HISTORICAL REVIEW" \PRIL 1962 G. C. Bingham's "County Election' The State Historical Society of Missouri COLUMBIA, MISSOURI THE STATE HISTORICAL SOCIETY OF MISSOURI The State Historical Society of Missouri, heretofore organized under the laws of this State, shall be the trustee of this State—Laws of Missouri, 1899, R. S. of Mo., 1949, Chapter 183. OFFICERS 1959 1962 E. L. DALE, Carthage, President L. E. MEADOR, Springfield, First Vice President WILLIAM L. BKADSHAW, Columbia, Second Vice President GEORGE W. SOMERVILLE, Chillicothe, Third Vice President RUSSELL V. DYE, Liberty, Fourth Vice President WILLIAM C. TUCKER, Warrensburg, Fifth Vice President JOHN A. WINKLER, Hannibal, Sixth Vice President R. B. PRICE, Columbia, Treasurer FLOYD C. SHOEMAKER, Columbia, Secretary Emeritus and Consultant RICHARD S. BROWNLEE, Columbia, Director, Secretary, and Librarian TRUSTEES Permanent Trustees, Former Presidents of the Society RUSH H. LIMBAUGH, Cape Girardeau E. E. SWAIN, Kirksville GEORGE A. ROZIER, Jefferson City L. M. WHITE, Mexico Term Expires at Annual Meeting, 1962 F. C. BARNHILL, Marshall ROBERT NAGEL JONES, St. Louis FRANK P. BRIGGS, Macon FLOYD C. SHOEMAKER, Columbia HENRY A. BUNDSCHU, Independence WILLIAM C. TUCKER, Warrensburg W. C. HEWITT, Shelbyville ROY D. WILLIAMS, Boonville Term Expires at Annual Meeting, 1963 RALPH P. BIEBER, St. Louis LEO J. ROZIER, Perryville BARTLETT BODER, St. Joseph W. WALLACE SMITH, Independence L. E. MEADOR, Springfield JACK STAPLETON, Stanberry JOSEPH H. MOORE, Charleston HENRY C. THOMPSON, Bonne Terre Term Expires at Annual Meeting, 1964 WILLIAM R. DENSLOW, Trenton FRANK LUTHER MOTT, Columbia ALFRED O. FUERBRINGER, St. Louis GEORGE H. SCRUTON, Sedalia GEORGE FULLER GREEN, Kansas City JAMES TODD, Moberly ROBERT S. GREEN, Mexico T. BALLARD WATTERS, Marshfield EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE The thirty Trustees, the President and the Secretary of the Society, the Governor, Secretary of State, State Treasurer, and President of the University of Missouri constitute the Executive Committee. FINANCE COMMITTEE Five members of the Executive Committee appointed by the President of the Society at each annual meeting of the Executive Committee constitute the Finance Committee. L. M. WHITE, Mexico, Chairman ELMER ELLIS, Columbia GEORGE A. ROZIER, Jefferson City W. C. HEWITT, Shelbyville T. BALLARD WATTERS, Marshfield Missouri Historical Review RICHARD S. BROWNLEE JAMES E. MOSS Editor Assistant Editor Published Quarterly by THE STATE HISTORICAL SOCIETY OF MISSOURI COLUMBIA, MISSOURI VOL. LVI APRIL 1962 No. 3 The Missouri Historical Review is published quarterly at 119 S. Elson Street, Kirksville, Mis­ souri. Send communications and change of address to The State Historical Society of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri. Second class postage is paid at Kirksville, Missouri. The Review is sent free to all members of The State Historical Society of Missouri. Membership dues in the Society are $1.00 a year or $20 for a life membership. The Society assumes no respon­ sibility for statements made by contributors to the magazine. CONTENTS Page GOVERNOR DANIEL DUNKLIN'S JACKSONIAN DEMOCRACY IN MISSOURI, 1832-1836. By James Roger Sharp 217 YINNIE REAM: PORTRAIT OF A SCULPTOR. By Maude E. Griffin 230 ORGANIZED LABOR IN MISSOURI POLITICS BEFORE THE CIVIL WAR. By Walter R. Houf 244 BEGINNING OF THE PARK AND BOULEVARD MOVEMENT IN FRONTIER KANSAS CITY, 1872-1882. By William II. Wilson 255 How TO REBURY A REVOLUTIONARY SOLDIER. By William R. Gentry, Jr.. .274 HISTORICAL NOTES AND COMMENTS Members Active in Increasing the Society's Membership 280 New Members in the Historical Society 283 Missouri News 289 Local Historical Societies 292 Anniversaries 297 Honors and Tributes 298 Notes 298 Obituaries 301 Historical Publications 303 MISSOURI HISTORY NOT FOUND IN TEXTBOOKS 310 THE PIUS XII MEMORIAL LIBRARY Verso Back Cover JOSEPH O. SHELBY Back Cover THE COVER: George Caleb Bingham, speaking to a University of Missouri audience on the ideal and the utility of art, proclaimed that "Art is indeed the chief agent in securing national immortality." In his painting entitled "County Election" Bingham certainly has captured, if not immortalized, a chief char­ acteristic of American political life during the era of Jacksonian Democracy which is related to the article beginning on page 217 of this issue of the Review. Bingham executed two paintings of "County Election" during 1851 and 1852, one of which is now owned by the City Art Museum of St. Louis and the other by the Boat­ man's National Bank of St. Louis. John Sartain made a steel engraving after the painting in 1854 from which the cover illustration was taken. A copy from the engraving now hangs in the Art Gallery of the State Historical Society of Missouri. GOV. DANIEL DUNKLIN'S JACKSONIAN DEMOCRACY IN MISSOURI, 1832-1836 BY JAMES ROGER SHARP* Strauss Portrait Daniel Dunklin A generation ago, a distinguished historian, Arthur Schlesinger, Sr., questioned the sincerity of American state rightists in an essay, "The State Rights Fetish." He attacked advocates of the historical doctrine of state rights for their inconsistency, asserting that they have employed the doctrine only as a tool to promote economic or other local interests. Furthermore, Schlesinger contended, state rights agitation has been only sporadic, with the party in power generally urging broad construction of the constitu­ tion and increased federal power, and the minority party usually claiming that the best interests of the country would be served if the constitution was strictly construed and a tight rein held on federal power.1 A Missouri Jacksonian, Daniel Dunklin, however, does not fall so neatly into Schlesinger's analysis. As governor of Missouri from 1832 to 1836, Dunklin displayed a firm but moderate position as a ''state right man" and through his actions helped shape the develop­ ment of Jacksonian democracy in Missouri around a doctrinal core of state rights. Dunklin's fear of the encroachment of federal power upon the rights of the individual states and his strict constructionist point of view molded his reactions to major national and state issues of the day: the Second Bank of the United States, the South Carolina Ordinance of Nullification, the protective tariff, federal internal *James Roger Sharp, A.M., is a teaching assistant at the University of California at Berkeley where he is a candidate for the Ph.D. degree in American History. xArthur Meier Schlesinger, Sr., New Viewpoints in American History (New York, 1932), 220-244. 217 218 Missouri Historical Review improvements, and the creation of a state bank in Missouri. Another phase of Dunklin's Jacksonian democracy in Missouri was his initiation of various social programs such as the establishment of the Missouri state public school system and the reform of the penal system. During Dunklin's term of office, political parties in today's sense did not exist in Missouri. There were, however, two loosely organized political groups or parties: the Jacksonian Democrats and the National-Republicians, sometimes known as the Whigs, Clay Men, Adams Men, Federalists, or often just the "opposition."2 To further complicate the Missouri political scene, within the Missouri Jackson party there was a small group of renegades who usually backed Andrew Jackson for president but embraced the alien political philosophy of Henry Clay and the National- Republicans. More than likely these men used Jackson's popular name in order to increase their chances of election. John C. Miller, Jacksonian governor of Missouri, 1828-1832, warned Dunklin of these "opportunists" who were using Jackson's name to further their own political careers and Clay's American System. Miller dubbed these opportunists "counterfeit" Jackson men.3 However, most of the Missouri Jacksonians, including Dunklin, Miller, and Missouri's colorful United States Senator Thomas Hart Benton, supported Jackson's political program in addition to endorsing him for President. The National-Republicans or Whigs had little support in Missouri and often backed the "counterfeit" Jackson men in elections.4 Although the "counterfeit" Jacksonians professed to support Jackson for President and the National-Republicans backed Clay, cooperation between the two groups came easily since both favored the American System with its philosophy of an expanded federal government. As the National-Republicans or Whigs became better organized and stronger both nationally and in Missouri, these "counterfeit" Jackson men evolved into the Whig ranks. Although these factions divided Missouri during the years Dunklin was governor, party lines cannot be drawn strictly because the frontier state was divided by personalities and issues.5 Perhaps 2Leota Newhard, "The Beginnings of the Whig Partv in Missouri, 1824-1840," Missouri His­ torical Review, XXV (1930-31), 262. 3John C. Miller to Daniel Dunklin, September 16, 1832. Daniel Dunklin Collection, Western Historical Manuscripts Collection, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri. 4Marvin R. Cain, "Edward Bates: The Rise of a Western Politician, 1814-1842" (Unpublished Master's thesis, University of Missouri, 1957), 80. 5Frederic Arthur Culmer, A New History of Missouri (Mexico, Missouri, 1938), 240. Gov. Daniel Dunklin's Jacksonian Democracy 219 the major national issue that split Missourians was the question of rechartering the Second Bank of the United States. The con­ troversy over the bank had been simmering for several years. The bank had received a twenty-year charter in 1816, but early in 1832,