easy to control – even with a smartphone. inspect an anchor, view the hull, check pro tablet or notebook. droView provides pitch control. Forward mo pellers, assess the rudder, or take underwater tion maxes out at about 3 knots, and depth video. Users can study sea life, search for lost of the unit is rated to 45 meters. The side objects, or explore shorelines. Commercial propellers are set at two different pitches, so uses for the professional series include in the motors run in opposite directions, which specting tanks and underwater infrastructure, help to stabilize the vehicle in the water. The engineers at Aquabotix Technology Cor tablet or laptop and can be operated by tilting performing search and recovery missions and The unit has full Linux functionality on- poration have been inspired by the sleek de the phone or tablet or via the laptop’s touch monitoring aquaculture operations. board and can be programmed in a variety sign and smooth movements of marine life. pad. It brings accessible consumer electronics The motion system consists of three pro of languages, including C or C++, while the They challenged themselves with designing products smoothly into the complex world of maxon A-max 26 pellers, one on either side and one rear-ori iPad version uses the COCOA environment. the world’s most easily operated ROV (re underwater video. Ø 26 mm, graphite ented, each run by a separate brushed DC The PC version can be programmed using brushes, 7 W motely operated vehicle) that is also afford The HydroView weighs less than five kilo motor manufactured and designed by maxon Java as well. Since the operation of the vehicle able and fun. The company’s Sport Model grams, and comes with a waterproof carrying motor. A-max motors provide the required acts similar to that of working with a video HydroView produces live video, captures case and a 22-meter cable. The unit’s topside high torque values in a small package. The game, almost anyone can begin using it fairly

photos, and streams them to a smartphone, box produces localized Wi-Fi technology so Photos: Aquabotix, maxon motor ag 26-millimeter motors are also lightweight quickly.

driven The maxon motor magazine 1 // 2016 driven The maxon motor magazine 1 // 2016 24 Interview __ Motor controller Motor controller __ Interview 25 Only the right controller brings out the best in your motor

Robotics and automation call for increasingly precise control engineering. Daniel Hug, Product Manager for Electronics and Systems Technology at maxon, explains what a good motor controller has to be able to achieve today.

Daniel Hug is Head of Electronics Product Manage- ment at maxon motor. As a graduate electrical engineer Daniel Hug, motor controllers have be able to very easily obtain a high-perfor with many years of become better and better over the years. mance positioning system with DC and experience, he is What does this look like in practice? BLDC motors without an in-depth knowl responsible for the The rapid changes in information technology edge of drives. The following three compo product design and for the implementa- have also led to the rapid development of op nents are particularly important: tion of development portunities for controllers. To put it bluntly, in • The EPOS Studio: An intuitive graphical projects – from the the past it was simply about leaving the motor user interface (GUI) with many small tools idea to the finished running. Today’s requirements are more com such as the Startup Wizard. This guides you drive solution. plex. Topics such as diagnostics, networking step by step through the whole configura or functional safety are becoming increas tion from A to Z so that nothing is forgotten. ingly relevant – it is no longer just a matter of Or Auto Tuning. This configured system controllers in the narrower sense, but rather automatically searches for the ideal control small complete systems. parameters at the touch of a button and after this is ready to use. What should a good controller be able to • Comprehensive documentation with our Where should EPOS4 be used? A good controller must offer maxon we can call on a strong engineering EPOS4 do today? strong support. EPOS4 will form a complete product line. team and many years of experience. positioning controller On the one hand, a good controller must offer • Numerous libraries for integrating EPOS We cover the whole range of motors avail a lot of functionality a lot of functionality and flexibility of use. On into a wide variety of systems and a host of able at maxon – and all areas of application and be easy to commission. What are the challenges when maxon motor control the other hand, it must be easy to commission practical examples. too. EPOS4 is suitable for applications where customers come with specific wishes? For over 25 years maxon motor and operate. This is one of the major challeng We offer all of this free of charge. Competitors a cost-effective, high-performance torque, The biggest challenge is defining the require has also been focused on the area es that manufacturers of controllers currently can often only offer parts of this, for which speed or positioning controller is required. ment together with the customer to find as of motion control, the dynamic face. Efficiency and compactness are also of there is usually also a charge. A controller which is easily integrated into a ideal a system solution as possible. Often the control of brushed and brushless ten determining factors. variety of master systems, whether as a sin Our algorithms for automatic tuning devel customers is not aware of all the options. We DC motors. The goal is to be The new EPOS4 positioning controller gle-axis system or for complex multi-axis ap oped over a number of years, on the other can then lay the foundations for added value able to offer the customer an maxon motor has a variety of is available from April 2016. What has plications. hand, make this step very easy. in the discussion. optimum system solution with all motor controllers on offer – what are changed? drive components: from the gearhead through the motor with the current top sellers? The new feature of the EPOS4 is the very high What are the advantages for Do you also offer customer-specific How do you ensure local and good a sensor to the suitable cont- Our portfolio covers everything from simple power density. By optimizing efficiency and the customer when he uses maxon solutions? customer service? roller. To this end, a team of around current and speed controllers to highly dy a well-conceived thermal design we achieve controllers? Of course! In fact the majority of our control We have our own team of application and 40 employees is dedicated to namic motion controllers. And last but not maximum output power in an extremely The major advantage is the optimum coor lers sold are customer-specific solutions. The support engineers for this. They look after our the full development and support least the motor-integrated controllers. But the small space. EPOS4 also offers a modular dination of the individual components. In range is enormous: from a small firmware Service & Support Desk, an online-based tool of a wide variety of motion con- EPOS product line remains our backbone. expansion concept for Ethernet-based inter practice, controlling our highly dynamic adjustment which makes sense for small which is available to customers for enquiries trol products and customer-specific solutions. In this area, over faces such as EtherCAT as well as various ab low-inductance motors in particular requires quantities, through to tailor-made, complete at all times (support.maxonmotor.com). To half a million products from simple What’s so great about the EPOS product solute encoders. The customer can then put a suitable controller in order to be able to real application solutions – also in the high-vol gether with our application specialists on site, current or speed controllers line? together his own optimum system and only ly take advantage of the benefits of our drives. ume range. A specific solution may make we create a global and competitive network through to multi-axis, highly dyna- EPOS stands for Easy to use POsitioning Sys pays for what he actually needs. We are also This is where many products fail, at the latest sense wherever a catalog product does not which can quickly respond to customers’

mic controllers are sold every year. tem. This is our maxim. The customer should offering new features. Photos: maxon motor ag during manual fine-tuning of the controller. fully meet customer requirements. Here at wishes.

driven The maxon motor magazine 1 // 2016 driven The maxon motor magazine 1 // 2016 These havetires incheswideair and up 4.8 pressureto aroundof bar.0.5 Snow, enemies of natural ice the are many sand and bikers. Anew trend from USA the spite in of elements: these fat bikes. Easy rider And nowAnd drives. electric also 1 // 2016 driven Themaxon motormagazine 1//

Photos: maxon motor ag / Philipp Schmidli L is also alotis also of and traction low rolling resis softwithout surfaces even very sinking. There support enables surface driver the toon ride pressures of around 0.5bar possible. Thelarge The extremelytireswide rimsand make air cyclist happily avoids. But not fat the bikers. sand or slush are elements an which average ico are typical fat bike regions. Snow, ice, Alaska, MinnesotaAmerica. and New Mex bikes and snow bikes come from North manyike so trend and extreme fat sports, 1 // 2016 driven Themaxon motormagazine 1// same applies to fat bikes. and snowmobile on videos YouTube. The tor support.the in motocrossseen Thisbe can It’s snow inthe to fun ride with right the mo thrust more provides Bikedrive The solution comes-torque in:high drives. electric and tires. wide the And is this where anew on account of difficult the ground conditions Riding uphill with fat the ever: bike is– tiring tance on terrain. There is one drawback, how __ Special Bikedrive __Special 27 Bikedrive __ Special 29

maxon Bikedrive – Technical details

Motor Weight: 3.5 kg Continuous torque: 25 to 30 Nm Max. torque: 50 Nm Motor support enables you to speed along the gearhead provides a lot of thrust on every Efficiency: 85 percent winter trails, negotiate every hump and even surface. Thanks to the instantaneous acceler sometimes create a snow cloud with the back ation, in boost mode with a torque of 50 Nm, Battery wheel. you are equipped for every situation. 48-V lithium-ion battery with 360 Wh This raises the following question: Who The maxon Bikedrive can currently be in Weight: 2.8 kg needs this anyway? Finally, you could com stalled in any fat bike with a 135-millimeter Full power after two hours of charging pare the fat bikes to SUVs – oversized for nor rear axle. These type of models are offered by (70 percent after 60 minutes) mal use. The answer: Fat bikes are for cyclists the well-known fat bike manufacturer Surely, Range: 1,000 to 1,400 meters of eleva- tion gain (depending on the weight of the who simply want to stay independent in all for example. cyclist) weathers. As they say: Come what may. Philipp Schmidli And a real offroader also needs a strong / Power grip motor. The maxon Bikedrive, for example. For the latest information, go to: 3 stages + Turbo Boost The Swiss rear motor with a robust planetary maxonbikedrive.com Temperature monitoring with status LED Photos: maxon motor ag

driven The maxon motor magazine 1 // 2016 driven The maxon motor magazine 1 // 2016 30 Expertise __ BLDC / DC motors BLDC / DC motors __ Expertise 31

DC motors with brushes EC, DC motors, brushless The main question: DC or BLDC motors? Service life The service life of a DC Failure Failure The service life of Brushed and brushless DC motors have both advantages motor of typically rate rate brushless DC motors is and disadvantages. But what type is better suited for the application several thousand hours is determined by the completely sufficient for ball bearings. Their wear in question? We provide advice. many applications. can be estimated How long the brushes quite precisely. They last, however, is very usually last for several difficult to predict. Factors ten thousand hours. such as current, speed or vibrations have a major 100 1,000 10,000 100 1,000 10,000 impact. Service life Service life (hours) (hours)

Speed -1 -1 A nyone requiring compact DC motors from What are the differences between < 10,000 min < 120,000 min drive technology must first make a choice: be speed and torque? Brushed DC motors usually reach speeds of Speeds of up to 120,000 min–1 are possible with tween brushed DC motors and brushless DC As a starting point, let us consider a brushed 10,000 min–1, which is completely sufficient electrical commuted motors. They are therefore per- motors (BLDC). The latter are also referred to DC motor of a given size. It enables speeds up for many applications. Higher speeds are possible, fectly suited for industrial milling machines or fans. as EC motors at maxon (electronically com to max. 20,000 rpm. In most cases the maxi but reduce the motor’s service life. mutated). In the following we will show you mum permissible speed is under 10,000 rpm, different criteria for selecting the right motor however. Higher speeds have an impact on type for a particular application. the motor’s service life – it is reduced signifi Special cantly with increasing electrical and mechan Special environment environment More easily adaptable for Service life ical wear. The commutation system with brushes limits A comparable brushless DC motor in Brush sparking – High and low temperatures the service life of a DC motor. The service life terms of size and magnetic structure can be – Electromagnetic interference – Operation in vacuum Urs Kafader has been is usually several thousand, in the best case as operated at considerably higher speeds, in in explosive environment – Operation in oil supervising the technical much as up to 10,000 hours, it may, however, individual cases of over 100,000 rpm. These – Sterilization in autoclave training at maxon motor Abrasion of graphite brushes – Vibrations and shocks for 20 years. He runs also be limited to a few hundred hours. It is types of drives are therefore perfectly suited – In cleanroom applications training sessions on the hardly possible to make a concrete statement for use in applications which require high – In optical systems technology and use of as there are no reliable calculations. The ser speed, such as for industrial cutting and mill – In high and ultra-high vacuum maxon products, both for vice life depends heavily on the load: High ing tools or certain fans. the employees at the Lubrication of precious metal brushes maxon headquarters in current, high speed, reverse operation and It is an interesting fact that brushless mo – In high and ultra-high vacuum Sachseln and for the high vibrations reduce the service life. For an tors are often designed with multiple poles. international sales net- estimate, it therefore makes sense to make a This increases the torque, but at the cost of the work, as well as for comparison with a similar application. speed, however. For many applications don’t Operation customers. He has a Ph.D. With brushless DC motors, the ball bear require extremely high speeds, but a little ex in physics as well as DC motors with brushes BLDC motors require an MBA in production ings limit the motor’s service life, which can tra torque is very welcome. And yet: One of are very easy to operate. All additional commutation science. He began his be estimated quite precisely. The bearings are the main advantages of brushless motors are you need is voltage at electronics simply to career at the Laboratory typically designed for several 10,000 hours. the higher speeds. both connections and the have the motor running. for Solid State Physics motor runs. at the Swiss Federal The following still applies: A service life of So please note: These versions are only Institute of Technology several thousand hours is sufficient for many trends. Which speeds and torques are possible

Zurich. applications. must be clarified for each specific type of motor. Photos: maxon motor ag

driven The maxon motor magazine 1 // 2016 driven The maxon motor magazine1 // 2016 32 Expertise __ BLDC / DC motors Tape recorder __ maxon history 33

1977 For nostalgics: the home tape recorder

Special ambient conditions Analog home tape recorders were the dream of every music The brush system of DC motors may result in lover in the 1960s and 1970s – maxon motors ensured smooth drive complications in some specific applications: • Brush sparking causes electromagnetic in operation. A look back in history. terference, which may have to be damped. These type of motors can therefore not be used in explosive gases. However, a brush less motor also requires modifications to be explosion-proof. • Graphite brushes generate graphite dust, which can contaminate cleanrooms, vacu um or optical applications. Two further maxon DC motors which were • Graphite brushes need a certain amount produced at that time under the designation of moisture and some oxygen in the atmo 2060.800 had to be developed especially for sphere to be able to function well. the application. The extraordinary thing is Precious metal brushes must be lubricated. that the large 27-centimeter spools of the tape Both brush systems are therefore not suitable recorder were driven directly by the two max for high-vacuum applications. on motors. This means that in the “Record For these reasons most motors for use in The Dragon capsule For the world’s first ing” position one motor constantly pulled the special ambient conditions are brushless. This developed by Space X, cordless tattoo machine, tape and the second motor slowed the tape which supplies the Swisstattoomachine applies, for example, to ultra-high vacuum ISS with material, uses relies on maxon’s RE 13 down to avoid tangled-up tape. The manufac applications, deep-drilling applications or to maxon brushless motors motor. The drive offers turer praised the “new” ironless DC motors sterile devices for medical technology. to set the solar sails. excellent energy efficiency and had decided to use them “as they had a and dynamics. much lower moment of inertia compared to Control and operation conventional motors.” A further convention No motor is as easy to operate as the DC al servo-gearhead motor was used for the motor with brushes. Voltage at both con “Omega loop” of the tape, a special geometri nections is sufficient and the motor runs. A In 1977 Uher-Werke in Munich launched the cal structure of the gearhead used to transport Record players brushless motor, on the other hand, requires SG 630 hifi stereo tape recorders. “A tape the audio tape as error-free as possible. additional commutation electronics. Cabling • The required speed: Brushless motors are an recorder offering a touch of class, for every At that time this type of tape recorder was with maxon is more extensive as there are up to eight advantage at high speeds. taste, with almost all possibilities that an au considered to be cutting-edge technology. motors High-precision maxon connections. • The service life: Brushless motors are also an dio amateur could wish for” (taken from an This technology proved itself for only a few DCX motors are currently The situation changes, however, with con advantage with a long service life. advertising brochure). At that time Uher had years, however, and in the end disappeared used in the audio sector trolled drives: The controllers can mostly be • Ambient conditions: Adjustments are easier designed a completely new deck, with new completely from the market due to the tri mainly for expensive used for speed, position or torque for both in most cases with brushless motors. control technology and a tape drive system umphant success of digital technology. Ad luxury equipment, such types of motors (DC and BLDC). In these cas • Cabling and operating costs: Brushed mo (4-motor drive). mittedly the devices developed by Uher had as in record players from es the costs for electronics and the feedback tors are an advantage with simple drives. maxon DC motors were already in use in many flaws – most tape recorders had to be Kronos. In terms of its sensor and cabling work are very similar. Whether you decide on DC or BLDC motors the high-tech giants of the ’70s. And exactly repaired again after a few days, which was unique construction and ultimately depends on technical consider four. One of them was a “commutatorless” DC not due to the motors, however. There are technology, this audio device offers precision Conclusion ations. Ambient conditions, aspects relating motor (today it would be called a brushless still nostalgics today who are trying to bring like hardly any other Brushed or brushless motors? Various criteria to service life and economic considerations motor). As a so-called capstan motor, it had these tape recorders back to life. Some enthu player. This is also down play a role in this decision. Whether you use also play a role, however. If you require sup the task of driving the shaft next to the tape siasts believe the sound from an audio device to the fact that its turnta- a brushed or brushless DC motor depends on port in selecting a drive, the experts at maxon head and controlling the synchronization of of this type to be much warmer and pleasant bles are driven by two

various criteria: motor will assist you. Audio Kronos Corp., Philipp Schmidli/maxon motor ag, Uher, Photos: Space Expoloration Technologies the tape. than that of a CD. maxon DC motors.

driven The maxon motor magazine 1 // 2016 driven The maxon motor magazine1 // 2016 34 Innovation __ ReWalk ReWalk __ Innovation 35

Andre van Rüschen on the move with his ReWalk exoskeleton.

Robotic develops these systems and is already “I just want to considered to be well established although the market for exoskeleton is still young. Their products are approved for private use in the walk, walk, walk” US, Europe and other countries. More than 80 people currently have a ReWalk system at home. More than 120 training centers world maxon GP 42 C Every year 130,000 people throughout the world end up in wide are equipped with these devices. Ø 42 mm, a wheelchair on account of paraplegia. Including Andre ceramic-reinforced “Such a great feeling” van Rüschen. Since a car accident he can no longer feel his In 2012 Andre van Rüschen applied to Re legs. In spite of this, he still walks every day. Walk to be a test person and was then invit ed to London to a training camp. There he learned to stand, run and turn round with the exoskeleton. The controller works using a wristwatch-like control device and via shift maxon RE 40 ing of weight. A carer provided him with as Ø 40 mm, sistance. Later the family man from Germa graphite brushes, In the meantime he even manages to climb His spinal cord was severed in a car accident ny was able to move on his own. “It is such a 150 W steps on his own. Andre van Rüschen stands in 2003 and since then he has not been able great feeling, almost like floating. As soon as with one hand on the handrail and with the to feel his lower body. Despite this, he cur I strap on the exoskeleton, I just want to run, other hand supports himself on his walking rently walks upright every day. An exoskele run, run.” stick. His legs negotiate one step at a time and ton assumes the function of his legs. This is a When paraplegics can suddenly walk in when he reaches the top he smiles. Walking mechatronic support and movement system dependently again, this has a positive psycho gives him a feeling of pure happiness. For An where motors perform the movement of the logical effect. “A different perspective again.”

dre is a paraplegic. hips and knees. The Israeli company ReWalk Robotics, maxon motor ag Photos: ReWalk “Meeting people at eye level.” But not just that.

driven The maxon motor magazine 1 // 2016 driven The maxon motor magazine 1 // 2016 36 Innovation __ ReWalk __ Contest 37

Clinical studies have shown that walking and standing more is also good for your health. Exoskeleton users have an improved bladder and bowel function, more restful sleep and generally less pain, with the result that they need medication less often. Andre’s frequent back pain and chronic bladder infection have also almost completely disappeared since he can walk again.

Quicker and therefore safer The current model he uses is ReWalk 6.0. With previous systems, the battery had to be carried as a backpack. It is now built into the structure and provides power for one day. This means that the exoskeleton is com pletely self-supporting. It can be individu ally adjusted and is suitable for people up to 1.90 meters in height and weighing up to 100 kilograms. ReWalk has also developed a natural gait and increased walking speed to 2.6 kilometers per hour. Users are safer when CYBATHLON walking among other pedestrians. ReWalk uses four maxon brushed DC Competition motors for the knee and hip movements. The for bionic athletes RE 40 units are used in combination with a planetary gearhead GP 42 C, which is Parathletes compete equipped with ceramic components. This sig against each other with nificantly extends the service life of the drives, state-of-the-art technology which is crucial when used in the 6.0 model. Andre van Rüschen For according to ReWalk product manager sets his exoskeleton in at the Cybathlon. There motion with his wrist- are six disciplines for Andreas Reinauer, the exoskeletons are de watch-like control device. motorized wheelchairs, arm signed for five years or one million steps. “For and leg prostheses and this reason the motors must be very reliable, low-maintenance and powerful yet small.” exoskeletons, among We found the right partner in maxon motor: CONTEST others. The aim is to comp- “Projects are executed professionally, dead lete an obstacle course lines, specifications and budgets are always How many maxon products as correctly as possible. adhered to.” The time required is secon- are hidden under water? dary. The Cybathlon will With the ReWalk to the Cybathlon tance – amongst other things by taking part in premiere in Switzerland on Exoskeletons have already reached a signif the Cybathlon competition, which is held in October 8, 2016. 58 icant level of technology. But development Zurich in the fall (see box). “We want to show Count how many maxon motors, gearheads and controllers are teams from all over the continues and according to Andreas Reinauer that in addition to everyday obstacles, an ex hidden in our underwater picture puzzle. Send your answer world will take part. The its momentum will surprise a lot of people. perienced ReWalk user is able to cope with a by e-mail to [email protected] and dive down into the idea behind it comes from “Systems will most probably become smaller, difficult course.” underwater world with a diving scooter.

lighter and more intelligent through the use Andre van Rüschen is entering the race. Jag cz, maxon motor ag, Sea-Doo the ETH Zurich, which by / of high-tech materials and synergies from re He has to overcome six obstacles, which holding this event wants The deadline for participation is July 31, 2016. search.” An equally important aspect is the fi isn’t easy at all. He managed three in the test to break down barriers nancing of these exoskeletons (around 70,000 run in 2015. But he was still using the older The Sea-Doo Seascooter GTS offers between people with the ultimate in fun both under water Euro) through health insurance schemes. This model then. And so the members of the Re and at the surface of the water. disabilities, science and has already happened in individual cases but Walk team are confident that they will be first Employees of maxon motor are not eligible to participate. There will not be any 1-gear operation and ease of use with the public. is still not a matter of course. For this reason across the finish line ahead of all the other correspondence in regard to the contest. Legal recourse is excluded. acceleration of up to 4.7 km /h.

cybathlon.ethz.ch ReWalk wants to campaign for more accep participants. Robotics, Fotolia Photos: ReWalk

driven The maxon motor magazine 1 // 2016 driven The maxon motor magazine 1 // 2016 38 Outlook __

READY IN Outlook 2 // 2016 DAYS Medical technology maxon ECX: 120,000 rpm, sterilizable. 11 Discover exciting new applications and interesting stories from the world of drive technology in the coming issue A BLDC motor in of driven – the maxon motor magazine, which will appear on November 7, 2016. the fast lane. What aspect of this topic do you find particularly interesting? Let us know on our Twitter channel @maxonmotor or contact [email protected] High speed Up to 120 000 rpm, smooth-running, almost no heat development. Large selection Different power stages and diameters, standard or sterilizable (up to 2000 cycles). Imprint Easily configured online Tailor-made mechanical and electrical components – gearheads, encoders, shafts etc. Published by: maxon motor ag Realization: Infel Corporate Media Printing: Druckerei Odermatt AG Editors: Stefan Roschi, Anja Schütz Project manager and editor: Frequency of publication: Twice Short delivery time Image editing: Jeremias Wieland Bärbel Jördens per year Lean, automated processes ensure that all drive versions are ready for delivery Copyright: © 2016 by maxon Design: Peter Kruppa (Art Director), Languages: German, English, Chinese motor ag, Sachseln. Reprint or Marina Maspoli Print run: 10,500 (DE), 4,500 (EN) within a maximum of 11 days. reproduction only with express Photo editors: Diana Ulrich written permission. Proofreading: Claudia Marolf driven online: magazin.maxonmotor.ch ecx.maxonmotor.com Photo: Bart van Overbeeke Fotografie

driven The maxon motor magazine 1 // 2016 Even more drive technology.

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