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G]A Iation of T E Puo·Et Ound R O·· N

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G]A Iation of T E Puo·Et Ound R O·· N L ------ HENRY LANDE , tate ol "'I t G]a iation of t e Puo·et ound R o·· n B J. RE OLY ll'IA, WA.SH,; l'lliNK .i. l:.illJIO&N l'UBLIC rnu,na 1918 B ARD O G •O VEY. Governor Ex~rasT L TEll, ltairman. i utcnant Gonrnor Lo F. fuRT. tate Tre ur r EDWARD 11 ! e TH, ecretary. Pr ident T. F. KAlra. Pr ident E. A. Ba.YAN. HE '11Y LA1.'l>ES, tatc G ologiat. o Cf I 7 LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL. Governor Ernost Lister Chairmam, and Members of the Board of Geological Swrvey: GEN'l'LEMEN: I have the honor to submit herewith a. report entitled "Glaciation of the Puaet ound Region,' by J. Har­ len Bretz, with the recommendation that it be printed as Bul­ letin No. 8 of the Survey reports. The surface deposits about Puget ound, as shown in the ea-cliff C..'{cavation for street , tunnels and elsewhere have always attracted much attention. They a.re of economic im­ portance, not alone from an agricultural standpoint but be­ cau e of the valuable bed of clay and and gravel which they contain. Local chapters in the tory of tbe glaciation of Puget Sound have been contributed by dHferent writers at different time but thi bulletin by Mr. Bretz i the first de­ tailed account covering all pha es of an interesting portion of the geological history of tl1e region. This 1·eport by Mr. Bretz ha .involved several year of field-work and study, the expen es of which were ustain.ed by him personally, except that a small allowance toward the co t of the field-work was granted him by the ur ey during the ummer of 1911. Very re pectt'ully, HENRY LANDES, State Geologist. University tation Seattle May I, 1918. TABLE O CO -rTE TS. Paue [NTRODUCTION 9 CHAPTER I. 00TLIN'E OF T1IE PLEI TOOEN'E HI TORY OF THE REGJO • . • . • . .• • . • . • .• • . • . • . • . • •• • • . • • • • 13 OHA.PTER JI. THE TEllli:INAL MORAINE OF PUGET Sou::..'D....... 23 CHAPTER III. EXTJU· foRAlliIO 0tJTWAS:S: OF TRE PCGET Somm RrotON • • . • • • . • •• • • . • • • • . • . • • • . • • . • • • • • . 38 CHAPTER IV. VASHON REcEB roNA.L Mon, TN£ ANO ATTENDANT OtJTWASR • • • • • . • • . • . • . • • . • . • . • • • • • . • • • 61 CHAPTER V. THE Momws OF THE V AfillON OUTWASII. • • • • . • 81 CHAPTER VI. Tm;; GLAOIA.L L.uo.:s A 'D DRA!NAOE CHANGES OF nu: VASHO!', GLACIAT.JON ••.•••...••••••.•••. , 109 CHAPTER vrr. TRE ADAmw::rY GUC!ATION •..•....•........... 173 CHAPTER VIII. 0RIGUI" OF TRE TnOUGRB Oli PuGET SOUND ••••.••• 195 CHAPTER IX. R.Er.ATJONS OF GLACTATJON Ol" TUE FU.NKINO MOUNTAINS TO TIIAT OF TRE PUGEl' SOUND BA.SIN ..................................... 221 CHAPTER X. Pu:t TOOE,·E AND Po T-Pu:tS'l!OCENS DIASTROPJIIBM 226 WASH!~ G STATE L1BRAR ILLU TR.A.TIO Facing Plate Page I .. .... .... .................................................. 40 Fig. 1. The Satsop Red Gravel Terrace. 2. Surface o·f Satsop Red Gravel Terrace. 3. Section of Red Gravel tn Satsop Terrace. IT . 48 Flg. 1. Mound Section i.n N. P. R. R. Plt, Mlma Prairie. 2. Mound Topography on Muna Prairie. Ill . 56 Fig. 1. Large Intermound Area on .Mima Prairie. 2. Typical Mounds on Mjma Prairie. IV ......................................................... 64 Fig. 1. Mounds on the orthern Portion of Mima Prairie. 2. Kettle Among Mounds, Mirna Prair1e. V ......................................................... 72 Fig. 1. Rocky Prairie Mounds with Intermound Cobbles. 2. Rocky Prairie Mound . VI . .. 80 Fig. 1. Mounds of Rocky Prairie. 2. Mounds of Rocky Prairie. VII 88 Fig.1. Delta at Corner Seneca St. and Sixth Ave., Seattle. 2. Mounds cut by Highway, Muna Prairie.. VIII. An rea of Typical Mounds on Mlrua Prairie.. 96 IX 104 Fig. 1. Ford Type Mound on Grand Mound Prairie. 2. Bedding of Mirna Prairie Outwash. Gravel. X ...... ................................................. 112 Fig. 1. Prairie Oalc, killed by Invading Fir Forest. 2. Upper Falls of the Des Chutes River. XI 120 Flg. 1. Section in the Steilacoom Delta. 2. Section in the Richmond Delta. xn 152 Flg.1. Distorted Admiralty Sediments, McNeil's Island. 2. Structure of lbe Quatsap Point Delta Beds. Illustrations 7 Facing Plate Page XJTI. Cole Point, Anderson Island. 160 xrv. Denny Hill Regrade .................................... 176 xv . , ........ .......... .. ..........................•....... 184. Fig. 1. Old River Channel above Kennydale Delta. 2. Percival Creek Channel. 3. "Spite Hlil" of Denny Hill Regrade. XVI 192 FJg. 1. Portion of Denny Hill Regrade, Sea tle. 2. The Grade on Bell SLreet, Denoy HUJ Regrade, Se­ attle. xvn. Crumpled Olay Stratum of Camano Island. 200 XVIII 208 Fig. 1. Vashon Till Sea curr at Tip of Cape Horn. 2. Drumllnoid Forms or Vashon TW on Fox Island. XIX 216 Fig. 1. Vashon Till Sea Clltt, Brisco Point. South End ot Hartstene Island. 2. Vaahon TIU on Marrowstone Island, AdmJralty Inlet. XX ..........•............•................................ 224" Fig. 1. Drowned alley of Chambers' Creek at Low Tide. 2. Cattle Poln1. Hill, San. Juan Island. XXI 232 Fig. 1. Sea Cliff in South R111, San Juan I land. 2. Erratic on Vashon Ground Moraine, near Port Gam· ble. XXTI. Pleistocene Surface Deposits of Puget Sound Basin .. ln Pocket XXIII. Moraine and Outwasb South of Puget Sound ......... In l'ocket XXIV. Bathymetrlc Map of Puget Sound . ................•. In Pocket 8 Illustrations li'iqure. Page 1. Profl.le of the Vashon TennJnal Moraine..................... 36 2. Glacial Drainage from Eastern Lobe ot Puget Sound Glacler, at its .Maximum Elxtent....... 44 3. Glacial Drainage from Eastern Lobe of Puget Sound Glacler, during building of Mima and Tenalquat PralrJes ....... ,... 55 4. Glacial Drainage from Eastern Lobe o! Puget Sound Glacier, during bu.ilcling of Rocky Prairie......................... 63 5. Diagrammatic Cross Section of Tenalquat Prairie. 65 6. Glacial Drainage, etc., during building of Yelm Prairie...... 70 7. Time and Space Relations of the Glacial La.lees durlng Vashon Retreat ................................................. ll.1 8. Lak Puyallup and Elru:Jy Lake Russell .................... 124 9. A _portion of the City of Tacoma, showing Location of the Tacoma Delta, the Various Pits in it, the South Tacoma Channel Head, and Position of Ice Front at Time ot Delta Formation . • . 129 10. Lake Tacoma, Lake Nis.qually and Early Lake Russell. 132 11. Lake Skokomish and L~e Russell ........................•. 144 12. La1i:e Hood and Lake Russell ............................... 147 13. Mouth of the Dusewalltps River Valley, drawn from chaTt 6450 of the U. s. C. & G. S., suowlng the Brtnnon Delta ..... 149 H . Glacial Lake Sammamish .................................. 152 15. The Redmond Delta and Elnvlrons. 155 16. Lake Snohomish and Ma.i:imum Lake Russell ....... , .. •.... 158 17. Relation of the Richmond Delta to Lake RusseU e.nd the Puget Sound Glacier . 161 18. VlcinJty of Arlington and Marysville ....................... 167 19. Profiles of the Glacial Lakes of Puget Sound, projected on a orth and South L1ne. 169 20. Profiles ot the Glacial Lakes of Puget Sound, projected on an East and West Line ................................ ... 172 21. Relation of Admiralty Sediments to Vashon Tm ............. 198 22. Oblique Truncatlon of Que.tsap Point Delta For:eset Beds .... 201 23. Interglacial Drainage Pattern . .............................. 203 24. North Shore of Hales Passage .................. .. .... .. 206 25. Course of Radiating Till Ridges on Wollochet Bay. 207 26. Chambers Creek and Environs .... .. ....................... 285 27. Diastrophic Movements of the Puget Sound Basin since Ad· miralty Gia.elation . 237 INTROD Tl GENERAL PHYSTOGRAPHY OF THE p ·GmT sou.:n REGION. Tlle hn.in or ,1 pre i n of Puget und in we-tern Wo. h- ington Jies betw •n h Olympic Muunla.in on the we t and the a cade Mountain on the ea t. Iu it noi-tbern portion it open to the Pncitic cean through th reat valley cupied by the trait of ,Tuw:1 de Fuca betw en the Olympic fountain nnd Vancouver 1 land. The ba in i n lo al on the outh by a low divide be w n the. ound nnd the behali iv r, the latter flowing to tl,e Pit ific outh of lhe Olympic . The name' Puget ound" wa ori innlly ,..iven by Vancouver to thn porti n of th inland a.rm of th ea which Ji outh or the ' lll'row ' near Tacoma. , anc uver distin ui hed t o th r main portion o( the e inlet • Hood anal and dmiralty Inl ,t. Hi u a.g wn r pected by Wilk of the Tnit d tates Exploring E ·pedition a half century later but today the term 'Puget ound' emb1·aces all three p01tion and i fre­ qu ntl u ed lo in<'lude all marin · wnt rs conned d with the lroit f Juan d • u a outh oC the Int rnationa.l boundary line. In this bro11d en c it is a cd in the Litle of tbi paper. The dcpres ion of Puget ound i gcnelica.lly yn Jinnl, be­ longing to the mo t we t rn ,yn ]inorium of North m ricll. Tl1c Gulf of G 01·cria north of it, and the Willamette valley of r •gon the Great. full y of California and the Gulf of Cali­ f rniii utb of it nr likewi e portion of thi tructurnl hough. here are interruption in it, and rliff t' nt pttrts ha e doubtle s had different hi tori The Puget und deprc i n it.elf i pllrtially interrupt d by a mountain u pnr of LLe ,iscndes e t ndi ng diagonall 11cro s toward the northw t ju t nortl.1 of Lh trait of Jll/lll de Fuca. The nu,untf1in rnngc of Van- couver 1 land i rhn a continuo.ti n or the pur. Th nrca tudi d rt nds from tl1c lnt •rnational b unde.ry on the north to U1 divide betwe n Ute h bali nnd ·otnm­ it, ri er on th ou Ih a distance of 170 miles.
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