“History” and Other Stories from the Shadow of Sugar Loaf Mountain
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“History” and other stories from the shadow of Sugar Loaf Mountain By Volker Kluge A memorable logo and Rarely have I heard or read the phrase “wrote Olympic torch on a Brazilian history“ so frequently as in the media coverage of the stamp block, franked two and a half weeks in which Olympic Games took on 5th August 2016, place in Rio de Janeiro. On closer inspection it was the day of the opening mostly not about history, but about positive stories with of the Olympic Games. the standardised introduction: “For the first time ...” There were cases of doping, bad behaviour from athletes, wrestling coaches undressing to protest against a verdict, or ungracious judokas refusing to shake hands with their opponent, only extremely rarely let the media write “history”. If one understands history however as an occupation or even science which finding out about the past – and The three dimensional logo is somehow very Brazilian, thus human history – by means of certain sources, then and not just because it made up of the national the flood of material from Rio is considerably reduced. Yet colours of green, blue and yellow. It was chosen after there were some moments which fully deserved to burn a competition between amongst 137 creative agencies. their way into the collective memory. Here is a selection: The idea apparently came to Frederico Gelli the creative director of Tátil Design, whilst he was swimming The Symbol at Ipanema. When he emerged, he is said to have caught sight of the Dois Irmãos (Two Brothers Hill) and At first sight, the logo of the Olympic Games reminded said to himself: “We are in the middle of sculpture me of a baby’s dummy. Only on further examination did city, we need to make a harmonizing logo.”1 It was the I recognise three human beings who hands and feet, unique panorama of undulating mountains which stylised into ribbons, touch, so that oval shapes arise. inspired him to create a logo which emits a great deal Did these figures stand symbolically for the descend- of energy. ants of the indigenous peoples, for the white conquerors and immigrants as well the enslaved peoples of Africa, Olympic Rings who are now in 2016 are included in the festival? If one of them breaks out, then the others fall as well, as the Ger- The Parade of Athletes is the heart of the Opening man discus thrower Christoph Harting discovered when Ceremonies. It was introduced in 1906 and as every year he dropped the souvenir he had just received on the top since 1928, it was led by Greece to honour the birthplace step of the podium. of the Games. The producer had set aside one hour, Games of the XXXI Olympiad Rio de Janeiro 2016 5th – 21st August First appearance: Kosovo (KOS), South Sudan (SSD) Opening: Brazil’s interim President Michel Temer Entered athletes: 11,458, of which: men 6276, women 5182 Olympic Oath: Athletes: Robert Scheidt (Sailing) (43.06%),Officials 3481, Total 14,939, by continents: Africa Referees and Officials: Martinho Nobre dos Santos (Athletics) 1004, America 2542, Asia 1900, Europe 5080, Oceania 733 Coaches: Adriana Aparecida dos Santos (Volleyball) 28 Sports, 306 disciplines where medals were awarded, Last runner in the Torch Relay: Vanderlei Cordeiro de Lima of which: men 161, women 136, Mix: 9 (London 162-132-8) (Athletics); budget: 10.6 billion USD Women were represented in all sports. Participating teams: 207, made up of 205 NOCs, Refugee Men are not admitted to Synchronised Swimming and to Olympic Team (ROT), Independent Olympic Athletes (IOA) Rhythmic Gymnastics. 6 50 minutes and 17 second. When it was complete, I was Every team – one tree. too tired to check whether or not the plan had been The 207 seedlings will adhered to. one day form the In truth, the world is large. No fewer than 207 teams Athletes’ Forest of took part in the march into the Maracanã Stadium, Deodoro. among them the much reduced team from Russia. Its authorities stood accused of state sponsored doping regime. Their total exclusion had been demanded by some. For the first time in Olympic history the athletes were included in a campaign. On entering the arena they received seed and a cartridge with a plant, borne by a child who followed each team on a tricycle decorated with flowers. The seedlings were temporarily placed in mirrored boxes, which burst open after the parade and The Olympic Laurel from whose upper ends the tops of the trees formed the Olympic rings – for the first time completely green. Thomas Bach’s Olympic Agenda 2020 recommended the Green was to be the dominant colour of the evening. creation of a new award. The Olympic Laurel, which was It stands for the paradisiacal nature of Brazil, whose presented for the first time in Rio during the Opening name comes from “terra do Brasil”, the brazil wood. Ceremony. The original trophy of fair-mined gold, For a long time it represented the only product of the which stands on a stone from the Ancient Olympia, will host country, which led to the exploitation of gigantic in future be kept in the Olympic Museum in Lausanne. forest areas. The first recipient was Kenya’s double Olympic The destruction of the national tree has stopped, champion Kipchoge Keino, who in 1968 won the 1500 but a greater problem is global warming of the earth. m and in 1972 the 3000 m steeplechase. Keino served as “Greenland is disappearing!” warned a voice in the an IOC Member from 2000 to 2010. He was nominated by stadium, in which reflection was included. a jury chaired by IOC President. It included prominent The contribution of the athletes to prevent climate representatives from five continents – among them IOC change could be no more than symbolic. The Olympic Honorary President Jacques Rogge. Games will not save the world. But if the 11,000 Keino received this prize for his charitable work with seedlings come up, they could one day, together with orphans, which started in 1973 following his retirement the 207 seedlings in the form a beautiful “Athletes’ from competition. He opened a children’s school and Forest”. We should monitor its progress. a training centre, which is today home to almost 100 Green was the colour of the day. The Olympic rings were formed by trees at the opening of the Games. Photos: picture-alliance JOH 3 | 2016 “History” and other stories from the shadow of Sugar Loaf Mountain 7 Kenya’s double Doves have formed an important part of the ritual Olympic champion since Antwerp in 1920. Although these took place two Kipchoge Keino was years after the end of the war few thought of them as the first winner of “doves of peace”. Belgian soldiers from the Signals corps the Olympic Laurel, released the birds – one for each of the 27 participating which recognised nations.5 for his social It is probable that the IOC had decided on this gesture engagement. in 1914 at the Olympic Congress in Paris, where other elements a flag and an oath were also added to the protocol by Coubertin. A year earlier he had witnessed the release of 10,000 doves at the inauguration of the German Stadium in Berlin, perhaps this provided inspiration. Kenyan orphans. In 1999 there followed the opening Doves are not mentioned until the 1930 version of of the Kip Keino School in an isolated region, offering Olympic Charter, which states: “Immediately a fanfare of education to more than 300 girls and boys aged from 6 trumpets is heard and a salute is fired whilst the Olympic to 13. flag is hoisted on the central mast, this being a signal for “We come into this world with nothing … and depart the freeing of pigeons (each pigeon having round its neck this world with nothing”, said Keino in a speech of a ribbon with the colours of the nation participating) ...”6 thanks. “My request to you, all sports men and women, If in 1932 in Los Angeles it was still “hundreds of is to join me in the continuous continuation to support doves”, the number multiplied in 1936 in Berlin, all the youths in the world to get basic humanity: food, where everything assumed a more gigantic scale. shelter, and education.” On the morning of the opening day 100,000 birds of German breeders were released in four groups, while The Doves of Peace the “Olympia Flight” in the afternoon was reserved for 18,000 homing pigeons, which had been sent in by Kites are part of the city landscape of Rio. A few months their owners from eleven countries. ago, 200 were dispatched to children in Kenya, who sent The symbolism we associate with the doves today arose Paper kites with them back to Brazil together having added messages of only after the Second World War. Pablo Picasso designed messages of peace peace. During the award for the Olympic Laurel kites a symbol of hope for the First World Peace Congress from Kenyan children flew in to represent the doves of peace in the Maracanã in 1949 in Paris. It incorporated a dove of peace. It was sailed through the Stadium. fitting that his daughter, born on the evening before the Maracanã Stadium. Doves had always been an important symbolic Congress, received the name “Paloma” – dove. Adjacent: 94 years ago, presence. IOC founder Pierre de Coubertin wrote about The Gun salute disappeared from the Olympic protocol, in 1920 in Antwerp, the opening ceremony in 1896 in Athens: “The Cannon its passing was mourned by few.