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Returning to Eden File:///Home/Douzzer/Eden/All.Html Returning to Eden file:///home/douzzer/eden/all.html Returning to Eden by Daniel Pouzzner ==> overview.html <== The web version of this book, at http://www.mega.nu/ampp/eden/, is currently the authoritative version. The PDF adaptation is automatically generated and includes various formatting and character set flaws. Returning to Eden How an ancient religious myth inspired a modern political movement Preface /in,e the time of Rou((eau* uto+iani(m 0 +arti,ularly* (o,iali(m 0 ha( been li)e brea)ing %a$e( on the (hore( of 1e(tern ,i$ilization* eroding and undermining. /o,iali(m ha( for (o long been a +art of the +oliti,al land(,a+e that mo(t +eo+le ha$e a,,e+ted it a( the ,ultural embodiment of an idea that i( fundamental to the %orld. 2n fa,t* it i( 3u(t (o mu,h ,onfabulated fla+doodle* (e%n together from fragment( of an,ient mythology* ,hiefly tho(e relating to the Eden of the .ebre% 4ible. 1hile it( root( are an,ient* the +rogram that re,ognizably ,on(titute( (o,iali(m %a( fir(t a((embled by the /ozzini( of (i5teenth ,entury 2taly* %ho(e ethi, be,ame )no%n a( 6/o,iniani(m7 and (et the (tage for the uto+ian a(+e,t( of the Enlightenment. 'hi( treati(e di((e,t( the +(y,hologi,al* ,ultural* and hi(tori,al anatomy of the modern uto+ian mo$ement* +re(enting it in ten +art(: an o$er$ie%* an in$e(tigation of an,ient root(* a (ur$ey of bibli,al +arallel(* (ome meditation( on the Eden motif it(elf in modern (etting(* a di(,u((ion of the +henomenon of ,argo ,ulti(m* a (ur$ey of +o+ulation ,ontrol +rogram(* meditation( on egalitariani(m* meditation( on en$ironmentali(m* a (ur$ey of the main +layer( in the in$ention and in(titutionalization of (o,iali(m* and a (ur$ey of o,,ult Edeni(m. 8y +ur+o(e i( (im+le* and 2 don9t +retend im+artiality. 2 (ee) to guide the liberal:minded to%ard ,la((i,al liberali(m* and a%ay from the uto+iani(m that infe(t( modern liberali(m. 2deally* %ithin a ,entury of thi( %riting* (o,iali(m %ill be a( e5tin,t a( medie$al feudali(m i( today. 1e ha$e li)ely already (een the high %ater mar)( of radi,al (o,iali(m 0 in the 1e(t* 19;;:1945* and in the Ea(t* 1949:196<. =o% it i( ,ree+ing* moderate (o,iali(m 0 nonethele((* fundamentally the (ame (o,iali(m 0 that +re(ent( the greate(t threat to human +ro(+erity and ad$an,ement. It is chiefly on the Enlightenment that this history of utopianism pivots, and the view of the Enlightenment as (at least in part) more religious and less reasonable than advertised, is not new. In 1932, Carl L. Becker (a historian at Cornell) took just such a view, in The Heavenly City of the Eighteenth-Century Philosophers. Here, from pg. 29-31 in the 2003 Yale Nota Bene printing, is the essence of his thesis: 1e are a,,u(tomed to thin) of the eighteenth ,entury a( e((entially modern in it( tem+er. @ertainly* the !hilo(o+he( them(el$e( made a great +oint of ha$ing renoun,ed the 1 of 96 05/17/06 22:49 Returning to Eden file:///home/douzzer/eden/all.html (u+er(tition and ho,u(:+o,u( of 8edie$al @hri(tian thought* and %e ha$e u(ually been %illing to ta)e them at their %ord. /urely* %e (ay* the eighteenth ,entury %a( +reCminently the age of rea(on* (urely the !hilo(o+he( %ere a ()e+ti,al lot* athei(t( in effe,t if not by +rofe((ion* addi,ted to (,ien,e and the (,ientifi, method* al%ay( out to ,ru(h the infamou(*DEF $aliant defender( of liberty* eGuality* fraternity* freedom of (+ee,h* and %hat you %ill. Hll $ery true. Hnd yet 2 thin) the !hilo(o+he( %ere nearer the 8iddle Hge(* le(( eman,i+ated from the +re,on,e+tion( of medie$al @hri(tian thought* than they Guite realized or %e ha$e ,ommonly (u++o(ed. 2f %e ha$e done them more >or i( it le((I? than 3u(ti,e in gi$ing them a good modern ,hara,ter* the rea(on i( that they (+ea) a familiar language. 1e read Joltaire more readily than ante* and follo% an argument by .ume more ea(ily than one by 'homa( HGuina(. 4ut 2 thin) our a++re,iation i( of the (urfa,e more than of the fundamental( of their thought. 1e agree %ith them more readily %hen they are %itty and ,yni,al than %hen they are %holly (eriou(. 'heir negation( rather than their affirmation( enable u( to treat them a( )indred (+irit(. 4ut* if %e e5amine the foundation( of their faith* %e find that at e$ery turn the !hilo(o+he( betray their debt to medie$al thought %ithout being a%are of it. 'hey denoun,ed @hri(tian +hilo(o+hy* but rather too mu,h* after the manner of tho(e %ho are but half eman,i+ated from the 6(u+er(tition(7 they (,orn. 'hey had +ut off the fear of Kod* but maintained a re(+e,tful attitude to%ard the eity. 'hey ridi,uled the idea that the uni$er(e had been ,reated in (i5 day(* but (till belie$ed it to be a beautifully arti,ulated ma,hine de(igned by the /u+reme 4eing a,,ording to a rational +lan a( an abiding +la,e for man)ind. 'he Karden of Eden %a( for them a myth* no doubt* but they loo)ed en$iou(ly ba,) to the golden age of Roman $irtue* or a,ro(( the %ater( to the un(+oiled inno,en,e of an Hr,adian ,i$ilization that flouri(hed in !enn(yl$ania. 'hey renoun,ed the authority of ,hur,h and 4ible* but e5hibited a naL$e faith in the authority of nature and rea(on. 'hey (,orned meta+hy(i,(* but %ere +roud to be ,alled +hilo(o+her(. 'hey di(mantled hea$en* (ome%hat +rematurely it (eem(* (in,e they retained their faith in the immortality of the (oul. 'hey ,ourageou(ly di(,u((ed athei(m* but not before the (er$ant(. 'hey defended toleration $aliantly* but ,ould %ith diffi,ulty tolerate +rie(t(. 'hey denied that mira,le( e$er ha++ened* but belie$ed in the +erfe,tibility of the human ra,e. 1e feel that the(e !hilo(o+her( %ere at on,e too ,redulou( and too ()e+ti,al. 'hey %ere the $i,tim( of ,ommon (en(e. 2n (+ite of their rationali(m and their humane (ym+athie(* in (+ite of their a$er(ion to ho,u(:+o,u( and enthu(ia(m and dim +er(+e,ti$e(* in (+ite of their eager ()e+ti,i(m* their engaging ,yni,i(m* their bra$e youthful bla(+hemie( and tal) of hanging the la(t )ing in the entrail( of the la(t +rie(t0in (+ite of all of it* there i( more of @hri(tian +hilo(o+hy in the %riting( of the !hilo(o+he( than ha( yet been dreamt of in our hi(torie(. 2n the follo%ing le,ture( 2 (hall endea$or to elaborate thi( theme. 2 (hall attem+t to (ho% that the underlying +re,on,e+tion( of eighteenth:,entury thought %ere (till* allo%an,e made for ,ertain im+ortant alteration( in the bia(* e((entially the (ame a( tho(e of the thirteenth ,entury. 2 (hall attem+t to (ho% that the !hilo(o+he( demoli(hed the .ea$enly @ity of /t. Hugu(tine only to rebuild it %ith more u+:to:date material(. Later (pg.101) he describes the backwards historico-moral methodology endemic to the Enlightenment: H,,ording to @ondor,et* 8onte(Guieu %ould ha$e done better if he had not been 6more o,,u+ied %ith finding the rea(on( for that %hi,h i( than %ith (ee)ing that %hi,h ought to be.7 Hnd e$en Rou((eau* %ho admired 8onte(Guieu more than the other( did* find( that he* li)e Krotiu( before him* i( too mu,h in,lined to e(tabli(h the right by the fa,t. 2t i( (urely a +arado5 needing e5+lanation that the !hilo(o+her(* %ho +rofe((ed to (tudy hi(tory in order to e(tabli(h the right( (uitable to man9( nature on the fa,t( of human e5+erien,e* (hould ha$e denoun,ed 8onte(Guieu +re,i(ely be,au(e he %a( too mu,h in,lined to e(tabli(h the right by the fa,t. 2( it* then +o((ible that the !hilo(o+her( %ere not really intere(ted in e(tabli(hing the right( (uitable to man9( nature on the fa,t( of human e5+erien,eI 2( it +o((ible that they %ere engaged in that nefariou( medie$al enter+ri(e of re,on,iling the fa,t( of human e5+erien,e %ith truth( already* in (ome fa(hion re$ealed to themI Hla( ye(* that i(* indeed* the fa,tM 'he eighteenth:,entury !hilo(o+her(* li)e the medie$al (,hola(ti,(* held fa(t to a re$ealed body of )no%ledge* and they %ere un%illing or unable to learn anything from hi(tory %hi,h ,ould not* by (ome ingeniou( tri,) +layed on the dead* be re,on,iled %ith their faith.
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