DOCSLIB.ORG

Antioxidant Properties of Essential Oils Extracted from Three Species of Moroccan Junipers Badr Satrani, Mohamed Ghanmi, Nazik Mansouri, Nadine Amusant

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Antioxidant Properties of Essential Oils Extracted from Three Species of Moroccan Junipers Badr Satrani, Mohamed Ghanmi, Nazik Mansouri, Nadine Amusant Antioxidant properties of essential oils extracted from three species of moroccan junipers Badr Satrani, Mohamed Ghanmi, Nazik Mansouri, Nadine Amusant To cite this version: Badr Satrani, Mohamed Ghanmi, Nazik Mansouri, Nadine Amusant. Antioxidant properties of es- sential oils extracted from three species of moroccan junipers. Environmental Science : An Indian Journal, 2015, 11 (7), pp.239-247. hal-01303986 HAL Id: hal-01303986 https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01303986 Submitted on 18 Apr 2016 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. id7084515 pdfMachine by Broadgun Software - a great PDF writer! - a great PDF creator! - http://www.pdfmachine.com http://www.broadgun.com EEnnvviirroonnISmmSN : 0ee97n4n - 74tt51aall SSccVioilueemenn 11 Iccssuee 7 An Indian Journal Current Research Paper ESAIJ, 11(7), 2015 [239-247] Antioxidant properties of essential oils extracted from three species of Moroccan junipers Badr Satrani1*, Mohamed Ghanmi1, Nazik Mansouri1, Nadine Amusant2 1Chemistry and Microbiology laboratories, Forest Research Center, Avenue Omar Ibn El Khattab, BP 763 Agdal, (FRENCH GUIANA) 2CIRAD, Department Environments and Societies, UMR Ecology Forest of French Guiana, BP. 732, 97310 Kourou Cedex, (FRENCH GUIANA) E-mail: [email protected] ABSTRACT KEYWORDS Essential oils from Juniperus thurifera, Juniperus oxycedrus and Juniperus thurifera; Juniperus phoenicea (Cupressaceae) collected in various areas in Juniperus oxycedrus; Morocco were extracted by hydrodistillation and analyzed by CG and CG/ Juniperus phoenicea; SM. Twenty-four components were identified in the essential oils from Essential oils; the branches of Juniperus thurifera, forty seven from Juniperus Antioxidant activity. oxycedrus and twenty-six from Juniperus phoenicea. The majority â-pinene components obtained are pinenes and especially (36.3%) for á-pinene the essential oils from the branches of Juniperus thurifera and for those of Juniperus oxycedrus (52.1%) and Juniperus phoenicea (64.2%). The antioxidant properties of oils were determined by the DPPH method and were compared to that found for the reference compound (BHT) and for other essential oils. 2015 Trade Science Inc. - INDIA INTRODUCTION tion by increasing the time leading to a detectable deterioration of the product[2]. As synthetic antioxi- The phenomenon of self-oxidation of the lipids dants generally used in agribusiness industries are produced during the processes of conservation and currently questioned in reason of potential toxico- transformation of food is a very complex purely logical risks (e.g., buthylhydroxyanisol (BHA), chemical process, involved in radicalization reac- buthylhydroxytoluene (BHT) and tions able to self-maintaining and requiring only the tertiobutylhydroquinone (TBHQ))[3,4], new vegetable presence of atmospheric oxygen. It is responsible of sources of natural antioxidant s are thus searched. the formation of chemical compounds harmful for Many works, in particular those of Chimi[5,6], at- the health of the animals as well as men[1]. test the role of some phenolic compounds extracted An antioxidant is a substance which, added to from virgin olive oils on the good resistance to low dose with a naturally oxydable product with the radicalizing oxidation : the major compounds are air, is able to slow down the phenomenon of oxida- oleuropeine, tyrosol, hydroxytyrosol and cafeic 240 Antioxidant properties of essential oils extra.cted from three species of Moroccan junipers ESAIJ, 11(7) 2015 Current Research Paper acid[7]. In this context, the antioxidant properties of Chromatographic analyses the volatile extracts from aromatic plants were Gas Chromatographic (GC) analyses were per- largely studied in the aim of protection against the formed with a Hewlett-Packard (HP 6890), [8] × unsaturated fatty acids from animal origin . Thus, equipped with a capillary column HP-5 (30m an extraction using supercritical CO allowed µm film thickness) and a detector FID 2 0.25mm, 0.25 [9] °C provided by H2/Air gas mixture and split- Djamarti and al. (1991) to obtain from rosemary at 250 °C. The injection and sage an extract rich in carnosol and ramanol, splitless injector heated at 250 molecules whose antioxidant capacity can be equiva- mode is split (with a split ratio of 1/50 and flow at lent or even higher than that of BHT. 66 ml/min). The vector gas used is N2 with 1.7 ml/ In this context, the aim of the present work is to min. The column temperature was programmed from °-200°C at 4°C/min. The apparatus was guided evaluate the antioxidant activity of essential oils from 50 “HP ChemStation,” which the branches of Juniperus thurifera, J. oxycedrus by a computer system type and J. phoenicea collected in various areas of Mo- manages the apparatus functioning and allows moni- rocco for the valorization of these three aromatic toring of chromatography analyses. The injected vol- µl. The identification of constitu- plants. A comparison with the value found for the ume was about 1 compound of reference buthylhydroxytoluene (BHT) ents was achieved on the basis of retention indices was made. and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/ MS). The GC/MS analyses were performed on a MATERIALS AND METHODS Hewlett-Packard (HP 6890) coupled with a mass spectrometer (HP 5973). Fragmentation was by elec- Plant material tron impact under 70 eV field. The column used was a capillary column HP-5MS (5% phenyl methyl si- The aerial parts (stems and leaves) of Juniperus × 0.25 mm, 0.25 µm film thickness). thurifera (thuriferous juniper) and J. oxycedrus were loxane: 30 m The vector gas was Helium with 1.5 ml/min. The collected in March (2008). The samples of °- column temperature was programmed from 50 thuriferous juniper come from Jbel Bouiblane in °C at 4°C/min. The oil components were identi- Eastern Middle-Atlas (Morocco) and those of the J. 200 oxycedrus from Taffert forest in Eastern Middle- fied by comparing the retention indices of authentic Atlas (Morocco). The harvest of the samples of materials with those of substances present in the Juniperus phoenicea (red juniper) was carried out mixture and by further confirming their identities MS during Mars (2009) in Aghbar forest (High Atlas, (library of NIST 98 spectra). Morocco). The taxonomic identification of plant Antioxidant activity materials was confirmed by A. Aafi, botanist from To evaluate the antioxidant activity, the method the Center of forest Research of Rabat, Morocco. of 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) as de- Distillation of essential oils scribed by Leitao (2002) and Chen (2004) was used[11,12]. The experiment was carried out in a spec- The isolation of essential oils was achieved by trophotometer (UV/visible) monochromatic (Littrow hydrodistillation that was carried out using a 1200 lines/mm per stage) of type M550 Camspec, [10] Clevenger-type distillation system . The distilla- controlled by a computing system with a bidirec- tion of each sample lasted approximately 4 hours. tional numerical interface (RS232C) and a screen For each distillation, 200g of fresh raw material was of posting LCD backlit (1/4 VGA 320 X 240 pixels) used. Previously, the moisture of the samples was at 517 nm. We prepared the solution of DPPH by the measured in order to calculate the essential oil yields dissolution of 4 mg of the powder in 100 ml of etha- corresponding to 100g of dry matter. Essential oils nol (EtOH). The samples of essential oils were pre- µg/ ml. These solu- were dried over anhydrous sodium sulphate and pared in EtOH at a rate of 20 °C in the dark until testing and analyzing stored at 4 . tions, then underwent dilutions to obtain the follow- Environmental Science An Indian Journal ESAIJ, 11(7) 2015 Badr Satrani et al. 241 Current Research Paper µg/ ing concentrations: 1.25, 2.5, 5, 10, 20 and 40 myrcene (3.13%) (Figure 1). Those from J. á- ml and the test was carried out by mixing 4 ml of oxycedrus and J. phoenicea are dominated by DPPH solution with 1 ml of essential oils to be tested pinene with respective rates of 52.13 and 64.19%. with various concentrations. The reference antioxi- We also note the presence in outstanding quantity of á-phellandrene dant or positive control (BHT) was also prepared limonene (7.32%), (5.59%), 14-hy- according to the same method. After a 30 min incu- droxy-9-epi-E-caryophyllene (5.44%) and bation period at room temperature, the absorbance germacrene D (4%) in the essential oils from ä-3-careens was read against a blank at 517 nm. Inhibition free branches of J. oxycedrus and (14.84%), radical DPPH in percent (I %) was calculated as myrcene (2.69%) and fenchone (2.12%) in essen- follows[12, 13] : tial oils of J. phoenicea (Figures 2 and 3). In addi- × (A tion, each species shows certain specificities in ter- I% = 100 blank - A test)/A blank penic compounds such as the terpin-4-ol (12.76%), Where Ablank is the absorbance of the control reac- á-oxide â-E-ocymene tion (containing all reagents except the test com- pinene (10.89%) and (4.38%) for the essential oils from J. thurifera, 14-hydroxy- pound), and Atest is the absorbance of the test com- â-cymene pound. The graph of the percentages of inhibition 9-epi-E-caryophyllene (5.44%), (1.56%) according to the concentration of essential oil makes and manoyl oxide (1.82%) for essential oils from J. it possible to determine the IC50 and the value ob- oxycedrus and fenchone (2.12%), camphor (0.30%) tained is compared with that found for the compound and citronellol (0.71%) for essential oils from J.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • The Mediterranean Forests Are Extraordinarily Beautiful, a Fascinating an Extraordinary Patrimony of Wealth Whose Conservation Can Be Highly Controversy
    THE editerraneanFORESTS mA NEW CONSERVATION STRATEGY 1 3 2 4 5 6 the unveiled a meeting point the mediterranean: amazing plant an unknown millennia forests on the global 200 the terrestrial current a brand new the state of WWF a new approach wealth of the of nature a sea of forests diversity animal world of human the wane in the sub-ecoregions mediterranean tool: the gap mediterranean in action for forest mediterranean and civilisations interaction with mediterranean in the forest cover analysis forests protection forests forests mediterranean 23 46 81012141617 18 19 22 24 7 1 Argania spinosa fruits, Essaouira, Morocco. Credit: WWF/P. Regato 2 Reed-parasol maker, Tunisia. Credit: WWF-Canon/M. Gunther 3 Black-shouldered Kite. Credit: Francisco Márquez 4 Endemic mountain Aquilegia, Corsica. Credit: WWF/P. Regato 5 Sacred ibis. Credit: Alessandro Re 6 Joiner, Kure Mountains, Turkey. Credit: WWF/P. Regato 7 Barbary ape, Morocco. Credit: A. & J. Visage/Panda Photo It is like no other region on Earth. Exotic, diverse, roamed by mythical WWF Mediterranean Programme Office launched its campaign in 1999 creatures, deeply shaped by thousands of years of human intervention, the to protect 10 outstanding forest sites among the 300 identified through cradle of civilisations. a comprehensive study all over the region. When we talk about the Mediterranean region, you could be forgiven for The campaign has produced encouraging results in countries such as Spain, thinking of azure seas and golden beaches, sun and sand, a holidaymaker’s Turkey, Croatia and Lebanon. NATURE AND CULTURE, of forest environments in the region. But in recent times, the balance AN INTIMATE RELATIONSHIP Long periods of considerable forest between nature and humankind has paradise.
    [Show full text]
  • Phylogenetic Analyses of Juniperus Species in Turkey and Their Relations with Other Juniperus Based on Cpdna Supervisor: Prof
    MOLECULAR PHYLOGENETIC ANALYSES OF JUNIPERUS L. SPECIES IN TURKEY AND THEIR RELATIONS WITH OTHER JUNIPERS BASED ON cpDNA A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF NATURAL AND APPLIED SCIENCES OF MIDDLE EAST TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY BY AYSUN DEMET GÜVENDİREN IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY IN BIOLOGY APRIL 2015 Approval of the thesis MOLECULAR PHYLOGENETIC ANALYSES OF JUNIPERUS L. SPECIES IN TURKEY AND THEIR RELATIONS WITH OTHER JUNIPERS BASED ON cpDNA submitted by AYSUN DEMET GÜVENDİREN in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Department of Biological Sciences, Middle East Technical University by, Prof. Dr. Gülbin Dural Ünver Dean, Graduate School of Natural and Applied Sciences Prof. Dr. Orhan Adalı Head of the Department, Biological Sciences Prof. Dr. Zeki Kaya Supervisor, Dept. of Biological Sciences METU Examining Committee Members Prof. Dr. Musa Doğan Dept. Biological Sciences, METU Prof. Dr. Zeki Kaya Dept. Biological Sciences, METU Prof.Dr. Hayri Duman Biology Dept., Gazi University Prof. Dr. İrfan Kandemir Biology Dept., Ankara University Assoc. Prof. Dr. Sertaç Önde Dept. Biological Sciences, METU Date: iii I hereby declare that all information in this document has been obtained and presented in accordance with academic rules and ethical conduct. I also declare that, as required by these rules and conduct, I have fully cited and referenced all material and results that are not original to this work. Name, Last name : Aysun Demet GÜVENDİREN Signature : iv ABSTRACT MOLECULAR PHYLOGENETIC ANALYSES OF JUNIPERUS L. SPECIES IN TURKEY AND THEIR RELATIONS WITH OTHER JUNIPERS BASED ON cpDNA Güvendiren, Aysun Demet Ph.D., Department of Biological Sciences Supervisor: Prof.
    [Show full text]
  • Juniperus Thurifera
    Juniperus thurifera Juniperus thurifera in Europe: distribution, habitat, usage and threats A. Gastón González, J. I. García-Viñas, S. Saura, G. Caudullo, D. de Rigo The Spanish juniper (Juniperus thurifera L.) is a small coniferous evergreen tree that forms open woodlands on poor soils with Mediterranean continental climate. Its natural range is the western part of the Mediterranean basin, mainly Spain, where is currently colonising new areas due to abandonment of arable lands. The Spanish juniper woodlands are protected habitats by European legislation. The Spanish juniper (Juniperus thurifera L.) is an evergreen coniferous shrub or tree, which can grow up to 20 m1, but usually Frequency has a height of 5-12 m. The crown is pyramidal in youth and < 25% then it becomes broad, rounded, and often irregular. The bark is 25% - 50% 50% - 75% thin, dark brown, grey-brown at maturity, scaly and exfoliating in > 75% strips. Leaves are light green, 2 mm long, acute scaly, appressed, Chorology Native covering completely the twigs. This tree species is dioecious. Flowers in male trees are clustered in 3-4 mm yellow spherical cones. Female trees have almost undetectable flowers that ripen into 7-8 mm berry-like dark-purple fleshy cones2. Berry-like dark-blue seed cones: they mature over a period of around 18 months. Distribution (Copyright Gaston Aitor: CC-BY) The Spanish juniper is endemic to South-Western Europe and viable seeds9. Despite its tolerance to harsh climatic conditions, 3 North Africa . European juniper woodlands are mainly in Spain, a large contraction of the Spanish juniper range is expected as a 4 covering about 600 000 ha , but also occur in French Alps and result of climate change15.
    [Show full text]
  • Juniperus Thurifera
    Biological Conservation 70 (1994) 129-134 © 1994 Elsevier Science Limited Printed in Great Britain. All rights reserved 0006-3207/94/$07.00 ELSEVIER INFLUENCE OF FOREST FRAGMENTATION ON SEED CONSUMPTION AND DISPERSAL OF SPANISH JUNIPER Juniperus thurifera Tomfis Santos & Jos6 L. Telleria Departamento de Biologia Animal I ( Zoologia). Facultad de Biologia, Universidad Complutense, 28040 Madrid, Spain (Received 26 June 1993; revised version received 10 January 1994; accepted 20 January 1994) Abstract consumers of seeds and fruits in these isolated habitats, We examined the effects of fragmentation on Spanish Telleria et al. (1991) showed that the density of winter- juniper Juniperus thurifera in central Spain by comparing ing mice in holm oak Quercus ilex woodlots increases as eight small forest fragments (SF: 0.2-16 ha) with two forest size decreases, and suggested that regeneration large forests (LF: 150 and 270 ha). Wood mice Apode- and long-term persistence of plant species whose mus sylvaticus, the only rodent seed eaters, were 8.9 propagules are consumed might be threatened within times more dense in SF, whereas thrushes Turdus spp., the fragments. the main avian seed dispersers, were 4.6 times more In this paper we analyse some effects of forest frag- abundant in LF. Finches (seed eaters) were scarce in mentation on the dispersal ecology of Spanish juniper both forest groups. Mean fruit abundance was signifi- Juniperus thurifera in an area of central Spain. In this cantly higher in LF. Seed consumption was mainly by area, Spanish juniper is a scarce tree species in forests mice in SF and by finches in LF.
    [Show full text]
  • Genetic Diversity and Differentiation of Juniperus Thurifera in Spain and Morocco As Determined by SSR
    Genetic Diversity and Differentiation of Juniperus thurifera in Spain and Morocco as Determined by SSR Helena Teixeira, Susana Rodrı´guez-Echeverrı´a*, Cristina Nabais Centro de Ecologia Funcional, Departamento de Cieˆncias da Vida, Universidade de Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal Abstract Juniperus thurifera L. is an important tree endemic to the western Mediterranean basin that it is able to grow in semi-arid climates. It nowadays exhibits a disjunct distribution pattern, occurring in North Africa, Spain, France and the Italian Alps. The Strait of Gibraltar has acted as an efficient barrier against gene flow between African and European populations, which are considered different subspecies by some authors. We aimed at describing the intraspecific genetic diversity of J. thurifera in populations from the Iberian Peninsula and Morocco and the phylogeographical relationships among these populations. The ploidy level of J. thurifera was examined and eleven nuclear microsatellites (nSSRs) developed for J. thurifera were assessed for genotyping this species. Six nSSRs were polymorphic and subsequently used to assess the genetic diversity and structure of the studied populations. Genotyping of the tetraploid J. thurifera using nuclear microsatellites supports the separation of Moroccan and Spanish populations into two genetically differentiated groups that correspond to the proposed subspecies africana and thurifera. High values of within population genetic diversity were found, that accounted for 90% of the total genetic variance, while population structure was weak. The estimators of genetic diversity were higher in populations of Spain than in populations of Morocco pointing for a possible loss of genetic diversity during the spread of this species to Africa from Europe.
    [Show full text]
  • Mast Seeding Does Not Follow All Mast Flowering Episodes in a Dioecious
    Oikos 121: 1725–1736, 2012 doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0706.2011.20399.x © 2012 e Authors. Oikos © 2012 Nordic Society Oikos Subject Editor: Stan Boutin. Accepted 8 December 2011 Masting uncoupling: mast seeding does not follow all mast flowering episodes in a dioecious juniper tree Daniel Montesinos, Patricio García-Fayos and Miguel Verdú D. Montesinos ([email protected]), P. García-Fayos and M. Verdú, CIDE (CSIC-UV-GV), Carretera Moncada - Náquera, Km. 4.5, ES-46113 València, Spain. DM also at: Center for Functional Ecology, Univ. de Coimbra, Apartado 3046, PT-3001-401, Coimbra, Portugal. Evolutionary selective forces, like predator satiation and pollination efficiency, are acknowledged to be major causes of masting (the variable, periodic and synchronic production of seeds in a population). However, a number of recent studies indicate that resources might also play an important role on shaping masting patterns. Dioecious masting species offer a privileged framework to study the role of resources on masting variation, since male and female plants often experience different reproductive costs and selective pressures. We followed masting and reproductive investment (RI) of the dioe- cious tree Juniperus thurifera in two populations along 10 years and studied the different response of males and females to experimentally increased water and nutrient availability in a third population. Juniperus thurifera females invested in reproduction three times more resources than males. Such disparity generated different resource-use strategies in male and female trees. Tree-ring growth and water use efficiency (WUE) confirmed that sexes differed in their resource investment temporal pattern, with males using current resources for reproduction and females using resources accumulated during longer periods.
    [Show full text]
  • The Potential of Juniperus Thurifera to Sequester Carbon in Semi-Arid Forest Soil in Spain
    Article The Potential of Juniperus thurifera to Sequester Carbon in Semi-Arid Forest Soil in Spain Elena Charro *, Amelia Moyano and Raquel Cabezón Area de Didáctica de las Ciencias Experimentales, Universidad de Valladolid, Valladolid 47011, Spain; [email protected] (A.M.); [email protected] (R.C.) * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +34-983-423-466 Received: 20 July 2017; Accepted: 2 September 2017; Published: 6 September 2017 Abstract: The main purpose of this work is to show the influence of vegetation in the storage and stabilisation of organic carbon in semi-arid Juniperus thurifera (J. thurifera) forest soil in central Spain. The variability of the organic matter storage with factors such as sex, trunk diameter and the protection of the canopy of the tree has been analysed. The distribution of the soil organic carbon (SOC) into different fractions has also been determined, in order to estimate the stability of the organic matter. The results show that the SOC concentration has no dependence on the sex of the tree, but it increases with the diameter of the trunk and under the protection of the tree canopy. This study found that the organic matter of the J. thurifera forest soil has a high proportion of recalcitrant organic fraction, humin, which suggests that, given its organic matter stability, J. thurifera forest soils could be a real carbon sink. Consequently, the conservation of this type of old forest ecosystem is important for promoting carbon sequestration. Keywords: Juniperus thurifera; forest soils; organic carbon stability; humus fractions 1. Introduction Climate change is one of today’s most important global environmental issues, which directly affects all natural ecosystems and socio-economic systems [1].
    [Show full text]
  • Sexual Dimorphism in the Chemical Composition of Male and Female in the Dioecious Tree, Juniperus Communis L., Growing Under Different Nutritional Conditions
    International Journal of Molecular Sciences Article Sexual Dimorphism in the Chemical Composition of Male and Female in the Dioecious Tree, Juniperus communis L., Growing under Different Nutritional Conditions Mariola Rabska 1,* , Emilia Pers-Kamczyc 1 , Roma Zytkowiak˙ 1 , Dawid Adamczyk 1 and Grzegorz Iszkuło 1,2 1 Institute of Dendrology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Parkowa 5, 62-035 Kórnik, Poland; [email protected] (E.P.-K.); [email protected] (R.Z.);˙ [email protected] (D.A.); [email protected] (G.I.) 2 Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Zielona Góra, Prof. Z. Szafrana 1, 65-516 Zielona Góra, Poland * Correspondence: [email protected] Received: 25 September 2020; Accepted: 27 October 2020; Published: 30 October 2020 Abstract: We hypothesized that female and male individuals of the dioecious tree species, Juniperus communis, exhibit different strategies of resource allocation when growing under stress conditions. To test this hypothesis, we performed a two-year pot experiment on plants exposed to different levels of nutrient availability. Analysis of the plants revealed a higher concentration of carbohydrates, carbon, and phenolic compounds in needles of female plants, indicating that females allocate more resources to storage and defense than males. This difference was independent of nutrient availability. Differences in carbohydrates levels between the sexes were most often significant in June, during the most intensive phase of vegetative growth in both sexes, but could also be attributed to female resources investment in cone development. A higher level of nitrogen and other macroelements was observed in males than in females, which may have been connected to the accumulation of resources (nitrogen) for pollen grain production in males or greater allocation of these elements to seeds and cones in females.
    [Show full text]
  • Collecting Rare Conifers in North Africa
    Collecting Rare Conifers in North Africa ’ Robert G. Nicholson Conifer seeds gathered on mountain peaks in Morocco may yield varieties more cold-hardy than those now in cultivation As the cold came on, and as each more southern zone became fitted for the inhabitants of the north, these would take the places of the former inhabitants of the temperate regions. The latter, at the same time, would travel further and further southward, unless they were stopped by barners, m which case they would pensh. The mountams would become covered with snow and ice and them former Alpine inhabitants would descend to the plams. By the time that the cold had reached its maximum, we should have an arctic fauna and flora, covering the central parts of Europe, as far south as the Alps and Pyrenees, and even stretching mto Spam. -Charles Darwm The Origin of Species Had the master biologist, Charles Darwin, collecting focussed on the native conifers, travelled in North Africa, he might have which are poorly represented in botanical amended his discourse on glaciation to include gardens. It was important that I collect the those lands south of the Pyrenees and Spain. seeds from as high an elevation as possible to For in Morocco and Algeria a number of ensure that the resulting seedlings would be peaks are high enough to have harbored an of maximum hardiness. This meant exten- alpine flora that was spreading from Europe sive travelling and walking, since the isolated during the periods of glaciation. And upon peaks stand far from the major cities and these mountains there live today relict popu- stretch high above the nearest villages.
    [Show full text]
  • Southern Garden History Plant Lists
    Southern Plant Lists Southern Garden History Society A Joint Project With The Colonial Williamsburg Foundation September 2000 1 INTRODUCTION Plants are the major component of any garden, and it is paramount to understanding the history of gardens and gardening to know the history of plants. For those interested in the garden history of the American south, the provenance of plants in our gardens is a continuing challenge. A number of years ago the Southern Garden History Society set out to create a ‘southern plant list’ featuring the dates of introduction of plants into horticulture in the South. This proved to be a daunting task, as the date of introduction of a plant into gardens along the eastern seaboard of the Middle Atlantic States was different than the date of introduction along the Gulf Coast, or the Southern Highlands. To complicate maters, a plant native to the Mississippi River valley might be brought in to a New Orleans gardens many years before it found its way into a Virginia garden. A more logical project seemed to be to assemble a broad array plant lists, with lists from each geographic region and across the spectrum of time. The project’s purpose is to bring together in one place a base of information, a data base, if you will, that will allow those interested in old gardens to determine the plants available and popular in the different regions at certain times. This manual is the fruition of a joint undertaking between the Southern Garden History Society and the Colonial Williamsburg Foundation. In choosing lists to be included, I have been rather ruthless in expecting that the lists be specific to a place and a time.
    [Show full text]
  • 5210 Arborescent Matorral with Juniperus Spp
    Technical Report 2008 10/24 MANAGEMENT of Natura 2000 habitats Arborescent matorral with Juniperus spp. 5210 Directive 92/43/EEC on the conservation of natural habitats and of wild fauna and flora The European Commission (DG ENV B2) commissioned the Management of Natura 2000 habitats. 5210 Arborescent matorral with Juniperus spp. This document was prepared in March 2008 by Barbara Calaciura and Oliviero Spinelli, Comunità Ambiente, Italy Comments, data or general information were generously provided by: Daniela Zaghi (Comunità Ambiente, Italy) Concha Olmeda (ATECMA, Spain) Ana Guimarães (ATECMA, Portugal) Mats O.G. Eriksson (Mk Natur- Och Miljökonsult HB, Sweden) Nevio Agostini (Foreste Casentinesi National Park, Italy) Guy Beaufoy, EFNCP - European Forum on Nature Conservation and Pastoralism, UK Gwyn Jones, EFNCP - European Forum on Nature Conservation and Pastoralism, UK Coordination: Concha Olmeda, ATECMA & Daniela Zaghi, Comunità Ambiente ©2008 European Communities ISBN 978-92-79-08325-9 Reproduction is authorised provided the source is acknowledged Calaciura B. & Spinelli O. 2008. Management of Natura 2000 habitats. 5210 Arborescent matorral with Juniperus spp. European Commission This document, which has been prepared in the framework of a service contract (7030302/2006/453813/MAR/B2 "Natura 2000 preparatory actions: Management Models for Natura 2000 Sites”), is not legally binding. Contract realized by: ATECMA S.L. (Spain), COMUNITÀ AMBIENTE (Italy), DAPHNE (Slovakia), ECOSYSTEMS (Belgium), ECOSPHÈRE (France) and MK NATUR- OCH
    [Show full text]
  • Juniperus Thurifera, Spanish Juniper Friends
    Plant of the Month, June 2016 Juniperus thurifera, Spanish juniper Friends General information : Junipers are evergreen conifers in the cypress family. They vary from tall trees to low, trailing shrubs. All Junipers have distinctive seed cones that look like berries but are actually 2 to 3 of pairs of incurved bracts fused to form a very small Geel cone. Junipers can be monoecious or dioecious. Juniperus thurifera is dioecious. On female trees the 7- 10mm cones, which are terminal, begin as green, ong Botanic Gardens spend most of their life as dark blue with a whitish waxy bloom and mature to dark purple in about 18 months. Each cone contains up to 3 seeds which are dispersed by animals and birds, particularly thrushes. (Male cones on male trees are 3-4 mm long, yellow- green maturing to light brown and shed pollen in early Spring.) Juniperus thurifera var. africana is threatened in the wild, but Juniperus thurifera var. gallica remains a stable woodland species and there are famous, old- growth Juniperus thurifera forests in Spain (eg in the Sierra di Solonco) in which the juniper grows among oak species. Juniperus thurifera in the GBG Cherry Collins GBG specimen: Our Juniperus thurifera is a female tree with dark blue berry-like cones. It is one of GBG’s Heritage Listed trees. It is listed as the only confirmed member of the species in Victoria. It is estimated to have been planted in the first decade of the 20th century and thus to be over 100 years old. The species can live for 500 years.
    [Show full text]