DOCSLIB.ORG

A Countermeasure for Motion Sickness

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
A Countermeasure for Motion Sickness Theses - Daytona Beach Dissertations and Theses Summer 2007 Quantifying the Cognitive, Symptomatic and Neuroendocrine Impact of the Coriolis Illusion; A Countermeasure for Motion Sickness Catherine Grandizio Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University - Daytona Beach Follow this and additional works at: https://commons.erau.edu/db-theses Part of the Aviation Commons, and the Cognitive Psychology Commons Scholarly Commons Citation Grandizio, Catherine, "Quantifying the Cognitive, Symptomatic and Neuroendocrine Impact of the Coriolis Illusion; A Countermeasure for Motion Sickness" (2007). Theses - Daytona Beach. 73. https://commons.erau.edu/db-theses/73 This thesis is brought to you for free and open access by Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University – Daytona Beach at ERAU Scholarly Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in the Theses - Daytona Beach collection by an authorized administrator of ERAU Scholarly Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Running Head: QUANTIFYING THE COGNITIVE QUANTIFYING THE COGNITIVE, SYMPTOMATIC AND NEUROENDOCRINE IMPACT OF THE CORIOLIS ILLUSION; A COUNTERMEASURE FOR MOTION SICKNESS by CATHERINE GRANDIZIO B.A., Flagler College, 2005 A Thesis Submitted to the Department of Human Factors & Systems in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Science in Human Factors and Systems Embry Riddle Aeronautical University Daytona Beach, FL Summer A 2007 UMI Number: EP32010 INFORMATION TO USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. Broken or indistinct print, colored or poor quality illustrations and photographs, print bleed-through, substandard margins, and improper alignment can adversely affect reproduction. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if unauthorized copyright material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. UMI® UMI Microform EP32010 Copyright 2011 by ProQuest LLC All rights reserved. This microform edition is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code. ProQuest LLC 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106-1346 QUANTIFYING THE COGNITIVE, SYMPTOMATIC AND NEUROENDOCRINE IMPACT OF THE CORIOLIS ILLUSION; A COUNTERMEASURE FOR MOTION SICKNESS by Catherine Grandizio This thesis was prepared under the direction of the candidate's thesis committee chair, Jonathan French, Ph.D., Department of Human Factors & Systems, and has been approved by members of the thesis committee. It was submitted to the Department of Human Factors & Systems and has been accepted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Human Factors & Systems. THESIS COMMITTEE: i A ^AIAASC^-— Jonathan French, Ph.D., Chair Albert Boquet, Ph.D., Member OlA^. Charles Moren, M.S., Member MS HFS Program CoordiCoordinatom r Department Chair, Department of Human Factors & Systems Associate Provost u Abstract When pilots are unable to accurately perceive the position and motion of their bodies, they are spatially disoriented. Spatial disorientation is often induced by aviation illusions, and its consequences include dizziness, confusion, nausea and fatigue. The present research evaluated the severity of cognitive, neuroendocrine and subjective symptoms of the Coriolis illusion, induced by a spatial disorientation flight training device. Also, the research examined the effectiveness of a mild, ground-based countermeasure, similar to the Coriolis illusion, in reducing the occurrence and severity of symptoms. In the early stages of data analysis, there appeared to be a significant impact of the Coriolis illusion on cognitive performance and subjective reports of disorientation. However, when more powerful detailed were conducted, no significant impact of the Coriolis illusion was found. Therefore, conclusions regarding the effectiveness of the countermeasure or the duration of the symptoms could not be made. in Table of Contents Abstract iij List of Figures yi Introduction 1 Statement of the Problem 1 Review of the Literature 2 Spatial orientation 2 Spatial disorientation 8 Types of spatial disorientation 10 Motion sickness 11 Incidence of spatial disorientation and motion sickness 12 Susceptibility to spatial disorientation and motion sickness 13 Neuroendocrine response to motion sickness 13 Cognitive impact of motion sickness 15 Countermeasures 16 Statement of Hypotheses 17 Methods 18 Participants 18 Pre-exposure 19 Materials 20 Design 23 Procedure 24 Results 25 Hypothesis One 25 Neuroendocrine results 26 Cognitive results 27 Subjective results 30 Hypothesis Two 32 Neuroendocrine results 32 Cognitive results 33 Subjective results 35 Hypothesis Three 36 Neuroendocrine results 36 Cognitive results 36 Subjective results 37 Hypothesis Four 38 Discussion 39 Conclusion 42 References 43 Appendix B: Simulator Sickness Questionnaire 48 Appendix C: Motion History Questionnaire 49 Appendix D. Demographic Questionnaire 50 Appendix E. Informed Consent 51 IV List of Tables Table 1. Table of Means for Overall ANAM Performance 28 Table 2. Table of Means for First Quarter ANAM Performance 30 Table 3. Wilcoxon Signed Ranks Test for Total SSQ Scores 31 Table 4. Wilcoxon Signed Ranks Test for Disorientation SSQ Scores 32 Table 5. Mann Whitney U Test for Total SSQ Data 35 Table 6. Mann Whitney U Test for Disorientation SSQ Data 36 v List of Figures Figure 1. The Planes of the Semicircular Canals and Corresponding Aviation Axes 4 Figure 2. The Cupula of the Semicircular Canal 5 Figure 3. The Otoconia and Macula of an Otolith Organ 6 Figure 4. The General Aviation Trainer (GAT) II 20 Figure 5. Question-by-Question Graph of Mathematical Accuracy 29 Figure 6. Question-by-Question Graph of Mathematical Reaction Time 29 Figure 7. Effect of Countermeasure on Average Accuracy (First Quarter Math Trials) 34 Figure 8. Effect of Countermeasure on Mean Reaction Time (First Quarter Math Trials) 34 VI Quantifying the Cognitive 1 Introduction Humans are well prepared to ambulate on the ground, to swim underwater, even to swing through trees, somewhat. We rely on a complex interaction of visual, vestibular and proprioceptive cues to orient ourselves in space. However, we are not well prepared to remain coordinated and cognizant in the sustained, accelerated angular movements of powered flight. When humans are unable to perceive the position and motion of their bodies, they are spatially disoriented. With regard to aviation, spatial disorientation refers to a pilot's "failure to sense correctly the position, motion or attitude of his aircraft or of him/herself within the fixed coordinate system provided by the surface of the earth and the gravitational vertical" (Previc & Ercoline, 2004, p.l). When visual references are not available to pilots, they must rely on other bodily senses (which can easily misrepresent angular movement) to help them understand where they are located in space. Even birds, whose main form of locomotion is flight, are unable to fly safely when deprived of sight (DeHart and Davis, 2002). Consequences of spatial disorientation include headache, dizziness, confusion, even nausea and fatigue. It is one of the most common factors in fatal aircraft accidents. Statistics from the FAA estimate that 5-10% of general aviation accidents are due to pilot disorientation, and that 90% of those accidents are fatal (Previc & Ercoline, 2004). Statement of the Problem Most of the research focusing on spatial disorientation has relied practically exclusively on subjective reports. The present research sought to quantify the duration and severity of cognitive, physiological and subjective symptoms of spatial disorientation Quantifying the Cognitive 2 as induced by a spatial disorientation flight training device. The goal of this research was to provide a demonstration that these symptoms could be quantified in simulated flight such that the effectiveness of different countermeasures could be evaluated. The effects of a visual illusion were compared to those of a vestibular illusion. Also, the research examined if pre-exposure to a ground-based vestibular illusion would reduce the occurrence or severity of some symptoms and thus serve as an effective countermeasure. The ability to induce and measure symptoms associated with spatial disorientation, may lead to the development of more sophisticated countermeasures. Review of the Literature Spatial orientation. Humans rely mainly on three sensory systems for information about how they are positioned: the visual system, vestibular system, and proprioceptive system. Most of the information we use to orient our bodies comes from our eyes. In fact, we are often unaware of the other orienting systems until we are deprived of visual cues or are exposed to "unusual or prolonged forces" (Sanders & McCormick, 1993, p. 643). Without vision, "flight as we know if would be impossible" (DeHart & Davis, 2002, p. 189). A visual stimulus begins when visible light passes through the cornea, the pupil, and then the lens of the eye. The cornea and lens focus the light onto the retina, where the receptors (rods and cones) are located. These receptors generate electrical signals in response to the light. These signals are transmitted along various neurons to the optic nerve. The optic nerve is comprised of the axons of ganglion cells, the final common path of neurons that transmit the electrical signals created by the rods and cones. Quantifying the Cognitive 3 Eventually,
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Pharmacology Risk Report
    Evidence Report: Risk of Therapeutic Failure Due to Ineffectiveness of Medication Virginia E. Wotring Ph. D. Universities Space Research Association, Houston, TX Human Research Program Human Health Countermeasures Element Approved for Public Release: August 02, 2011 National Aeronautics and Space Administration Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center Houston, Texas 2 TABLE OF CONTENTS I. PRD RISK TITLE: RISK OF THERAPEUTIC FAILURE DUE TO INEFFECTIVENESS OF MEDICATION ..................................................................... 6 II. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY .............................................................................................. 6 III. INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................ 7 IV. PHARMACOK INETICS ............................................................................................... 11 A. Absorption ...................................................................................................................... 11 1. Evidence ................................................................................................................................ 16 2. Risk ........................................................................................................................................ 20 3. Gaps ....................................................................................................................................... 21 B. Distribution ....................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Understanding and Enhancing Crew Endurance
    Understanding and Enhancing Crew Endurance Megan L. Moundalexis, Jennifer A. B. McKneely, William B. Fitzpatrick, and Cory C. Sheffer arfighters possess steadfast dedication while conduct- ing operations to maintain national security. Regardless of their motivation, however, working long hours in extreme conditions can compromise alertness and performance. Certain factors, such as sched- ules, sleep needs, lighting, nutrition, diet, and exercise, can be managed to support crew endurance. Several U.S. service branches have adopted crew endurance manage- ment (CEM) programs to decrease operational risk and increase mission readiness by educating and training personnel on endurance risks and management strategies. APL is currently investigating how performance stressors impact operations and how these stressors can be managed. A holistic approach involving management strategies, edu- cation, and training is recommended to enhance crew endurance. Continued research is needed to develop appropriate monitoring and management tools and strategies. This article describes the state of research on CEM as well as work APL is currently undertaking in this arena. INTRODUCTION Warfighters are essential to the security of our nation. ness (SA) to make good risk-based decisions.1, 2 Under- High standards are in place, requiring crews to perform standing how crews can safely maintain performance consistently at high levels in extreme conditions over while undergoing physical, environmental, physiologi- extended periods of time. Such performance often comes cal, and psychological challenges on the job is critical at a cost to the crew members’ stamina, which may lead to the support of our nation’s most valuable asset.3 This to operational risks. Sustained and continuous opera- ability has been termed crew endurance.
    [Show full text]
  • Frontiers of Neurology and Neuroscience
    The Mystery of Yawning in Physiology and Disease Frontiers of Neurology and Neuroscience Vol. 28 Series Editor J. Bogousslavsky Montreux The Mystery of Yawning in Physiology and Disease Volume Editor O. Walusinski Brou 14 figures, 1 in color, and 5 tables, 2010 Basel · Freiburg · Paris · London · New York · Bangalore · Bangkok · Shanghai · Singapore · Tokyo · Sydney Dr. Olivier Walusinski General Practice 28160 Brou (France) Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data The mystery of yawning in physiology and disease / volume editor, O. Walusinski. p. ; cm. -- (Frontiers of neurology and neuroscience, ISSN 1660-4431 ; v. 28) Includes bibliographical references and indexes. ISBN 978-3-8055-9404-2 (hard cover : alk. paper) 1. Yawning. I. Walusinski, Olivier. II. Series: Frontiers of neurology and neuroscience, v. 28. 1660-4431 ; [DNLM: 1. Yawning--physiology. 2. Respiratory Physiological Phenomena. W1 MO568C v.28 2010 / WF 102 M998 2010] QP372.M97 2010 612.2Ј1--dc22 2010001269 Bibliographic Indices. This publication is listed in bibliographic services, including Current Contents® and Index Medicus. Disclaimer. The statements, opinions and data contained in this publication are solely those of the individual authors and contributors and not of the publisher and the editor(s). The appearance of advertisements in the book is not a warranty, endorsement, or approval of the products or services advertised or of their effectiveness, quality or safety. The publisher and the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to persons or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content or advertisements. Drug Dosage. The authors and the publisher have exerted every effort to ensure that drug selection and dosage set forth in this text are in accord with current recommendations and practice at the time of publication.
    [Show full text]
  • Pre-Exposure Training As a Means to Reduce Vection Induced Symptoms of Motion Sickness
    Dissertations and Theses 3-2013 Pre-exposure Training as a Means to Reduce Vection Induced Symptoms of Motion Sickness Nicholas James Stapleton Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University - Daytona Beach Follow this and additional works at: https://commons.erau.edu/edt Part of the Aviation Commons, and the Cognitive Psychology Commons Scholarly Commons Citation Stapleton, Nicholas James, "Pre-exposure Training as a Means to Reduce Vection Induced Symptoms of Motion Sickness" (2013). Dissertations and Theses. 136. https://commons.erau.edu/edt/136 This Thesis - Open Access is brought to you for free and open access by Scholarly Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Dissertations and Theses by an authorized administrator of Scholarly Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Pre-exposure training as a means to reduce vection induced symptoms of motion sickness By Nicholas James Stapleton A Thesis to be Submitted to the College of Arts and Sciences in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Science in Human Factors & Systems Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University Daytona Beach, Florida May 2013 Pre-exposure training as a means to reduce vection induced symptoms of motion sickness By Nicholas James Stapleton This thesis was prepared under the direction of the candidate’s Thesis Committee Chair, Dr. Jon French, Professor, Daytona Beach Campus, and Thesis Committee Members Dr. Albert Boquet, Professor, Daytona Beach Campus, Dr. Mustapha Mouloua, Professor, University of Central Florida, and Dr. Robert S. Kennedy, Professor, University of Central Florida. It was submitted to the College of Arts and Sciences in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Human Factors & Systems.
    [Show full text]
  • The Effects of Different Optokinetic Drum Rotation Speeds on Motion Sickness Symptoms, Cognitive Performance and Sleep Amount
    Dissertations and Theses Spring 2012 The Effects of Different Optokinetic Drum Rotation Speeds on Motion Sickness Symptoms, Cognitive Performance and Sleep Amount Wilfredo Rodríguez-Jiménez Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University - Daytona Beach Follow this and additional works at: https://commons.erau.edu/edt Part of the Cognitive Psychology Commons Scholarly Commons Citation Rodríguez-Jiménez, Wilfredo, "The Effects of Different Optokinetic Drum Rotation Speeds on Motion Sickness Symptoms, Cognitive Performance and Sleep Amount" (2012). Dissertations and Theses. 123. https://commons.erau.edu/edt/123 This Thesis - Open Access is brought to you for free and open access by Scholarly Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Dissertations and Theses by an authorized administrator of Scholarly Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. The Effects of Different Optokinetic Drum Rotation Speeds on Motion Sickness Symptoms, Cognitive Performance and Sleep Amount By Wilfredo Rodríguez-Jiménez B.S., University of Puerto Rico, 2007 A Thesis Submitted to the Department of Human Factors & Systems in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Science in Human Factors & Systems Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University Daytona Beach, Florida Spring 2012 iii Table of Contents List of Figures vi List of Tables viii Abstract ix Introduction 1 Vestibular system 1 The semicircular ducts 3 The otolith organs: utricle and saccule 4 Motion sickness 5 Theories of motion sickness 9 Sensory conflict theory 9 Subjective
    [Show full text]
  • Understanding the Science of Sleep the Sleep Genius Solution
    WHITEPAPER Understanding the Science of Sleep The Sleep Genius Solution PRESENTED BY Seth S. Horowitz, Ph.D. Neuroscientist February 8, 2013 Understanding the Science of Sleep Overview Understanding sleep is one of the great challenges to biomedicine of the 21st century. Sleep is as important to life and health as breathing, eating or drinking, and yet despite decades of research by thousands of dedicated scientists and physicians, it is still one of the least understood behaviors. It is estimated that 40 million people in the US have chronic sleep problems and 20 million more experience temporary sleep problems at some point in their lives. These disorders broadly include: Insomnia, the inability to fall or stay asleep Disturbed sleep, in which the sufferer fails to achieve all the required stages of sleep Excessive sleepiness, such as narcolepsy or chronic fatigue syndrome. However, simply lumping sleep problems into diagnostic categories does very little to help figure out their underlying causes. Sleep can be affected by factors as fleeting as the amount of coffee or tea consumed, or by those as basic as age, gender, genetics or health. Discovering ways to allow everyone to get the sleep they need at every stage of their life requires a major rethinking of how we approach sleep and sleep disorders. What is Normal Sleep? Sleep is a complex neurological behavior found in all vertebrates, from fish to humans. While there are differences in the stages and forms of sleep in different species, it is a critical part of health in all of them. In humans, sleep is broadly broken into Rapid Eye Movement (REM) and three stages (N1, N2, N3) of non-Rapid Eye Movement (NREM), defined by electroencephalographic (EEG) measures.
    [Show full text]
  • New Year… Migrainejanxiety Related Dizziness (MARD): a New Disorder?
    EDITORIAL 1 J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry: first published as 10.1136/jnnp.2004.048926 on 16 December 2004. Downloaded from Neurologists, Psychiatrists, and Neuro- ....................................................................................... surgeons. Papers should be of direct clinical relevance and so we will not generally publish papers on normal New year… brain function nor on animal studies. We hope that these changes will provide M N Rossor, M G Hanna a quick decision for our authors whilst reducing the burden on reviewers. ................................................................................... Nevertheless prioritising between good papers remains very difficult and to assist this we have established a weekly editorial meeting. ast year we said goodbye to Ian burden we have tried to make an early As we enter 2005 we reiterate our Whittle whom we thank for all his decision on priority for the journal with thanks to reviewers and authors and Lhard work and welcome Peter the result that over a third of papers do hope to continue to attract similar high Warnke from Liverpool as our new not go out to review. This will include quality manuscripts to those we have Associate Editor for Neurosurgery. We many papers that are well conducted handled over the last year. also say goodbye to many members of and worthy of publication but which we J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2005;76:1 the editorial board and welcome new consider are not best suited to the JNNP, faces. The vitality of the journal rests usually because they are too specialised. ...................... with its reviewers and authors. We In order to assist authors with the Authors’ affiliations listed our reviewers in the December decision of whether to submit to the Martin N Rossor, Michael G Hanna, Institute issue and reiterate our thanks to them.
    [Show full text]
  • The Effects of Low-Frequency Sinusoidal Linear Acceleration on Skin Sympathetic Nerve Activity in Humans
    THE EFFECTS OF LOW-FREQUENCY SINUSOIDAL LINEAR ACCELERATION ON SKIN SYMPATHETIC NERVE ACTIVITY IN HUMANS Monique Foster, BMedSci School of Medicine Western Sydney University A thesis submitted to Western Sydney University in fulfilment for the award of Master of Research, 2017 STATEMENT OF AUTHENTICATION I, Monique Foster, declare that this thesis is original and based entirely on my own independent work except if acknowledged and referenced in the text. I declare that I have not submitted this material to gain qualification for this Master of Research, or any other degree at Western Sydney University, and it has not been submitted to any other academic institution Monique Foster Page 2 of 99 ABSTRACT Motion sickness, caused by actual or apparent motion, is a common disorder that is yet to be fully understood. It is a complex disorder that transcends the most common symptoms of nausea and vomiting, with several of the symptoms or symptom-complexes being under-researched or not well understood. One of these symptom-complexes is centred around the drowsiness, lethargy and irritability associated with typical motion sickness, is known as sopite syndrome. It has previously been shown that sopite syndrome can be caused by exposure to low-frequency motion over a longer duration. Additionally, it is known that the vestibular apparatus, being activated by motion, plays an important role in the pathogenesis of motion sickness, as robust vestibular modulation of skin sympathetic nerve activity (SSNA) has been demonstrated. However, there is currently no research quantifying the physiological changes that occur during sopite syndrome. Therefore, this study aims to quantify the physiological effects of low-frequency motion on SSNA, skin blood flow and heart rate variability (HRV), while also measuring self-reported sleepiness in subjects.
    [Show full text]
  • Effects of Motion Sickness on Human Thermoregulatory Mechanisms
    Effects of Motion Sickness on Human Thermoregulatory Mechanisms Gerard Nobel Thesis for doctoral degree (Ph.D.) Department of Environmental Physiology School of Technology and Health KTH (Royal Institute of Technology) Academic dissertation which, with permission from KTH (Royal Institute of Technology) Stockholm, will be presented on Friday December 10, 2010, at 13.30, in lecture hall 3-221, Alfred Nobels allé 10, Huddinge, Sweden. TRITA-STH Report 2010:6 ISSN: 1653-3836 ISRN: ISRN KTH/STH/2010:6--SE ISBN: 978-91-7415-795-6 © Gerard Nobel, Stockholm 2010 Cover photo: KODIAK, Alaska - A life raft from the fishing vessel Alaska Ranger floats in the Bering Sea after the survivors were rescued by the Coast Guard. Photo by PA3 Richard Brahm, US Coast Guard. Note that these types of life rafts are notorious for causing motion sickness. “Seasickness: at first you are so sick you are afraid you will die, and then you are so sick you are afraid you won't die.” Allegedly by Mark Twain. Abstract The presented studies were performed to investigate the effects of motion sickness (MS) on human autonomic and behavioural thermoregulatory mechanisms during cold stress and in a thermoneutral environment. The roles of histaminergic and cholinergic neuron systems in autonomic thermoregulation and MS-dependent dysfunction of autonomic thermoregulation were studied using a histamine-receptor blocker, dimenhydrinate (DMH), and a muscarine-receptor blocker, scopolamine (Scop). In addition, the effects of these substances on MS-induced nausea and perceptual thermoregulatory responses were studied. MS was found to lower core temperature, during cold stress by attenuation of cold-induced vasoconstriction and decreased shivering thermogenesis, and in a thermoneutral environment by inducing sweating and vasodilatation.
    [Show full text]
  • Sleep Environment Recommendations for Future Spaceflight Vehicles
    NASA/TM-2016-219282 Sleep Environment Recommendations for Future Spaceflight Vehicles Erin E. Flynn-Evans, PhD MPH Fatigue Countermeasures Laboratory NASA Ames Research Center Zachary A. Caddick San Jose State University Research Foundation Kevin Gregory San Jose State University Research Foundation National Aeronautics and Space Administration Johnson Space Center Houston, Texas 77058 December 2016 NASA STI Program ... in Profile Since its founding, NASA has been dedicated CONFERENCE PUBLICATION. Collected to the advancement of aeronautics and space papers from scientific and technical science. The NASA scientific and technical conferences, symposia, seminars, or other information (STI) program plays a key part in meetings sponsored or co-sponsored helping NASA maintain this important role. by NASA. The NASA STI program operates under the SPECIAL PUBLICATION. Scientific, auspices of the Agency Chief Information technical, or historical information from Officer. It collects, organizes, provides for NASA programs, projects, and missions, archiving, and disseminates NASA’s STI. The often concerned with subjects having NASA STI program provides access to the NASA substantial public interest. Aeronautics and Space Database and its public interface, the NASA Technical Report Server, TECHNICAL TRANSLATION. English- thus providing one of the largest collections of language translations of foreign scientific aeronautical and space science STI in the world. and technical material pertinent to Results are published in both non-NASA channels NASA’s mission. and by NASA in the NASA STI Report Series, which includes the following report types: Specialized services also include creating custom thesauri, building customized databases, TECHNICAL PUBLICATION. Reports of and organizing and publishing research results. completed research or a major significant phase of research that present the results of For more information about the NASA STI NASA Programs and include extensive data program, see the following: or theoretical analysis.
    [Show full text]