IΔΡΥΜA ΜΕΙΖΟΝΟΣ ΕΛΛΗΝΙΣΜΟΥ Συγγραφή : Ballesteros Pastor Luis , Ballesteros Pastor Luis , Ballesteros Pastor Luis Μετάφραση : Ballesteros Pastor Luis Για παραπομπή : Ballesteros Pastor Luis , Ballesteros Pastor Luis , Ballesteros Pastor Luis , "Mithridates VI Eupator", Εγκυκλοπαίδεια Μείζονος Ελληνισμού, Κωνσταντινούπολη

Περίληψη : The last independent Hellenist king, the most famous monarch of the so-called ‘’( 112-63 B.C.) and one of the greatest enemies of Rome. Άλλα Ονόματα Mithradates, Eupator, Dionysos Τόπος και Χρόνος Γέννησης 132 B.C. – Amaseia Τόπος και Χρόνος Θανάτου 63 B.C. - (Kertch) Κύρια Ιδιότητα King of Pontus

1. Birth-Family

Mitrídates VI Eupator Dionysos was born in Amaseia(Amasya) (132 B.C.). He was the son of Mithridates V and Laodice. In the year of his birth and of his accession to the throne a comet appeared in the sky.1

2. Education-Upbringing

His education was Greek, although perhaps with persian influences. He probably had as fellows the young members of important families from the Kingdom.2 As a result, Mithridates learnt not only the art of war, but also rhetoric and many languages.3 His youth was problematic. His father died in 121 B.C., and Laodice became regent. It has been said that Mithridates fled from the court, where the tutors wanted to kill him, and remained hidden for seven years. When he returned, he took the power.4

3. Biography

Once he became a king, Mithridates began an ambitious policy of territorial expansion and took the control over Armenia (Minor) and Colchis. In the region of the Cimmerian Bosporus, Diophantus, a general, obtained victories over the , rescuing the city of Chersonesos. Inmediately after, Diophantus had to subdue the revolt led by Saumakos, a Scythian who arose the population of the against the testament of its last King, Pairisades V, who had left the kingdom to Mithridates as heritage.5 The Pontic king also controlled other cities in the northern coast of the Black Sea.6 Mithridates, who had married his sister Laodice, had to flee from Pontus, probably due to a plot in the court. After a journey to the Roman Province of Asia, Mithridates ended the intrigues, in which his sister had an important role along with important members of the court.7 Mithridates may have had at that point the support of the Greek traders of Pontus, who were interested not only in strenghtening the Hellenic culture, but also in wider perspectives of commercial exchanges and economic activities. This is probably reflected in certain inscriptions and monuments from Delos built by the Pontic King. Some of them are devoted to divinities who protect navigation.8 Around 108 B.C., Mithridates agreed with Nicomedes III of Bithynia a partition of Paphlagonia, which was without a king. The Roman Senate sent a mission to restore the country to its former situation. However, there was no real change. Inmediately after that, Mithridates and Nicomedes conquered Galatia.9 In regard to that situation, a Pontic embassy was send to Rome, but it suffered the mockery from the tribune Appuleius Saturninus.10

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Like his father, Mithridates aimed to control Cappadocia. The ruling dynasty suffered the dissidence from an important part of the nobility, which had instigated the death of Ariarathes VI. His widow Laodice, sister of the Pontic king, remained as regent of the young Ariarathes VII. Nicomedes married her, after invading the country. Eupator send troops to expulse the Bithynians and restor his nephew to the throne. Although temporarily good relations prevailed, Eupator took advantage of the dissidence of the Cappadocian nobility, he declared war and murdered the young king. Afterwards, he established his 8year-old son as king of Cappadocia, with the dynastic name of Ariarathes. Gordios, leader of the Cappadocian nobility, acted as his tutor. When the other sector of the Cappadocian nobles complained, Rome appointed as king Ariobarzanes, one of them.11 In this context may be placed the interview between Marius and Mithridates (around 99/98 B.C.).12

Ariobarzanes was not able to keep the power, but he was restored by Sulla (96 B.C.).13 Even so, as the opposition of a faction among the nobility persisted, Eupator, with their support and that of Tigranes from Armenia expulsed the king again, and re-restored his son, Ariarathes IX. At the end of 92 B.C., Nicomedes died. Mithridates supported Chrestus, who was a pretender to the throne against his half brother, Nicomedes. Rome sent a mission with M. Aquillius, which ordered the withdrawal of the Pontic troops. Eupator obeyed, but Nicomedes took the opportunity and invaded the Mithridatic territory. The complaints to the Romans were not attended. As the reaction of Mithridates was inmediate, the 1st Mithridatic War started which ended with the peace of Dardanus.

The ambiguity of the peace of Dardanus allowed L. Murena to take over a campaign against the Pontic Kingdom (the so-called 2nd Mithridatic War), which ended with important victories of Mithridates. The King, who had repeatedly complainted to Rome, agreed a new treatie, which was also not effective.14 At that time, Mithridates also fought against some tribes from the north black Sea coasts.15

The 3rd Mithridatic War started in 73 B.C., when Nicomedes IV died, legating his Kingdom to the Roman people.16 Mithridates refused to make an agreement with either Lucullus or Pompey. Eventually, he fled to Armenia Menor and from there, around the coast of the Black Sea to the Bosporan Kingdom. He recovered it after puting to death his son, Machares, who had deserted to the Roman side.

4. Death

While Mithridates was a refuge, he tried to reorganize his army at the Bosporn Kingdom. However, a revolt leadered by his son, Pharnaces (II), led him to suicide. He died in Panticapaeum (Kertch) at 63 B.C. and his body arrived by sea to Sinope.17

5. Evaluation-Judgements

Mithridates VI developped a wide propaganda, which related him to Alexander the Great, Heracles, Dionysus and perhaps to other divinities and heroes.18 He was the king who would avenge Asia, a place with a long support in the Oriental apocalyptical tradition, which had also been adopted by the Greek world.19 This propaganda is reflected in historical texts, oracles, coins and monuments. Various so-called ‘social measures’( distribution of lands, remision of debts, freedom of slaves) had not been an attempt for a social revolution; they must be understood as an aspect of this propaganda.

The government of the Pontic Kingdom under Eupator is basically not different from that of the other Hellenistic Kingdoms. The Greek cities enjoyed a relative autonomy, remaining with their ancestral institutions as long as they did not hide the ruler's policy. As was common among the Hellenistic Kingdoms, certain important cities might have had garrisons of troops and supervisors from the royal authority. Just as his predecessors, Mithridates founded new city-states and enacted laws which favoured the cities. He also made certain towns in Pontus to mint coins with their respective names, to present an image of urban and civic life. The government of the remaining territories of the kingdom were similar to the ancestral one, including the existence of important temple-states, as that of Comana Pontica or Zela. The other areas of the Black Sea were governed under supervision of royal governors, or indeed the sons of the King. Besides, the relationship between Mithridates and the barbarian peoples from the Black Sea may have been based on agreements, from which we have no precise news.

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The ancient sources, predominantly pro-Roman, reflect a cruel and blood-thirsty image of Mithridates. Many barbarian characteristics are atributted to him: luxury, fierceness, greed, love to drinking. He was also famous for his knowledge of poissons. It was said, sometimes without firm support, that he murdered his mother and several of his brothers and sons. But, at the same time, his magnitude, his audacity, his magnanimity, his eloquence and his vigour were recognised. Trogus says that Mithridates was the greatest king of all times, and Cicero considered him as the greatest king after Alexander.20

Classical historiography assigned Mithridates the role of successor of the Persian Kings, that may faced to Roman generals which strove to appear as imitators of Alexander and models of Greek virtues. The tradition of classical studies have also regarded Mithridates in a similar context: as enemy of Rome, he was an enemy of civilization; as expected, he did not belong to the classical civilization, but to the Oriental – Persian tradition which resists to the progress of the Graeco-Roman world.

To certain modern studies, the reign of Mithridates represents the last highlight of the Hellenistic world. The King applied to the Greek city-states of the Black Sea the integration into a unified state, as had happened in other areas under Alexander. At the same time, Mithridates was the last independent king (apart from the Parthians) who faced Rome. He was the leader of the last great anti- Roman upheaval inside the Greek world. Having Achaemenid and Macedonian ancestors, he knew how to show different images to the cultures which were under his rule, just as Alexander and many other Hellenistic kings did.

1. Just. 37.2.2.

2. Strabo 10.4.10.

3. Val. Max. 8.7.16.; Plin. Nat.Hist. 7.88, 25.6.; Quint. Inst. 11.2.50.; Gell. NA 17.17.2.; Auct. Vir. Ill. 76.1.; Plut. Mar. 31.3.

4. Strabo 10.4.10.; Just. 37.2.; Memnon FGrHist 22 F 2.; Sallust. Hist. fr. 2.76M.; Val. Max. 9.11 ext. 4.; App. Mith. 112.; Durrbach, F., Choix d'inscriptions de Délos, Paris 1921-1922, n. 136. Many of these aspects may have been legendary.

5. Strabo 7.3.16-17, 7.4.3-7.; Just. 38.7.3.; Syll.3 709.

6. Syll.3 730.

7. Just. 37.3.6-7, 38.1.1.; Sallust. Hist. 2.76M.

8. Durrbach, F., Choix d'inscriptions de Délos, Paris 1921-1922, n. 113, 114, 133. ID 1566, 1568.; Chapoutier, F., Le sanctuarie des dieux de Samothrace. Exploration archéologique de Délos 16, Paris 1935.

9. Just. 37.4.4-8, 38.5.6.

10. D.S. 36.15.1.

11. Just. 38.1-2.; Strabo 12.2.11.; Memnon FGrHist 22 F 1.; Durrbach, F., Choix d'inscriptions de Délos, Paris 1921-1922, n. 136g.

12. Plut. Mar. 31.

13. Plu. Sull. 5.; Livy Per. 70.; Vell. 2.24.3.; Frontin. Str. 1.5.18.; App. Mith. 57, BC1.77.; Auct. Vir. Ill. 75.4. This date is controversial, but at this moment, it is the most widespread hypothesis. Besides, Tigranes had not yet been appointed as King of Armenia.

14. App. Mith. 64-66.; Memnon FGrHist 26.1-3.; Cic. Pomp. 3.8; Mur. 5.11, 15.32.; Gran. Lic. 36 p.31; Flem. Livy Per. 86.

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15. App. Mith. 64.; Strabo 11.2.18.; Cic. Pomp. 4.9.

16. App. Mith. 71, BC 1.111.; Livy Per. 93.; Eutr. 6.6.1.; Fest. Breu. 11.2.; Arrian. Byth. 1.4.; Ampel. 34.3. This date seems more plausible than 72 B.C., mainly because it fits better with the accounts of Appian and Sallust about Mithridates' preparations for war.

17. Plut. Pomp. 31-38; Luc. 36. ; App. Mith. 97-113; D.C. 36-37 passim.; Oros. Hist. 6.4-5; Flor. Epit. 1.40.26; Strabo 12.3.38-9, 11.2.13; Livy Per. 100- 102.

18. Relation with Alexander: Strabo 12.8.18, 14.1.23.; App. Mith. 20, 89, 115-117; Dionysus: Posidon fr. 36J; Cic. Flac. 60; Heracles: Just. 37.2.7-8; App. Mith. 112. The resemblance with Alexander on the coins is obvious. The same does not apply for the statues, whose resemblance with the king is only based on hypotheses.

19. It has been suggested that, at this time, former apocalyptical texts might have been re-written, as the oracles regarded by Phlegon of Tralles (FGrHist 36J), or a passage from the Sybilline Oracles (3 350-367). To that sort of oracles alludes Posidonius (fr. 36J). For the Mithridatic propaganda, see: Just. 38.4-7; Sall. Hist. fr. 4.69M; App. Mith. 12, 14-16, 54, 70; Plut. Sull. 24.2-3.

20. Just. 37.1.7; Cic. Acad. 2.1.3.

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Χρονολόγιο 132 B.C.: Mithridates’ (VI) birth.

121 B.C.: Death of Mithridates V.

116 B.C.: Death of Ariarathes VI of Cappadocia. Ariarathes VII becomes King. Rome recovers Great Phrygia and Lycaonia for the Province of Asia.

112 B.C.: Mithridates takes the power and ends the regency of Laodice.

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(probably) 110 B.C.: Beginning of the Mithridatic campaings in the Northern Black Sea. Annexation of the Bosphoran Kingdom.

108 B.C.: Mithridates flees from Pontus and visits the Province of Asia.

108/7 B.C.: Mithridates return to Pontus, ends with dissidence and Laodice dies.

106/5 B.C.: Paphlagonia is divided among Mithridates and Nicomedes III of Bithynia. Roman mission orders the evacuation of Paphlagonia. Galatia is invaded by Mithridates and Nicomedes.

102/101 B.C.: Embassy of Mithridates to Rome. Death of Ariarathes VII and soon after, death of Ariarathes VIII.

100/99 B.C.: Ariarathes IX, Mithridates' son, becomes king of Cappadocia. The Roman Senate declares Cappadocia "free".

98 B.C.: Interview between Marius and Mithridates in Cappadocia.

96 B.C.: Ariobarzanes becomes King of Cappadocia, but he is expulsed shortly after from the throne. Sulla's mission in Cappadocia; restoration of Ariobarzanes.

95 B.C.: Tigranes, King of Armenia.

94 B.C.: Nicomedes IV, King of Bithynia. Ariobarzanes is expulsed from the throne.

91 B.C.: Socrates Chrestus takes the Bithynian throne to his half-brother Nicomedes.

90 B.C.: Mission to restore Nicomedes and Ariobarzanes, presided by M. Aquillius. Outbreak of the Social War in Italy.

89 B.C.: Victories of Mithridates over the Roman troops and their allies. Mithridates conquers Bithynia, recovers control over Cappadocia and advances through Anatolia.

(Winter – Spring) 88 B.C.: Mithridates conquers the Roman Province of Asia, and orders the murder of all Roman and Italians.

(May – June) 88 B.C.: Athenion becomes tyrant in Athens. Mithridates begins to conquer the Aegean and most of mainland Greece. His army advances through Thrace. He besieges Rhodes.

87 B.C.: The fleet of Mithridates completes the annexation of the Cyclades. Tyranny of Aristion in Athens. Apellicon is defeated by the Delians commanded by Orobius. Sulla arrives to Greece and besieges Athens.

86 B.C.: Sulla enters Athens and wins over the army of Mithridates in Chaeronea (spring) and Orchomenus (fall).

85 B.C.: Sulla goes to Asia and concludes the Treaty of Dardanus with Mithridates.

84 B.C.: Sulla returns to Greece, after having imposed fines to the Greek cities of Asia.

83 B.C.: L. Licinius Murena reopens the fights against Mithridates, who sends ambassadors to complaint before the Roman Senate.

82 B.C.: Campaign of Murena. Mission of Callidius (apparently) to stop the war. Mithridates wins over Murena, who intended to conquer Pontus.

80 B.C.: New mission of Mithridates in Rome to try to ratify the Peace of Dardanus. The Senate does not pay attention to them.

81 B.C.: Mission of Aulus Gabinius to Cappadocia. Ariobarzanes reconciles with Mithridates and marries his daughter.

Δημιουργήθηκε στις 23/9/2021 Σελίδα 8/9 IΔΡΥΜA ΜΕΙΖΟΝΟΣ ΕΛΛΗΝΙΣΜΟΥ Συγγραφή : Ballesteros Pastor Luis , Ballesteros Pastor Luis , Ballesteros Pastor Luis Μετάφραση : Ballesteros Pastor Luis Για παραπομπή : Ballesteros Pastor Luis , Ballesteros Pastor Luis , Ballesteros Pastor Luis , "Mithridates VI Eupator", Εγκυκλοπαίδεια Μείζονος Ελληνισμού, Κωνσταντινούπολη

78 B.C.: Sulla dies.

77 B.C.: Tigranes raids over Cappadocia.

74 B.C.: Death of Nicomedes IV. Bithynia becomes Roman Province. Treaty between Mithridates and Sertorius.

73 B.C.: Mithridates conquers Bithynia and enters Asia. Besiege of Cyzicus.

72 B.C.: Victory of Lucullus over the fleet of Mithridates. Mithridates abandons Cyzicus and flees to Pontus. Lucullus enters and conquers most of the Mithridatic kingdom and the city of Amisus. After some clashes, Mithridates flees into Armenia.

(Winter) 71 B.C.: Mission of Appius Claudius before Tigranes. The cities of Northwestern Euxinus are conquered by M. Lucullus.

(Spring) 70 B.C.: Lucullus conquers Sinope and Amaseia. Heracleia falls into Roman hands after two years of ressistance.

69 B.C.: Lucullus begins a campaign in Armenia. Wins over Tigranes and Mithridates. Battle in the river Arsanias. Both parties request aid from the Parthians. Critics to Lucullus in Rome.

(Winter) 69/68 B.C.: Lucullus is replaced from the command. Mutiny of Lucullus' soldiers.

68 B.C.: Mithridates attacks the Roman troops in Pontus.

67 B.C.: Mithridates recovers Pontus and Cappadocia.

66 B.C.: The Mithridatic command is given to Pompey. The Romans force Mithridates to flight.

65 B.C.: Mithridates reaches the Cimmerian Bosphorus. Death of Machares. Attempts to re-organize an army. Caucasian campaign of Pompey.

64 B.C.: Pontus becomes part of a Roman Province together with Bithynia.

(Probably winter) 63 B.C.: Mutiny of Pharnaces II. Death of Mithridates

Δημιουργήθηκε στις 23/9/2021 Σελίδα 9/9