PHIL/PSYCH 256 INTRODUCTION TO

COGNITIVE SCIENCE Analogy: use of one example Week 5: Analogy (source, base) to solve another one (target) Great scientific : Sound/wave Lightning/electricity Natural selection/artificial selection Mind/computer Bad analogies: Dell.

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Why Use Analogies?

• Often there are no established rules and concepts available. • Easier to adapt cases. • Human mind is good at matching and adapting.

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Analogy: Representation Analogy: Procedures

• Source and target representation: 1. Pursue target – Verbal 2. Find source that matches target – Pictorial 1. Given 2. Retrieve from memory – Sensory 3. Construct – Emotional 3. Map source to target: correspondences • Not a full theory of mental representation: 4. Adapt source to generate solution still need concepts, rules, images, etc. 5. Learn by forming schema

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1 Analogy: Constraints Constraints on Analogy Stage Main constraint 1. Purpose: what is the use? 2. Similarity of elements: meaning, visual Retrieval Similarity similarity Mapping Structure 3. Structure: approximation to isomorphism: preserve relational structure Adaptation and Purpose transfer

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Discussion Question Computational Power

• When have you found analogies to be useful • Analogical problem solving useful for or harmful? What constraints were decisions, explanations, and other problems. operating? • Learning: adapt old solutions. • Language: metaphor, e.g. poetry.

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Limitations of Analogy One-minute Essay

• Lack of previous experience • How is analogical problem solving different • Hard to find relevant cases from rule-based problem solving? • Adaptation may be complex • Analogies may be misleading – Worst analogy ever made

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2 Using Analogies Well Discussion Question

• Use familiar sources • Can my advice for using analogies well • Make the mappings clear improve your use of analogies? • Use deep systematic analogies • Describe the mismatches • Use multiple analogies • Perform analogy therapy to correct bad analogies

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Key Points in Gentner One-minute essay

• Similarity is like analogy. • What is the relation between similarity and • Systematicity: match connected systems of analogy? relations. • Focus on alignable differences. • Make inferences and extend mappings. • Importance of similarity for categorization.

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A behavior is innate?

1. Culturally universal. 2. Specific brain area(s). 3. Adaptive during evolutionary period. 4. Not a side effect of other behaviors.

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