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Flash Reports on Labour Law January 2017 Summary and Country Reports
Flash Report 01/2017 Flash Reports on Labour Law January 2017 Summary and country reports EUROPEAN COMMISSION Directorate DG Employment, Social Affairs and Inclusion Unit B.2 – Working Conditions Flash Report 01/2017 Europe Direct is a service to help you find answers to your questions about the European Union. Freephone number (*): 00 800 6 7 8 9 10 11 (*) The information given is free, as are most calls (though some operators, phone boxes or hotels may charge you). LEGAL NOTICE This document has been prepared for the European Commission however it reflects the views only of the authors, and the Commission cannot be held responsible for any use which may be made of the information contained therein. More information on the European Union is available on the Internet (http://www.europa.eu). Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union, 2017 ISBN ABC 12345678 DOI 987654321 © European Union, 2017 Reproduction is authorised provided the source is acknowledged. Flash Report 01/2017 Country Labour Law Experts Austria Martin Risak Daniela Kroemer Belgium Wilfried Rauws Bulgaria Krassimira Sredkova Croatia Ivana Grgurev Cyprus Nicos Trimikliniotis Czech Republic Nataša Randlová Denmark Natalie Videbaek Munkholm Estonia Gaabriel Tavits Finland Matleena Engblom France Francis Kessler Germany Bernd Waas Greece Costas Papadimitriou Hungary Gyorgy Kiss Ireland Anthony Kerr Italy Edoardo Ales Latvia Kristine Dupate Lithuania Tomas Davulis Luxemburg Jean-Luc Putz Malta Lorna Mifsud Cachia Netherlands Barend Barentsen Poland Leszek Mitrus Portugal José João Abrantes Rita Canas da Silva Romania Raluca Dimitriu Slovakia Robert Schronk Slovenia Polonca Končar Spain Joaquín García-Murcia Iván Antonio Rodríguez Cardo Sweden Andreas Inghammar United Kingdom Catherine Barnard Iceland Inga Björg Hjaltadóttir Liechtenstein Wolfgang Portmann Norway Helga Aune Lill Egeland Flash Report 01/2017 Table of Contents Executive Summary .............................................. -
The Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth As a Political Space: Its Unity and Complexity*
Chapter 8 The Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth as a Political Space: Its Unity and Complexity* Satoshi Koyama Introduction The Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth (Rzeczpospolita) was one of the largest states in early modern Europe. In the second half of the sixteenth century, after the union of Lublin (1569), the Polish-Lithuanian state covered an area of 815,000 square kilometres. It attained its greatest extent (990,000 square kilometres) in the first half of the seventeenth century. On the European continent there were only two larger countries than Poland-Lithuania: the Grand Duchy of Moscow (c.5,400,000 square kilometres) and the European territories of the Ottoman Empire (840,000 square kilometres). Therefore the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth was the largest country in Latin-Christian Europe in the early modern period (Wyczański 1973: 17–8). In this paper I discuss the internal diversity of the Commonwealth in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries and consider how such a huge territorial complex was politically organised and integrated. * This paper is a part of the results of the research which is grant-aided by the ‘Grants-in-Aid for Scientific Research’ program of the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science in 2005–2007. - 137 - SATOSHI KOYAMA 1. The Internal Diversity of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth Poland-Lithuania before the union of Lublin was a typical example of a composite monarchy in early modern Europe. ‘Composite state’ is the term used by H. G. Koenigsberger, who argued that most states in early modern Europe had been ‘composite states, including more than one country under the sovereignty of one ruler’ (Koenigsberger, 1978: 202). -
A Short History of Poland and Lithuania
A Short History of Poland and Lithuania Chapter 1. The Origin of the Polish Nation.................................3 Chapter 2. The Piast Dynasty...................................................4 Chapter 3. Lithuania until the Union with Poland.........................7 Chapter 4. The Personal Union of Poland and Lithuania under the Jagiellon Dynasty. ..................................................8 Chapter 5. The Full Union of Poland and Lithuania. ................... 11 Chapter 6. The Decline of Poland-Lithuania.............................. 13 Chapter 7. The Partitions of Poland-Lithuania : The Napoleonic Interlude............................................................. 16 Chapter 8. Divided Poland-Lithuania in the 19th Century. .......... 18 Chapter 9. The Early 20th Century : The First World War and The Revival of Poland and Lithuania. ............................. 21 Chapter 10. Independent Poland and Lithuania between the bTwo World Wars.......................................................... 25 Chapter 11. The Second World War. ......................................... 28 Appendix. Some Population Statistics..................................... 33 Map 1: Early Times ......................................................... 35 Map 2: Poland Lithuania in the 15th Century........................ 36 Map 3: The Partitions of Poland-Lithuania ........................... 38 Map 4: Modern North-east Europe ..................................... 40 1 Foreword. Poland and Lithuania have been linked together in this history because -
GOING GLOBAL EXPORTING to NETHERLANDS a Guide for Clients
GOING GLOBAL EXPORTING TO NETHERLANDS A guide for clients #GlobalAmbition Capital city Amsterdam Population 17.3m1 GDP per capita ¤41,5002 6th in the World North Sea Competitiveness Ranking3 Unemployment (2019)AMSTERDAM 3.4%4 Predicted economic growth for 20195 3% GERMANY Enterprise Ireland client exports (2018) ¤1.07bn6 BELGIUM 2 WHY EXPORT TO THE NETHERLANDS? Only half the size of Ireland, yet the Dutch have left their mark on the world as innovators, trail blazers and world-class business professionals. The Dutch are active worldwide in providing creative and sustainable solutions for global challenges relating to water, food, energy, health, environment, and security. The Dutch data centre community, which also The Netherlands already has a robust healthcare GDP per capita houses the Amsterdam Internet Exchange (AMS-IX), and pharma landscape with companies like MSD, 2 is growing continuously with 18% average growth Jansen, TEVA, Takeda, Omron, Konica Minolta and ¤41,500 in take-up of data centers in the last 7 years in the many more. This is strengthened by the recent Amsterdam region.7 Co-locations like Interxion opening of the European Medicines Agency (EMA) but also hyper-scale data centres like Google and in Amsterdam in March 201913. The Netherlands Microsoft are well established and various new data represents an ideal market for first-presence and centres are being built over the coming years8. scaling-up in mainland Europe, from which a European export strategy can be grown. The culture Ranked number one in the world for overall logistics is direct and early-adopting which makes for shorter performance9, the Netherlands is home to world- sale cycles, reducing client risk. -
Minority Rights After EU Enlargement: a Comparison of Antigay Politics in Poland and Latvia
Original Article Minority rights after EU enlargement: A comparison of antigay politics in Poland and Latvia Conor O’Dwyer* and Katrina Z.S. Schwartz Department of Political Science, University of Florida, 234 Anderson Hall, PO Box 117325, Gainesville, Florida 32611-7325, USA. E-mails: [email protected], [email protected] *Corresponding author. Abstract This paper examines the recent backlash against gay rights in Poland and Latvia as a test case of the depth and breadth of ‘europeanization’ in the new postcommunist member-states of the European Union (EU). We argue that antigay mobilization in these countries constitutes illiberal governance (and thus a failure of europeanization) on three grounds: failure of institutional protections for sexual minorities, broad inclusion of illiberal elites in mainstream politics and virulence of antigay rhetoric by political elites in the public sphere. To explain the stalled europeanization of nondiscrimination norms regarding sexual minorities, we apply two analytical models widely used to explain successful norm adoption in other policy areas: the ‘external incentives’ and ‘social learning’ models. We find that in the case of gay rights, EU conditionality was weak, and national identity and ‘resonance’ operated against norm adoption, as did domestic institutions (namely, weakly institutionalized party systems). The EU might have overcome these obstacles through persuasion, but deliberative processes were lacking. Our analysis suggests that some of the key factors underlying both models of norm adoption operate differently in the new, postaccession context, and that social learning is likely to play a greater role in postaccession europeanization. Comparative European Politics (2010) 8, 220–243. doi:10.1057/cep.2008.31 Keywords: Latvia; Poland; sexual minorities; European Union; europeanization; illiberalism Introduction In May 2004, Poland and Latvia joined the European Union (EU), ending a long process in which the strength of their democratic institutions was carefully tested and validated by the European Commission. -
No. 1168 BELGIUM, DENMARK, FRANCE, IRELAND, ITALY
No. 1168 BELGIUM, DENMARK, FRANCE, IRELAND, ITALY, LUXEMBOURG, NETHERLANDS, NORWAY, SWEDEN and UNITED KINGDOM OF GREAT BRITAIN AND NORTHERN IRELAND Statute of the Council of Europe. Signed at London, on 5 May 1949 Official texts: English and French. Registered by the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland on U April 1951. BELGIQUE, DANEMARK, FRANCE, IRLANDE, ITALIE, LUXEMBOURG, NORVÈGE, PAYS-BAS, ROYAUME-UNI DE GRANDE-BRETAGNE ET D'IRLANDE DU NORD et SUÈDE Statut du Conseil de l'Europe. Signé à Londres, le 5 mai 1949 Textes officiels anglais et fran ais. Enregistr par le Royaume-Uni de Grande-Bretagne et d* Irlande du Nord le II avril 1951. 104 United Nations Treaty Series 1951 No. 1168. STATUTE1 OF THE COUNCIL OF EUROPE. SIGNED AT LONDON, ON 5 MAY 1949 The Governments of the Kingdom of Belgium, the Kingdom of Denmark, the French Republic, the Irish Republic, the Italian Republic, the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg, the Kingdom of the Netherlands, the Kingdom of Norway, the Kingdom of Sweden and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland : Convinced that the pursuit of peace based upon justice and international co-operation is vital for the preservation of human society and civilisation; Reaffirming their devotion to the spiritual and moral values which are the common heritage of their peoples and the true source of individual freedom, political liberty and the rule of law, principles which form the basis of all genuine democracy; Believing that, for the maintenance and further realisation of these ideals and in -
The Polish-Lithuanian Monarchy in European Context, C.1500–1795
The Polish-Lithuanian Monarchy in European Context, c.1500–1795 The Polish-Lithuanian Monarchy in European Context, c.1500–1795 Edited by Richard Butterwick Lecturer in Modern European History Queen’s University Belfast Northern Ireland Editorial matter, selection and Introduction © Richard Butterwick 2001 Chapter 10 © Richard Butterwick 2001 Chapters 1–9 © Palgrave Publishers Ltd 2001 Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 2001 978-0-333-77382-6 All rights reserved. No reproduction, copy or transmission of this publication may be made without written permission. No paragraph of this publication may be reproduced, copied or transmitted save with written permission or in accordance with the provisions of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, or under the terms of any licence permitting limited copying issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency, 90 Tottenham Court Road, London W1P 0LP. Any person who does any unauthorised act in relation to this publication may be liable to criminal prosecution and civil claims for damages. The authors have asserted their rights to be identified as the authors of this work in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. First published 2001 by PALGRAVE Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire RG21 6XS and 175 Fifth Avenue, New York, N. Y. 10010 Companies and representatives throughout the world PALGRAVE is the new global academic imprint of St. Martin’s Press LLC Scholarly and Reference Division and Palgrave Publishers Ltd (formerly Macmillan Press Ltd). ISBN 978-1-349-41618-9 ISBN 978-0-333-99380-4 (eBook) DOI 10.1057/9780333993804 This book is printed on paper suitable for recycling and made from fully managed and sustained forest sources. -
Agreement Between the United States and the Netherlands
Agreement Between The United States And The Netherlands Contents Introduction 1 Coverage and Social Security taxes 2 Certificate of coverage 3 Monthly benefits 5 How benefits can be paid 7 A Dutch pension may affect your U.S. benefit 8 What you need to know about Medicare 8 Claims for benefits 9 Authority to collect information for a certificate of coverage (see pages 3-5) 9 Contacting Social Security 10 Introduction benefits. It does not cover benefits under the U.S. Medicare program or Supplemental An agreement effective November 1, 1990, Security Income program. between the United States and the Netherlands This booklet covers highlights of the agreement improves social security protection for people and explains how it may help you who work or have worked in both countries. It while you . helps many people who, without the agreement, work and when you apply for benefits would not be eligible for monthly retirement, The agreement may help you, your disability or survivors benefits under the social family and your employer security system of one or both countries. It also • While you work — If your work is covered helps people who would otherwise have to pay by both the U.S. and Dutch social security social security taxes to both countries on the systems, you (and your employer, if you are same earnings. employed) normally would have to pay social The agreement covers social security taxes security taxes to both countries for the same (including the U.S. Medicare portion) and social work. However, the agreement eliminates security retirement, disability and survivors this double coverage so you pay taxes to only one system (see pages 2-5). -
United Kingdom
United Kingdom Convention between the government of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland and the government of the Kingdom of the Netherlands for the avoidance of double taxation and the prevention of fiscal evasion with respect to taxes on income and capital gains. Done at The Hague, on 7 November 1980 text published: Trb. 1980, 205 authentic texts: Dutch and English treaty into force: 6 April 1981 (see Trb. 1981, 54) treaty applicable: 6 April 1980 Protocol amending the convention between the government of the Kingdom of the Netherlands and the government of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland for the avoidance of double taxation and the prevention of fiscal evasion with respect to taxes on income and capital gains signed at The Hague on 7 November 1980 Done at The Hague, on 12 July 1983 text published: Trb. 1983, 128 authentic texts: Dutch and English treaty into force: 20 December 1990 (see Trb. 1991, 13) treaty applicable: 1 January 1991 Protocol further amending the convention between the government of the Kingdom of the Netherlands and the government of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland for the avoidance of double taxation and the prevention of fiscal evasion with respect to taxes on income and capital gains signed at The Hague on 7 November 1980 as amended by the protocol signed at London on 12 July 1983 Done at The Hague, on 24 August 1989 text published: Trb. 1989, 128 authentic texts: Dutch and English treaty into force: 20 December 1990 (see Trb. -
OECD Economic Surveys Belgium February 2020
OECD Economic Surveys Belgium February 2020 OVERVIEW www.oecd.org/economy/belgium-economic-snapshot/ This Overview is extracted from the Economic Survey of Belgium. The Survey is published on the responsibility of the Economic and Development Review Committee (EDRC) of the OECD, which is charged with the examination of the economic situation of member countries. This document and any map included herein are without prejudice to the status of or sovereignty over any territory, to the delimitation of international frontiers and boundaries and to the name of any territory, city or area. OECD Economic Surveys: Belgium© OECD 2020 You can copy, download or print OECD content for your own use, and you can include excerpts from OECD publications, databases and multimedia products in your own documents, presentations, blogs, websites and teaching materials, provided that suitable acknowledgment of OECD as source and copyright owner is given. All requests for public or commercial use and translation rights should be submitted to [email protected]. Requests for permission to photocopy portions of this material for public or commercial use shall be addressed directly to the Copyright Clearance Center (CCC) at [email protected] or the Centre français d’exploitation du droit de copie (CFC) at [email protected]. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 1 Executive Summary Belgium performs well in many economic and well-being dimensions, but some risks are building up The resilience of public finances should be increased Improving labour market outcomes is key Boosting potential growth requires higher productivity growth 2 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Belgium performs well in many economic increase vulnerabilities and lower the resilience and well-being dimensions, but some risks of the financial system. -
Memorandum of Understanding
MEMORANDUM OF UNDERSTANDING Between the Minister of Environment and Climate Action of the Portuguese Republic and the Minister of Economic Affairs and Climate Policy of the Netherlands In the field of Energy – Hydrogen The Minister of Environment and Climate Action of the Portuguese Republic and the Minister of Economic Affairs and Climate Policy of the Netherlands (hereinafter referred to as “Signatories”), affirm their intentions to connect Portugal's and the Netherlands's 2030 Hydrogen plans, especially on green hydrogen, in order to contribute to decarbonise the economy and to create a forward-looking European hydrogen infrastructure and market in the near future, in line with the EU climate goals. Therefore, the Ministers acknowledge: • The need to achieve the European Union (EU) 2030 climate and energy targets and draw the path towards carbon neutrality in Europe by 2050, in line with the Paris Agreement and the National Energy and Climate Plans, as a sign of our commitment for the future of Europe and its citizens. • The potential of hydrogen, namely green hydrogen produced from renewable sources, for the decarbonisation of hard-to-abate sectors, such as industry and transport, as well as its key role in the future European energy system based on sector coupling and the development of energy storage. • The urgent need to scale up the production of hydrogen in the EU in a coordinated and timely way, to ensure thereby safe, competitive, available and sustainable energy supply, while enhancing international cooperation to create a global hydrogen market. The Ministers, express their intentions to: • Strengthen the ties of friendship and to enhance the bilateral cooperation between the two EU Member States, as well as the reciprocal interests in the field of energy, namely in the area of green hydrogen. -
In Hungary and Poland
21 . 9 . 90 Official Journal of the European Communities No L 257/ 1 I (Acts whose publication is obligatory) COUNCIL REGULATION (EEC) No 2698/90 of 17 September 1990 amending Regulation (EEC) No 3906/89 in order to extend economic aid to other countries of Central and Eastern Europe THE COUNCIL OF THE EUROPEAN COMMUNITIES, 2. Article 1 is replaced by the following : Having regard to the Treaty establishing the European 'Article 1 Economic Community, and in particular Article 235 thereof, The Community shall make economic aid available to the countries of Central and Eastern Europe listed in Having regard to the proposal from the Commission ('), the Annex in accordance with the criteria laid down in this Regulation.' Having regard to the opinion of the European Par liament (2), 3. Article 2 is deleted. Whereas the Community and its Member States have 4. In Article 3 ( 1 ): decided to take concerted action with certain non member countries in the form of measures intended to — 'in Poland and Hungary* and 'in Hungary and support the process of economic and social reform under Poland' are replaced by 'in the countries referred to way in Hungary and Poland ; whereas Regulation (EEC) in Article 1 ' and *of the countries referred to in No 3906/89 (3) lays down the conditions for the provision Article 1 ' respectively, of economic aid to these countries ; — the following subparagraph is added : Whereas the Group of 24 countries and the Community The aid may also be used to provide humanitarian decided at the ministerial meeting on 4 July 1990 that assistance'.