ANN MARY SCHOOL, DEHRADUN. Project Work Assignment for Class XII (2020-2021)

ANN MARY SCHOOL, DEHRADUN. Project work Assignment for class XII (2020-2021)

( Dear Students you can make soft copy of the projects or use whatever stationery material is available at home )

Environment Science

(To be done in project work sheets)

Layout of Project

1.Content [1 page]

2. Introduction to topic [1- 2 pages]

3. Presentation [should contain :tables, chart, pictures, hand made diagrams, newspaper cuttings, photographs , primary data interpretation and analysis etc] pages25-35

4. Conclusion [your interpretation, what you learned while doing the project]

5. Bibliography

List of topics

Choose any one

1) Smart City Project

2) Aquaculture

3) Organic farming

4) Animal Husbandary

5) Conservation of wildlife

6) Project Elephant

7) Project Tiger

8) Biotechnology

9) Composting

10) Genetically modified food

11) Green revolution 12) Herbicides

13) Ozone layer depletion

14) Climate change

15) Green house effect

!6) Agroforestry

!7) Sustainable development

18) Ecotourism

19) Watershed management

20) Local environment problem and its solution

21) Rainwater harvesting

22) Design and conduct an environment impact Assessment

************************************************************************* POLITICAL SCIENCE

Draft a compendium of not more than 40 pages, comprising any one of the following 1) A Case Study – ‘Ayushman Bharat Scheme’ 2) Survey Study with a questionnaire - Critical Appreciation of ‘Ujjwala’ Yojana 3) Research based project with analytical outcome – ‘Changing Dynamics of Politics in India’ 4) National Political Issue – ‘Corona as an Epidemic’, 5) Book or Film Review – any one of your choice

Guidelines : You are to use - 1) A5 Size punching file / spiral binding set (for Std. XI and XII), 2) Illustrations with relevant headings, 3) Cover the project in white mentioning the title, your name, class and section, 4) The order of your submission must be – Cover Page, Acknowledgement, Index, Glossary, Chapters, Conclusion and Bibliography. *************************************************************************

Project Work – Physics

S.N. NAME TOPIC 1. Aksh Negi Capacitors 2. Akshat Saksena Electromagnetic waves 3. Anant Thapliyal Alternating Current 4. Arnav Thakur Optical Fibre 5. Ayush Baurai Optical Instruments 6. Ayush Kumar Interference of light 7. Devansh Saxena Polarisation of light 8. Divjot Singh Nuclear Structure 9. Hardik Mittal Radioactivity 10. Karan Srivastava Semiconductors 11. Kartikeya Jain Junction diodes 12. Kaustubh Khali Logic gates 13. Leena Gupta Communication system 14. Mahika Dawar Nuclear fission and fusion 15. Manav Khandurie Refraction of light 16. Maira Khan Photoelectric effect 17. Parth Anand Spherical mirrors 18. Prakriti Vashishta Electromagnetic induction 19. Radhika Goel Magnetism 20. Rudra Vats Capacitors 21. Rudransh Pokhriyal Alternating current 22. Sankalp Bansal Communication system 23. Satwik Jauhari Radioactivity 24. Swasti Pande Polarisation of light 25. Vibhuti Joshi Electromagnetic waves 26. Vividh Pandey Interference of light 27. Yash WardhanLakhera Semi conductors 28. Yugal Pandey Optical fibre 29. Mridu Tiwari Logic gates 30. Vrisha Garg Magnetism 31. Muskan Asthana Spherical mirrors 32. Manvi Taneja Optical fibre

Project Work – Physics

Class – XII (B)

S.N. NAME TOPIC 1. Ahannatha Pradhan Capacitors 2. Ananya Bhardwaj Electromagnetic Waves 3. Anushka Thapliyal Alternating Current 4. Danyal Ahmed Khan Optical Fibre 5. Dev Chadha Optical Instruments 6. Dhananjay Jhala Interference of light 7. Divyansh Joshi Polarisation of light 8. Gunjan Pharasi Nuclear Structure 9. Harshit Gouri Radioactivity 10. Harshita Aggarwal Semi Conductors 11. Kawalpreet Singh Junction Diodes 12. Khushboo Chandana Logic Gates 13. Md. Ayaan Communication System 14. Nandini Tomar Nuclear Fission and fusion 15. Navpreet Kaur Refraction of light 16. Nikita Chauhan Magnetism 17. Pragya Rastogi Photoelectric effect 18. Pranay Pandey Spherical mirrors 19. Pranjal Singh Electromagnetic Induction 20. Riya Nagpal Capacitors 21. Saanvi Khali Alternating Current 22. Sarisha Upreti Semi conductors 23. Shambhavi Khali Radioactivity 24. Shivankit Tomar Communication System 25. Vaishnavi Kumari Logic Gates 26. Yash Kukreti Magnetism 27. Yash Sharma Electromagnetic Induction 28. Vipul Chauhan Electromagnetic Waves 29. Kashish Jaiswal Nuclear Structure 30. Mitali Jindal Polarisation of light 31. Yavnika Bararia Junction Diodes Instructions :

• Project Report should have the following format: 1. Acknowledgement 2. Introduction 3. Content 4. Bibliography • The project report should have minimum of 30 pages. • Make relevant diagrams and figures where required. *************************************************************************

Economics Assignment Guidelines for making the projects are as follows:-

• All headings and subheadings to be written in bold

• Only blue and black pen to be used

• Acknowledgement and Bibliography is to be given. The Bibliography would include the books websites and authors referred to for the project work

• The written and creative content of each project should not exceed 50 pages.

• The students need to use interleaf pages which will be spiral binded later on after the teacher assesses the project and finalises it. The pages should not be decorative.

Make a project on any of the two topics from the topics given below:

1. Study a Public Sector Enterprise with reference to its relevance to the Indian economy and its future prospects. Analyse the trend of its growth for the last ten years.

2. Prepare a report on the competition in Aviation sector in India with reference to its performance operational strategies.

3. Prepare a trend analysis of growth and productivity of any one industry such as:

Textiles /Automobiles/Electronic/ Telecommunication, etc in India for the past ten years.

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CHEMISTRY PROJECT WORK

This is the list of proposed ISC projects. The projects are allotted according to the class (11) roll numbers.

Page limit for following projects: minimum 35 pages.

Suggested Criteria for Project Work:

• Introduction/Purpose • Contents

• Analysis/Material aid (graph, data, structure, diagrams, etc)

• Presentation

• Bibliography

Project List:

1. Amino-acids: Peptides, structure and classification, proteins structure and their role in the growth of living beings. (Roll number: 1, 21)

2. Nucleic Acid: DNA and RNA – their structure. Unique nature. Importance in evolution and their characteristic features. (Roll number: 2, 22)

3. Lipids: structure, membranes and their functions. (Roll number: 3, 23)

4. Carbohydrates and their metabolism, Haemoglobin-blood and respiration. (Roll number: 4, 24)

5. Immune systems. (Roll number: 5, 25)

6. Vitamins and hormones (Roll number: 6, 26)

7. Simple idea of chemical evolution. (Roll number: 7, 27)

8. Natural polymers (any five) - structure, characteristics, uses. (Roll number: 8, 28)

9. Synthetic polymers (any five) - method of preparation, structure, characteristics and uses. (Roll number: 9, 29)

10. Thermoplastics and Thermosetting plastics - methods of preparation, characteristics and uses. (Roll number: 10, 30)

11. Types of dyes- methods of preparation, characteristics and uses. (Roll number: 11, 31)

12. Chemicals in medicines: antiseptics, antibiotics, antacids, etc. and their uses – chemical names. (Roll number: 12, 32)

13. Various rocket propellants and their characteristics. (Roll number: 13, 33)

14. Preparation of soap, alcohol, nail polish, boot polish, varnish, nail polish remover, shampoo and scents. (Roll number: 14, 34)

15. Chemical and chemical processes in forensic studies. (Roll number: 15)

16. Air pollution, water pollution. (Roll number: 16)

17. Insecticides, pesticides and chemical fertilizers. (Roll number: 17) 18. Coal and coal tar as a source of many chemicals. (Roll number: 18)

19. Ancient Indian medicines and medicinal plants. (Roll number: 19)

20. Explosives - preparations and their uses. (Roll number: 20)

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ACCOUNTS PROJECT WORK

Instructions to the students:-

• Only two topics to be chosen out of the given topics. • A brief discription on the topic of the project to be given before mentioning the case study . • Students can make their own cases or use real cases. • Each projects should contain atleast 15 to 20 pages. • The projects to be done on interleaf sheets. • Diagrams and Graphs to be done neatly (you can either draw it manually or on powerpoint). • Pictures related to the projects to be sticked. • Decorations or the use of designed pages can be done.

Do any two projects out of the topics given below:-

1. Prepare a project on PARTNERSHIP FIRM on the basis of a case study, including following points:- a. Prepare there Partnership deed (Including Interest on Capital, Salary, Commission, Interest on Drawings , Interest on Loan and Rent to a Partner) b. Give detail about there transactions during the year :- Purchases(Cash & credit) ,Sales(Cash and Credit), Expenses, Purchase of Fixed Assets , Depreciation on Fixed Assets, O/s expenses, Prepaid expenses, Accrued Incomes, drawing and accepting any Bills of exchange. c. Journal, Ledger, Trial balance and Financial Statement(Trading & Profit & Loss a/c ,Profit and Loss appropriation a/c and Balance Sheet) d. Make Bar diagram or Pie chart to show the comparison of Expenses. e. Calculate relevant Accounting Ratios like:- Giving their formulae and Computation. f. Show the ratios with the help of diagram or bar graph. 2. Prepare a CASH FLOW statement with the help of a balance sheets of a company for two consecutive years including following points:- a. Activities under the head :- OPERATING, INVESTING , FINANCING ACTIVITIES & Cash and Cash Equivalent. b. Including information Regarding :- Depreciation, Purchase and Sale of Fixed Assets, Profit or Loss on Fixed Assets Including Provision for Depreciation on them , Profit and loss on Investment, Proposed dividend, Provision for Tax ,Amortization of Intangible assets(Any five points). c. Show the results of OPERATING, INVESTING , FINANCING ACTIVITIES & Cash and Cash Equivalent Graphically or /and Pictorially. 3. Prepare a common size and comparative size statement of Profit and Loss and Balance Sheet of a company for two consecutive years :- a. The comparison has to be made in the form of COMMON SIZE & COMPARATIVE Income Statement and Balance Sheet. b. Show the Comparison Graphically and/or Pictorially . 4. With the help of Financial Statement of two consecutive years of of any Leading company ,Find its Liquidity, Solvency, Activity and Profitability Ratios .Show the comparisons of the ratios of both the years Graphically and Pictorially( Bar Diagram ,Pie Charts Etc.) Children can get help from the text book and frame their own case studies or can get the case studies from the internet (the real situations of a firm or company),

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MATHS PROJECT WORK

DETERMINANTS 퐱 퐱ퟐ ퟏ + 퐱ퟑ 1- If x, y, z are different and |퐲 퐲ퟐ ퟏ + 퐲ퟑ| = ퟎ ,then show that 1 + xyz =0. 퐳 퐳ퟐ ퟏ + 퐳ퟑ By using the properties of determinants prove the following- 퐚ퟐ 퐛퐜 퐚퐜 + 퐜ퟐ 2- |퐚ퟐ + 퐚퐛 퐛ퟐ 퐚퐜 | = 4a2b2c2 퐚퐛 퐛ퟐ + 퐛퐜 퐜ퟐ 풙 + 풚 풚 + 풛 풛 + 풙 3- Without expanding, find the value of; | 풙 풚 풛 | ퟏ ퟏ ퟏ

퐱 + 퐲 퐱 퐱 4- | ퟓ퐱 + ퟒ퐲 ퟒ퐱 ퟐ퐱| = x3 ퟏퟎ퐱 + ퟖ퐲 ퟖ퐱 ퟑ퐱 퐚 퐛 − 퐜 퐜 + 퐛 5- |퐚 + 퐜 퐛 퐜 − 퐚| = (a+ b+ c)(a2 + b2 + c2). 퐚 − 퐛 퐛 + 퐚 퐜 1+ s in 2 x cos2 x 4s in 2x 2 2 6- s in x 1+ cos x 4s in 2x = 2+ 4s in 2x . s in 2 x cos2 x 1+ 4s in 2x

풚ퟐ + 풛ퟐ 풛ퟐ 풚ퟐ 10- Using properties of determinants, prove that | 풛ퟐ 풛ퟐ + 풙ퟐ 풙ퟐ | is a perfect square for non zero x , y and z. 풚ퟐ 풙ퟐ 풚ퟐ + 풙ퟐ

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COMMERCE

Prepare any two assignments {Projects} from the ten topics given below: 1. Compare marketing strategies adopted by two different companies of the same industry (FMCG / Telecommunication / Media / Education Industry etc.) Keeping in mind the following: * Product mix * Place mix * Price mix * Promotion mix 2. Collect newspaper/ magazine clippings of five cases filed by consumers in the Consumer Court. Find out the rights violated, and the redressal mechanism used. What was the outcome of each case? 3. Visit a commercial Bank. Find out the procedure to open a savings account. Find out the details of various Agency and General utility services provided by the bank. 4. Compare the interest rates offered by five different commercial banks on fixed deposits under various categories (general and senior citizens) and various time durations. Find out the procedure and formalities for opening a fixed deposit account. What is the procedure for closing the account on maturity and before maturity period? 5. Select five different companies across varying industries such as I.T., textiles, FMCG, Health Care etc., included in the SENSEX. Keeping a hypothetical base money of Rupees One Lakh, invest in the shares of the selected companies. The movement of share prices selected by you should be monitored over a period of one month on a daily basis. A uniform / standard practice of either using the opening price or the closing price on a particular day of the week should be used by all students in the class. At the end of the month, analyse your investment in a spread sheet and give reasons for your choice of scripts. 6. Find out the names of the companies under various sectors (FMCG, Pharma, automobiles, etc) included in the NIFTY and the SENSEX. Make a chart of the same and track its movements over a period of one week. 7. (a) Study the sources of recruitment and steps involved in the selection procedure adopted by two companies of the same industry. (b) Compare and evaluate the sources of recruitment and the selection process adopted by the selected companies. 8. Formulate a capital plan for a hypothetical business organization. Justify your formulated plan. 9. Choose two companies of the same industry. Study their organizational structure. Also give information with regard to: (i)Hierarchy (ii)Centralisation and delegation of authority (iii)Flow of information (scalar chain) (iv)Span of control (v)Channel of communication 10. Select any business undertaking. Study the selected business in terms of ownership, capital and profitability. Make a S.W.O.T. analysis and present it in a tabular form. * Each project should not be less than 30 pages. * Proper pictures to be stick, research and comparative study should be done.

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ART & CRAFT

Still life 1. Objects required: A jar or pickle bottle,two lemons,a carrot,a turnip and a few green chillies. Arrangement:Create an attractive arrangement by placing lemons, carrot,turnip and green chillies in front of the jar or pickle bottle.

2. Objects required: Bottles of different colours n shapes. Arrangement: Arrange a group of bottles in an aesthetically manner. You have to keep above mentioned arrangement in any corner of your house.

Applied Art 1. Design a cover page for a book titled 'LOVE TO ANIMALS'.Paint the title in bold n theme related calligraphy. Special attention should be given to presentation and illustration.

2. Design a suitably patterned paper for a dining sheet. Special attention should be given to a bold n simple creative design with a good colour scheme, tone n execution.

3. Design a pictorial poster to advertise 'BENEFITS OF YOGA'. Incorporate the words "YOGA:Self discipline "into your design.

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BIOLOGY PROJECT

Do the project on the topic already assigned to each of you follow these guidelines : 1)It should not exceed 20 pages 2)It should include • Acknowledgment • Index • Introduction • Content • Summary • Bibliography 3)It should be divided into various subtopics as discussed already 4)Include as many pictures ,diagrams,flowcharts and graphs for each subtopic 5)Include one case study also . 6)The topics given are • Biodiversity and it’s conservation • Genetic engineering • Cancer • Biotechnology and it’s applications • Mutation • Drug addiction and community • Genetic engineering • Artificial reproductive technologies(ART) • Traditional and modern methods of controlling agricultural pests • Human genome project • AIDS • Gene therapy • Economic importance of microorganisms • Theories of biological evolution of human beings • Population and it’s various affects • Molecular basis of inheritance • Biopiracy and bio patent

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PSYCHOLOGY Assignment (Project work)

Two projects have to be completed (15 marks each) 1) On the topic Attitude 2) On the topic Stress (Projects are to be handwritten in large size binder files having loose sheets. Considering the lockdown students may write the projects in any A4 size paper available, biology practical loose sheets, similar sized coloured or plain chart paper etc. They may later compile it and put it together in the Binder folder before submission. Use colour pencils, sketch pens etc if possible. Each project should be of 30 -32 pages)

Instructions:

Project 1: TOPIC- ATTITUDE

The project attempts to find the attitudinal differences regarding marriage between two generations: parents and children.

In order to do this, the student doing the project has to select 10 adults (parents) and 10 teenagers as their subjects. The student doing the project has to telephonically call the subjects and conduct a survey by asking the 20 questions in the questionnaire provided. They must either photocopy the questionnaire if possible or copy it neatly (one questionnaire for each subject) and mark the responses in the questionnaire. Similarly the name, age and gender of each subject should be filled up in the questionnaire. The students may also do the survey face to face if they are able to do so without breaking the rules of social distancing. They may also conduct the survey online and fill up the questionnaire on paper after receiving the responses.)

This project basically attempts to find out who has a more positive attitude towards marriage- the parents or the teenagers. In order to do this we will add up each subject’s score, make tables to record the data, interpret it, make a graph, write a discussion and conclusion. The subjects will respond on the 5 point rating scale ie strongly agree, agree, undecided, decided or strongly disagree. Question numbers 1,2,3,4,6,7,10,11,14,15,16,17,19 will get 4, 3, 2,1 or 0 marks corresponding to the response- strongly agree, agree, undecided, decided or strongly disagree. Question numbers 5, 8,9,12,13,18,20 will get 0,1,2,3 or 4 marks corresponding to the response- strongly agree, agree, undecided, decided or strongly disagree. This means that certain questions will have forward marking and others reverse marking. Allocate the marks for each question and then add it up to get the score for each subject.

The questionnaire is provided below. (20 questions)

PSYCHOLOGY DEPARTMENT

ATTITUDE CHECKLIST

This checklist is designed to study the attitudinal differences towards marriage between two generations i.e. parents and children. Name:

Age:

Gender:

Instructions: For each statement below, tick the box which according to your opinion applies best to the query sought. Your response shall be for research purposes only.

1. Trust and respect are the basis of a healthy marriage. Strongly Agree [ ] Agree [ ] Undecided [ ] Disagree [ ] Strongly Disagree [ ]

2. Married people have high adjusting capacity and sociability. Strongly Agree [ ] Agree [ ] Undecided [ ] Disagree [ ] Strongly Disagree [ ]

3. Marriage brings happiness and stability in life. Strongly Agree [ ] Agree [ ] Undecided [ ] Disagree [ ] Strongly Disagree [ ]

4. Marriage should be made compulsory. Strongly Agree [ ] Agree [ ] Undecided [ ] Disagree [ ] Strongly Disagree [ ]

5. It is important to build a career before getting married. Strongly Agree [ ] Agree [ ] Undecided [ ] Disagree [ ] Strongly Disagree [ ]

6. Marriage makes one loyal and trustworthy. Strongly Agree [ ] Agree [ ] Undecided [ ] Disagree [ ] Strongly Disagree [ ]

7. Unmarried people are often depressed. Strongly Agree [ ] Agree [ ] Undecided [ ] Disagree [ ] Strongly Disagree [ ]

8. Marriage becomes an issue when it restricts the freedom of a person. Strongly Agree [ ] Agree [ ] Undecided [ ] Disagree [ ] Strongly Disagree [ ]

9. ‘We broke up’ is better than ‘we are divorced’. Strongly Agree [ ] Agree [ ] Undecided [ ] Disagree [ ] Strongly Disagree [ ]

10. Unrealistic expectations cause ill-will and distance between the couple. Strongly Agree [ ] Agree [ ] Undecided [ ] Disagree [ ] Strongly Disagree [ ]

11. Marriage solves all the problems of life. Strongly Agree [ ] Agree [ ] Undecided [ ] Disagree [ ] Strongly Disagree [ ]

12. Couples need not adhere to the advice of elders of family or bow to social pressure. Strongly Agree [ ] Agree [ ] Undecided [ ] Disagree [ ] Strongly Disagree [ ]

13. Marriage is a huge responsibility and hence it is better to stay single. Strongly Agree [ ] Agree [ ] Undecided [ ] Disagree [ ] Strongly Disagree [ ]

14. Unmarried people are low in self esteem and self regulation. Strongly Agree [ ] Agree [ ] Undecided [ ] Disagree [ ] Strongly Disagree [ ]

15. Married people are mostly successful. Strongly Agree [ ] Agree [ ] Undecided [ ] Disagree [ ] Strongly Disagree [ ]

16. Most marriages are healthy Strongly Agree [ ] Agree [ ] Undecided [ ] Disagree [ ] Strongly Disagree [ ]

17. Marriage brings about feelings of security in life Strongly Agree [ ] Agree [ ] Undecided [ ] Disagree [ ] Strongly Disagree [ ]

18. Live-in relationship is a better substitute for marriage with low sense of responsibility and stress. Strongly Agree [ ] Agree [ ] Undecided [ ] Disagree [ ] Strongly Disagree [ ]

19. Emotional support and intimacy are important in a relationship. Strongly Agree [ ] Agree [ ] Undecided [ ] Disagree [ ] Strongly Disagree [ ]

20. Financial problems ruin marriage. Strongly Agree [ ] Agree [ ] Undecided [ ] Disagree [ ] Strongly Disagree [ ]

……………………end of questionnaire…………………………

Detailed Instructions (page wise. It is similar to the projects that were done in Class XI)

(Cover Page) – Write in large letters PSYCHOLOGY PROJECT in the middle. In the bottom left corner write, Submitted to- Mrs SUNETRA NAYAK. In the bottom left corner write Submitted by-your name and class in bold letters. Page 1 Write ‘ATTITUDE’ in large letters in the middle of the page.

Page 2 Certificates (Two certificates will be given after the completion of the project.)

Page 3 Index – Write in large letters INDEX in the middle of the top margin a new page. Make a table for serial number, topics and page number. It is to be done after the project is completed and the pages have been numbered.)

Page 4 Acknowledgement – Write in large letters ACKNOWLEDGEMENT in the middle of the top margin of a new page. Write three paragraphs thanking the people who have helped you in the completion of the project.

Paragraph 1-Thank the Principal of the School Dr D. Arora and the Director of Education Mrs S. Arora for giving you the opportunity to undertake this project work.

Paragraph 2- Thank the subject teacher Mrs Sunetra Nayak for providing valuable help in completing the project.

Paragraph 3- You may thank your family and friends who took part in the survey, encouraged you and supported you in completing your project work. (use your own words)

Page 5- Write in large letters AIM in the middle of a new page. Write the following sentence on the same page- ‘The aim of the project is to study the attitudinal differences regarding marriage between two generations: parents and children.’

Page 6- Write in large letters BASIC CONCEPTS in the middle of a new page

(The next 8 to 10 pages have to be written about the theory related to the topic. For example the definition of Attitude, components of attitude, ways to change attitude etc. This portion is usually covered in the theory classes in school. Due to the lockdown it has not been done yet. In such a scenario students are encouraged to go through the written material provided and include it in the project under Basic Concepts. They may also do their own research online and add to this. Also search online for relevant picture and photographs related to the topic and save them in a separate computer folder or file. You may later take print outs and attach the pictures)

BASIC CONCEPTS:

DEFINITION- Attitudes are lasting evaluations of various aspects of the social world that is stored in memory.

When we meet people we make inferences about their personal qualities. This is called ‘Impression Formation’.

We are also interested to know why people behave in the way that they do i.e we assign causes to their behaviour shown in specific social situations. This is termed ‘Attribution’. These two processes are examples of mental activities related to the gathering and interpretation of information about the social world collectively called ‘Social Cognition’

All definitions of attitude agree that these processes are involved in attitude formation.

Nature of Attitude: An attitude is a state of mind, a state of views or thoughts recording some topic which has an evaluative feature (positive, negative or neutral). It is accompanied by an emotional component and a tendency to act in a particular way with regard to the attitude object

Components of Attitude: ABC

Attitudes comprise three major components namely affective (feeling), behavioural (action or performance) and cognitive (thinking). Taken together these three aspects have been referred to as ABC components of Attitude.

1) The Affective Component: deals with the way one feels about the attitudinal object. For example our liking or disliking for some person. 2) The Behavioural Component: refers to the actual behaviour. If one has a positive attitude towards someone, his actual behaviour is also likely to be favourable. 3) The Cognitive Component: represents the belief that one has about an attitudinal object, implying thereby how we evaluate the characteristics of a person, object or place. This evaluation can be positive or negative. The three components are interlinked: For example, suppose you love swimming and believe that swimming is an excellent exercise. You also love jumping into a pool and it brings a smile to your face. In this case the smile and fun it brings is the affective component, the knowledge you have about the activity, for example the fact that it a good exercise is the cognitive component and the act of jumping into the pool is the behavioural component.

Inconsistency amongst the three components may cause tension and anxiety and the person will try to make changes in the components in such a manner that consistency or balance is restored.

When all the three components of attitude are in the same direction, the attitude will be more resistant and difficult to change.

THE PROCESS OF ATTITUDE FORMATION: How is Attitude formed?

There are specific conditions which lead to the formation of specific attitudes. In general attitudes are learned through one’s own experiences and through interactions with others. There are a few research studies that show attitudes have some inborn aspects but such genetic factors influence attitudes only indirectly. In general Attitudes are greatly influenced by learning. a) Learning Attitude by Association: A positive attitude towards one thing may lead to a positive attitude for some other thing by association. For example if a student likes a teacher a lot, he may develop a positive attitude towards the subject taught by him. Here a positive attitude towards the subject is a direct result of the positive attitude towards the teacher. b) Learning Attitude by being Rewarded or Punished: Children learn certain attitudes and behaviour by the control exercised due to systematic rewards and punishments. Parents, teachers and other elders influence the kind of attitude that children develop. If an individual is praised for showing a particular kind of attitude chances are high that he will develop a positive attitude towards that belief, person or object. Similarly if he is criticised or punished he is likely to develop a negative attitude. c) Learning attitudes by Modelling: Often individuals attempt to emulate their role models. People in powerful positions, actors, politicians, businessmen etc having charisma, money or status have an immense effect on attitude formation. People often adopt the beliefs or attitudes expressed by them due to the process of modelling. Also, individuals learn about the attitudes specific to religious or ethnic groups through observational learning or modelling. This is the reason why children observe sweets or flowers being offered at a place of worship, develop a positive attitude towards it and also in turn exhibit such behaviour. d) Learning due to exposure to Information: many attitudes are learnt due to the exposure to media content even without the direct physical presence of any particular individual. The world wide web, social media, high speed connectivity has made all parts of the virtual world accessible to us. In such a scenario many attitudes are formed in a global context which was earlier not as common or even possible. FACTORS AFFECTING FORMATION OF ATTITUDE:

1) Family and School Environment: In the early years of life parents play a significant role in attitude formation. Later, the school plays an important part. Learning attitudes within the family and school usually takes place through rewards and punishments, association as well as modelling. 2) Reference Groups: Reference groups indicate to an individual the norms regarding acceptable behaviour and ways of thinking. Attitude towards various topics such as political, religious and social groups are often developed through reference groups their influence is noticeable especially during the beginning of adolescence. 3) Direct Personal Experience: Some attitudes are formed through direct personal experience which bring about a drastic change in our attitude towards certain people, objects and even in our own lives. 4) Media related influences: Technological advances have made audio, visual media and the internet very powerful sources of information that lead to attitude formation and change. The media can exert both positive and negative influences on attitude. On the one hand media and the internet make people better informed than other modes of communication. On the other hand there may be no checks on the information being gathered and distributed and therefore no control over the attitudes being formed. PREJUDICE: The affective component of Attitude is Prejudice. It denotes how I feel about a person, situation, object, event etc.

STEREOTYPE: The cognitive component of Attitude is Stereotype. It denotes how I categorise people, events or objects. The beliefs or labels I give to them. The schemas and mental organizational structure that I have as a result of my attitudes.

DISCRIMINATION: The behavioural component of Attitude is Discrimination. I denotes how I act as a result of the attitudes that I have.

THE PROCESS OF CHANGING ATTITUDES

1) Learning theories- Doob(1947) first suggested that learning theories such as the peinciples of classical and operant conditioning can be applied to explain the formation and change in attitudes. In an experiment two groups of people were placed in two separate rooms- one comfortable and one uncomfortable. Those who were in the comfortable room held a positive attitude about their roommates while those who were in the uncomfortable room viewed other members as the cause of their discomfort. This is because when objects and events are associated with pleasant experiences people tend to develop a positive attitude towards it while those associated with unfavourable experiences take on a negative attitude. 2) Consistency Theories: these theories focus on the individual’s attempt to maintain consistency among the various attitudes that he or she holds. Under this, the Concept of Balance was proposed by Fritz Heider in 1958. He stated that the P-O-X triangle represents the relationship between three aspects of attitude. P is the person whose attitude is being studied, O is another person and X is the topic or the attitude object. His basic idea is that an attitude change occurs if there is a state of imbalance between the P-O attitude, O-X attitude and P-X attitude. This is because imbalance is logically uncomfortable. Therefore attitude change is the direction towards balance. Imbalance is found when i) All the three sides of the P-O-X triangle are negative or ii) Two sides are positive and one side is negative. Balance is found when i) All three sides are positive or ii) Two sides are negative and one side is positive. 3) The Concept of COGNITIVE DISSONANCE: The concept of cognitive dissonance was given by Leon Festinger in 1957. It emphasises the cognitive component of attitude. The basic idea is that the various components of an attitude, or even the various attitudes held by an individual should be in consonance with each other i.e they should logically in line with each other. If an individual finds that two components of an attitude are dissonant i.e they do not agree with each other, then one of the components will be changed towards the direction of consonance. For example. Attitude 1: I smoke. Attitude 2: Smoking is injurious to health. In this example there is cognitive dissonance so either I will convince myself that smoking is a not a as harmful as it is shown to be or I will stop smoking in order to being the two attitudes into consonance.

PERSUATION It is the process through which one or more persons try to change the attitude of one or more other persons. Yale researchers have propose four factors that influence persuation. These are: 1) Source Variables- Research shows that persuation may sometimes result from speaker appeal rather than logic, rationalization or believability of the message itself. Speaker variables such as status, attractiveness etc are often used in advertising to use this technique. Experts are more persuasive than non-experts. Similarly people who speak rapidly are more persuasive than people who speak slowly. 2) Message variables- Certain characteristics make the message more persuasive. Research has shown that attitude change occurs if the persuation is neither too much nor too little. Similarly a two-sided approach is more effective compared to one sided argument. Message repetition also brings about attitude change. 3) Channel variables: Face to face persuation proves to have more impact than persuation through other media. It is more attention grabbing and stimulates more thought and commitment to the message. 4) Target variable- People having open, flexible personality change more easily. People with low self-esteem and external locus of control are also persuaded easily compared to those who are confident and have an internal locus of control. (Assuming the above takes pages 6 to 15 we now come to page 16)

Page 16 Write on top of the page ‘Attitude of Adults towards Marriage’

(Write 1 page about your experience while conducting the research with adults. What were the general opinions expressed by them. How willing were they to cooperate with you? Did you face any challenges? Etc. This will also help in writing the conclusion and finding out any generational differences)

Page 17 Write on top of the page ‘Attitude of Teenagers towards Marriage’ (Write 1 page about your experience while conducting the research with Teenagers. What were the general opinions expressed by them. How willing were they to cooperate with you? Did you face any challenges? Etc. This will also help in writing the conclusion and finding out any generational differences.)

Page 18- Write in the middle of a new page in large letters METHOD (It has three parts) To the left of the page write in smaller letters SAMPLE OF THE STUDY- write the following sentence under sample of the study: ‘A total of 20 subjects were chosen for the study. Ten were adults (parents) and ten were teenagers.’ After that, again to the left of the page write in smaller letters NATURE OF RAW DATA- write the following sentence under nature of raw data: ‘Data was gathered regarding attitude towards marriage by telephonically conducting a survey using a self-prepared questionnaire.’ Again to the left of the page in smaller letters write TREATMENT OF DATA write the following sentence under it: ‘Measures of central tendency, ie the mean or the average was calculated for the adults and teenagers. Similarly the range of the data was also calculated for the adults and teenagers to find out the dispersion.’

Page 19 Write on top margin INSTRUCTIONS. Write the following sentence under Instructions, ‘Each subject was asked the 20 questions of the questionnaire. They were asked to give their response on a 5 point rating scale (strongly agree, agree, undecided, disagree, strongly disagree). Their response was marked individually. Approximately 30 minutes was dedicated to each subject for carrying out the survey.’

Page 20 Write in large letters ‘Data Collection from Adults (parents)’ Attach all the 10 filled up questionnaires of the adult (parents) subjects after this page.

Page 21 Write in large letters ‘Data Collection from Teenagers Attach all the 10 filled up questionnaires of the teenager subjects after this page.

Page 22 Write ‘Results’

To the left of the same page write ‘Scores of Adults’ (Make a table in this page)

Table 1

Sl Name Score No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Total= (add scores from 1 to 10) Mean= (total/10) Range= Max score – Min score Page 23 Write to the left ‘Scores of Teenagers’

Table 2 Sl No. Name Score 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Total= (add scores from 1 to 10) Mean= (total/10) Range= Max score – Min score

Page 24 Write on top of the page STATISTICAL TREATMENT

Write on this page- Mean Score obtained by the adults = ………

Mean Score obtained by the teenagers= ………

Thus by comparing the scores obtained by both the groups we see that the score obtained by………. Is more than the score obtained by ……….. Thus ………..has a more positive attitude towards marriage compared to…………..

Page 25 GRAPHICAL REPRESENTATION

(A graphs has to be made on graph paper and attached to the project.

It will show the mean score of the adults and the mean score of the teenagers. It will look something like this.)

Graph 50 40 30 20 10

MEAN SCORE 0 Adults Teenagers SUBJECTS

(Graphs will represent the result you get from the data. The column may look different in your graph. The above graph is for reference only.)

Page 26 Write on the top margin DISCUSSION

(1 page discussion has to be written about the results obtained. It depends on the scores obtained by you but will basically mention all the relevant scores.)

For Example

As per the study conducted by me on 10 adults and 10 teenagers my results indicate that the average score of adults is 42.5 while the average score of teenagers is 36.8.This shows that on an average adults have a more positive attitude towards marriage. Furthermore the range of the scores of adults was ….while the range of the scores of teenagers was…..

This result shows an attitudinal difference between two generations. The reasons for this finding may be because today’s generation values freedom and does not believe that the institution of marriage is necessary in order to form relationships. Furthermore they are also less likely to agree to family pressure and put marriage before a secure career. Therefore they give importance to having a career before achieving other milestones in life. Some of the youngsters reported that parental discord and unhappy family relationships have also turned them away from the institution of marriage. Thus they report that they would prefer being single or in a live-in relationship.

Similarly other teenagers reported that they do have a positive attitude towards marriage but do not want to take up the additional responsibility attached to the concept until much later in life.

In contrast adults have more positive attitude towards marriage as they report that marriage brings security, happiness and fulfilment in their lives. It is socially acceptable and holds an important position in society.

These may be some of the explanations for the results obtained in my project.

(Kindly do not copy the above example, interpret the outcome of your data and write in your own words your views about the results that you found. No data obtained is wrong. It needs to be interpreted by you and discussed)

Page 27 Write on the top margin CONCLUSION

1 page general conclusion about the topic. It may include extra points regarding meaning of marriage, emotional attachment, social values, any study regarding happiness of married people compared to single individuals, any research data etc.

Page 28 Write in the middle of the top margin BIBLIOGRAPHY This includes any books and websites you may have used in completing the project. Kindly write at least 2 references for books and then 3 for websites written alphabetically.

Instructions:

Project 2: TOPIC- STRESS

The project attempts to find the common causes and effects of stress among school students.

In order to do this, the student doing the project has to select 10 students from Class X and 10 students from Class XI. The student doing the project has to telephonically call the subjects and conduct a survey by asking the questions in the questionnaire provided. (The Stress questionnaire is further divided into two parts, Checklist 1 and Checklist 2). They must either photocopy the questionnaire if possible or copy it neatly (one questionnaire for each subject) and mark the responses in the questionnaire. Similarly the name, age and gender of each subject should be filled up in the questionnaire. The place for photograph of the subject maybe left blank taking into account the present constraints. The students may also do the survey face to face if they are able to do so without breaking the rules of social distancing. They may also conduct the survey online and fill up the questionnaire on paper after receiving the responses.)

This project basically attempts to find out what are the internal (dispositional), external(situational) and environmental (academic, social, cultural) stressors in a student’s life and its effects. (Checklist 1 is to record the stressors while Checklist 2 is to record the effects). It also attempts to make a comparison between the Class X and Class XI students. The student making the project has to make tables to record the data, interpret it, make graphs, write a discussion and conclusion. The subjects will respond on the 5 point rating scale ie In Checklist 1 question numbers 1,3,4,8,12,14,15 will get 4, 3, 2,1 or 0 marks corresponding to the response Very often, often, sometimes, rarely, very rarely while question numbers 2,5,6,7,9,10,11,13 will get 0,1,2,3 or 4 marks corresponding to the response- strongly Very often, often, sometimes, rarely, very rarely. In Checklist 2 question numbers 1,2,3,4,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15 will get 4, 3, 2,1 or 0 marks corresponding to the response Very often, often, sometimes, rarely, very rarely while only question number 5 will get 0,1,2,3 or 4 marks corresponding to the response- strongly Very often, often, sometimes, rarely, very rarely. This means that certain questions will have forward marking and others reverse marking. Allocate the marks for each question and then add up the scores of Checklist 1 and Checklist 2 for each subject.

The questionnaire is provided below. Checklist 1 has 15 questions and Checklist 2 also has 15 questions. ANN MARY SCHOOL DEHRADUN

PSYCHOLOGY DEPARTMENT

STRESS CHECKLIST

This checklist is designed to assess the common causes and effects of stressors in a student’s life.

Name:

Age:

Gender:

School:

Instructions: For each statement below, tick the box which according to your opinion applies best to the query sought. Your response shall be used for research purpose only.

Checklist 1

(Internal/ External/ Academic Stressors)

1) I feel exhausted if I get more than one assignment at a time. Very often [ ] Often [ ] Sometimes [ ] Rarely [ ] Very rarely [ ]

2) I am confident about my exams always and never let any exam affect my performance. Very often [ ] Often [ ] Sometimes [ ] Rarely [ ] Very rarely [ ]

3) I am conscious about myself when I go out in public. Very often [ ] Often [ ] Sometimes [ ] Rarely [ ] Very rarely [ ]

4) I feel like my choices and decisions in life are being controlled by others. Very often [ ] Often [ ] Sometimes [ ] Rarely [ ] Very rarely [ ]

5) Challenges and competitions always motivate me to perform better. Very often [ ] Often [ ] Sometimes [ ] Rarely [ ] Very rarely [ ]

6) I always share what’s on my mind including tensions with my family and friends. Very often [ ] Often [ ] Sometimes [ ] Rarely [ ] Very rarely [ ]

7) I trust my friends and feel that they are loyal towards me. Very often [ ] Often [ ] Sometimes [ ] Rarely [ ] Very rarely [ ]

8) I feel uncomfortable after a serious argument or quarrel with a friend or family member. Very often [ ] Often [ ] Sometimes [ ] Rarely [ ] Very rarely [ ]

9) I am always satisfied with my health, eating habits and working routine. Very often [ ] Often [ ] Sometimes [ ] Rarely [ ] Very rarely [ ]

10) I always tend to complete assignments and goals I have set on time. Very often [ ] Often [ ] Sometimes [ ] Rarely [ ] Very rarely [ ]

11) I face my difficulties and don’t run away from them. Very often [ ] Often [ ] Sometimes [ ] Rarely [ ] Very rarely [ ]

12) I worry about my social reputation on the basis of bad results. Very often [ ] Often [ ] Sometimes [ ] Rarely [ ] Very rarely [ ]

13) I enjoy attending family functions, social gatherings and public meets. Very often [ ] Often [ ] Sometimes [ ] Rarely [ ] Very rarely [ ]

14) My parents usually pressurize me in my examinations for better results. Very often [ ] Often [ ] Sometimes [ ] Rarely [ ] Very rarely [ ]

15) I feel like I usually fall short of my own expectations. Very often [ ] Often [ ] Sometimes [ ] Rarely [ ] Very rarely [ ]

Checklist 2

(Effects of stress: physical, psychological, behavioural)

1) I usually get disrupted sleep at night. Very often [ ] Often [ ] Sometimes [ ] Rarely [ ] Very rarely [ ]

2) I fear doing stage performances and public speaking. Very often [ ] Often [ ] Sometimes [ ] Rarely [ ] Very rarely [ ]

3) I have noticed change in my appetite. Very often [ ] Often [ ] Sometimes [ ] Rarely [ ] Very rarely [ ]

4) I usually worry about my future outcomes. Very often [ ] Often [ ] Sometimes [ ] Rarely [ ] Very rarely [ ]

5) I am getting the rest and relaxation that I need. Very often [ ] Often [ ] Sometimes [ ] Rarely [ ] Very rarely [ ]

6) My best friends consider me aggressive and fearful at times. Very often [ ] Often [ ] Sometimes [ ] Rarely [ ] Very rarely [ ]

7) I often feel things are out of my control. Very often [ ] Often [ ] Sometimes [ ] Rarely [ ] Very rarely [ ]

8) I have found myself less motivated to do things, I previously liked. Very often [ ] Often [ ] Sometimes [ ] Rarely [ ] Very rarely [ ]

9) I sometimes forget where I have left things. Very often [ ] Often [ ] Sometimes [ ] Rarely [ ] Very rarely [ ]

10) I get frustrated over the smallest issues. Very often [ ] Often [ ] Sometimes [ ] Rarely [ ] Very rarely [ ]

11) I find it hard to concentrate in anything I am doing. Very often [ ] Often [ ] Sometimes [ ] Rarely [ ] Very rarely [ ]

12) I feel run down and drained of physical and emotional energy quite frequently. Very often [ ] Often [ ] Sometimes [ ] Rarely [ ] Very rarely [ ]

13) I have had considerable change in weight in the recent past. Very often [ ] Often [ ] Sometimes [ ] Rarely [ ] Very rarely [ ]

14) I suffer from headaches at the end of a long day. Very often [ ] Often [ ] Sometimes [ ] Rarely [ ] Very rarely [ ]

15) I am prone to mood swings more than usual. Very often [ ] Often [ ] Sometimes [ ] Rarely [ ] Very rarely [ ]

……………………end of questionnaire…………………………

Detailed Instructions (page wise. It is similar to the projects that were done in Class XI)

Page 1 Write ‘STRESS’ in large letters in the middle of the page.

Page 2 Certificates (Two certificates will be given after the completion of the project.) Page 3 Index – Write in large letters INDEX in the middle of the top margin a new page. Make a table for serial number, topics and page number. It is to be done after the project is completed and the pages have been numbered.)

Paragraph 1-Thank the Principal of the School Dr D. Arora and the Director of Education Mrs S. Arora for giving you the opportunity to undertake this project work.

Paragraph 2- Thank the subject teacher Mrs Sunetra Nayak for providing valuable help in completing the project.

Paragraph 3- You may thank your family and friends who took part in the survey, encouraged you and supported you in completing your project work. (use your own words)

Page 5- Write in large letters AIM in the middle of a new page. Write the following sentence on the same page- ‘The aim of the project is to study the various causes and effects of stress among school students’.

Page 6- Write in large letters BASIC CONCEPTS in the middle of a new page

(The next 8 to 10 pages have to be written about the theory related to the topic. For example the definition of Stress, different kinds of stressors, effects of stressors, coping techniques etc. This portion is usually covered in the theory classes in school. Due to the lockdown it has not been done yet. In such a scenario students are encouraged to go through the written material provided and include it in the project under Basic Concepts. They may also do their own research online and add to this. Also search online for relevant picture and photographs related to the topic and save them in a separate computer folder or file. You may later take print outs and attach the pictures)

BASIC CONCEPTS:

Definition: Stress is our response to events that disrupt or threaten to disrupt our physical and psychological functioning.

Whenever there are problems in adjustment, individuals experience stress. The word stress has typically been used to refer both to the adjustive demands placed on an organism and to the organism’s internal biological and psychological responses to such demands.

According to Sarason and Sarason (2002) stress refers to, ‘negative emotional experiences with associated behavioural, biochemical and psychological changes that are related to perceived acute or chronic challenges’

Humans experience stress, or perceive things ass threatening when they believe that their resources for coping with obstacles (stimuli, people, situations etc) are not enough for what the circumstances demand. When we think that the demands placed on us exceed our ability to cope, we perceive it as stress.

STRESSORS- THE ACTIVATORS OF STRESS: Although we normally think of Stress as stemming from negative events in our life, positive events such as a new job or getting married can also produce stress. Despite the wide range of stimuli that can potentially produce stress, it appears that many events we find stressful share certain characteristics-

1) They are so intense that they produce a state of overload: we can no longer adapt to them

2) They evoke incompatible tendencies in us, such as tendencies to both approach and avoid some object or activity.

3) They are uncontrollable: beyond the limits of control.

A great deal of evidence suggests that when people can predict, control or terminate an event or situation they no longer perceive it as stressful. Selye proposed that there are four variations of stress. On one axis there is good stress (eustress) and bad stress (distress). On the other axis there is overstress (hyperstress) and understress (hypostress).

GENERAL ADAPTATION SYNDROME (GAS) MODEL: (search the internet and write an intro of 2 or 3 paragraphs about Hans Selye)

Hans Selye (1976) introduced the concept of the General Adaptation Syndrome or the GAS model. It described the biological reaction to sustained and unrelenting stress. Typically there are three stages in this reaction.

Stage 1: Alarm and Mobilization Stage- In this stage the body prepares itself for immediate reaction also known as the Fight or Flight response. Arousal of the sympathetic nervous system releases hormones that help prepare our body to meet the threat or danger. It prepares the body for action, increases the heart rate, raises the blood pressure, increases blood sugar levels and raises the levels of certain other hormones in our body,

Stage 2: Resistance Stage: This is also called the Adaptation stage. The body uses its resources in an optimum way to combat the stressful situation. This stage begins when the stress is prolonged. During this stage the arousal is lower than the Alarm stage but it is still at an above normal level in order to effectively keep coping with the stress. Certain levels of hormones are maintained at a high level but in the long run this is harmful.

Stage 3: Exhaustion Stage: Continued exposure to the same stressors or additional stressors drains the body of its resources and leads to exhaustion. During this stage our capacity to resist the stress is depleted and susceptibility to illness increases. Stomach ulcers, diabetes, skin infections, asthma result because of reduced immunity. It has also been reported that at this stage there is an increased susceptibility to cancer and a host of other diseases. These are known as , ‘Diseases of Adaptation’. COGNITIVE APPRAISAL OF STRESS: Cognitive processes also play an important part in determining whether we interpret a specific event as stressful or not. It is because of cognitive appraisal that the same event may be stressful to one individual but not to another. Stress occurs to the extent that the person involved perceives it to be so.

Primary cognitive appraisal- The individual interprets the situation as either threatening or harmless.

Secondary cognitive appraisal- The individual considers the actions necessary and the resources necessary for coping with the stressor. If these are adequate then no stress is experienced otherwise the individual experiences stress.

CAUSES OF STRESS: (research online about the various subtopics and write one paragraph each. You may also write additional points.)

1) Stressful Life Events (study by Holmes and Rahe) 2) Hassles of Daily Life 3) Chronic Stressors 4) Traumatic Life Events 5) Complex lifestyles/ Work Related Stress 6) Environmental factors 7) Internal/ Individual factors: Personality types, Gender differences etc. EFFECTS OF STRESS: Positive Effects and Negative Effects- Physiological, Psychological, Emotional etc (research on the internet and write 1 to 2 pages)

STRESS MANAGEMENT: In coping with problems of life or stress, the individual is confronted with two challenges- 1) To meet the requirements of stress and 2) to protect the self from psychological damage and disorganization. A person who feels competent to handle the stressful situation tends to act in a task oriented way. He attempts to direct behaviour by dealing with the requirement of the stressor. However when the stressor seriously threatens our well being we tend to be defensive and direct behaviour to protect ourselves rather than dealing with the stressor.

The task oriented response means that the person objectively appraises the situation, works out alternatives, decides on appropriate strategies, takes action and evaluates feedback. These reactions focus on the goal and means to achieve the goals rather than internally on the individual.

COPING STRATERGIES- These are of two types-

Effective Coping Strategies:

1: Relaxation Technique- It is an active skill that reduces the symptoms of stress and decreases the incidence of illness such as high BP, and heart disorders. The individual is taught to experience both tension and relaxation alternatively in each and every group of muscles in the body. This helps the individual in maximizing the feeling of calmness.

2: Meditation Procedures- The yogic method of meditation consists of a sequence of learned techniques for refocussing of attention that brings about an altered state of consciousness. It can produce a deep state of relaxation and a tranquil mind. It reduces negative emotions, increases patience, intellectual power etc. It helps people manage symptoms of conditions such as anxiety, tension headaches, depression, chronic pain etc.

Yoga promotes physical as well as psychological well being. It beings relief from frustration, strain and anger. It promotes positive thinking, self awareness and overall relaxation.

3: Biofeedback- People often use biofeedback to control problems related to stress or bloodflow such as headache, high blood pressure and sleep disorders. It provides feedback about current physiological activity and is often accompanied by relaxation training. By giving the individual feedback about whether he or she is physically in a relaxed state or not, we enable the individual to make attempts to change the bodily reactions in favour of relaxation.

4: Exercise- It provides an active outlet for physiological arousal experienced in response to stress. Regular exercise improves efficiency of the heart, enhances functions of the lungs, maintains good blood circulation, lowers blood pressure, reduces fat and improves immune system. Swimming, walking, running, cycling, skipping are excellent methods of reducing stress.

5: Behavioural coping techniques: Adhering to a well planned schedule can help us make more efficient use of time and eliminate behaviour that interfere with our main goals. Cognitive Behaviour Therapy is one effective method of reducing stress. The essence of this approach is to replace the irrational thoughts with positive and rational ones. The process of replacing negative appraisals of stressors with more positive ones is called cognitive restructuring. It is basically a talk therapy that helps manage problems by changing the wrong ways of thinking and the also changing wrong ways of behaving in response to stress. The highly structured nature of cognitive behavioural therapy means that it can be provided in different formats including in groups, self help books and even computer programs.

Ineffective Coping Strategies:

Ignoring the problem or refusing to believe that stress exists or is important resulys in ineffective coping strategies. Often people resort to ‘Defense Oriented Responses’ in such situations. They may cry, do repetitive talking, mourn as a method of controlling psychological damage. They may use various defense mechanisms to manage stress but in the long run it is harmful. Some of the defense mechanisms are:

(Write one paragraph about each defense mechanism by doing online research) 1: Displacement 2: Sublimation 3: Rationalization 4: Repression 5: Regression 6: Projection 7: Reaction Formation 8: Denial

STRESS and BURNOUT

(research online about the meaning, causes , effect of burnout. Include any other interesting data or findings. Write 2 to 3 paragraphs) (Assuming the above takes pages 6 to 15 we now come to page 16)

Page 16- Write in the middle of a new page in large letters METHOD

(It has three parts)

To the left of the page write in smaller letters SAMPLE OF THE STUDY- write the following sentence under sample of the study: ‘A total of 20 subjects were chosen for the study. Ten subjects were students of Class X while ten subjects were students of Class XI’

After that, again to the left of the page write in smaller letters NATURE OF RAW DATA- write the following sentence under nature of raw data: ‘Data was gathered regarding potential stressors and the effects of stress on a student’s life by telephonically conducting a survey using a self-prepared questionnaire.’

Again to the left of the page in smaller letters write TREATMENT OF DATA write the following sentence under it: ‘Measures of central tendency, ie the mean or the average was calculated for the students of Class X and XI. Similarly the range of the data was also calculated. The different kinds of stressors and its effects were also analysed.’

Page 19 Write on top margin INSTRUCTIONS. Write the following sentence under Instructions, ‘Each subject was asked the questions in the Checklist 1 and Checklist 2 of the questionnaire. They were asked to give their response on a 5 point rating scale (Very often, often, sometimes, rarely, very rarely). Their response was marked individually. Approximately 30 minutes was dedicated to each subject for carrying out the survey.’

Page 20 Write in large letters ‘Data Collection from Class X ’ Attach all the 10 filled up questionnaires of the students of Class X after this page.

Page 21 Write in large letters ‘Data Collection from Class XI’ Attach all the 10 filled up questionnaires of the students of Class XI after this page.

Page 22 Write ‘Results’ To the left of the same page write ‘Scores of Class X (Make a table in this page)

Table 1

Sl Name Checklist 1 Checklist 2 no. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Total= (add scores from Total= (add scores 1 to 10) from 1 to 10) Mean= (total/10) Mean= (total/10) Range= Max score – Range= Max score – Min score Min score Page 23 Write to the left ‘Scores of Class XI’

Table 2

Sl Name Checklist 1 Checklist 2 No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Total= (add scores Total= (add scores from from 1 to 10) 1 to 10) Mean= (total/10) Mean= (total/10) Range= Max score – Range= Max score – Min score Min score

Page 24 Write on top of the page STATISTICAL TREATMENT

Write on this page Mean Score obtained by the students of Class X in Checklist 1= ……… and Checklist 2=…… Mean Score obtained by the students of Class XI in Checklist 1= ……… and Checklist 2=………

Thus, by comparing the scores obtained by both the groups we see that the score obtained by Class………. Is more than the score obtained by Class……….. in Checklist 1. Thus the students of Class………..experience more stressors in their life. In Checklist 2 the mean score of ………..is greater than the mean score obtained by …….. Thus Class………feels the effects of the stressors more than Class….

Page 25 GRAPHICAL REPRESENTATION

(Two graphs have to be made on graph paper and attached to the project. Graph 1 is for Checklist 1 and Graph 2 is for Checklist 2 It will show the mean score on the Y axis and the subjects i.e Class X and Class XI on the X axis.It will look something like this.)

Graph-1 Graph-2

2 - 50 - 50 40 40 30 30 20 20 10 10 0 0 Class-X Class-XI

Mean Score Checklist Class-X Class-XI Mean Score Mean Score Checklist SUBJECTS SUBJECTS

(Graphs will represent the result you get from the data. The column may look different in your graph. The above graph is for reference only.)

Page 26 Write on the top of the page ‘Major Stressors in a Student’s life’

(In this page you will go through the responses in Checklist 1 given by the students and observe any particular kind of stressors that they find difficult to manage and write down about these stressors. You may also base your observations on the opinion expressed by the students while conducting the survey. If you feel that a particular kind of stressor is predominating for example social stressors or academic stressors you may attempt to give reasons for it. If you find a difference between the stressors experienced by Class X in comparison to Class XI you may mention it. You may also write about any other interesting observations you made during the completion of the project.) Page 27 Write on the top of the page ‘Effect of Stressors in a Student’s life’

(This is similar to what you will write in the previous page. However in this case you will observe the responses in Checklist 2 and write about the effects that’s stressors have in a student’s life.)

Page 28 Write on the top margin DISCUSSION

(1 page discussion has to be written about the results obtained. It depends on the scores obtained by you but will basically mention all the relevant scores. Write about the scores obtained by the students – Class X and Class XI in checklist 1 and checklist 2. Write about the differences. Write about the reasons why there may be such differences. Write about the general opinions expressed by the subjects. Write about the challenges while conducting the survey. etc)

Page 29 Write on the top margin CONCLUSION

(1 page general conclusion about the topic. It may include extra points regarding ways to manage stress, for example Yoga, Meditation. Role of parents, peers and teachers in helping reduce stress. Effective stratergies to manage academic stress such as scheduling, making time tables etc. You may also write about excessive stress do to completion, cut off marks etc. Differenced in previous generation and present times with regard to a student’s life. Social expectations, family pressures. Etc)

Page 28 Write in the middle of the top margin BIBLIOGRAPHY

This includes any books and websites you may have used in completing the project. Kindly write at least 2 references for books and then 3 for websites written alphabetically.

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ENGLISH LITERATURE

Note: Dear students, following is the assignment which is to be done in your respective notebooks. Make sure that you write proper essay type answers (approximately 400-450 words each) in NEAT HANDWRITING.

QUESTION 1.

Prospero refers to Caliban as “a devil, a born devil”. In this context, evaluate the character and role of Caliban in the play.

- The Tempest

QUESTION 2. The poem John Brown presents two attitudes to war. Describe the two attitudes. Which one do you sympathise with? Why?

- Reverie

QUESTION 3.

The story ‘Fritz’ has an open ending. Could there be a better ending to the story? Suggest an alternative which you think would make the story more powerful.

- Echoes

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COMPUTE SCIENCE Instructions:

a) Attempt any 15 programs from the following. b) Programs need to be done on computer only (as of now). c) Write all programs using BlueJ as interface. d) Comment the key steps in every program appropriately. e) Do not attempt any program that is already done by you in previous class project.

1. -Consider a number k. Square it and split the square into two parts. If the square has even number of digits both the parts will have equal number of digits otherwise the right part holds one extra digit than the left part. Now if the sum of both the parts is equal to k then the number is called Kaprekar number. For example 9 is a Kaprekar number since 92 = 81 and 8+1=9 Also 297 is a Kaprekar number since 2972=88209 and 88+209=297 WAP in Java to determine how many Kaprekar numbers are there in the range between ‘p’ and ‘q’ (both inclusive) and output them. Also print the numbers. SAMPLE DATA: Input p=1 q=1000

Output Kaprekar Numbers are 1,9,45,55,99,297,999. Frequency = 8

2. WAP in Java to input a natural number less than 1000 and display it in words. Test your program on the sample data and some random data. SAMPLE DATA: Input 33 1001 201 Output Thirty Three Out of Two Hundred and Range One

3. Write a program in java to store the numbers in a M*M matrix in a Double Dimensional Array. Find the product of the original matrix and its transpose

4. A word is said to be a Piglatin which is formed by framing a new word with the first vowel present in the word with the remaining letters present before the first vowel and ended with ay. Design a class Piglatin with the following specifications. Class name Piglatin Data members word String to store the word newword String to store converted word Member functions Piglatin() Default constructor void input() To take input of word void convert() To convert the word in piglatin form using recursive technique void output() To display original and converted word. Specify the class giving the details of constructor and other member functions. Define main() function to create object and call the member functions.

5. Accept a paragraph of text consisting of sentences that are terminated by either ‘.’ (full stop), ‘!’ (exclamation mark) or a ‘?’ (question mark). Assume that there can be maximum 10 sentences in a paragraph. WAP in Java to arrange the sentences in increasing order of their number of words. SAMPLE DATA: Input Whose dog is this? Oh! It is yours. Output oh = 1 It is yours = 3 Whose dog is this=4

6. WAP in java to input a word from the user and remove the consecutive repeated characters by replacing the sequence of repeated characters by its single occurrence. SAMPLE DATA: Input– Piiiiiccckk Output – Pick Input – Iaaammmaanniinnnndddiaann Output – Iamanindian

7. Given a square matrix list [ ] [ ] of order ‘ n ’. The maximum value possible for ‘ n ’ is 20. WAP in Java Input the value for ‘ n ’ and the positive integers in the matrix and perform the following task 1. Display the original matrix 2. Print the row and column position of the largest element of the matrix. 3. Print the row and column position of the second largest element of the matrix. 4. Sort the elements of the rows in the ascending order and display the new matrix. SAMPLE DATA: Input N = 3 list [] [ ]= 5 1 3 Output 5 1 3 7 4 6 7 4 6 9 8 2 9 8 2 The largest element 9 is in row 3 and column 1 The second largest element 8 is in row 3 and column 2 Sorted list= 1 3 5 4 6 7 2 8 9 8. WAP in Java to input a number and check whether a number entered by a user is a bouncy number, increasing number or decreasing number Increasing Number : Working from left-to-right if no digit is exceeded by the digit to its left it is called an increasing number, Example 4478. Decreasing Number : Similarly if no digit is exceeded by the digit to its right it is called a decreasing number, Example 95310.

Bouncy Number : A positive integer that is neither increasing nor decreasing is called a bouncy number, Example 805349. Clearly there cannot be any bouncy numbers below 100.

9. WAP in Java to accept a sentence which may be terminated by either ‘.’ ‘?’ or ‘!’ only. Any other character may be ignored. The words may be separated by more than one blank space and are in UPPER CASE .Perform the following tasks (a) Accept the sentence and reduce all the extra blank space between two words to a single blank space. (b) Accept a word from the user which is part of the sentence along with its position number and delete the word and display the sentence. SAMPLE DATA: Input A HEALTHY MIND OF LIVES IN A HEALTHY BODY. Word To Be Deleted= OF Word position in the sentence= 4 Output A HEALTHY MIND LIVES IN A HEALTHY BODY

10. A happy number is a number in which the eventual sum of the square of the digits of the number is equal to 1. Example: 282=22+82=4+64=68

682=62+82=36+64=100 1002=12+02+02=1

Hence, 28 is a happy number. WAP in Java to that implements a recursive function to check whether a number entered is a happy number or not.

11. Design a class ST in Java with the following specifications: Member Variables: As per requirement Member Functions to perform the following tasks i) Input of the string from the user ii) Find and count the vowels in the given string iii) If count is odd add 1 to make it even iv) Arrange the vowels present in the String in form a square matrix (order count/2) using row major technique. v) Display the matrix. Write the program in java to implement the above class.Write main function to invoke all the member functions.

12. A Keith Number is an integer N with ‘d’ digits with the following property. It is a Fibonacci like sequence (in which each term in the sequence is the sum of the ‘d’ previous terms) where first is formed, with the first ‘d’ terms being the decimal digits of the number N, then N itself occurs as a term in the sequence. Write a program to check whether a number entered by user is a Keith number or not. For Example Input 1: 197 Output: Yes

(As 197= 1, 9, 7, 17, 33, 57, 107, 197, ..... )

13. Design a class Count with the following specifications. Class Name Count Data members

St stringto store the sentence v integer to store count of vowels c integer to store count of consonants s integer to store count of spaces sp integer to store count of special characters Member Functions/Methods Count() Constructor to initialize member variables. voidinput() to take input of the sentence containing alphabets , spaces and special characters. If string contains a digit, display an appropriate error message and terminate the program. voidCount_Char(String,int) to count and display the number of vowels, consonants, special characters and spaces in the given string using recursive technique.

Write the program in java to implement the above class. Also write main block

14. Write a program in Java to remove duplicate elements from a linear array of size 10 without using another array. Input: 4 3 2 4 2 4 4 2 2 2 Output: 4 3 2

15. A Drabon number is a positive whole number which has even number of 1’s in its binary equivalent. Write a Proram in Java to take input of a number from the user and verify whether it is a Drabon number or not.

16. Write a Program in Java to take input of a string from the user and perform the following tasks a) Verify whether any word of the string contains the smallest word of the string or not. If there is another word in the string with the size same as that of the smallest word. Verify for the last smallest word. b) Display the string given by the user. c) Display the smallest word/words of the string. d) Display all the words containing the smallest word.

17. Declare a two dimensional array B[ ][ ] of order m x n. Value of m should be >=3 and n should be <=7. Fill the array with random numbers. Sort the alternate rows of two dimensional array in ascending and descending order using any standard sorting algorithm.

18. Design a class Convert with the following specifications Class name Convert

Data members Binum To store the binary number Decinum To store the decimal number

Member functions void input() To take input of the binary number from the user. voidBintoDeci(int d, To convert the binary number into its equivalent decimal int p) number using recursive technique. void display() To display binary number and its equivalent decimal number.

19. Write a program in java to take input of n (order of square matrix) from the user and store the numbers in a n*n matrix in a Double Dimensional Array A[ ] [ ]. Merge the elements of left and right diagonal of the Array A[ ][ ]in ascending order in a new single dimensional array MergeA[ ].

20. The potential of a string is found in a way given below. The alphabets (both cases) are numbered as per their alphabetic sequence: A=1, B=2, C=3 … Z=26 a=1, b=2, c=3… z=26 The potential of a word is found by adding the numerical of the alphabets. The non alphabets are ignored in the calculation. Write a program in Java to take input of a string from the user, the end of the string is marked by the .or? Calculate and print the potential of the string. For example Input Did7 @Ate &9 ?

Output Potential is 43 (4+9+4+1+20+5)

21. Write a program in java to input numbers in a 2D array. Where the order of array is entered by the user at run time. Perform the following operations on the array (a) Print only the prime numbers from the boundary elements of the array in sorted order, row wise. (b) Find the sum of elements present at both diagonals.(Intersecting element should be added once).

22. The MOBIUS function M(N) for a natural number N is defined as follows: M(N) = 1 if N = 1 [Condition 1] M(N) = 0 if any prime factor of N is contained in N more than once [Condition2] M(N) = (-1)p if N is a product of ‘p’ distinct prime factors [Condition 3] Example : M(46) = 1 ( for 46 = 2 * 23 M(46) = ( -1)2 = 1 ) M(45) = 0 ( for 15 = 3 * 3 * 5 M(45) = 0 as 3 appears two times) M(11) = -1 ( for 11 = 11 M(11) = ( -1)1 = -1 Write a program in java to input a number and find its Mobius function.

23. Write a program in java to input three seperate numbers p,q,r and print their values in descending order. For example if p=2,q=9,r=7, then the program should print out 9,7,2 (Without using array)

24. Write a program in java to store 10 different numbers in Single Dimensional Array and arrange them another array in such a way that all prime numbers are placed first followed by all even numbers which are further followed by all odd numbers (those even and odd numbers that are not prime).

25.) Composite number:A composite number is a number which has more than 2 factors. For example: 10 Factors are: 1,2,5,10. Magic number:A magic number is a number in which the eventual sum of the digits is equal to 1.For example: 28 = 2+ 8 =10 = 1+0=1 Input two numbers form user and check and print all composite magic number that fall between them.

26. Write a program in java to take input of a string from the user and display only those words which have more than two vowels in ascending order of the occurrence of vowels. If the number of vowel are same then words should be arranged as per the sequence of occurrence in the original string.

27. Hemming distance between two binary numbers is calculated by comparing the digits at the same positions. If both digits are same the Hemming distance is 0 otherwise 1. Write a program in java with following specifications

28. Fascinating Numbers: Some numbers of 3 digits or more exhibit a very interesting property. The property is such that, when the number is multiplied by 2 and 3, and both these products are concatenated with the original number, all digits from 1 to 9 are present exactly once, regardless of the number of zeroes. Consider the number 192 192 x 1 = 192 192 x 2 = 384 192 x 3 = 576 Concatenating the results: 192384576 It could be observed that ‘192384576’ consists of all digits from 1 to 9 exactly once. Hence, it could be concluded that 192 is a Fascinating Number Write a Program in Java to input a number and check whether it is a Fascinating Number or not.

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Music

Still life Life contributions of all the musicologists in your syllabus for this year.

1. Objects required: A jar or pickle bottle,two lemons,a carrot,a turnip and a few green chillies. Arrangement:Create an attractive arrangement by placing lemons, carrot,turnip and green chillies in front of the jar or pickle bottle.

Applied Art 1. Design a cover page for a book titled 'LOVE TO ANIMALS'.Paint the title in bold n theme related calligraphy. Special attention should be given to presentation and illustration.

2. Design a suitably patterned paper for a dining sheet. Special attention should be given to a bold n simple creative design with a good colour scheme, tone n execution.

3. Design a pictorial poster to advertise 'BENEFITS OF YOGA'. Incorporate the words "YOGA:Self discipline "into your design.

History

Make a project on the topic discussed with the following guidelines.

i) Reason for choosing the topic. ii) Hypothesis (i.e. the conclusion you are hoping to draw with topic). iii) Background in brief of the topic. iv) Explanation of the topic. v) Conclusion. vi) Bibliography ************************************************************************* दी - गृ कार्यﴂ ह

मᴂ हिबन्ध हिखिए ﴂ पर 400 श녍 ﴂ 1-हिम्न हिषर्

क- जब क ई मुसीबत आती ै त हकसी भी पररिार, समाज अथिा देश क एक जुट कर देती ै,र् ी िे हदर्ा ै।इस ﴂ र्म देश की शखि बि जाती ै। इसी का पररचर् देश िाहसर्ﴂएकता, धैर्य और स खि क आधार बिा कर एक िेि हिखिए।ﴂप

ि-कभी कभी हजन्दगी मᴂ मᴂ ि सब करिे का समर् हमि जाता ै, ज म करिा त चा ते ℂ पाते इस समर् का सदुपर् ग आप हकस प्रकार कर र े ℂ। ﴂिेहकि समर्ाभाि के कारण कर ि ी

क पहिए। ﴂ जूषा मᴂ हदए गए हिबन्धﴂ2-अपिी पुस्तक व्याकरण म से िाक्य बिािे का अभ्यास कीहजए। ﴂ मु ािर क शुद्ध करिे का अभ्यास कीहजए। ﴂ अशुद्ध िाक्य क ि कीहजए। ﴂ क पिकर प्र� ﴂ शﴂअपहित ग饍ा

का पुिराभ्यास कीहजए। ﴂ साह त्य मᴂ पिाए गए पाि 3-