ADDRESS TERMS IN ENGLISH AND SELAYARESE: A SOCIOLINGUISTICS PERSPECTIVE
ISTILAH-ISTILAH SAPAAN DALAM BAHASA INGGRIS DAN BAHASA SELAYAR: SEBUAH PERSPEKTIF SOSIOLINGIUSTIK
A THESIS Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the degree of magister in English Language studies
By: IRMA ZAVITRI P0600213420
POST GRADUATE PROGRAM ENGLISH LANGUAGE STUDIES HASANUDDIN UNIVERSITY 2018
1 2 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT I would never have been able to finish my thesis without the guidance of
Allah SWT, the support and prayers from my family, the help from my friends,
English Language studies and the Faculty of Cultural studies staff therefore I would like to say my high appreciation and may ALLAH SWT ease their life as well.
I would like to express my deepest gratitude to my advisors, Prof. Dr. H.
Hamzah A. Machmoed, M.A. and Dr. Hj. Sukmawaty, M. Hum for their excellent guidance, caring, patience, and providing me with an excellent atmosphere in completing my research. Then to the examiners board, the late Dr. Sumarwati K.
Poli, M.Lit., Prof. Dr. Noer Jihad Saleh, M.A., Dr. H. Mustafa Makka, M.S. I would like to thank them a lot for their critiques, inputs and guidance during the process of my thesis writing.
Many thanks to Selayar people for their great help and their friendliness during my data collection in the field. I hope this thesis will give more information and contribution in the understanding of the address terms usage in the community.
Makassar, 4th January 2018
Irma Zavitri
3 ABSTRACT Irma Zavitri. Address terms in English and Selayarese: A sociolinguistics study (supervised by Hamzah A. Machmoed and Sukmawaty). This research aims to reveal the use of address terms in English and Selayarese based on situation and context and to understand the aspects that influenced the use of address terms in English and Selayarese. This study was analyzed through descriptive qualitative approach. The English data were taken from some conversational events in the movies while the Selayarese data were taken from the participant observation, depth interview, and field notes. The data requirement is focused on the address terms performed by English (American) and Selayarese community. The results of this research indicate some kinds of address terms occupied in both languages namely: 1) pronouns, 2) kinship terms, 3) title and professional terms, 4) religious terms, 5) nobility terms, 6) terms of endearments. The difference from both languages appeared in which the nobility terms and teknonyms was not accommodated in English data. Another difference is Selayarese use certain address terms to call cousin and nephew or niece. Beside that there are also some similarities from both languages in which they use first name to call their mother, father, grandfather and grandmother and both languages applied endearments to address someone. It was also found from the data that there are some aspects that influenced the use of address terms in English and Selayarese, namely: 1) age difference, 2) social situation, consisting formal and non formal situation, 3) social status, consisting achieved and ascribed status, 4) social distance or degree of intimacy.
Key words: address terms, politeness theory, descriptive-qualitative
4 ABSTRAK Irma Zavitri. Istilah-istilah sapaan dalam bahasa Inggris dan Bahasa Selayar: sebuah sudut pandang sosiolinguistik. (dibimbing oleh Hamzah A. Machmoed dan Sukmawaty). Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengungkapkan pemakaian istilah-istilah sapaan dalam bahasa Inggris dan bahasa Selayar berdasarkan situasi dan konteks serta untuk mengetahui aspek-aspek apa saja yang mempengaruhi pemakaian istilah-istilah sapaan dalam bahasa Inggris dan Selayar. Penelitian ini dianalisis dengan pendekatan metode deskriptif kualitatif. Data bahasa Inggris diambil dari beberapa peristiwa percakapan dalam film sementara data bahasa Selayar diambil dari observasi partisipan, wawancara mendalam, dan catatan lapangan. Data yang diperoleh difokuskan pada penggunaan istilah-istilah sapaan dalam bahasa Inggris (Amerika) dan bahasa Selayar yang digunakan oleh masyarakat Selayar. Hasil dari penelitian ini mengindikasikan sejumlah pemakaian kata sapaan dari kedua bahasa dalam beberapa bentuk yaitu: 1) kata ganti orang, 2) sapaan kebangsawanan, 3) sapaan kekerabatan, 4) gelar dan sapaan yang berkaitan dengan jabatan atau pekerjaan, 5) sapaan keagamaan, 6) sapaan kedekatan atau sayang. Perbedaan dari kedua bahasa ini adalah adanya sapaan kebangsawanan dan teknonimi yang tidak ditemukan dalam data bahasa Inggris. Perbedaan lain adalah dalam bahasa Selayar digunakan sapaan tertentu untuk memanggil sepupu dan kemanakan. Persamaan dari kedua bahasa yaitu ditemukan penyebutan langsung dengan nama diri untuk memanggil ibu, bapak, kakek dan nenek dan kedua bahasa juga memakai istilah sapaan sayang untuk memanggil seseorang. Selain itu ada beberapa aspek yang mempengaruhi pemakaian istilah-istilah sapaan dalam bahasa Inggris dan Selayar, yaitu: 1) perbedaan usia, 2) situasi sosial yang terdiri atas situasi resmi dan tidak resmi, 3) status sosial yang meliputi status karena keturunan dan status yang diperoleh, 4) kedekatan sosial atau derajat keakraban.
Key words: istilah sapaan, Teori kesantunan, deskriptif-kualitatif
5 TABLE OF CONTENTS
Pages TITLE PAGE………………………………………………………… i APPROVAL FORM ……………………………………………...... ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENT …………………………………………. iii ABSTRACT …………………………………………………...……. iv ABSTRAK …………………………………………………………... v TABLE OF CONTENTS …………………………………………... vi LIST OF TABLE……………………………………………………. viii
CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION ………………………………………………… 1
A. Background ……………………………………………………… 1 B. Research Questions ……………………………………………. 3 C. Objectives of the Research ……………………………………. 3 D. Scope of Problem ………………………………………………. 4 E. Significance of the Research ………………………………….. 4
CHAPTER II REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE…………………………. 5 A. Previous Related studies ………………………………………. 5 B. Theoretical Framework ………………………………………… 8 1. Language and Culture …………………………………….. 8 2. Sociolinguistics …………………………………………….. 9 3. Social Context in movies ………………………………….. 12 4. Politeness theory …………………………………………... 13 5. Address Terms ……………….. …………………………… 16 C. Conceptual Framework ………………………………………… 20
CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHODOLOGY…………………………………... 21 A. Method of the Research ……………………………………….. 21 B. Source of Data ………………………………………………….. 21 C. Social situation…………………………………………………... 22 D. Method of collecting data ………………………………….. 22 E. Method of Data Analysis ……………………………………. 23
CHAPTER IV FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION ……………………… 24
A. Findings …………………………………………………………. 24
6 1. Kinds of address terms in 25 Selayarese………………………………………………………. a. Pronouns…………………………………………...... 25
b. Kinships……………………………………………...... 27
c. Title and professional address terms………...…………………………………………… 58 d. Religious address terms…………………….……………………………….. 62 e. Nobility terms ………………..………………………………………….. 66 f. Terms of endearment/intimacy …………………………... 70
2. The aspects tend to influence the use of address terms in English and Selayares……………………………………………………. 72
B. Discussion ………………………………………………………. 79
CHAPTER V CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION ………………… 85
A. Conclusion ……………………………………………………….. 85 B. Suggestion ……………………………………………………….. 87
BIBLIOGRAPHY ………………………………………………………. 88
APPENDICES…………………………………………………………… 90
7 LIST OF TABLES
Number Page
1 Address terms for second pronoun 25
2 Address terms for father Address terms for mother 27
3 Address terms for great grandfather, great grandmother,
Grandfather, and grandmother 34
4 Address terms for older brother and sister 37
5 Address terms for young brother and sister 40
6 Address terms for uncle and aunt 42
7 Address terms for husband 46
8 Address terms for wife 48
9 Address terms for child 49
10 Address terms for nephew, niece, and cousins 52
11 Address terms for outside people 54
12 Professional address terms in English 58
13 Professional address terms in Selayar 60
14 Religious address terms 62
15 Noble address terms 68
16 Endearment address terms 71
8 CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
A. Background
An important aspect that is important to pay attention in socializing among speakers in a community is on how speakers addressing each other. The feature involved in this case is the using of “address form or address terms”. One of the earliest sociolinguistic studies of speech behavior among speakers of English concerns the way people in the English speaking countries address one another.
Forms of address are important for effective and successful communication and have long been considered a very salient indicator of status of relationships. One can use different forms of address to show his respects or fondness towards other people, or to insult or depreciate them. How to address people appropriately needs the taking of several factors into consideration, such as the social status or rank of the other, sex, age, family relationship, occupational hierarchy, transactional status, race or degree of intimacy.
Address forms are words that are used by speaker to address their interlocutor while they are communicating to them (Fasold, 1990: 1-2). As an important feature of interface between language and society, address forms can provide valuable sociolinguistic information about the interlocutors, their relationship and their circumstances. The most influential study of address form and social relationship was proposed by Brown and Gilman. They proposed two
9 uses of pronouns led by two semantics; they are power and solidarity (Fasold,
1990: 3). The existence of power and solidarity in speaking community will determine the address forms choice.
Noting that many of the researchers have proposed the study of address terms both in and out of Indonesia, still the writer believes that there is an aspect that remains unanalyzed. Each place has its own way to address someone and it is related to the culture recognized in that place. As mentioned previously, although these address terms have taken a huge attraction for the researchers to be analyzed and may be plausible, it is nevertheless incomplete more over if we compare with another language. In Indonesia itself there are many researchers who studied about address terms, but not every language in Indonesia has been analyzed in the terms of address forms.
In Selayar community the writer often find the member of the community has conflict because of address terms usage whether it is open conflict or close conflict. They are blaming each other about the use of proper address terms and which one is polite and impolite. They argue about who and why certain people should use certain address terms or should be addressed particularly. In Selayar, as far as the writer knowledge there is no enough information about the address terms, might be the reason why they keep arguing about this matter. The writer hardly found another researcher writing about address terms in Selayar and therefore it will be very interesting and informative to do something to clarify these address terms.
10 The reason why the writer is interested in conducting a research about address terms in Selayar is to have better understanding about the way people in
Selayar communicate using these address terms. In Western and some Asian countries they divide the way they address into some classification, Ervin Tripp classified address terms into status marked situations, ranks, and cultural identity.
The differences inculture, context and social status between the speaker and the hearer usually cause misunderstanding in using the word, phrase, name or title.
Based on that reason, the writer wants to conduct a contrastive study in the field of sociolinguistics, especially about the use of address terms in English and
Selayar language in daily communication. It is hoped that from this research can be to some extent find out the differences and similarities of address terms between both languages as well as the aspects that tend to influence the use of address terms in English and Selayar language.
B. Research Questions
Based on the background above, the researcher formulates some questions for this research. The questions could be seen as follow:
1. What kinds of address terms found in English and Selayarese in their
communication?
2. What aspects which tend to influence the use of address terms in English
and Selayarese?
C. Objectives of The Research
11 Based on the research questions above, the objectives of this research are specified into two items which are:
1. To identify the kinds of address terms in English and Selayar language
which are usually used in communication,
2. To describe the aspects which tend to influence the use of address terms
used in Selayar and English.
D. Scope of The Research
In this research, the researcher focuses on the address terms in English and
Selayar language based on the situational context in daily communication. The researcher also applies the sociolinguistic study to analyze them and to make a contrastive study between both languages as they belong to different language families. Therefore,it is clear to see the differences and similarities between these two languages.
E. The significance of The Research
Practically, this research is expected to be a way to introduce the culture of
Selayerese to the world particularly in addressing people. The study will give information of the variation of address terms in Selayar. Furthermore, hopefully this research will preserve Selayarese culture. Theoritically, this research is expected to contribute valuable data for scientific development, particularly in linguistics, and to become a reference or an input for English students or other researchers who also do research on address terms.
12 CHAPTER II
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
A. Previous Studies
Zhou (1998) on the comparison of terms of address between Chinese and
American English investigated how to address non-family members among
Chinese and Americans by questionnaire. The researcher found the differences which exist between the two languages because of the distant cultural tradition and social background. Firstly, kinship terms are extended to non-family members in Chinese while it is rare in American English. Chinese use kinship terms, such as grandpa, grandma, aunt, uncle, brother and sister, to address their parents’ friends, their colleagues and friends. However, Americans use general social terms of address to address these non-family members, such as Mr., Ms., Miss or given names. Second, titles are used more often to address superiors by Chinese than by Americans.
The research of Maulud (2009), Terms of Address in English and
Tidorenese Languages: A Sociolinguistics Study. His research described how people use Tidorenese and English address terms in interaction based on the situation and context. Basically, the terms of address in both languages are same, but in his research he found four basic important terms used by Tidorenese in interaction: (1) the terms related to family and non-family relationship, e.g. tetedotu, nene baba, etc.; (2) the terms related to religion,e.g.sowohi, haji, ustadz, etc.; (3) the terms related to intimacy, such as given name, last name and
13 nickname; (4) the terms related to personal pronoun in Tidorenese, e.g. for ‘I’ are
Fangare, Fangato, FajaruFajato, Ngori, Ngoto and for ‘You’ are Jou, Jongon,
Ngona, and Ngon. Tidorenese always use address terms, kinship terms and personal pronouns to address people in their social interaction.
Meniwati (2014) who conducted a research on Interplay between social status and address terms in Sambas Malay: A sociolinguistics study. The result shows that the address terms in Sambas Malay are numerous, then classified into forms that based on the functions. The most common address forms that are used are the common address terms (C) and honorific address terms (H). These functions in three sort of dyadic pattern, that are the mutual C, the mutual H, and then non-reciprocal H – C. The semantic distinction between the two mutual patterns and non-reciprocal pattern is on the user dimension. The mutual H more frequently used by high than low social status, while the mutual C more frequently used by low social status. That means that the politeness system in
Sambas Malay is the negative politeness (Brown and Levinson, 1987), the closer someone one another, the more honorific address terms will be used. In the non- reciprocal pattern a distinction is made in terms of social status with the higher saying C and the lower H. the distinction of using the address terms are influenced by occupation and educations, while the intimacy/distance does not give any significant differences.
Ijadhalid (2016) who conducted a research on Power relation and address terms in English and Buginess : A politeness study. The results of the research indicate some kinds of address terms occupied in both languages namely 1)
14 pronouns, 2) kinship terms, 3) title and occupational terms, 4) religious terms, 5) nobility terms 6) teknonyms, and 7) terms of endearment. The difference in both languages appeared in which the nobility terms and teknonymies are not accommodated in English American while the use of endearment terms is not usual in Buginese. It is also found that the age difference, social situation, social status, social distance or degree of intimacy, equality, and marital status among the speakers determine the pattern of speech concerning the power relations. In addition, it was indicated that the politic and polite behavior which was proposed by Richart J. Watss (2003) in Buginese cannot be put apart since the strong bounding of cultural force and even united with the cultural norms, while the
American-English which make the politeness an instrument seems more flexible in using the address terms.
From the previous studies above, the writer can conclude that the researches are relevant with the topic that the writer is going to do because their research also focus on the use of address terms. It can be seen that there are various studies and researches carried out on the address terms in Indonesia.
Though, none of them is associated with Selayarese context as a local language which focusing on social relationship. It is interesting to investigate the various address terms used in every culture. Therefore, the study will show the use of address terms in Selayar and English language and describe the aspects influence the use of address terms in both languages.
15 B. Theoretical Background
Broadly, this research deals with some fields of study; those are language and culture, sociolinguistics, politeness theory, address terms, and social context in movie. The explanation of each field of study as follows:
1. Language and Culture
Language is a system of symbols and sounds. The sound symbols are arbitrary. It means that the relationship between sound, concept and what is symbolized by them (reference) is not absolute. Each concepts can indicate one word or more. Then, each word has one meaning or more, depending on the agreement of society.
Language is also a system of words or signs that people use to express thoughts and feelings to each other. Language is productive which means that a limited number of words can be made by unlimited utterances or sentences. It is dynamic since it can change from time to time. The changes may occur in the area of phonology, morphology, syntax and semantics. As a means of communication, language does not only deal with linguistic/verbal aspects but also nonverbal aspects, such as quality of voice, body language or gesture, touching and smelling.
Meanwhile, culture is the sum of learned behavior from a group of people that generally considered as the tradition and transmitted from generation to generation. We use the term ‘culture’ to refer to all the ideas and assumptions about the nature of things and people that we learn when we become the members of social groups. It can be defined as “socially acquired knowledge”. This is the
16 kind of knowledge that, like our first language, we initially acquire without conscious awareness. We develop awareness of our knowledge and our culture only after having our language developed. The particular language we learn through the process of cultural transmission provides us, at least initially, with a ready-made system of categorizing the world around us and our experience of it
(Yule, 1985: 267).
A culture must have at least one language as a distinct medium of communication to convey its defining ideas, customs, beliefs, et al., from one member of the culture to another. Culture can develop multiple languages or
"borrow" languages from other cultures. However, not all of them are co-equal in the culture. One of the major defining characteristics is whether a language can be the primary means of communication in that culture. Therefore, sociologists and anthropologists draw lines between similar cultures heavily based on the prevalent language usage.
2. Sociolinguistics
Language and society are the part that cannot be separated. The relationship between language and society has many discussions. Broadly it is discussed under the study of sociolinguistics. The term language and society have many comprehensive meaning. It is because society all around the world has different background and cultural situation, it may produce different use of language.
The relationship between language and society by Hudson in Wardhaugh
(2001: 9) is set by the items called linguistic items. Besides, society attempts to
17 manage living together with the concepts such as power, solidarity, class, status, face, gender, politeness, etc. Through the available concept and the linguistics items as the part of language, it can be found the relationship between language and society and social structure constructed in society.
Coping with language, one is not merely dealing with the meaning of language itself. Beyond that, one should also deal with how the language is used. When it comes to a matter of language use, society will best describe how it is executed.
Relating language and society, one should avoid the pitfall of misconception between the terms ‘Sociolinguistics’ and ‘Sociology of language’. Sociolinguistics or micro-sociolinguistics, according to Wardhaugh (2001:2), is the study investigating the relationship between language and society in order to cope with the language structure and how it is used, while sociology of language is the study investigating the relationship between language and society in order to cope with the social structures through the way language is used within it. So it can be inferred that Sociolinguistics is the study of language in relation to society while
Sociology of language is the study of society in relation to language. For instance, in Sociolinguistics, one investigates how social attributes such as gender, political, economic, and educational status affect the way people talk or the way they employ certain linguistic features in their communication, while in sociology of language, one investigates what the society do with their languages, that is their attitudes that account for functional distributions of speech form in societies.
Wardhaugh (2011:1) states language as what the members of society speak.
As language users, members of society elaborate signs and symbols to bond a
18 connection with others in living their life. They are elaborated by the speaker in order to make the listener receive the message completely. The way people use language is different one another. This difference is related to the way people think and the intention of how to express themselves through their language use.
Furthermore in Bloomaert (2005: 11) assumed there are branches of sociolinguistics which strongly oriented in sociology and the rest strongly oriented in linguistics. These branches are able to tie together by the concept Bloomaert called the nature and distribution of linguistic resources in societies (2005:11).
The nature of linguistics resources in societies stated that sociolinguistics in defining languages not only cover the label such as “English”, “Bahasa
Indonesia”, “French” and etc as narrow perspectives. When studying language, simultaneously studying about whole package of language varieties in the society where the language occurs. It is emphasized by Bloomaert (2004:10): “language manifest itself in society always and simultaneously in the shape of a package containing all the diacritics mentioned above”.
It is obvious that language can be defined as window which people would see the society through their language. It reflects speaker’s identities. Specifically, when speaker uses language and do the utterance, it tells something about who utters it. The utterance itself tells what kind of social context behind the utterance which is produced.
While distribution of Linguistics resources assumed that each speaker has her/his own style in distribute linguistics features. It is influenced by the differences of social background of the speaker. The differences are able to reflect
19 social stratification and society and also social structure in general. The distribution focused on the authority of the speaker to determine what kind of linguistics feature distributed. It allows speaker to choose appropriate language use or less in certain context.
3. Social Context in Movies.
A movie, according to Anderson (2010:6), acts as influential and progressive forces in a society or as a larger reflection of that society. By watching any influential movies in their era, those who watch plausibly gain any information of the social state in the particular settings. That is way it is also reliable to employ a movie for social investigation.
Movie is one media to investigate “what happened” in the particular social community. All the set and the conversation or known as scenario in the movie taken from several observations and investigations in actual society and social community. Although many of them categorize as fiction movie which means all the character and everything includes in movies are fake, but the social relation encounter between the speakers in the movie is considerable has value to be analyzed and it really reflects social life in the real society.
In this research there are some movies that will be analyzed they are: White house down, Empire state, Sinister, into the forest. Those movies are considered representative to show the address terms used in English-American society.
20 4. Politeness Theory
In everyday situation we have to communicate with other people to get information, to gain knowledge about a topic, or to reach a variety of goals. When we talk about daily communication, we will certainly talk about address terms as well. Address term is much banded with certain culture, so it may be used differently between cultures. When we discuss about address terms, we have to talk about politeness.
Politeness has been defined as the features of language which serve to mediate norms of social behavior. According to Scollon and Scollon (1995) in Shahrokhi and Bidabadi (2013) distinguish politeness communication systems into three types, are:
a. Deference politeness system (-P, +D)
The participants maintain a deferential distance from each other. In this
system, consequently, the interlocutors had better use independence
strategies to minimize the possibility of threatening face or losing face.
b. Solidarity politeness system (-P, -D)
A solidarity politeness system, the participants feel or express closeness to
each other, and consider one another equal in social position. The
interlocutors, consequently, use involvement strategy to provide a sense of
friendliness and closeness.
c. Hierarchy politeness system (+P, +/- D)
The hierarchical politeness system represents asymmetrical relationship,
i.e the participants recognize and respect the social differences that place
21 one in a super-ordinate position and the other one in a subordinate
position. The dominant interlocutor may use involvement strategy.
1) All these types have to be weighted in relation to the cultural context
and all should be considered as potentially negotiable within
interactions, rather than as givens. The politeness principle has a
regulative role rather than the aim of creating and maintaining social
relationships. Politeness, therefore, is the manifestation of respect for
another's face. Face can be simply defined as a person's self-image.
When we talk about politeness, the concept of face will always appear
because politeness is done to honor someone's face. When the speaker
makes the hearer feeling offended, it can threaten the hearer's face.
This is called Face Threatening Acts (FTAs) by Brown and Levinson.
2) According to Brown and Lavinson (1987) in Zahar (2012), there are
four politeness strategies in human behavior, namely:
a) Bald on Record Strategy
The prime reason for bald on-record usage may be stated simply: in general, whenever speaker wants to do the FTA with maximum efficiency more than he wants to satisfy hearer’s face, even to any degree, he will choose the bald on- record strategy. For example, in the sentence “Bring me my book.”, the speaker says it directly and clearly without minimizing the threat and without regard to self-image of the hearer.
22 b) The Positive Politeness Strategy
Speaker gives a positive self-image to the hearer. Positive politeness occurs in one group or in an environment that has the purpose, desire, or has the same background knowledge. This strategy appears because the speaker wants to show a good impression to the hearer. For instance,”You must be hungry; it’s long time since breakfast. How about some lunch?
c) The Negative Politeness Strategy
Negative politeness strategy is an action to prevent or minimize the threat to the hearer's negative face. When the speaker wants something from the hearer, then the freedom and the desire of the hearer are to be burdened or distracted. For instance, to minimize imposition: “I just want to ask you if I could use your computer.”
d) Off-Record Indirect Strategy
Off-record indirect strategy takes some of the pressure off of you. You are trying to avoid the direct FTA of asking for a beer. Instead, you would rather if it is offered to you once your hearer sees that you want one. For instance: to give hints: “It’s cold in here.”
Moreover, according to Yassi (2012) there are six politeness system developed from Scollon & Scollon, there are:
(1) Deference politeness strategy in non kin context (-P, +D, -K), e.g.
interaction between strangers.
(2) Deference politeness strategy in kin context (-P, +D, +K), e.g. interaction
between distant relatives.
23 (3) Solidarity politeness strategy in non kin context (-P, -D, -K), e.g.
interaction between friends.
(4) Solidarity politeness strategy in kin context (-P, -D, +K), e.g. interaction
between close relatives.
(5) Hierarchical politeness strategy in non kin context (+P, -D, -K), e.g.
interaction between superiors and inferiors.
(6) Hierarchical politeness strategy in kin context (+P, -D, +K), e.g.
Interaction between parents and children, husband and wife.
5. Address Terms
The use of forms of address is one of the ways in which politeness is manifested in speech and writing. For Brown and Levinson (1987), politeness theory is based on the recognition of positive and negative politeness and in their theory, addressing can be used to show both, for example, when the speaker wishes to emphasize his/her close relationship with the hearer or the referent, positively polite formula like FNs are most often used. Negative politeness is constructed as a means of avoiding face-threatening act (FTAs) and this can be done by using, for example, LNs and titles.
To Brown and Levinson (ibid: 46) politeness in an interaction can be defined as “the means employed to show awareness of another person’s face or ‘face want’ of addressee, which is highly valued in conversation.” It can be neglected, maintained or intensified and is constantly attached to any verbal interaction. As we communicate with others, “we are constantly aware of our own and others’
24 face needs, we attend to it consciously or unconsciously, and we cooperate to maintain one another’s face” (Brown and Levinson 1987: 62). We attempt to soften utterances or acts that will threaten the face needs of the other, i.e. face threatening acts (FTAs) by using a variety of politeness strategies, including address terms. Within this system, address forms are the most direct means through which either positive or negative politeness are generally expressed. The factors which may influence the use of address terms are social distance, power and ranking of imposition, also referred to as ‘rating’, indicating the importance or the degree of difficulty attributed by the interlocutors to the situation (Cesiri:
2009). Brown and Levinson’s strategies of positive and negative politeness allow us to study not only variation in the overall use of address terms, but also variation that occurs within the terms themselves.
According to Fasold (1990: 1-2), address terms are the words used by speakers to designate the person they are talking to while they are talking to them. In most languages, there are two main kinds of address forms: names and second-person pronouns. They also address anyone in either of two ways: by their first name or by their title and last name.
Wardhaugh gives some questions in his book, “An Introduction to
Sociolinguistics” as follows:
“How do you name or address another? by title (T), by first name (FN), by last name (LN), by nick name, by some combination of these, or by nothing at all, so deliberately avoiding the problem? What factors govern the choice you make? Is the address process asymmetrical; that is, if I call you Mr. Jones, do you call me John? Or is it symmetrical, so that Mr. Jones leads to Mr. Smith and John to Fred? All kinds of combination are possible in English: Dr Smith, John Smith, Smith, John, Johnnie, Doc, Sir, Mack, and so on. Dr Smith
25 himself might also expect Doctor from a patient, Dad from his son, John from his brother, Dear from his wife, and Sir from a police officer, and so on.” (Ronald Wardhaugh, 2006: 267)
Besides, Gumperz and Hymes (1972, ch 7 in Crystal, 1987) say that forms of address, in the sense of ‘the manner of referring to someone in direct linguistic interaction’, have provided the field of sociolinguistics with a major field of study.
Forms of address have been analyzed between different types of participants in different social situations and ‘rules’ have been proposed to explain the speaker’s choice of terms, e.g. governing the use of first name, title, intimate pronoun, etc.
Social and psychological concepts, such as power and solidarity, have been suggested as particularly significant factors in understanding the address system, i.e, the system of rules used by a speaker governing the use of such forms as tu and vous.
Moreover, Clark (1987) states that there are series of address terms in English and they vary in their formality as follows:
1. Title alone : Sir, Madam, Doctor, Professor,
2. Title and last name : Miss Jones, Dr. Wills,
3. Last name alone :Jones, Smith, Wills,
4. First name alone : Sally, Janet, Bob,
5. Multiple name :
a. Nickname : Bob, Bill, Rich, Ted,
b. Pet name : Honey, Dear, Bobbie,
c. Generic name : Mack, Buddy, Guy, Man,
6. Kinship term : Grandfather, Grandmother, Father, Mother,
26 7. Pronoun : You
The farther down the list one goes (from 1 to 5), the more familiar one must be with the addressee. Nevertheless, the two most common address forms are number
(2) and (4); so forms of address are chosen in much the same way as the familiar and formal pronouns, except that there are more than two ways of someone can be addressed.
Address forms are really part of complete semantic systems that have something to do with social relationship. As Bean (1978) in Fasold (1990: 3) points out, it is not really sufficient to look only at addressing by name and second-person pronouns. There are languages like Javanese in which many other devices are used for the expression of social. We will mention kin terms only when they are used to address people, as in ‘Uncle Harry’ because Harry is the name of the uncle. Another related phenomenon is how a person is referred to, as well as how he or she is addressed. A man can be expected to address his wife by her first name, but may refer to her as ‘Mom’, ‘my wife’, ‘Mary’, ‘Mrs. Harris’,or
‘Tommy’s mother’, depending on who it is he is talking to (cf. Geiger 1979 in
Fasold, 1990:3).
In addition, Mashiri (2004) in Djatmika (2011: 275) stated that in general, address terms are another name owned by someone other than his original name or official name. Address term given to someone is diverse according to the norms, rules, traditions and beliefs prevailing in his place. For example in the UK, the nickname has a limited pattern by adding the suffix -y on pieces of real names,
27 such as Edward become Eddy, Theodorre become Teddy, Anne become Anny, etc.
In Indonesia generally the nickname is formed by the short form of the real name but there is no fix pattern about this naming.
Linguistically, Braun (1988:7) defines the address term as a means of
‘initiating contact’. He indicates that the address term often designate the interlocutors, but not necessarily, since their literal and lexical meanings can differ from or even contradict the addressee’s personal and social features. For instance, in some cultures like Iranian and Arabic communities, a girl may address her friend’s mother as ‘aunt’ to show respect to her though there is no blood relation between them.This phenomenon also happen in Indonesian context.
C. Conceptual framework
Address Term
English Selayarese
Kinds of address term Aspects influence the address terms used
Address Terms in English and Selayarese
28 CHAPTER III
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
A. Research Design
This research aims to analyze how Address terms in English and Selayarese are carried out, and what aspects tend to influence the use of address terms in
English and Selayarese.
Furthermore, descriptive qualitative method applied in this research in order to fulfill the aims mentioned above. It was done by that way because the whole package of social situations including space, actors, activities, objects, and the sequencing that take place over time were analyzed (Spradley,1980: 40).
B. Sources of Data
The data taken in this research was the observation results and recordings of everyday utterances of Selayarese, as this was a field research. Besides, the researcher also gained the information about the social relations including the personal information of the actor from the informants. They were chosen as the informants because they possess wide access to the members of community and have information about personal life of them.
For English data, researcher used the form of Address in English through translation and for addition took English movies as references. The researcher took only Address terms utterances to be analyzed. The researcher did library research to strengthen the analysis of data taken from the field.
29 C. Social Situations
Based on Spradley (1980: 39), the qualitative research uses social situations to be observed as the object of the research. It consists of actor, place, and activity.
The social situations of this research were the everyday speech of Selayarese. The researcher has done the recording in many places where this society took place to do their activity. There were some places the researcher took the data, they were neighborhood situation, in the garden, and several celebrations.
D. Method of Collecting Data
In conducting this research, the researcher used mini tour observation.
According to Sugiyono (2014:231), mini tour observation is doing observation to find very specific aspect of data. It is narrowly and has already focused on particular facets. Thus, in collecting the data, the researcher employed some steps as follows:
1. Record the communication done among society in the Selayar community.
It recorded by using smart phone’s recorder. The recording did in
neighborhood situation, in the garden, family gathering, office and several
celebrations.
2. Then, from all of the collected recordings, by applying purposive
sampling, the researcher chose those which contain terms of address to be
the data that would be analyzed.
3. The data collecting was conducted in two months.
30 4. The researcher did depth interview to the source of data to find sharp data
about address terms recorded. The researcher used semi-structure
interview. It is a kind of in depth interview to find the problem widely and
can be done freely based on the researcher’s need (Sugiyono 2014:233).
E. Method of Analyzing Data
This research employed functional semiotics in analyzing the data taken, as one of the approaches in doing critical discourse analysis. There were some steps applied in analyzing the data gathered from conducting this research:
1. The selected data were transcribed. By doing this, the researcher could
easily analyze the data.
2. After transcribing the selected data, they were translated into English. It is
aimed to let non-Selayarese people to understand what the conversation is
about. Besides, this research was conducted as the object of English
Language Studies, introducing data gathered to other English-based
scholars. After translated into English the researcher did morpheme by
morpheme analysis to make sure the equivalence of the data translated.
3. Making the classification of address terms in English and Selayarese based
on their differences and similarities.
4. Describing the forms of address terms in English and Selayarese and
classifying the aspects influence the address terms used in both languages.
5. Finally, data verification was employed to draw conclusion that answered
all the questions proposed in this research.
31 CHAPTER IV
FINDINGS AND DISCUSSIONS
A. FINDINGS
Address terms are one of Linguistics items used in all languages including in
English and Selayarese. It is to identify the social meanings during the interaction of the speaker and the hearer. The address terms used can show us whether the relationship are like family or non family relationship and whether it is considered polite or rude. In some culture the use of address terms are crucial due to politeness and in many occasions the use of address terms inappropriately can lead to misunderstanding or even conflict within the community or in the family.
It is why the speaker should be very careful in choosing the terms to address someone in their communication. In Selayerese, it is essential to address other people by considering their social status, social situation, age, and family relationship.
Based on the data gathered, in Selayar society, especially in Mare-Mare village there are five kinds of address terms used, they are:1) Pronouns 2) Kinship terms, 3) title and professional terms, 4) religious terms, 5) nobility terms and 6) endearments.
32 1. Kinds of Address Terms in English and Selayarese
These findings consist of many kinds of address terms, including the
use of the polite and impolite address terms in formal ad non formal
situation.
a. Pronouns
1) Second pronoun in English and Selayarese
Measuring the polite and impolite speech can be seen by the use of
pronoun in addressing the interlocutors. Different from English,
Selayarese separate between polite and impolite speech for addressing
the interlocutor and this is indicated by the use of second person while
in English there is no differentiation. The situation can be shown in
the table below:
Table 1: Second Person Pronouns
Personal Subjects Object possessive pronoun Pol/impl 2nd Selayares Englis Selayar Englis Selayarese Engli person e h ese h sh pronoun Pol. Ditte You -ditte, - You -ta your
ki
Impl. Kau You Kau, You -mu your
ko
33 Table 1 shows two parts of pronoun (2nd person). Those address terms consist of single words and affixes such as, -ki, while words and affixes such as – ko, -mu, mu can be considered impolite terms in certain situation.
To be able to see and compare the two forms of the pronouns (polite and impolite form), especially for addressing the second person, the following illustrations are able to show more information about it.
A: Baji’ mu lungang ta Opu?Ditte, Maing muki anrio? (Is your pillow okay now Opu? Have you taken a bath?) B: kau ngura sallo konjo ko lau’? (Why did you stay long there) A: sallo kang accari’ carita (We took time talking)
The table 1 above is a talk between granddaughter and her grandmother, it is identified that there are two kinds of pronouns used by the participants to address their interlocutor. Using kau as a subject in her sentence to address A, while A used ditte to address B. A used the polite form to address her grandmother B, while B used impolite form to address her granddaughter, A. This situation will be discussed further in the next part of this chapter. Below is another conversation using second person pronoun:
A: ditte rin te e sapong ta? (where do you live?) B: nakke raja ri, Maroanging. Dere I lau konjo (I live at Maroangin. It so far away) A: mingka sehat ki ditte di? (but you seem healthy) B: smile A: amma’ mu gele minang anta’le di?
34 (your ma’am have not came back here right?) B: iyo’ lohe urusanna ka lu urusa todo aring ku ri Mangkasara. (yes, she got lots of thing to handle because she helps my sister too).
English is quite different from Selayarese, Selayarese just like other non- egalitarian culture in Indonesia is more complicated when it deals with addressing someone especially using the second person pronoun because we need to consider whether to use polite or impolite forms. The address terms that show respect and hierarchy will be preferred in Selayarese while in society which claims to be egalitarian such as English speaking countries, the address terms may not be considered so important. b. Kinship terms
Kinship terms are the address terms for the blood relations. Addressing a member of family also provides some different terms of address.
1) Address terms for father
Table 2: various address terms in relation to a father.
Terms of address father Terms to address mother Usage English Selayarese English Selayarese
Father Bapak Mother Amma’
To address Dad Tetta Mom Indo
parents Daddy “ammang” Mommy Anrong
Pa Tata Ma Nick name
35 Papa Aba Mama Ummi
Nick Etta/atta Nickname Mama’
name By name
(nickname/shortname)
By name
(nickname/shortname)
+mu/ku
Table 2 illustrates that in English most people address their fathers with
Father, Pa, dad or daddy and by their nickname. In English they may call their father by name (Nickname) as well as in Selayarese they may call use nickname to address father because it will be considered rude. Based on the data in
American- English they call father, dad to show emphasis and they use daddy, pa, Papa to show intimacy and they call their father by name when the kids already grew up to show that they are like friends with their father.
A: we are both adults here, John. Speak for yourself, Okay? B: can you please just open it for me? (White House down)
It is the conversation between a father and his daughter. From the conversation we learn that the daughter just calls her dad by his name “John” and it is considered proper.
Another example as follows:
36 A: hey, come on Pa. come on dad, please. B: It’s okay, Christo! A: I am sorry, father. I am sorry Pop. (Empire state)
The conversation above shows that the shifting of the address term to call a father because the situation is changed from the casual to more serious one to show emphasis. In another conversation illustrates that a young daughter address her father by using daddy and it is to show affection or intimacy.
Daughter: brought you your coffee, daddy. Dad: oh, thank you. (Sinister)
In Selayar, people generally do not address father by name (nickname) because it will be considered rude and inappropriate, especially when they talk in a formal situation. The address terms used are mostly Bapak, Tetta, etta/atta,
“ammang”, Tata, Aba.
The use of bapak to address father is more likely used in a family where they send their kids to formal education. This address is the most common used by the people in Selayar to call their father both in formal on in informal situation.
A: ante e mae bapak mu? (Where is your father?) B: mange I ri passikola ang. (He is going to school)
For some families they use the terms atta, tetta or tata to address their father. They are a very old style of address terms to call a father. Not many families use these terms anymore nowadays but some people still maintain to use
37 these to preserve their family root and the tradition. These terms also shows that these families are noble families because in the past not any family can use these terms of address.
The terms ammang is usually used to show emphasis of the position of a father as a leader in a family. For example if a mother would like to address his husband to their children.
A: la lampaki atau gele , mak? (Are we going, mam?) B: kuta’nangi ammang mu. (Ask your father, then).
The term aba is derived from Arabic. Some families get this term by historical background. Since a long time ago many Arab traders came across the
Selayar Island and by the exchange of information through communication and
Marriage, the Selayarese adopted these terms and being used until the present time.
The most distinguished one is the use of first name to call a father in some families still remains for example names like Sasa, Hasa, etc. These terms are used especially among the close family relationship and it cannot be used by people outside of the closed family relationship but they should put nickname/shortname+-mu if they want to use these address terms. As illustrates in the example below:
A: bajik juamu kasia’ ta Sasa? (do you feel good now Sasa?) B: gele pi. Pa’risi juwa pi kalong ku na nallinga (not yet, I still get sore throat if I swallow food)
38 A: gassingki nginung je’ne.. (Drink more water) B: pangalleanga rolo. (Take for me please)
The previous conversation is a talk between a son and a father. Then the son (A) address his father (B) with his nickname , Sasa and it is not considered impolite, but to show intimacy.
In another example below shows us that after the nickname it is needed to add possessive pronoun -mu
A: nguramu Hasa mu? (How is your Hasa)? B: mange juamu ri koko. Seha’ mu bede. (He went to the garden already) A: apa bede la inung? (what did he drink)? B: je’ne anjoro juwa (he just drank coconut water)
The previous conversation illustrates that A address the person by name+
(-mu) to show that this addressing is a special use and belongs to restricted people such as children, nephew, niece, and grandchildren.
From the table 2 above also illustrates that in English people address their mother by saying Mommy, Mom, Mother, Ma, Mama, or by nickname. It is very common since the relationship between parents and children mostly very close. But the children may call their parents by using mother in a formal situation or turning into a serious conversation.
A: hey Ma, we come bearing gifts
39 B: what’s this? A: I got you a statue- the statue you wanted. B: thank you, Chris. A: okay, Love you Ma. (Empire state)
A: bye, mommy, I love you. B: I love you too, sweety. (White House down)
Then in Selayarese there are also some variations of address terms used to address mother. Some people use the kinship terms of Selayarese, such as Indo, anrong, amma’. These terms are old style of address terms but are still being used nowadays in some families while the children of millennia century tend to use the terms Mama’ to address their mother. There is a little change of phonetics there but with the same meaning.
One of the interesting phenomena found is the use of nick name by
Selayarese to call mother as in English. As it is known that it might be considered impolite to call a mother by her nick name in a non egalitarian society but in
Selayarese’s social life it is categorized as a way to show intimacy. Some modern families do not use this way to address anymore to avoid the misinterpretation and misused of the address terms by the young generation and people outside the community but some families maintain this culture besides some mothers do not try to change this habit. The following conversation shows the information:
A: ulung ku sampa pa’risi Ti’no. (my head is always painful, Ti’no) B: I sitti amang maingi antama ri balla garring bede? (Sitti amang has been hospitalized, right?) A: u, gele pa ko minang mange ri saponna?
40 (yes, have not you been visited her?) B: gele pa. (I have not, yet)
The data illustrate that the child addresses his mother by her nickname,
Ti’no and use the pronoun you (kau) but it is still categorized as polite term. And the child also said “u” to say “yes” in impolite way which in some hierarchical culture it will be considered rude but in Selayarese it will be fine.
A: la muliang ma rolo, ka barang la boja a Ginnaku. (I am going home, I worry that my Ginna will be looking for me) B: u barang lakua ante e ko pole mae Ginnamu. (yes, your Ginna might think you are going somewhere else).
The use of possessive pronoun in the conversation above show that it is okay to call mother by their name but it is only for the children and the very close family so it is why they use possessive pronoun –ku and –mu in that conversation to emphasis that those address terms are restricted for certain people and belong to certain people only.
2) Address terms for great grandfather, grandfather, grandmother, and
great grandmother
Table 3: various address terms in relation with Great Grandfather and
grandfather, great grandmother, and grandmother.
Terms of address Usage English Selayarese
41 To address great Great grandpa Dato’ grandfather, grandfather, Great grandma Bakka great grandmother, and Firstname Opu grandmother Nickname/Shortname Puwa
Grandfather Tata
Grandpa Nickname
Granddad Nenek
Grandmother
Grandma
In English, they use the terms great grandpa and great grandma to address their great grandfather and great grandmother. However they rarely use them because they usually use first name or nickname alone to show intimacy.
While to address their grandfathers, they use Grandfather, grandpa, granddad, and first name and they use the address term grandmother or grandma to address their grandmother. These terms are used to a superior addressee. A grandchild addresses grandmother and grandfather based on the custom in the family. Sometimes with an intimate purpose they may use certain form to address his/her grandfather and grandmother or they just call them by nick name or first name.
Mostly, Selayarese people address their great grandfathers and great grandmothers using Dato’ or Opu. Selayarese do not separate the use of address
42 terms by gender nor separate the use of address terms for grandmother and grandfather or between great grandfather and great grandmother. They may call
Opu and dato’ both for grandmother and grandfather and to call great grandfather and great grandmother as well.
For some families we can found the use of address terms puwa and tata but by the change of time Selayarese rarely use these address terms anymore. The data illustrates that just like to call a mother by name that it is okay to call great grandmother, great grandfather, grandmother and grandfather by their name or nick name in Selayar but this phenomenon is restricted only for the very closed family such as from grand children or nephew and niece to call their grandmother or grandfather.
A: sukku na ka I Jomok lakaluppai KTP na (it is so frustrating to know that Jomok forgot her ID card) B: Allah (God)
The previous conversation is a statement from a grandson to
address his grandmother. Another example of conversation from a
grandchild to address grandparent can be seen as follow:
A: dato’ Sora jua appau pakonjo (Only Dato’ Sora said so) B: injo nu maing mo ta’bage (The property has been shared)
The data also illustrates that the address terms “bakka” is to call great grandfather and it is a special address term to call a grandfather to show respect
43 and it means Big in English. It is also to show the nobility rank of a person and implies that in the past he is the leader of the society. And “puwa’” is also used to call great grandfather and great grandmother or grandfather and grandmother and as the rule agreed by the society this calling have to use possessive pronoun such as –mu and –ku meaning that only restricted circle can use that term.
A: injo I Puwa luku tu sanna lohena anjoro na, tedong na. (It is Puwa Luku who owned a number of coconut trees and buffaloes) B: na inai injo Puwa Luku? (Who is Puwa Luku ?) A: injo I Puwa Luku ia gallarang ri Bangkala injo mo na kalumannyangngi. (Puwa Luku is a chief village of Bangkala and that is why he is wealthy).
Conversation below shows the use of address terms to call a great grandfather and great grandmother or grandfather and grandmother.
A: na intu Bakka ku juwa minang kalumannyang ri Dolak. (it is my Bakka who is the most wealthy person in Dolak kampong). B: ia kalumannyangang na nenek Baha? (is she richer than Nenek Baha? A: u, (yes,)
Another interesting phenomenon is in some families especially those who still witnessed the kingdom in Selayarese the grandmother and great grandmother cannot accept if people call them or address them by using “nenek”. Based on historical record people who are addressed by word “nenek” are from the lower status because they do not have noble name to be addressed with. So it is not accepted by some Selayarese to be addressed using the term “nenek” but again
44 time changing as well as the way people address and the use of nenek become more familiar especially for Selayarese who are leaving in the capital city or who migrates to the province.
3) Address terms for older brother and sister
Table 4: various address term in relation to older brother and sister
Terms of address Usage English Selayarese
To address older brother and sister Brother Kaka
Sister Daeng
First name Kak +Nickname
Polong
Urang sianak
Nickname
In English, they sometime address their older brother and sister by using brother and sister terms. But they mostly use first name especially in formal situation or nickname to address brother and sister. In English they do not differentiate between younger and older brother and sister.
45 In Selayarese, most people address their older brothers and sisters using the terms like Kakak or daeng+ nickname. In selayar they don’t differentiate gender in addressing people.
A: I kau daeng (Soe)na ngura motoronjo mange mu balukang. (you, Daeng (Soe) why did you sell the motorcycle?) B: susa na ka tallasang na lohe na todo’ bisarang mu. (life is hard and you speak all nonsense)
For some people they use pronoun –kau to address their older brother/sister but still with term Daeng + (name) and it is considered properly used. For some family they just call their older brother/sister by nickname to show intimacy and is still also considered polite.
Another use of address term is to call older brother or sister by using
Kakak+ (nickname). It can be seen in the conversation below:
A: a kakak surga, sengka ki? (Hey, kakak Surga, come and stop by?) B: hey, surangki mange ri sapong ku nah sinampe. (Hey, come over to my house with me later, ya?)
For nowadays Selayarese people consistently use term kakak or Kak +
(Nickname) to address older brother and sister in order to give good example to the young generation about politeness and to avoid the misinterpretation by other people outside the community.
Below is the example of addressing older brother or sister by their nickname/shortname.
46 A: O Andi Aziz mae mako nganre ( O Andi Aziz go have some food) B: lohe na pallu pallu mu inni, Asma (you cook a lot, Asma)
Below are other example of using Polong+ku and urang sianak to address brother and sister.
A: nakke polong ku maneng maneng sipak na (my brother has a very unusual character) B:na ngurai? (why do you say so) A: injo barang barang to toa anjo a’ra na la la sangngi ngi ( he would like to take all the properties for himself)
Polong in English means half. So when someone call his/her brother or sister by saying polong, it means there is value of blood kinship that they would like to emphasis which is blood kinship cannot be separated and replaced by anything. Polong in English means half. It implies that brothers and sisters are half of each other. It is to build the strong bond between brothers and sisters in the family.
And another term used to address or to call brother or sister can be seen as follow:
A: a urang sianak, mu isse ji mate I memang? (hey brother, did you know that Memang has passed away?) B: gele pi urang sianak. Ri skiurayya kodong? (not yet brother. When did it happen?
Sometimes people in Selayar also use address term “polong” or “urang sianak” to address brothers and sisters or their siblings without differentiate between older brother/sister or younger brother/sister.
47 4) Address terms for younger brother and sister
Table 5: various address terms in relation to younger brother and sister
Usage Terms of address
English Selayarese
To address younger brother and First name Nickname
sister Nick name Ari’/aring
Urang sianak
Polong
In English, people usually use first name to address their young brother and sister. These terms are used to show seniority or superiority. Table 5 illustrates that Selayarese people usually address their young brother and sister by nick name alone and by using impolite second pronoun to show intimacy and power both in formal and in a casual conversation. For example as follow:
A: ante e ko mae sansiri? (Where are you going Sansiri?) B: la mange a ri saponna i Jiji. (I am going to Jiji’s home).
The conversation above illustrates that it is used pronoun –ko but it is actually considered polite since it is a conversation between older brother to his
48 younger brother. In another tradition or culture people still use polite second pronoun –ki even to address younger or juniors but in Selayar it will be considered too much and not natural.
Another example is shown below:
A: Gele ngisse appikkiri aring ku. (My younger brother can’t think clearly). B: nakke ku kuwa todo’. Injo pole dg.Gauk ka rie jua i. (I think so and also Daeng. Gauk was there). A: kukua ri ia a ko mo antamak tamak ri masalanjo.
In that conversation it is used the term ari/aring to show that the speaker talk to a younger brother. It shows degree of affection or intimacy as well.
5) Address terms for uncle and aunt
Table 6: various address term in relation to uncle and aunt
Terms of address Usage English Selayarese
Uncle Purina
Uncle+ firstname Om+nickname/shortname
Aunt/aunty Patta +nickname/shortname
To address uncle Atta+ nickname/shortname
Patta + title name
Atta + title name
Tante/ tanta
49 By name
In English, people address their uncles by using the term uncle and sometimes people use the terms uncle+ first name and people address their aunt by using the terms aunt/aunty or by adding their nickname after aunt/aunty address terms. As can be seen on the example below:
A: aunty, it is a pretty tie. Where did you buy it? Is that for uncle’s birthday? B: I bought it in the department store. Yes it is for his birthday present.
Table 6 shows that in Selayar there are more variation to address uncle/aunt. For example the use of word purina, it is the term use to call uncle/aunt and it is a kinship term. As we can see in the conversation below:
A: I kau Purina sanna kulara mu (you, Purina is so stingy) B: na ngura mu kua , kamanakang? (why did you say so?) A: injo anjoro sibatu batu juwa sanna mamo pa’ nyereng nyereng mu. (it is only a matter of one coconut and you are so chatterbox).
Furthermore, many people address their uncle by saying Patta
+nickname/shortname or addressing them by using Atta+ nickname/shortname. People in Selayar tend to use noble title name such as patta/atta to call their uncle/aunt to show respect and the status in the society. In
Selayar, people do not separate the use of address terms by gender to address
50 uncle and aunt, both are using similar address terms. As can be seen in the conversation below:
A: surang makang Patta Isa mu ta boja ko. (patta Isa and Me were looking for you) B: manna kambe ta boja ki Opu. (we are looking for you as well) And, A: ditte maingi ri janjang patta Asa? Dokkong na kodong. (have you visited him Patta Isa? He looks thin) B: u dokkong na bede (yes, he is)
In Selayar it is also quite common to use Patta + title name or Atta + title name to address aunt and uncle. For example in below conversation the real name is Bulan but Selayerese use the title name called Jene’, it was taken from the ancestor name and not any people can take such naming. Similar phenomenon happen in another conversation, Talli is called title name because it is taken from the great grandparent name (ancestor’s name) and usually those kinds of names are rulers in their time.
A: patta Jene la mange juwa ki a ‘buaki? (patta Jene, will you go for the party?) B:u, mintodo mo la. Kasse La gele ki. (yes, for sure) Another example: A: maing mu ri sare bobo jangang ta, patta talli? (have you fed your chicken, Patta Talli?) B: maing mu ri sumpada iya. (yes, I have done it)
For modern family who left the tradition since they go to modern education they do not use those terms anymore but some other families still
51 maintain the culture especially for those who has noble status or want to be considered as noble family. They use Om+ name to address uncle and use
Tanta/Tante+ name to call aunt. For some orthodox family who always try to preserve the culture they will get mad and offended if people call them om or tante/tanta. They believe the use of om and tante are also sign of two things.
The first they are not from noble family that’s why they don’t have title name and second they are not close family that is why they are addressed by saying om+ name or aunt+name. In the orthodox family they will feel offended if someone call them using the latter address terms but for more modern family they will feel okay even they are addressed by those terms. The conflict happened when those are not noble or common people or even slave offspring and still want to be called by noble title name and belittle the real owners or the descendants of the noble family since they have more power and wealthier in the present time owing to the noble family by blood.
Below are the conversations showing the use of om+ name or aunt+name:
A: tanta daeng a’rana ja curhat kodong. (tanta daeng, just want to talk heart by heart with me now) B: ka lakua Om eni mu sampa a’ra I lesang ri tampa’na inda, (your Om Eny said he always wants to move to Inda’s land) Another example can be seen in below conversation. A: jari minang jako sijanjang om Suriyadi? (well, have you met Om suriyadi?) B: ba a. ditto ji rie (yes, he always come and see me)
52 That conversation shows that in the present time people called their aunt and uncle by saying Om and Tanta or tante but the addressee will not feel offended.
6) Address terms for husband
Table 7: shows various address terms in relation to a husband.
Terms of address Usage English Selayarese
Sir. Daeng
Mr. +Last name Kak+nickname/short To address a husband First name name
In English, wives address their husband based on the situation. Generally wife uses the term Sir or Mr +last name to address her husband. In informal situation, such as at office, home, in the garden , etc she usually address her husband by his first name or nick name or even using endearments to show affection and degree of intimacy.
The example can be found in below conversation:
A: she practiced for like six weeks, John. She thought you were gonna be there. B: it would have been nice to have a bit of a reminder. (White House down)
53 Another example can be seen in below conversation:
A: hey Martin, please just come home. B: I need to do this honey. (White house down)
Table 8 shows that Selayarese people address use the term
Daeng+Nickname or only the terms Daeng or Kakak to address their husbands because the husband is the way older than them and it is also to show respect. In
Selayarese culture honoring husband is very fundamental because husband is the source of financial, physical, and mental supports.
Some families prefer to use Kak or kakak+ Nickname because of the influence of bahasa Indonesia and it is also quite common especially for those who live in the city or the capital city. It is also sometimes influenced by the mixture of the language they use to communicate daily which they mix between national language which is Bahasa Indonesia and the local language which is
Selayarese.
The example can be shown as follow: A: daeng, maing mu ri antara mange ngalle pete-pete anak ta? (Daeng, have you delivered your daughter to the pete-pete halt?) B: ampa pa rie inni. (Yes, I just arrived home) and in another conversation A: Kak Ilham, rinte e ri taro helm injo? (Kak Ilham, where did you put the helmet?) B: ri boko na meja panganreang. (It is on the dining table).
54 7) Address terms for wife
Table 8: various address terms in relation to a wife
Terms of address Usage English Selayarese
Ma’am Nickname/shortname
To address a wife Honey
My love
In English, a husband usually uses the same term as what is used by his children, like ma’am. He uses that term to indirectly teach his children to respect their mother. Sometimes he also addresses his wife with honey, my love and so on to show affection and intimacy. Beside that a husband also has some other addresses to call his wife such as kitchen, it is an example of special call to show intimacy. Example can be seen as follow:
A: hey, make yourself useful, kitchen. B: well, (Sinister) A: hey Martin, please just come home. B: I need to do this, honey. (White house down) A: nice people, huh? B: enough dear, enough dear. (Empire state)
55 The way people in Selayar address his wife is not varied and based on the data is not quite common to use certain name other than the nick name to address a wife. The use of address term to a wife can be shown in below conversation:
A: Asma, gele jako appalu je’ne ? (Asma, are not you boiling some water?) B: ba a daeng, na ngurai? (yes, daeng, what is going on?) A: a’re’re mu barang je’ne injo.mange ko huno komporo (It is boiling, I guess. Go and off the stove)
The full name of the wife is Asmarani but the husband makes it short and he calls her Asma and also there is a second pronoun –ko there. Selayarese use nickname/short name to call a wife. The use of address by nickname alone to call a wife is considered polite because wife is usually younger than the husband.
Different from English, Selayarese people do not or hardly use certain endearment terms such as honey, love, sweetie, etc to call a wife to show intimacy or affection.
8) Address terms for child
Table 9: various address terms in relation to a child.
Terms of address Usage English Selayarese
To address child First name/nickname Nickname
Boy Title name
Son Nak /Anak
Daughter Based on physical
56 Pet name appearances
Vegetable name Anak opu
Based on physical Anak bulaeng
appearance
In English, parents usually address their children by using the terms boy, son, daughter, honey, sweetie, by their first name, pet name, nick name or even vegetable name.
The example can be seen as follow:
A: Ashley, honey, what are you doing? B: painting. (Sinister)
In that conversation the father call his daughter by name “Ashley” and added with terms “honey” to show affection or fondness.
Or
A: hey, you little face. Come on, get your stuff, let’s go baby. B: …….Okay. (White house down) This is interesting phenomenon because both in English and Selayarese they call their children based on physical to show affection.
Or A: don’t take too long, doll. B: I know (Into the forest)
57 Mostly in English the parents show more affection to their daughter than to their son especially if the daughter have not grown up to a lady or not married yet.
A: should we just walk out? B: it will take 3 days, pumpkin. (Into the forest) A: have a great day, sweet pea. B: yeah (Into the forest)
Those two above conversations are the talk between dad and daughter. The father uses the names of vegetable to address her daughter. The use those address terms are especially to express affection and intimacy and this is mostly happened only between dad and his daughter.
In Selayar, most people address their children by using nick name, title name, nak /anak, anak bulaeng or even based on physical appearances. The example can be shown as the conversation below:
A: a patta Malluru, mai sai ko konni. (a, Patta Malluru, come here, please) B: iye mak. (Well, okay)
In Selayar, it is quite common to call someone with the noble title even to address their children in hoping that in the future they will be as great as their ancestor so it is such a prayer. Certain family uses noble title name that is taken from the ancestor name or great grandparents name as the sign of honor and remembrance.
58 Very common address term to call children is by using their nick name such as in the conversation below:
A: Ana, o apa mo mu carita? (Ana, what did you talk about?) B: lohe ta carita (We talked about a lot of things)
And to show affection and intimacy the parents use nak/anak alone or added with the nick name of the children. Nak/anak is equal to kid in English.
The example can be shown as follow:
A: gele jako la sambajang anak? Anak vitri? (don’t you take prayer anak?anak vitri?) B: ba a, Opu. (yes Opu, I do) A: mange mako sambajang la ku suloi ko. (then go pray and I will give you light).
9) Address terms for cousins and nephew/niece
Table 10: various address terms for cousin and niece/nephew
Terms of address Usage English Selayar
- Kali, +mu
Pindu’,+mu
To address terms cousin, Pinta’, +mu
nephew, niece Sampu’, +mu
Kamanakang,
+mu
59 This phenomenon is very different from English data. This phenomenon is not found in English because they don’t address cousins and nephew/nieces in the way Selayarese do.
The example can be shown as follow:
A: maimmu mu kikisi tampa’ mu pindu siang? (have you fenced your land, pindu siang? B: u, I badulu ku suro anjama. Rua ngallo juwa i maiimmu, pindu. ( I just asked Badulu to help out, and it was only for two days work,Pindu)
In Selayar the people use the term first cousin, second cousin, third cousin, fourth cousin, etc. so when they address their cousins it is based on that level. The example above is to address the second cousin and they use second pronoun –mu or –ko since they are same age.
Another example is as follow:
A: ngura intu kali sehat-sehat jako? (Kali, is everything Okay with you?) B: Alhamdulillah sehat –sehat juwa a kali, Tonasa Kadieng. (Praise to God, I am fine Kali, Tonasa Kadieng)
Those conversation indicates that their relationship as first cousin. While for the fourth, the fifth cousin etc the Selayarese use the term sampu’ to address them. Sampu’ is also use to address far away family (kinship). It can be shown in below conversation.
A: sampu’, sallo mu ampa kujanjang ko pole. (sampu’, it has been awhile not seeing you) B: u sampu’ garring nga. Gele a kulle a ‘lingka baji
60 (yeah sampu’, I was really sick. I got paralyzed, I hardly can walk).
In addition People in Selayar also call their nephew/niece by the term kamanakang. As in the conversation below:
A: kamanakang, rin te e mako a kuliah? (kamanakang (nephew) where are you studying?) B:ampa pa maing ujian akhir inni Patta Tojeng. (I just done with my result exam, patta Tojeng).
10) Address terms for non-family members
Table 11: various address terms in relation to non-family member such as friends, neighbors, etc.
Terms of address Usage English Selayarese
Mr. Nickname
Sir Amma/bapak
Miss +child’s name
Ma’am Om
Mrs. Pak To address non-family members Lady Tante/tanta
Gentleman Bu/ibu
Girl
Boy
Folks,
61 Bro,
Fellas,
Kids,
Boys,
Mr. L
Hey, Palmer
Buddy,
Pal,
Man,
Dude.
In English, when people address someone outside their family, they usually use many different variants of address terms, they are: Miss, Mrs.,
Ma’am, Girl, Boy, Mr., Guys, Ladies and Gentlemen. We can see the address terms used in table 11 above.
Word Mrs. is used to address a married woman and can be used this term before family name. Moreover, the term Ma’am is used to address an unknown woman. It should not be followed by the name of a person, for example: Where are you going, Ma'am?, Ma'am, do you have time?, etc. Then, the Miss is an appropriate option for addressing a young and unmarried woman. It can be used alone and it as a polite way to address a young woman whose last name we do not know (a stranger).
62 Besides, the term Mr. is always used as a common address term combined with last name. According to English culture, the term Mr. is only used to address teachers or certain people who have honorable position. However, if they already know each other, they will mention only their names even though someone is older than the other, like what is quoted from the movie, as can be seen below:
A: agents Nugent, Marichal. B: I am attorney Giuliani, how are you doing fellas? A: Mr. Giuliani, there’s no way in hell……. (Empire state)
Meanwhile, the term sir is used towards unknown people. It could be used alone as a polite way to address a stranger. There is also the term Ms. A woman can choose to use this term before her last name when she does not wish to indicate whether she is married or unmarried. Then, for younger people they can use the term girl for a woman and boy for a man. Other terms used are guys
(informal) and ladies and gentlemen (formal)”. They are used for addressing groups or unspecified individuals, for example: Hey, guys! You need help? And
“Ladies and Gentlemen, thanks for coming to this meeting”.
In English they also have certain address to call friends or called generic names, the example can be shown in the data below:
Look, man, I like squirrels. Personally, but you are getting me in trouble. Hi folks, President Sawyer sure of those academics who never served a day in his life. Hey, Buddy. You fuck. You are son of bitch.
Hey dude, headphones!
63 In Selayar, when someone meets people who are not part of his/her family member, he/she uses various terms to address them. If people have similar age with him/her or younger than him/her, she/he usually uses nickname to show intimacy. Besides, people use Bapak/amma’na + child’s name to address people who have children or they know their children’s name. They usually use the name of their first child, for example: Bapak na Irma because his first child’s name is
Irma.
Moreover, people also address others by pak if they are old man and ibu if they are old woman to show respect and honor due to their occupation or profession. Furthermore, mostly young people use the terms om and tante to address outside people or old people whom they do not know. It is influenced by
Indonesian language. In Selayar society, young people address someone by using the terms om and tante although they know that they are not their uncles and aunties to show politeness. They also use the term pak and ibu to address their teacher. It is also used to address someone who is an official in the office.
.
c. Title and professional address terms
In some situations the Selayarese both in formal and informal situation can apply the use of address terms for profession or job but there are also many occasions especially in the family gathering which people tend to use kinship terms to address the member of the family instead of using the profession/title terms and it is to show intimacy among relatives. In Selayar community it is very significant to address someone concerning their job or profession. Profession is
64 one of the sign of wealth and the key to get honor and appreciation.
The following table shows some occupational terms or titles used to address someone which are turned into job title and professions.
Table 12: Titles and profession Terms in Selayarese
Addressee Address Terms
Chief of village Pa’ lurah,
Chief of 2 villages Pak Lingkung
Chief of district Ibu Cama
Chief of village Ibu’ desa
Lecturer Pa’ dosen
Doctor Ibu dokter/dok/dotter
Paramedic Pa’ mantra
Midwife Bu’ bidan
Teacher Bu’ guru
priest/teacher Pa’ ustadz
Priest Pa’ Imam
Mostly the address terms used in Selayar are derived from Bahasa
Indonesia since there are no equal translations in Selayar language and it is also because the title or profession is dealing with educational back ground or for those who go to education institution which present in Selayar community after the colonialization era. As in the conversation below:
65 B: Assapeda ki Ibu desa. Olahraga ki. (Please, ride a bicycle, Ibu desa. Olahraga ki) A: ka tide sapeda inni. (But I do not have a bicycle)
In English-American society, the profession terms are very common.
However it is highly influenced by the workplace. The data can be shown as follow:
Table 13: various profession terms in English
Occupational Terms in English
Professor/Prof.
Attorney
Mr. Speaker
Sir
Special Agent
General
Detective
Mr. President
Sheriff
Officer
Miss Secretary
Mr.vice president
etc.
Similar case to Selayarese, the profession address terms includes job title;
66 for instance military title, academic title, titles of state institution, and or titles of profession. Mostly those titles are applied in formal situation to show respect and to appreciate what those people have been going through before get the title.
People will be considered rude if they invite someone to a family gathering such as wedding party but on the invitation letter they do not write the name and title profession correctly. The conversation using this address terms sometimes closely relates to employment matter. As in the conversation below:
A: Mr. Speaker, are you all right? B: yes, I am fine. (White house down) In another conversation A: Mr. vice president, my apologies in advance. B: good morning Mr. Secretary. (White house down)
A person who has certain position or profession prefers to be addressed by his/her position or profession in society than addressing by name or other address terms. Such kind of address terms are considered to be more polite rather than addressing with the name alone. Some of the address terms are related to the government and non-government institution and some of them are related to the cultural position. The address terms like: Pa’ lurah, Ibu Cama, Ibu’ desa, Pa’ dosen, Ibu dokter/dok/dotter, Pa’ mantri, Bu’ bidan, Bu guru are the examples of address terms based on position or profession in government and non-government institution, while the address terms like pa’ imang and opu katte’ are the address terms labeled based on cultural position. The term Opu katte is an old style of addressing, in the past he was in charge with any religious affairs such as : circumcision, preaching in a mosque every Friday prayer,
67 Marriage, etc. in present time it is no longer used in the context of Selayarese, people tend to use the term Pa’ Imam. Here the example in the conversation:
A: Nangura i Muhamma’ mange ri saponna Pak Imam? (Why did Muhammad visited Pak Imam’s house) B: Ka la pa’bontingi (Because he will get her daughter married).
There is also a profession called Pak Lingkung that is still used till today.
It is an abbreviation of Malay language lingkungan or in English means environment. It is a chief of two villages and in the past it has a very powerful force to move people.
Further information in the data found that in Selayar people will still address someone using their previous title or profession to show respect and appreciation even they are not holding that position any longer. Such as in the conversation below:
A: lakua ja Kakak Te’ne garring mu Ibu desa (Kakak Te’ne said “Ibu desa is sick”). B: ri suhangngi juwa daa daa kasiak ku, daeng. (just yesterday I did not feel good)
It is a conversation between two cousins which A still address B using her title profession in the past.
d. Religious address terms
Table 14: various religious address terms
Usage Terms of address in Terms of address in English Selayarese
68 Christian Catholic Nun Opu katte
brother Aji/haji
Bishop Imam
Archbishop Kadi
Abbot Kali
Abbess Bidal
Pope Paddoja
Cardinal Ustadz/ustadzah
Tuan guru To address Protestantism Preacher Anrong guru religious people Pastor
Priest
Islam Imam
Marabout
Mufti
Sheikh
Ulama
Ustadz
In English the address terms used are mostly pastor, priest, father and sister, it is because of the religious that influenced the society is Christian. The same case in Selayar, since the majority of the people are Muslims so the religious
69 terms are mostly derived from Arabic and Islamic teaching such as Imam,
Haji/Haja, ustadz/ustadza which are meant teacher especially religious teacher while Imam means the leader in the prayer in the mosque.
Religious insight becomes a significant influence for the use of address terms in Selayar. A person who has religious insight or experience has a higher position in society than one who does not or less. It is manifested through the use of address term. The table above presents some address terms concerning with the religious affairs. As example below:
A: la kuwa I baso Jidu Pak Imamja bede la riye’. ( Baso Jidu said, Pak Imam will come) B: o appa konjo i? (Is it?) A: iyo’ (Yes, sure) B: baji’na mo pale ampa Pak Imamja la lasambajangi Opu mu. (It is goo knowing that Pak Imam will lead the prayer for your Opu’s corpse.
Certain religious terms are labeled to the addressee because he/she has completed the religious ritual called Hajj (pilgrimage to Mecca). So they have the right to be called Haji/Aji. This addressing is not used worldwide for Muslims and only used in some places including in Indonesia. It can be seen in the following example:
A: haji densi rie’ jua pa berasa’ ta? (Haji densi is there any rice left?) B:Ba a riye’ juwa pa siloheang.. (yes, there are plenty of them) A:to Silajara todo’ ki Haji Densi di? (Is Haji Densi a Selayarese too?)
70 B: to Silajara a, keluargana bapak mu. (Yes I am Selayerese, Your father’s relative).
The data above shows the use of the term haji performed by A to address
B as the intention to confirm the B’s status and also as a form of honor. It seems difficult to let the term off from the addressee. Such kind of terms should be adhered since it is also show the position or the rank of someone in the community. That is very important for the participant to maintain the FTAs and politeness.
Other than that the people use the term Tuan Guru or anrong guru for those who teach Alquran recital and Islamic teaching these address terms are quiet similar in meaning with Ustadz/ustadza. The use of address terms tuan is likely related with the coming of Melayu people to Selayar.
Concerning the religious affairs, Selayarese people recognized four kinds of job descriptions. The highest was Opu Kali (kadi) who performed his duty as the main assistant of the Opu (head of a district) and sometimes acted as a judge in religious and private law cases. Secondly was the so-called Opu Katte (khatib) who performed the religious affairs concerning with Jum’atan Preaching and other religious activities, such as the praying for already dead person of a family.
The third was the bidal who mainly acted as the assistant of the Opu Katte. The fourth was the doja/ paddoja who acted as a cleaning service and the guard of the mosque.
e. Nobility terms
71 In earlier time around 18th and 19th century, people of Selayar called or addressed their leaders (patron) and their assistants by Opu. The highest position was called Opu gau’ or Opu somba (head of a district). The second position was
Opu Kali (Khadi), the Opu’s assistant in religious affairs. The third position was chaired by Opu Pongga’ (Ponggaha), usually the Opu’s assistant in Military affairs and sometimes also as a head of some noble villages. The fourth position was chaired by Opu galla’ (gallarang) as the head of some Villages of common and low status people in Selayar. Gradually, as times proceeded around the 20th century, people started addressing the elders nobles of man and women by Opu extensively. They had Opu Lolo (young Opu) as a candidate for the elected Opu and Opu Baligau’ as the leader of noble people of some villages in Selayar.
In terms of personal names of noble children like Andi, Bau, Baso, daeng, datu’, Raja, etc, Selayar people used all these names since a long time ago around 18th , 19th, and 20th centuries and was amazing that Selayar people had used Daeng, Patta, and Andi hundreds of years before the Buginese began to use them based on the historical facts. In the beginning, only the noble children used these names. Then later common people copied. In the late 20th centuries until now, even the slave descendants use these names. So they took these names, not because they like it and sounded nice to their ears and hoping they will have better luck in the future. But elder people could still recognize all these according to their villages.
Although all those terms are different in forms, but they almost share the same meaning and function, affirming the position and social status of someone in
72 society. They become marker of nobility status in society and even as a complement address in the term of nobility. The nobility terms are used to address the person which is considered as descent of the royal family.
Look at the following illustrations. It is the conversation between granddaughter and her grandmother,
A: sikurayya na lampa ki Opu Ti’no? (When will you go there Opu Ti’no) B: gele ma. Kale kalenna jua la lampa. (I won’t. she will go by herself) A: Nangura Opu Ti’no? (Why is that?) B: ka gele ji malla bede (Because she is not scared)
In Selayar those who are the descent of the royal family will be offended if they are addressed by Nenek (grandmother) or Tante/Tanta (Aunty)because in the past only those lower status were called by those address terms.
In the English address terms, especially for the American, the nobility terms is not recognized since they do not practice the monarchy in their social system. They tend to employ some honorific titles. Those honorific tittles may have almost the same function to the nobility terms in Buginese. It can be seen in the following examples:
Table 15: Honorific Titles in America
Addressee Honorific Tittles
73 Man Mr. + name/occupation
Sir
Woman Madam
Ma’am
Miss
First lady
Neutral Your Excellency
The honorific titles for man like sir, Mr. proceeded by name or occupation and for woman like Madam, Ma’am, and Miss are used to address the older person or a person with the higher social status. However the address terms above are finitely as the intention of honoring the interlocutor. Those are not adhered to the addressee completely since it is more situational, unlikely to the noble terms labeled to the hierarchical society such as Selayar.
Below is the conversation between the President of USA and his staff.
A: sir, I have the first lady for you. B: remind me again why we let these guys broadcast from our lawn. (White house down)
The illustration above may become statement explicitly supporting that difference mentioned before. The presidential staff calls the president with term
Sir with the intention of respecting the president. There is also a term first lady there it and is also a call to honor the wife of the president as the number one person in the states.
74 In the other condition, the honorific titles are used because people do not have other choices since the name is unknown especially for talking to the new people. It is intended to respect while keeping the distance to the addressee. While the term of Your Excellency is commonly used as a state title to address, for instance, the president, the minister, ambassador, vice president, and others. In this case, the addressee has higher status than the addresser. It is used in a very formal conversation.
In Selayar society until today, it is not so difficult to recognize someone’s degree of nobility because it is clearly can be seen from the village they are living.
So in every district or regency there are some villages of nobility, villages of common people and villages of low status people. However, extensive inter marriage among them will create a different status although they are brothers or cousins. Furthermore, a high education and economic power of one family will also much influence the status. Secondly is the sunrang or dowry. This sunrang or dowry will also indicate someone’s status in the society, so there is a dowry of 88 real or coconut trees as a subtitute. For common people, only 40 real and for low status is only 20 real. Anyway, it sometimes happens a noble could not provide an
80 real dowry because of the economic condition. This could be a trigger for a feeling of conflict among them, a source of blaming and criticizing one another.
Thirdly, during the time of Dutch colonialization, noble people did not perform a public work or public facility. They also did not pay tax. Today, the highest status and the most potential to get an official position, local officials (pejabat lokal) are
75 those who got married with equal degree of nobility, as well as the quality of higher education and the condition of economic power.
f. Terms of endearment/ intimacy
The term of endearments are always used when someone addresses the interlocutor in a very intimate relationship, familiar, and showing much love.
Psychological relationship has much role in affecting the uses of these address terms. These kinds of address terms has mentioned in the part of kinship terms which elaborated the relationship between parents and children. That may be one of example from the relation that accommodate the term of endearments.
In Selayarese interestingly it is also use the terms of endearment to show intimacy or affection. Mostly the endearments are addressed by parents to their kids. It is rarely found in addressing couple or spouse. Look at the examples below:
A: ana’ bulaeng ambaung mako anak! (ana’ Bulaeng, come one wake up!) B: iye ma’ (yes, maam)
Or
A: ana’ Opu muliang mako.Nguraji passikolaang mu? (anak’ Opu, you came back from school, ya? How’s the school?) B: biasa , lohe tugas battu ri Pak Guru. (well, just so so. A lot tasks from the teacher).
The American speakers have more option to express their endearment through the address terms since it is widely used. It can be seen in the following
76 table.
Table 16: Terms of Endearments in English
Terms of Endearments
Honey
Baby/babe
Sweetheart /sweetie
Dear
Darling
My Love
The endearment terms are sometimes used by a husband to address his wife and a wife to her husband otherwise or unmarried couple which has sexual attraction. Sometimes they are also used by parents to address their children. A close friend may also use these terms but mostly used by women to her female friend. Yet it will sound strange for a man to address his male friend with the endearments terms. Here some examples of the use of endearments:
A: hey, babe. How is the French taking it? B: the treaty’s going to be a tough sell here.
(White house down)
A: Dad: Ashley, honey, what are you doing? B: Daughter: painting. (Sinister)
77 Those two examples illustrates that the first data shows the use of endearment terms of a husband (A) to his wife (B) and the second, a father (A) to her daughter (B). They are about to show the intimacy of the participants relationship.
2. The aspects which tend to influence the use of address terms in
English and Selayarese
a. Age difference
The age difference is one factors of hierarchy speech especially showed in the use of address terms. It provides different treatment in speech. The hierarchy, here, is the intention to the politeness appointment. The address terms based on age cover two pattern of speech from the participants’ point of view.
1) Younger to the older
Most of the younger people are required to be more polite while talking to the older. It seems to be absolute in its applications without any bargaining point or choice for the smooth interaction in a conversation. The most prominent markers are the use of pronouns forms. We can see the example in the data (2) or consider the following illustrations:
A: ante’e mu dosu dosu na Opu Ti’no ri taro? (Where did you put Opu Ti’no boxes?) B: gele ji ri taro ri Jiji sumpade? (Did not you put them at Jiji’s place?) A: ba a. mingka ka ku kaluppai rin te e. (Yes, but I forgot where exactly I put them). B: mange maki ngalle baji ri ga’de njo.
78 (You got take new ones in the shop)
The use of pronoun ki in the utterance “mange mu ki ngalle baji ri ga’de njo.?” by B in the conversation above displays the polite form of pronoun. It is indirectly put A in the higher place in that conversation. The choice of B to address A with the polite form of pronoun was the consequence of age differential between them. Since B is younger than A, he knows that he must respect his interlocutor to avoid the friction. Thus, he employed the deference address term through polite pronoun. Essentially, A plays as inferior speaker and put the interlocutor as the superior speaker.
2) Older to the younger
Unlikely to the previous point, the older speakers seem to be more flexible in using almost all the potential forms of address terms regarding to the impolite form of address terms. They have more options in addressing the younger without facing the coercive politeness. Since the older has more power in speech especially between the participants who have quite big range in age difference, they tend to address the younger interlocutors with the impolite form of address in one side. The example can be seen in below illustration. B used impolite pronoun
(kau and mu) to address A since he is older than A, but it is common and acceptable. There is no potential for the friction. In the other side, if they tend to be more polite to the younger interlocutors. It will be considered too much and improper.
In American, the age differential seems not too much in regulating the choice of address terms. They are not bounded to the certain form of address term
79 considered as a polite address terms. As explain below:
A: we are both adults here, John. Speak for yourself Okay? B: can you please just open it for me?
(White House down)
Example in another conversation:
A: you are Chris, right? B: yeah, that’s right. A: I am Tony. Well I told you that already. B: yeah, well A: you will get used to it, buddy. (Empire state)
The conversation above shows the way of A address B who is much older than A. She just addressed B with John, the first or nick name without any special additional terms. Nevertheless, it was not considered as impolite utterance and it is very common and acceptable. Another conversation performs the similar choice of address term by mentioning name right away, Chris, Tony. It gives us an illustration about the role of age differential in affecting the choice of address terms which is totally does not present the information of the power plays between the participants in a conversation. We cannot get it from the address term of pronoun nether the other address term without deeply analyze the whole context involved.
b. Social situation
1) Formal situation
80 Generally, in formal situation like at school, library, office, people address other people by looking at their age, social background, and social status. Here is the example of the interaction between staff in the office:
A: surangki Pak Andi allo njo Pak Heru? (Did you go with Pak Andi that day, Pak Heru?) B: ai gele, tide’ jua i. (Ai, No. he did not come.)
Another example is the conversation at school:
A: Bu Ida, sampa gege mamo la buakang (Bu ida why are you keep laughing?) B: na la gele, na sampa ambolla bolla kontu matammu (how is it not funny? Your eyes keep rolling. A: ngura Bu Andi ditte sampa accarita konjo ki? (why are you keep talking Bu Andi?)
Both conversations are in Selayarese considering the politeness it is more significant to be considered in the formal situation because if someone is identified as impolite he is not just harming or threatening the person individually but also the institution where the conversation is conducted.
In formal situation the second person pronoun that indicate politeness is used more frequently regarding the age or marital status even though the older people are allowed and still consider polite even though they are using the terms more over if the speaker is considered from noble situation but it is not always like that since the nobility indicators tend to shifting more to achieved status.
81 2) Informal situation
In the non-formal situation Selayar people tends to use the casual form of address terms. Different from formal situation, this kind of situation will produce the conversation with reciprocal and nonreciprocal of polite and impolite address terms by considering the status or age of participants. There is a possibility of the speakers used the formal address terms, depending on the interlocutor. Differently to the American, the informal situation brought the speakers to use the casual form of address terms, just like in the data without any consideration of the other social aspect
c. Social status/rank
The most influential thing in the choice of address term in utterance is social status. That is because the people who have higher social status in community will get the different treatment from the commoners and it occurs in language as well. However the certain prestigious address terms only labeled by the addresser to the addressee that he/she thinks deserves of it unless there is an intention to call the interlocutor down. In this case, adhering the social attribute to the interlocutor indicate the polite communication.
Such kind of social attributes are given with some certain reasons including the status of the speakers. Those can be identified into two terms of social status, ascribed status and achieved status. Those are available in the
Selayarese community and manifested through the address term system in utterance.
82 The ascribed status is status which is given based on the descendant, gender, or age, for instance; Opu, Patta, daeng, atta, etc. with the reason of honoring. In terms of addressing, the title attached in a person is obtained from the inherited title. The use of address terms based on ascribed status can be found clearly in the employing of noble terms and kinship terms. The use of polite pronoun may also have a significant influence.
In selayar it is quiet easy to differentiate the noble descendants by looking at their sunrang (dowry) and the villages where they are from. Selayar is differentiate into three biggest part as the small kingdom in the past they are
Buki’, Putabangun, and Layolo. The address terms for nobility in Selayar are various because those three small kingdoms are the representative of Melayu,
Luwu (Buginese), and Buton. That’s why the use of address terms for noble is similar as what Melayu, Luwu, and Buton have. The current kingdom is Gowa
(Makassar), the noble term such as Karaeng is also found but not as massively used as Opu and Datok. Karaeng is used to call teacher in the past.
It is quite different to American Address terms which measuring the social status only from the occupational context. Automatically, the address terms used to shows the level of social status are the occupational terms or some title like sir, mam or madam. It can be seen in the data table above. However it is not permanently adhered to the every interlocutor in every situation like in Selayarese.
There is a tendency to use it in formal situation like in the office, school, etc.
83 d. Degree of intimacy
The way the Selayarese address their elder is much influenced by the closeness of one to another. For example (1) a child can call his father or mother directly by the personal name. Perhaps it sounds impolite but in fact it is acceptable; (2) for younger can call his or her older brother or sister directly by a personal name if the range of age is not so far and generally call daeng if the brother or sister is much older; (3) in a noble family or community a nephew or niece usually call his or her uncle of aunt by the second name or title name for example ahmad dg ngawing, his nephews or his nieces will call him awingku; (4) in every day activity among youngsters and children in a village, usually they call one another directly by name although they are not of the same age, if the difference is only some years.
84 B. DISCUSSIONS
The aim of the research is to analyze and to compare English and Selayarese address terms used in daily communication. The researcher found some phenomena about address term in English and Selayarese from the data gathered.
Address terms is one of the observable social phenomena of language used within Selayarese community. It characterizes and symbolizes the users (speakers and interlocutors) of Selayarese in all settings of language used. This address terms have its own characteristics which make it different from other communities.
English address terms of kinship terms such as grandfather, grandmother, great grandfather, father, mother, uncle aunty, so, daughter, etc are used in family and relative relation. There are equal to Selayarese such as Dato’, Opu, Bapak.
According to Yassi (2012: 9) old people as a superior tend to use more casual address term then young people as inferior. Therefore, solidarity politeness system is asymmetry. However, it is different from Selayarese. There are some people address his/her mother, grandmother with nickname and it is because of habit and intimacy.
In Selayarese, there are other address terms that are different from English.
Address terms in Selayarese are unique which has different characteristics that distinguish them from other communities and languages. The address terms are based on ancestors name ( talli, halijah, Malluru, kasissili, etc), based on skin color (bongko etang, bunga le’leng, bolong, etc), based on body posture
85 (langkasa’ ulu, kapi toli, ca pende’ , etc). They use it without mentioning his/her real names. In other cultures, when we address people based on their physical appearance is considered as impolite term. It will make the hearer feel offended because it can threaten the hearer’s face. It is proposed by brown and Lavinson
(FTAs). However in Selayerese it is categorized polite as a way to show intimacy or solidarity.
One of the striking different is the use of second person pronoun in both languages. In Selayar, when they address people in family and non family relationship with different second personal pronoun depend on the situation whether we will use polite or impolite personal pronoun. While in English, there is no separation regarding this personal pronoun. English only has one personal pronoun for second person pronoun, it is you. However in Selayarese they have second pronoun such as ditte to address politely and kau/ko to address impolitely.
There are also second pronoun –mu to address someone younger and lower status and second pronoun –ta to address someone older and higher in position /rank.
Nobility is one of the indicators to decide which address terms should be used.
It has a very important role for showing the respect to nobles. The categorization of noble/royal descendants is quite change time by time. In the old time only the royal/ruler descendants can apply nobility address terms but nowadays every one can easily take the names without feel ashamed and fearful. In the past you cannot randomly take any noble name because there is an institution that will warn you for that and the elders are also very strict about this rule. The misused of nobility address terms will give you offensive statement from the elders. Moreover people
86 of Selayarese marriage with different class and tradition and many of Selayarese people live in the faraway places so they can be addressed by any terms they like as long as they have power, wealth, while in English there is no such nobility address.
Endearments terms in Selayarese are often used like in English too. In Selayar the use of endearments especially are for daughters such as calling with nak’/ anak, Anak bulaeng or anak Opu.
Selayar people consider the social status and age difference have higher portions for the asymmetry address form and relationship among the speakers than the other social aspects. That is because the people with higher status and older age are compulsory honored. In the other word that the people with the high social status and older has more power in a conversation. Those considerations will not be sifted by the consideration of other social aspects. In addition that particular address terms above will be used in the whole consideration of the social aspects especially for the address terms of nobility that showing the social status.
Some other aspects like social situation and social distance showed potentially to produce the symmetric relationship through the use of address terms. It will be appeared of course when the consideration of age difference and social status are ignored.
From the whole aspects above, the only social aspect that significantly shows the power among the speakers in American-English dealing with the use of address terms is the social situation which regards to formal situation. Most of the
87 address terms used to show this in the occupational and honorific title. They put more attention to the social situation. While the conversation in informal situation contained the casual address terms which produce the more varied form of address terms.
Based on the folklore, it seems that Selayar was ruled by three small kingdoms of native people, they are: Salu’, Gantarang, Batu Pakere. Then came four tribes which built small kingdoms but more powerful and grander than the native kingdoms, they are: Buki’ Kingdom which was ruled by the descendants of
Melayu called Amma Guru and the descendant of Gowa Kingdom called Lalaki
Padada in North Selayar. It was followed by Putabangun kingdom in the Center
Selayar which was ruled by the descendant of Sawerigading from Luwu called
Lalaki Sigayya. Then it was followed by Layolo kingdom in South of Selayar which was ruled by a princess from Buton called Patola Kambang. At first Buki’ and Layolo called their rulers, Lalaki, such as Lalaki Bakka Battang, Lalaki Jai
Gunggu Dg. Masiga, while Putabangun kingdom used the title Opu as used in
Luwu. In the development, Putabangun kingdom had a strong influence toward the other two kingdoms and therefore, the title Opu was widely used in Selayar.
The coming of these various tribes influenced the native language of Selayarese until then the Kingdom of Gowa, Daeng Matanre Karaeng Tumapa’risi kallonna conquered Selayar in 1512, made oral and writtem Makassar language stronger and more popular.
About why Selayar people use all of the noble titles which originated from the
South Sulawesi area and Melayu can be exaplained as follow:
88 1) The wife of Amma guru in Buki’ in the early 14 th century that got a name
Majantinna Daeng Sawiang.
2) The son of Lalaki Padada in Buki’ called Patta Buki’ Daeng Sitaba.
3) Opu Buki’ who ruled in1800s has been called Andi Daeng Mangasi and
Opu Tanete in the late 19th century called Andi Parenrengi Karaeng Sagala far before the noble people of Buginese used it.
4) About the term Karaeng, Selayar people imitated Gowa as Selayarese are unique and excellent in copying the noble names.
5) By the trading activities and interracial marriage in Selayar they also started to use the noble names from Buginese and Melayu such as Baso, Bau,
Datu, Raja, Datok, Arung, etc.
In the earlier time only noble families could use the name and the titles but in the development of the society structures it was also followed by the common people and even by the lower status people as the result of loose supervision from the ruler and it was worsened by the fall of the feudalism shortly before the independence of the country.
The massive interracial marriage between the lower and middle ranks and also the election of the Opus that were not based on the direct offspring of the
Opus but could be the relatives that was capable and also the shift of the economic power where most properties went to the middle status ranks or the merchants and the education people. These new groups are considered equal with the nobles in marriage and social status until today. The fact caused that almost all the
Selayarese feel higher and more noble then other people in the community and it
89 leads to conflict among them especially for those who had moved to the capital city such as Makassar besides the concepts of the Dutch to separate Selayar into
14 district units worsened the situation and so, Selayar people tend to claim that they are better and higher than other people of other districts.
90 CHAPTER V
CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION
A. CONCLUSION
The conclusions that can be down from the previous chapter’s discussion are as follows:
1. The researcher found five kinds of address terms in English and Selayarese
that people use in communication, they are:
(a) General address terms that consist of family and non-family relationship.
In Selayar language: Bapak, aba, tetta, amma’, ummi, Dato’, patta,
daeng, Opu, etc. while in English: Great Grandfather, Great
Grandmother, mother, Father, Dad, Mom, Grandmother, Grandfather,
Uncle, Aunty, Son, Daughter, etc.
(b) Religious address terms. In Selayar language: Kadhi, Imam, Haji, Hajja,
Ustadz, Ustadzah, paddoja etc. In English: Pastor, priest, father, Pope,
Syeikh, Ulama, etc.
(c) Occupational address terms. In Selayar language: Pak cama’, pak lurah,
Bu desa, Pak Lingkung, etc. In English: Mr. President, Mrs. Secretary,
or one’s profession only, such as Professor, Captain, General, etc.
(d) Intimacy terms. In Selayarese language: Address terms based on one’s
skin color, body posture, call nak/anak, first name, short name and
nickname to address someone. In English: If people address someone
who is intimate to them, they usually use boy or girl. One’slast name,
91 first name, nickname, given name, pet name and the combination of Mr.
and nickname/short name are used as well.
(e) 2nd person Pronouns address terms. In Selayarese language: ditte, -mu,
ko, -ki, etc. In English: I, You, We, They, He, She, It.
(f) Endearments: In Selayar language: nak/anak, anak Bulaeng, Anak Opu.
In English: Baby, honey, Sweety.
2. There are three aspects that tend to influence the address terms in English
and Selayar language, namely:
(a) The use of address terms based on situation that consists of formal and
non formal situation. In Selayar In English: People use the address terms
like Mrs, Mr, Sir, Madam, Miss, and combination of general title and job
title, e.g. Mr. President, Professor, Captain, and while in formal
situationpeople usually address someone using first name, nickname, pet
name, vegetable name, etc.
(b) Age difference: address terms from younger to older one and address
terms from older to younger one. In Selayar when you call older brother
you should address them using polite addressing such as daeng,
sometime it is found an impolite form of addressing fo older one for
those who have a very close relationship. In English there is no
differentiation between addressing older and younger one. You may call
them by name or nick name and it is acceptable.
(c) Social status/rank separates between ascribed status and achieved
status. The ascribed status are determine by blood or kinship. If
92 someone is the offspring of the noble family/royal family you will have
noble terms but time changes the status rank is not only determined by
the blood but by other factors such as power, wealth, and education.
(d) Degree of intimacy. It is about addressing people based on how closed
someone one another. In many occasion it is accepted and considered to
be polite even without using polite address terms.
B. SUGGESTIONS
This research has its focus on analyzing the uses of address terms in English and Selayarese as a sociolinguistic study. The researcher hopes that this kind of research will be continued by further researchers to find out more phenomena in sociolinguistic study or cross cultural pragmatics for example the relation between
Selayar and Melayu, Luwu, and Buton. Besides, it is important to find out the variation of the address terms used all over Indonesia and hoped to be one of the sources for other researchers who want to do research on address terms in other languages.
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95 APPENDICES
96 APPENDIX 1
ENGLISH MOVIES
Kinship Intimacy Occupation Non-family Intimacy terms terms terms Wife: she A: hey, you A: Mr. A: castle ground Dad : hey, practiced for little face. President, it is , you are clear. you little like six Come on, get not a good B: face. Come weeks, John. your stuff, idea to deviate Hummingbird, on, get your She thought let’s go baby. from the flight this is castle stuff, let’s go you were B: ……. plan. keep, you are, baby. gonna be B: pretty wait, holes. daughter: there. please, Carol! bye, mommy, Husband: it A: bye A: hey, hey, I love you. would have mommy, I A: captain hey. That’s not. Mom: I love been nice to love you. John, we are No, that’s not. you too, have a bit of B : I love going to B:…………….. sweety. a reminder. you too, deviate from sweety. Route Omaha. A: look, man, I A: it’s gonna Mom: you’re B: let’s give like squirrels. be a busy father writes A: hey, babe. special tour Personally, but morning boys about How are the you are getting terrible, French A: welcome me in trouble. A: hi folks, terrible taking it? home, sir! president things. B: the B: thank you. Sawyer sure Kids: ……… treaty’s A: oh come of those (Silence) gonna be a on Mr. academics tough sell speaker. I who never here. think you are served a day Husband: do pretty cool. in his life. you still have B: …..
97 the watch I A: in a work gave you? A: sir, I have place but call Wife: yes, the first lady me by name Mrs. First for you. close friends. Lady. It is in B: remind me my pocket again why we Hey, Buddy. next to my let these guys You fuck. heart. broadcast from You are son Husband: I our lawn. of bitch. love you A: hey lady, miss A: so you did Martin, you. 3 tours in please just Wife: I love Afghanistan come home. you too. and you were B: I need to A: This is wounded? do this honey. Emily, Em, B: yes, My daughter. Ma’am. This is my college, special agent Todd.
Will you gave me a second, Ryan?
Daughter: we A: bye, Fred. are both B: goodbye, adults here, Mrs. Finnerty. John. Speak
98 for yourself Okay? A: Mr. Dad: can you Speaker, are please just you all right? open it for B: yes, I am me? fine.
A: Mr. vice president, my apologize in advance. B: good morning Mr. Secretary.
A: Captain, where are we? B: we have reason to believe that the explosive was a diverse.
A: trust me Sir, we’ll get your house back for you, Sir.
A: general, how soon can
99 you execute an air strike on the white house? B: we can have raptors on target in 10 minutes.
Sinister
Intimacy Non-family Occupation Husband: Hey dude, A: ma’am? hey, make headphones! Your yourself husband useful around? kitchen. B: sheriff Wife: well, A: operator, Dad: Ashley, B: yeah, honey, what King county are you police, doing? please. Is this Daughter: an painting. emergency? A: yes, yes it
100 Son: why are is. we outside? Dad: allright, A: well, bud. OK. officer, thank you very Kid: you and much. dad do lots B: deputy, I of thinking need you to Mom: you step outside don’t know this is my what you are private talking office. I am about. Go to serious. your room, Trevor. I A: professor, need to talk Joan? to your B: yes father Hello, hey, thank you getting back to me so quick.
A: Mr. Oswalt, is there something that you wanna tell me? B: yeah.
101 Daughter: brought you your coffee, daddy. Dad: oh, thank you, sweetheart.
A: don’t take too long, doll. B: I know
A: should we just walk out? B: it will take 3 days, pumpkin.
A: have a great day, sweet pea. B: yeah
A: hi Jules, I am Ben, your new Intern. B: new intern, welcome to AIT
Non-family Family/kinship occupation Intimacy Bro, Young lady, Mr. Capolitti, Fellas, Ma, Attorney Giulani, Kids, Hey, Pop, Agents, Maricha Boys, Dear, Sir, Mr. L Police, Hey, Palmer A: how about some Boss, Buddy, menus? Officer,
102 Pal, B: naw, it is Partner, Man, allright, honey. We Mr. Potami really are cops Cop, though. Sir, Fuck, Detective Ranson Dick, A: hey, come on Dough, Pa. come on dad, Motherfucker, please. Son of bitch B: it’s okay, Christo! A: I am sorry, father. I am sorry Pop.
Non-family Family occupation A: I quit, fucking A: hey Ma, we A: they don’t? douche bags come bearing gifts B: They don’t. B: Naw, you are B: what’s this? no. fired. A: I got you a A: if some goes A: what? statue- the statue missing, B: you are fired you wanted. B: if some goes A: No bro, I quit. B: thank you Chris missing, it would B: you are the A: okay, Love you not be the first trash, you little Ma. time around here, fuck. Pal. A: mother fucker, I A: nice people, quit, mother fucker. huh? B: enough dear, A: I’m like, “ yo, enough dear.
103 what color do I look like to you again, asshole? I hate Italians, bro. A: hey B. Is he your boss, B: hey, Chris. eddy? A: they got you A: yeah. he is a doing everything dick around here, huh, Pop? B: yeah A: hey Spiro, my A: yeah, my son the A: talk to me, father around? giant. buddy. Talk. B: in the shitter, B: come on dad. I B: the bald perp’s kid. am being serious behind the truck. No hits, sir. One’s still behind the truck. A: roger, stay the course. B: talk to me , boss. What do you need? A: still no visual on the perp, sir. A: hey, Chris. Dad: that’s nice. A: agents Nugent, B: Hey, man See now you are Marichal. A: hey, how’re you wearing some B: I am attorney doing? clothes. This is Giuliani, how are Come on in. good like a decent you doing fellas?
104 Hey guys, give me gir----- young lady. A: Mr. Giuliani, the office for a there’s no way in second. hell……. A: officer A: hey, what’s Potamitis, when is going on? the big test? B: nothing, I just B: I don’t know. need to go for a Jerk-officers here? walk. A: in the back. A: you okay? B: yeah I m okay. I am sorry. I am okay, Pop. A: I need to talk to you Chris. Listen. A: you are Chris, How are you doing right? ? okay? B: yeah, that’s Yeah, I am all right. right. A: I am Tony. Well Are you okay? I told you that Me? yeah sure, already. fine. I am fine. B: yeah, well A: you will get Yo, Vicky, put used to it, buddy. some clothes on. What’s wrong with you? Hey, C: shut up, just checking the mail. Hey,
105 Ma, you see what’s vicky’s wearing? Mind your business. Shut your fucking face, Chris. Hey Victoria wacth your mouth. Looks like a tramp dressed like that. Hey, Chris, don’t talk to your sister like that, come on. Vicky, go upstairs. Put on a dress or something nice. None of the girls wear dresses any more, daddy. I don’t care if the other girls dress like tramps Thomasos, please.
A: Mrs. Capoliti? B: yes A: I was a good friend of Tony. I want to give this.
106 A: I mean he is a maniac. You know that. B: we were just talking, bro, relax.
A: mike, what the fuck you’re doing here? B: what’s up Jimmy? A: three times in one month, it’s crazy. B: Man, what are the odds with that?
A: I am detective Ransone. Somebody gets this kid to hospital B:…hey I talk to other cops. I have nothing to with this. A: hey, the kid is clean. Let him go. A: I am a detective. I just want to ask your boy if he has
107 any ideas on it, that’s all. B: my boy. Detectives has the good fucking sense to know that……………
108 APPENDIX 2 RECORDINGS OF SELAYARESE DATA
A: pak saipul ri pile? Komo to baji’ tanja’ na di? B: baji’ memangi mingka untu I make doe’.
A: gele la uppa kompas tv talavisi ta bede di? B: gele i
A: barang manna injo nu sallo njo baji’ jua I Ti’no. B: u barang di.
A: o apa mo mu carita? B: lohe ta carita
A: ante’e mu dosu dosu na Opu Ti’no? B: gele ji mu taro ri Jiji sumpade?
A: baji’ mu lungang ta Opu? Maing muki anrio? B: ngura sallo konjo ko lau?
A: A’ cari carita kang A : ammalli ki juku Opu? B: gele, Kakak ani mu jua la sare a.
A: ampa pa caturu, pambaca buku gele i liho-liho sampa lingka pikkiranna. B: la ku janjangi sai
A: ampa pacaturu ampa betake sannang nyaha ta, ampa ribetaki pa’risi ulungta
109 B: komo injo polisi ambeta jua i?
A: gele ja sapong na dg. Andi Tawang inni? B: isse i
A: Kinjo I daeng rie mu. Pa daa na lalang barang di B: sikurana na naung kw?
A: mu urang mosse I Ti’no? B: gele ji barang.
A: nakke ku kamase akamseang biasa Opu ku B: ditte rin te e sapong ta? A: nakke raja ri, Maroanging. Dere I lau konjo B: mingka sehat ki ditte di? A: smile
B: amma’ mu gele minang anta’le di? A: ia lohe urusanna ka lu urusa todo aring ku ri Mangkasara.
A: komo patta Talli ku lohe tedong surang sapi na B: ya
A: kali mu gelemu minang naung? B: gele mu.ka untuk ji bede assikola.
A: komo ri suhangngi daeng la sare kang ra’bung. B: ,,,,,,
110 A: rie mu sampa? B: rie mu dg. Samparaja
A: nai injo
B: Kaha’. Bonto Korong A:lohe to mo tau rib onto Korong di?
A: sinampe lingka mosseng ki B: minang jako sijanjang I Suriyadi? A: ba a B: ditto ji rie Mingka sesse lalangi ka Opu lassiri ambahangi la Ra perusaahaan lari I anjama
A: ri daya B: maing ki mange konjo? A: sallo a ammari rinjo A: konni konni lohe mo to motoro di B: lohe mo A: manna to oto B: ai siloheang A: Kinjo mange dg. Sampa Lohe to gele ku issengu rupang na. To mare mare njo lohe mo to baju dinas di?
A: sikurayya na lampa ki Ti’no? B: gele ma. Kale kalenna jua
111 A: komo anak na I Anu tetta densi, Sitti Rabiah B: antama mu ri pedalaman
A: rie mu daeng mu B: loho ri pi na muliangi
A: surang makang Patta Isa mu ta boja ko. B: manna kambe ta boja ki
A: ya Lajang na ibu, lajang na ibu. Eh Ibu Kutambahkan ki.
B: ………… A: ya biahasa didi na daeng, ya katombong, lajang bu e?
B:……
A: ante e mo Tikno? B: ri boja a sumpade patta isa?
A: mangea ri jambatang, ka Ti’no sampa susa mo B: anda muki susah ambahang A: ai pua mu sampa susah B: Allah I opu.
A: gogoso dg. Ramlan. B. u ba a A: la kaluppai bede KTP na ammak mu? B: na gelepi lampa?
A: ba a a’lampa mu ri suhangngi.
112 A: o Tikno
B: a mae ko konni ambi’bi loka
A: inni Andi kulle ji ri taro rintu? B: kulle jua I ri riha
A: nai la pakkikisangi? Maradaeng? B: u I maradaeng
A: jari akkuta’tanang mu I oke tappa na rin te e? A: na injo dg. Gauk mange pi sangka na gele ji la pilangngeri Battu I pole Imam Saleh mange ri Oke.
Na la kuai bede I Muhammad so’di a’ra a si parapa. Nangura I muhamma mange la anu Pak Imam? Ka ia attondo Na Dg. Gauk gele rinjo todo I ngalle? A: na I lewa gele I baji I saeni B: na kana ra apa? B: injo pansuluk na lingkungang
A: I ginna ja bede ammotto ki ji naung. Arupa rupa susah
B: smile…..”
A: na nu battu rin tee mau injo tampa’ na tetta lolo B: anunna Halija, na gele ji I Halija ammari ri injo A: mange ri sampa raja sumpade A: kanone na sitti barang
113 A: jari I memang apa todo bede lakua? B: ia to garring jari apa la lakua.
A: jiji jua pa. pinruam ma anrai. B:o pakkonjo di.
A: nakke densi Jarra ka gelepa la ambikanga anjoro ku B: ka tomaingi addappe
A: kalimu riboko batara’ na ka ampumu didi B: ka densi Jarra ri bosi pertama njo na lamungi
A: kali mu into naung sanging pa lamungang batara jua. Nakke bapakna I pitri.
La’bua I pammariang doang bede. B: pammariang doang?
A: injo I patta hajji, ka naungi ammang na. ka la paka bajiki saponna. B: tassala manna pakkajuanna? Ddehh sarro I di? A: Allah anging injo.
A: gele ga’ga injo. Ri tingka appa; na kin a gele minang anggeong-geong B:o nu lalang injo ki ri kotak injo. A: o dottoro njo surang I urangna. B: lift injo.
A: appaka bajiki datok tikno? I ginna maingi gele kulle naung ka tassipi sandal na.
114 B: mingka rie satpam na ammentengi rinjo A: na ngura omasa ki datok Tikno B: barang addappe ki.
A: mainga pole mange ri pakrimbakanna kappala njo Bungasa anjanjang I bulan urangku
A: pa’galungang injo gelemu lohe densi uji. Sanging sapo antingka’ mo. B: manna ri sapongna I bulang? A: ai lohe mo sapo balloi rinjo
A: gele jako la sambajang anak? Anak opu B: ba a A: mange mako sambajang la ku suloi ko.
A: gele ko anrai attarinti? B: kukua gele attarinti Jiji.
A: ditte maingi ri janjang patta Asa? Dokkong na kodong. B: u dokkong na bede
A: tassikura injo?
B. tassisabbu lima Ti’no.
A: maing mu takakkasa saponna bongko Etang? B; maimmu, naikmu I demma.
115 A: injo mu sumpade I pak lingkung lakua B: na ngurai? A: mangei cukkuru
A: to baji’ nganre juku bapakna I pitri B: adoh, uranna I Mandi
A: surangki I anu allo njo Pak Heru?
B: ai gele, tide’ jua i.
A: a kakak surga, sengka ki? B: surangki mange ri sapong ku nah. A: patta talli pa urang ku sinampe.
A: juku apa tetta? B. lohe inni. A: kujanjanginna jua tetta. Rie jua pa juku ku tetta.
B: Assapeda ki Ibu desa. Olahraga ki. A: ka tide sapeda inni.
A: ka lhubungi harisi ri la ta’banna. A: tanta daeng a’rana ja curhat kodong. B: ka lakua Om eni mu sampa a’ra I lesang Tampa’na inda,
A: dato’ sora jua appau pakonjo
116 B: injo nu maing mo ta’bage A: Injo pa’ baunganganna Tina, patta siang B: Muhammad ca’di ri boko saponna I buru. ia so’di ja pa’baunganna rinjo
A: jari battu I pole pak Alimuddin, lakua I lnjo bangunan injo gele I lambusu B: jari kukua injo metere njo nu lambusu
A: o Purina lante e ko mae? B: la mange a ripasara inni A: la muliang ma rolo, ka barang la boja a Ginna ku. B: u barang lakua ante e ko pole mae Ginna mu.
A: ulung ku sampa pa’risi Ti’no B: I sitti amang maingi antama ri balla garring bede? A: u, gele pa ko minang mange ri saponna? B: gele pa. A: dokkong mu. B: a gele pa minang ammari mari dg. Denta.
A: I meri lakeo I pua na anarai. B. na rie ji bede lau ri saponna
A: ria a’boja ko batara lol B: ai tide’ mo inni.
A: ante e komae sansiri? B: la mange a ri Jiji
117 A: ri suhanngi la rie a mingka ka pa’risi ulungku kali B:oo
A: sukku na ka I jomok lakaluppai KTP na B: Allah A: ngera tulunga di ka lakulappai KTP na I Jomok
A: dari ku mana Urang? B: dari a kelas sore A: apa mu pelajari: B: mengaji
A: ba’ ga i ka purinanna la pi langngeri B: Gele ngisse appikkiri ari’ ku Injo pole dg. Gauk ka rie jua i. A: nakke dilanga tetta logge memang mo ammanri rinjo.
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