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Address Terms in English and Selayarese: a Sociolinguistics Perspective

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Address Terms in English and Selayarese: a Sociolinguistics Perspective ADDRESS TERMS IN ENGLISH AND SELAYARESE: A SOCIOLINGUISTICS PERSPECTIVE ISTILAH-ISTILAH SAPAAN DALAM BAHASA INGGRIS DAN BAHASA SELAYAR: SEBUAH PERSPEKTIF SOSIOLINGIUSTIK A THESIS Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the degree of magister in English Language studies By: IRMA ZAVITRI P0600213420 POST GRADUATE PROGRAM ENGLISH LANGUAGE STUDIES HASANUDDIN UNIVERSITY 2018 1 2 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT I would never have been able to finish my thesis without the guidance of Allah SWT, the support and prayers from my family, the help from my friends, English Language studies and the Faculty of Cultural studies staff therefore I would like to say my high appreciation and may ALLAH SWT ease their life as well. I would like to express my deepest gratitude to my advisors, Prof. Dr. H. Hamzah A. Machmoed, M.A. and Dr. Hj. Sukmawaty, M. Hum for their excellent guidance, caring, patience, and providing me with an excellent atmosphere in completing my research. Then to the examiners board, the late Dr. Sumarwati K. Poli, M.Lit., Prof. Dr. Noer Jihad Saleh, M.A., Dr. H. Mustafa Makka, M.S. I would like to thank them a lot for their critiques, inputs and guidance during the process of my thesis writing. Many thanks to Selayar people for their great help and their friendliness during my data collection in the field. I hope this thesis will give more information and contribution in the understanding of the address terms usage in the community. Makassar, 4th January 2018 Irma Zavitri 3 ABSTRACT Irma Zavitri. Address terms in English and Selayarese: A sociolinguistics study (supervised by Hamzah A. Machmoed and Sukmawaty). This research aims to reveal the use of address terms in English and Selayarese based on situation and context and to understand the aspects that influenced the use of address terms in English and Selayarese. This study was analyzed through descriptive qualitative approach. The English data were taken from some conversational events in the movies while the Selayarese data were taken from the participant observation, depth interview, and field notes. The data requirement is focused on the address terms performed by English (American) and Selayarese community. The results of this research indicate some kinds of address terms occupied in both languages namely: 1) pronouns, 2) kinship terms, 3) title and professional terms, 4) religious terms, 5) nobility terms, 6) terms of endearments. The difference from both languages appeared in which the nobility terms and teknonyms was not accommodated in English data. Another difference is Selayarese use certain address terms to call cousin and nephew or niece. Beside that there are also some similarities from both languages in which they use first name to call their mother, father, grandfather and grandmother and both languages applied endearments to address someone. It was also found from the data that there are some aspects that influenced the use of address terms in English and Selayarese, namely: 1) age difference, 2) social situation, consisting formal and non formal situation, 3) social status, consisting achieved and ascribed status, 4) social distance or degree of intimacy. Key words: address terms, politeness theory, descriptive-qualitative 4 ABSTRAK Irma Zavitri. Istilah-istilah sapaan dalam bahasa Inggris dan Bahasa Selayar: sebuah sudut pandang sosiolinguistik. (dibimbing oleh Hamzah A. Machmoed dan Sukmawaty). Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengungkapkan pemakaian istilah-istilah sapaan dalam bahasa Inggris dan bahasa Selayar berdasarkan situasi dan konteks serta untuk mengetahui aspek-aspek apa saja yang mempengaruhi pemakaian istilah-istilah sapaan dalam bahasa Inggris dan Selayar. Penelitian ini dianalisis dengan pendekatan metode deskriptif kualitatif. Data bahasa Inggris diambil dari beberapa peristiwa percakapan dalam film sementara data bahasa Selayar diambil dari observasi partisipan, wawancara mendalam, dan catatan lapangan. Data yang diperoleh difokuskan pada penggunaan istilah-istilah sapaan dalam bahasa Inggris (Amerika) dan bahasa Selayar yang digunakan oleh masyarakat Selayar. Hasil dari penelitian ini mengindikasikan sejumlah pemakaian kata sapaan dari kedua bahasa dalam beberapa bentuk yaitu: 1) kata ganti orang, 2) sapaan kebangsawanan, 3) sapaan kekerabatan, 4) gelar dan sapaan yang berkaitan dengan jabatan atau pekerjaan, 5) sapaan keagamaan, 6) sapaan kedekatan atau sayang. Perbedaan dari kedua bahasa ini adalah adanya sapaan kebangsawanan dan teknonimi yang tidak ditemukan dalam data bahasa Inggris. Perbedaan lain adalah dalam bahasa Selayar digunakan sapaan tertentu untuk memanggil sepupu dan kemanakan. Persamaan dari kedua bahasa yaitu ditemukan penyebutan langsung dengan nama diri untuk memanggil ibu, bapak, kakek dan nenek dan kedua bahasa juga memakai istilah sapaan sayang untuk memanggil seseorang. Selain itu ada beberapa aspek yang mempengaruhi pemakaian istilah-istilah sapaan dalam bahasa Inggris dan Selayar, yaitu: 1) perbedaan usia, 2) situasi sosial yang terdiri atas situasi resmi dan tidak resmi, 3) status sosial yang meliputi status karena keturunan dan status yang diperoleh, 4) kedekatan sosial atau derajat keakraban. Key words: istilah sapaan, Teori kesantunan, deskriptif-kualitatif 5 TABLE OF CONTENTS Pages TITLE PAGE………………………………………………………… i APPROVAL FORM ……………………………………………....... ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENT …………………………………………. iii ABSTRACT …………………………………………………...……. iv ABSTRAK …………………………………………………………... v TABLE OF CONTENTS …………………………………………... vi LIST OF TABLE……………………………………………………. viii CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION ………………………………………………… 1 A. Background ……………………………………………………… 1 B. Research Questions ……………………………………………. 3 C. Objectives of the Research ……………………………………. 3 D. Scope of Problem ………………………………………………. 4 E. Significance of the Research ………………………………….. 4 CHAPTER II REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE…………………………. 5 A. Previous Related studies ………………………………………. 5 B. Theoretical Framework ………………………………………… 8 1. Language and Culture …………………………………….. 8 2. Sociolinguistics …………………………………………….. 9 3. Social Context in movies ………………………………….. 12 4. Politeness theory …………………………………………... 13 5. Address Terms ……………….. …………………………… 16 C. Conceptual Framework ………………………………………… 20 CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHODOLOGY…………………………………... 21 A. Method of the Research ……………………………………….. 21 B. Source of Data ………………………………………………….. 21 C. Social situation…………………………………………………... 22 D. Method of collecting data ………………………………….. 22 E. Method of Data Analysis ……………………………………. 23 CHAPTER IV FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION ……………………… 24 A. Findings …………………………………………………………. 24 6 1. Kinds of address terms in 25 Selayarese………………………………………………………. a. Pronouns…………………………………………............ 25 b. Kinships……………………………………………......... 27 c. Title and professional address terms………...…………………………………………… 58 d. Religious address terms…………………….……………………………….. 62 e. Nobility terms ………………..………………………………………….. 66 f. Terms of endearment/intimacy …………………………... 70 2. The aspects tend to influence the use of address terms in English and Selayares……………………………………………………. 72 B. Discussion ………………………………………………………. 79 CHAPTER V CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION ………………… 85 A. Conclusion ……………………………………………………….. 85 B. Suggestion ……………………………………………………….. 87 BIBLIOGRAPHY ………………………………………………………. 88 APPENDICES…………………………………………………………… 90 7 LIST OF TABLES Number Page 1 Address terms for second pronoun 25 2 Address terms for father Address terms for mother 27 3 Address terms for great grandfather, great grandmother, Grandfather, and grandmother 34 4 Address terms for older brother and sister 37 5 Address terms for young brother and sister 40 6 Address terms for uncle and aunt 42 7 Address terms for husband 46 8 Address terms for wife 48 9 Address terms for child 49 10 Address terms for nephew, niece, and cousins 52 11 Address terms for outside people 54 12 Professional address terms in English 58 13 Professional address terms in Selayar 60 14 Religious address terms 62 15 Noble address terms 68 16 Endearment address terms 71 8 CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION A. Background An important aspect that is important to pay attention in socializing among speakers in a community is on how speakers addressing each other. The feature involved in this case is the using of “address form or address terms”. One of the earliest sociolinguistic studies of speech behavior among speakers of English concerns the way people in the English speaking countries address one another. Forms of address are important for effective and successful communication and have long been considered a very salient indicator of status of relationships. One can use different forms of address to show his respects or fondness towards other people, or to insult or depreciate them. How to address people appropriately needs the taking of several factors into consideration, such as the social status or rank of the other, sex, age, family relationship, occupational hierarchy, transactional status, race or degree of intimacy. Address forms are words that are used by speaker to address their interlocutor while they are communicating to them (Fasold, 1990: 1-2). As an important feature of interface between language and society, address forms can provide valuable sociolinguistic information about the interlocutors, their relationship and their circumstances. The most influential study of address form and social relationship was proposed by Brown and Gilman. They proposed two 9 uses of pronouns led by two semantics; they are power and solidarity (Fasold, 1990: 3). The existence of power and solidarity in speaking community will determine
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