Reuters Institute Digital News Report 2020

Reuters Institute Digital News Report 2020

Nic Newman with Richard Fletcher, Anne Schulz, Simge Andı, and Rasmus Kleis Nielsen

Supported by

Surveyed by

© Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism / Digital News Report 2020 4

Contents

Foreword by Rasmus Kleis Nielsen 5 3.15 Netherlands 76 Methodology 6 3.16 Norway 77 Authorship and Research Acknowledgements 7 3.17 Poland 78 3.18 Portugal 79

SECTION 1 3.19 Romania 80 Executive Summary and Key Findings by Nic Newman 9 3.20 Slovakia 81 3.21 Spain 82

SECTION 2 3.22 Sweden 83 Further Analysis and International Comparison 33 3.23 Switzerland 84 2.1 How and Why People are Paying for Online News 34 3.24 Turkey 85 2.2 The Resurgence and Importance of Email Newsletters 38 AMERICAS 2.3 How Do People Want the Media to Cover Politics? 42 3.25 United States 88 2.4 Global Turmoil in the Neighbourhood: 3.26 Argentina 89 Problems Mount for Regional and Local News 47 3.27 Brazil 90 2.5 How People Access News about Climate Change 52 3.28 Canada 91 3.29 Chile 92 SECTION 3 3.30 Mexico 93 Country and Market Data 59 ASIA PACIFIC EUROPE 3.31 Australia 96 3.01 United Kingdom 62 3.32 Hong Kong 97 3.02 Austria 63 3.33 Japan 98 3.03 Belgium 64 3.34 Malaysia 99 3.04 Bulgaria 65 3.35 Philippines 100 3.05 Croatia 66 3.36 Singapore 101 3.06 Czech Republic 67 3.37 South Korea 102 3.07 Denmark 68 3.38 Taiwan 103 3.08 Finland 69 AFRICA 3.09 France 70 3.39 Kenya 106 3.10 Germany 71 3.40 South Africa 107 3.11 Greece 72 3.12 Hungary 73 SECTION 4 3.13 Ireland 74 References and Selected Publications 109 3.14 Italy 75 4 / 5

Foreword Professor Rasmus Kleis Nielsen Director, Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism (RISJ)

The coronavirus crisis is having a profound impact not just on Our main survey this year covered respondents in 40 markets, our health and our communities, but also on the news media. including 24 in Europe, and four in Latin America (Brazil, Argentina, Most of the research presented in this year’s Digital News Report Chile, and Mexico) as well as the United States and Canada. In was collected before the virus hit in many countries, but findings Asia we have added the Philippines this year to our existing seven from the work we have carried out in the months since underline markets (Japan, South Korea, Taiwan, Hong Kong, Malaysia, that the crisis is very likely to accelerate long-term structural Singapore, and Australia) and we are delighted to include Kenya for changes towards a more digital, more mobile, and more the first time, following the inclusion of South Africa in 2019. In the platform-dominated media environment. years to come we plan to continue to make this report even more comprehensive and more international by covering more countries The bulk of this report is based on data collected by a survey of in the Global South. Having said that, as we use online polling more than 80,000 people in 40 markets and reflects media usage and need to make meaningful comparisons, we continue to focus in January/February just before the coronavirus hit many of these on countries with high internet penetration and which are either countries. But the key trends that we document here, including broadly democratic or generally compare themselves to countries changes in how people access news, low trust, and rising concern with a democratic tradition. about misinformation have been a backdrop against which journalists, editors, politicians, and public health officials have been battling to A report of this scale and scope is only possible due to collaboration reach ordinary people with key messages over the last few months. from our partners and sponsors around the world. We are proud to have the opportunity to work with a number of leading academics We know that this crisis has substantially increased the amount and top universities in the report, as well as media experts from and frequency of news consumption as well as influenced attitudes the news industry itself. Our partners have helped in a variety to the news media, at least temporarily. We’ve captured this in a of different ways, from checking questionnaires to helping to second set of polling data collected in April when the crisis was at analyse and interpret the results. Many are also organising events its peak in some countries. This has helped us to see the impact of or publishing country reports looking in more detail at specific the crisis in terms of sources of news and also reminded us of the issues facing their national media – adding wider value to this critical role that the news media play at times of national crisis, international project. including documenting that people who rely on news media are better informed about the virus than those who do not. Given the richness of the research, this report can only convey a small part of the data collected and work done. More detail While many media companies have been enjoying record audience is available on our website, www.digitalnewsreport.org, which figures, news fatigue is also setting in, and the short-term and contains slidepacks and charts, along with a licence that long-term economic impact of the crisis is likely to be profound – encourages reuse, subject to attribution to the Reuters Institute. advertising budgets are slashed and a recession looms, threatening news media, some of whom are struggling with adapting to a Making all this possible, we are hugely grateful to our sponsors: changing world. Against this background, this year’s report also Google News Initiative, BBC News, Ofcom, the Broadcasting focuses on the shift towards paying for online news in many Authority of Ireland, the Dutch Media Authority (CvdM), the countries across the world, with detailed analysis of progress in three Media Industry Research Foundation of Finland, the Fritt countries (the UK, USA, and Norway). What lessons can we learn Ord Foundation in Norway, the Korea Press Foundation, and about what could persuade more people to pay directly for news? Edelman UK, as well as our academic sponsors at the Hans Bredow Institute, the University of Navarra, the University of This year, our report carries important data about the extent to Canberra, the Centre d’études sur les médias, Quebec, Canada, which people value and trust local news, perhaps the sector most and Roskilde University in Denmark. We are particularly grateful vulnerable to the economic shocks that will inevitably follow the to the Open Society Foundations, our newest sponsor, which has health crisis itself. And we also explore the way people access helped us to expand the report to cover more countries in the news about climate change as well as attitudes to media coverage Global South this year. for the first time. We are also grateful to YouGov, our polling company, who did Given that the coronavirus is continuing to impact the media everything possible to accommodate our increasingly complex landscape at great pace, we have significantly reduced the requirements and helped our research team analyse and commentary on this year’s market- and country-based pages, though contextualise the data. we publish the key data that we collected in January/February in full. Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism / Digital News Report 2020 6

Methodology

This study has been commissioned by the Reuters Institute • It is also important to note that online surveys rely on recall, for the Study of Journalism to understand how news is being which is often imperfect or subject to biases. We have tried consumed in a range of countries. Research was conducted by to mitigate these risks through careful questionnaire design YouGov using an online questionnaire at the end of January/ and testing. On the other hand, surveys can be a good way of beginning of February 2020. capturing fragmented media consumption across platforms (eg social media, messaging, apps, and websites), and tracking • Samples in each country were assembled using nationally activities and changes over time. representative quotas for age, gender, region, and education. The data were also weighted to targets based on census/ • We conducted two additional surveys this year. The first was industry accepted data. a detailed study of paying for online news where we surveyed around 4,000 respondents in the United States and the United • As this survey deals with news consumption, we filtered out Kingdom and around 2,000 respondents in Norway. Polling anyone who said that they had not consumed any news in the was conducted by YouGov in February 2020 using a similar past month, in order to ensure that irrelevant responses didn’t methodology as for the main survey. In April we conducted adversely affect data quality. This category averaged around 3%. an additional survey with the Misinformation, Science and • We should note that online samples will tend to under-represent Media project run by the Reuters Institute in collaboration the consumption habits of people who are not online (typically with the Oxford Internet Institute and support from the older, less affluent, and with limited formal education). In this sense Oxford Martin School to understand the impact of the novel it is better to think of results as representative of online populations coronavirus on media consumption in six countries (UK, USA, who use news at least once a month. In a country like Norway this Germany, Spain, Argentina, and South Korea). Samples sizes is almost everyone (98%) but in Mexico it is only two-thirds (66%) were approximately 2,000 in the UK and Germany, and 1,000 and in South Africa just over half (55%). Our sample in Kenya only elsewhere. We have indicated occasions where data come includes those aged 18-54 due to difficulties in reaching older from these additional surveys next to the appropriate chart. people online. These differences mean we need to be cautious Where we compare the results from this survey to the DNR, when comparing results between countries. We have marked we have removed those that use news less than once a month countries with lower internet penetration or less representative to make the data more directly comparable. For more details online samples with an asterisk (*) in the table at the end of on the methodology for this survey, see the standalone report this section and have been careful in the report not to directly (Nielsen et al. 2020). Open questions were used in our surveys compare these countries on issues where we know that the sample and some user comments have been drawn from these and are difference would make results invalid (eg paying for news). used in the text. • It is important to note that some of our survey-based results REUTERS INSTITUTE FOR THE STUDY OF JOURNALISM / FURTHER ANALYSIS • A fuller description of the methodology, panel partners, and will not match industry data, which are often based on different a discussion of non-probability sampling techniques can Slidemethodologies, 1 such as web-tracking. The accuracy of these be found on our website along with the full questionnaire approaches can be high, but they are subject to different (digitalnewsreport.org). limitations, meaning that data can also be partial or incomplete.

Country/market Sample Internet Country/market Sample Internet Country/market Sample Internet size penetration size penetration size penetration Europe Netherlands 2014 96% Chile* 2005 77% UK 2011 95% Norway 2010 98% Mexico* 2023 66% Austria 2005 88% Poland 2008 78% Asia Pacific Belgium 2010 94% Portugal 2012 78% Australia 2131 89% Bulgaria* 2006 67% Romania* 2017 74% Hong Kong 2023 89% Croatia 2009 92% Slovakia 2018 85% Japan 2006 93% Czech Republic 2006 88% Spain 2006 93% Malaysia* 2013 81% Denmark 2061 98% Sweden 2091 96% Philippines* 2019 72% Finland 2050 94% Switzerland 2012 94% Singapore 2014 88% France 2038 92% Turkey* 2017 83% South Korea 2304 96% Germany 2011 96% Americas Taiwan 1027 93% Greece* 2015 73% USA 2055 89% Africa Hungary 2011 89% Argentina* 2007 93% Kenya (18-54)* 2003 87% Ireland 2006 92% Brazil* 2058 71% South Africa* 2006 55% Italy 2015 93% Canada 2002 93%

Source: Internet World Stats (http://www.internetworldstats.com). *Data are from more urban areas, rather than a fully nationally representative sample. These will tend to represent richer and more connected users which should be taken into consideration when interpreting results. 6 / 7

Authorship and research acknowledgements

Nic Newman is Senior Research Associate at the Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism and is also a consultant on digital media, working actively with news companies on product, audience, and business strategies for digital transition. He also writes an annual report for the Institute on future media and technology trends.

Dr Richard Fletcher is a Senior Research Fellow at the Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism. He is primarily interested in global trends in digital news consumption, the use of social media by journalists and news organisations, and more broadly, the relationship between computer-based technologies and journalism.

Dr Anne Schulz is a postdoctoral Research Fellow at the Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism. Her doctoral work focused on populism, media perceptions, and news consumption. She is researching questions surrounding news audiences and digital news.

Dr Simge Andı is a postdoctoral Research Fellow at the Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism. Her doctoral work explored online misinformation, mainly focusing on the sharing of false information via social media. She uses survey and experimental data to study the consumption and sharing of news.

Professor Rasmus Kleis Nielsen is Director of the Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism, Professor of Political Communication at the University of Oxford, and served as Editor-in-Chief of the International Journal of Press/Politics from 2015 to 2018. His work focuses on changes in the news media, political communication, and the role of digital technologies in both.

Market-level commentary and additional insight around media developments have been provided by academic partners and by our network of Reuters Journalist Fellows around the world.1 Additional expert analysis and interpretation of the survey data were provided by the team at YouGov, in particular, Charlotte Clifford, Lucie Larboulette, David Eastbury, Mark Pellatt, and Anna Wilson.

1 Reuters Fellowships offer an opportunity to mid-career journalists to spend time researching an aspect of journalism for one or more terms at the Institute in Oxford. Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism / Digital News Report 2020 8 8 / 9

SECTION 1 Executive Summary and Key Findings

Nic Newman Senior Research Associate, Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism / Digital News Report 2020 10

This year’s report comes in the midst of a global A SUMMARY OF SOME OF THE MOST IMPORTANT health pandemic that is unprecedented in modern FINDINGS FROM OUR 2020 RESEARCH times and whose economic, political, and social • The coronavirus crisis has substantially increased news consequences are still unfolding. The seriousness consumption for mainstream media in all six countries where of this crisis has reinforced the need for reliable, we conducted surveys before and after the pandemic had taken effect. Television news and online sources have seen accurate journalism that can inform and educate significant upticks, and more people identify television as populations, but it has also reminded us how their main source of news, providing temporary respite from a open we have become to conspiracies and picture of steady decline. Consumption of printed newspapers has fallen as lockdowns undermine physical distribution, misinformation. Journalists no longer control almost certainly accelerating the shift to an all-digital future. access to information, while greater reliance • At the same time, the use of online and social media on social media and other platforms give people substantially increased in most countries. WhatsApp saw access to a wider range of sources and ‘alternative the biggest growth in general with increases of around ten facts’, some of which are at odds with official percentage points in some countries, while more than half of those surveyed (51%) used some kind of open or closed advice, misleading, or simply false. online group to connect, share information, or take part in a local support network. Much of the data in this publication was collected before the virus hit many of the countries featured in this survey, so to a large • As of April 2020, trust in the media’s coverage of COVID-19 extent this represents a snapshot of these historic trends. But was relatively high in all countries, at a similar level to to get a sense of what has changed, we repeated key parts of our national governments and significantly higher than for survey in six countries (UK, USA, Germany, Spain, South Korea, individual politicians. Media trust was more than twice the and Argentina) in early April. These responses confirm industry level for social networks, video platforms, or messaging data which show increased consumption of traditional sources of services when it came to information about COVID-19. news, especially television, but also some online news sources. From our wider dataset collected in January:

Journalism matters and is in demand again. But one problem • Global concerns about misinformation remain high. Even before for publishers is that this extra interest is producing even less the coronavirus crisis hit, more than half of our global sample income – as advertisers brace for an inevitable recession and said they were concerned about what is true or false on the print revenue dips. Against this background it is likely we’ll see internet when it comes to news. Domestic politicians are the a further drive towards digital subscription and other reader single most frequently named source of misinformation, though payment models which have shown considerable promise in the in some countries – including the United States – people who last few years. This is what makes it so important to understand self-identify as right-wing are more likely to blame the media – how various models are progressing in different markets, such part of a ‘pick-your-side’ dynamic. Facebook is seen as the main as the United States, Norway, and the UK, where we have channel for spreading false information almost everywhere but conducted more in-depth research on pay this year. While the WhatsApp is seen as more responsible in parts of the Global coronavirus crisis is likely to dramatically affect the short-term South such as Brazil and Malaysia. prospects for many publishers, our findings provide long-term insights into one important part of the future of the business • In our January poll across countries, less than four in ten of news. We also ask about the implications for society if more (38%) said they trust most news most of the time – a fall of high-quality information disappears behind paywalls, a dilemma four percentage points from 2019. Less than half (46%) said that has become more real during this health emergency. they trust the news they use themselves. Political polarisation linked to rising uncertainty seems to have undermined trust Looking to the future, publishers are increasingly recognising in public broadcasters in particular, which are losing support that long-term survival is likely to involve stronger and deeper from political partisans from both the right and the left. connection with audiences online, which is why we have also • Despite this, our survey shows that the majority (60%) still examined the growing importance of emails and podcasts, prefer news that has no particular point of view and that only formats that are being deployed in greater numbers to increase a minority (28%) prefer news that shares or reinforces their engagement and loyalty. The coronavirus crisis has presented an views. Partisan preferences have slightly increased in the immediate and urgent existential threat, but in the section on United States since we last asked this question in 2013 but climate change, we explore how audiences access news about even here a silent majority seems to be looking for news that this longer-term threat to human existence and how they feel at least tries to be objective. about media coverage. • As the news media adapt to changing styles of political Our report this year, based on data from six continents and communication, most people (52%) would prefer them to 40 markets, aims to cast light on the key issues that face the prominently report false statements from politicians rather than industry at a time of unprecedented uncertainty. The overall not emphasise them (29%). People are less comfortable with story is captured in this Executive Summary, followed by political adverts via search engines and social media than they Section 2 with chapters containing additional analysis, and then are with political adverts on TV, and most people (58%) would individual country and market pages in Section 3 with detailed prefer platforms to block adverts that could contain inaccurate data and extra context. claims – even if it means they ultimately get to decide what is true. 10 / 11

• We have seen significant increases in payment for online news CORONAVIRUS REMINDS PEOPLE OF THE VALUE in a number of countries including the United States 20% OF TRADITIONAL NEWS SOURCES (+4) and Norway 42% (+8), with smaller rises in a range of other markets. It is important to note that across all countries Over the last nine years, our data have shown online news most people are still not paying for online news, even if some overtaking television as the most frequently used source of news publishers have since reported a ‘coronavirus bump’. in many of the countries covered by our online survey. At the same time, printed newspapers have continued to decline while • Overall, the most important factor for those who subscribe social media have levelled off after a sharp rise. is the distinctiveness and quality of the content. Subscribers believe they are getting better information. However, a large The coronavirus crisis has significantly, though almost certainly number of people are perfectly content with the news they temporarily, changed that picture. Television news has seen an can access for free and we observe a very high proportion of REUTERSuplift in INSTITUTEall six countries FOR THE whereSTUDY OFwe JOURNALISMpolled in both / FURTHER January ANALYSISand April non-subscribers (40% in the USA and 50% in the UK) who 2020. Taking Germany as an example (see chart), a 12-point decline say that nothing could persuade them to pay. Slide 2 REUTERSin reach INSTITUTEfor TV news FOR was THE partially STUDY OF reversed JOURNALISM as many / FURTHER people ANALYSIS turned • In countries with higher levels of payment (eg the USA and Slideto trusted sources3 of news including public service media. Norway) between a third and half of all subscriptions go to just a few big national brands – suggesting that winner-takes-most PROPORTION THAT USED EACH AS A SOURCE OF NEWS dynamics are persisting. But in both these countries a significant IN THE LAST WEEK (2013–20) – GERMANY minority are now taking out more than one subscription, TV Print (incl. mags) Online (incl. social media) Social media often adding a local or specialist publication. Jan Apr • In most countries, local newspapers and their websites 2020 2020 100% remain the top source of news about a particular town Social media or region, reaching four in ten (44%) weekly. But we find 82% Online (incl. social media) that Facebook and other social media groups are now 75% 70% 72% 63% 69% used on average by around a third (31%) for local news and 63% 70% Print information, putting further pressure on companies and 50% TV their business models. 37% 39%

• Access to news continues to become more distributed. 25% 33% 26% 18% Across all countries, just over a quarter (28%) prefer to start

their news journeys with a website or app. Those aged 18–24 0% (so-called Generation Z) have an even weaker connection with 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 Jan Apr 2020 2020 websites and apps and are more than twice as likely to prefer to access news via social media. Across age groups, use of Q3. Which, if any, of the following have you used in the last week as a source of news? Q4. (Apr. 2020). Which, if any, of the following have you used in the last week as a source of news? Total Instagram for news has doubled since 2018 and looks likely 2013–20 samples ≈ 2000. Note. Apr. 2020 figures adjusted to exclude non-news users for comparability. to overtake Twitter over the next year. • To counter the move to various platforms, publishers have been looking to build direct connections with consumers Weekly TV news consumption rose by an average of five percentage via email and mobile alerts. In the United States one in five points across all six countries. But it is worth noting that social (21%) access a news email weekly, and for almost half of media were also substantially up (+5) as more people used these these it is their primary way of accessing news. Northern networks for finding and sharing news in combination with European countries have been much slower to adopt email television and online sites. By contrast, the lockdowns hit the reach news channels, with only 10% using email news in Finland. of print newspapers and magazines with a six-point drop in Spain, not helped by difficulties in distributing physical copies. • The proportion using podcasts has grown significantly in the last year, though coronavirus lockdowns may have temporarily reversed this trend. Across countries, half of all PROPORTION THAT USED EACH AS A SOURCE OF NEWS respondents (50%) say that podcasts provide more depth and IN THE LAST WEEK (APRIL 2020) – SELECTED COUNTRIES understanding than other types of media. Meanwhile, Spotify has become the number one destination for podcasts in a Online TV Social Radio Print (incl. social media (incl. mags) number of markets, overtaking Apple’s podcast app. media) UK 79% 71% 47% 35% 18% • Overall, almost seven in ten (69%) think climate change is a serious problem, but in the United States, Sweden, and USA 73% 60% 47% 21% 16% Australia a significant minority dispute this. This group Germany 69% 72% 39% 41% 26% tends to be right-wing and older. Younger groups access Spain 83% 71% 63% 24% 28% much of their climate change news from social media and South Korea 85% 65% 51% 14% 19% by following activists like Greta Thunberg. Argentina 90% 77% 78% 24% 30% Average change +2 +5 +5 +2 -2 from January

Q4. (Apr. 2020). Which, if any, of the following have you used in the last week as a source of news? Base: Total sample: UK = 2191, USA = 1221, Germany = 2003, Spain = 1018, South Korea = 1009, Argentina = 1003. Note. Figures adjusted to exclude non-news users for comparability. 91.7001 mm

100% Social media Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism / Digital News Report 2020 REUTERS INSTITUTE FOR THE STUDY OF JOURNALISM / FURTHER ANALYSIS 12 Online (incl. social media) 75% Slide Print5

50% TV

The25% change of underlying preferences is even more clear when we PROPORTION THAT USED EACH AS A SOURCE OF NEWS ask people to choose their main source of news. The UK shows IN THE LAST WEEK (APRIL 2020) – UK a 20-percentage-point switch in preference from online to TV 0% Jan Apr 100% between the end2013 of January2014 2015 and2016 the start2017 of2018 April,2019 and2020 JanArgentinaApr2020 +7 2020 2020 19 points, with the average across six countries being a change 90 +7 of 12 points. +1 +12 80% -1 81 75 76 In the UK, Prime Minister Boris Johnson’s address telling Britons +9 68 +25 to stay at home was one of the most-watched broadcasts in UK 60% 61 television history, with 27m tuning in live (excluding live streams 57 REUTERSvia news INSTITUTE websites FOR and THE apps). STUDY2 Nightly OF JOURNALISM viewership / FURTHER of BBC ANALYSIS TV +8 +6 Slidebulletins was 4 up by around 30% in March while the European 40% 42 -7 Broadcasting Union (EBU) reported daily viewing increases 35 -5 across countries of 14% in the early stages.3 30 20% REUTERS INSTITUTE FOR THE STUDY OF JOURNALISM / FURTHER ANALYSIS +1 21 Slide 6 12 0% Online Social media Print TV (inc. social media) U35 35+ 55+ UK TRAFFIC DOUBLES TO BBC NEWS WEBSITE JAN- APRIL 2020 Q4. (Apr. 2020). Which of the following have you used in the last week as a source of news? Base: U35/35+/55+: UK = 548/1643/923. Note. Showing change from Jan. 2020. Figures adjusted SOCIAL DISTANCING AND LOCKDOWN 35,000,000 to exclude non-news users for comparability. 30,000,000 Number of daily 25,000,000 browsers initially doublesBy contrast to the UK experience, in countries with fewer before falling back 20,000,000 widely used and broadly trusted sources, the television 15,000,000 experience has been very different, with CNN and Fox 12 March 6 April 10,000,000 NewsGovernment covering announces President Trump’sBoris Johnson press admitted conferences in Šrst shielding measures to hospital 5,000,000 fundamentally different ways, and some broadcasters Two children watch British Prime Minister Boris Johnson’s press conference as the spread of coronavirus0 disease (COVID-19) continues in Hertford, Britain March 23, 2020. REUTERS/ refusing to transmit live from sessions where the President Andrew Couldridge01 Jan 08 Jan 15 Jan 22 Jan 29 Jan 05 Feb 12 Feb 19 Feb 26 Feb 04 Mar 11 Mar 18 Mar 25 Mar 01 Apr 08 Apr 15 Apr 22 Apr 29 Apr 2020 2020 2020 2020 2020 2020 2020 2020 2020 often2020 goes2020 directly2020 against2020 medical2020 2020and scientific2020 2020 advice.2020 In the United States we see less of a boost for television news SOURCE: BBC. Note: Unique browsers does not necessarily equate to people as they can be related to differentoverall, devices or thoughweb browsers a similar growth in usage from under-35s. The uplift in TV and social media was experienced across all age groups, with under-35s proportionally showing the biggest Industry data also indicate strong traffic increases for increase in use of television as well as for using social media to online news with the most trusted brands often benefitting access news. In the UK, under-35s showed an increase in watching disproportionately. The BBC reported its biggest week ever TV news of 25 percentage points compared with January, though for UK visitors, with more than 70m unique browsers as the their core preference for online and social media remained. Older lockdown came into effect – though traffic has since returned groups read fewer newspapers and watched more television news. to more normal levels.

UK TRAFFIC DOUBLES TO BBC NEWS WEBSITE JAN-APRIL 2020

SOCIAL DISTANCING AND LOCKDOWN 35,000,000

30,000,000 Number of daily 25,000,000 browsers initially doubles before falling back 20,000,000

15,000,000 12 March 6 April 10,000,000 Government Boris Johnson announces
rst admitted shielding measures to hospital

Number of daily UK unique browsers 5,000,000

Two children watch0 British Prime Minister Boris Johnson’s press conference as the spread of coronavirus disease (COVID-19) continues in Hertford, Britain March 23, 2020. REUTERS/Andrew Couldridge 01 Jan 08 Jan 15 Jan 22 Jan 29 Jan 05 Feb 12 Feb 19 Feb 26 Feb 04 Mar 11 Mar 18 Mar 25 Mar 01 Apr 08 Apr 15 Apr 22 Apr 29 Apr 2020 2020 2020 2020 2020 2020 2020 2020 2020 2020 2020 2020 2020 2020 2020 2020 2020 2020

SOURCE: BBC. Note: Unique browsers does not necessarily equate to people as they can be related to different devices or web browsers.

2 https://www.theguardian.com/tv-and-radio/2020/mar/24/boris-johnsons-covid-19-address-is-one-of-most-watched-tv-programmes-ever 3 https://www.newstatesman.com/culture/tv-radio/2020/03/coronavirus-bbc-corporation-boris-johnson-protect. EBU Report, Covid-19: The Impact on Digital Media Consumption, Apr. 2020, https://www.ebu.ch/publications 91.7001 mm

REUTERS INSTITUTE FOR THE STUDY OF JOURNALISM / FURTHER ANALYSIS REUTERS INSTITUTE FOR THE STUDY OF JOURNALISM / FURTHER 12ANALYSIS/ 13 Slide 5 Slide 9

PROPORTION THAT USED EACH AS A SOURCE OF NEWS Commercial media have also reported a significant increase in TRUST IN DIFFERENT SOURCES OF NEWS AND INFORMATION IN THE LAST WEEK (APRIL 2020) – UK REUTERSonline traffic INSTITUTE and FOR have THE produced STUDY OF JOURNALISM many examples / FURTHER of innovations ANALYSIS ABOUT CORONAVIRUS (APRIL 2020) – AVERAGE OF SIX in data journalism and other visual formats online to help explain COUNTRIES 100% +7 Slide 7 the crisis. Websites and apps have included practical guides for Trust Neither/Don’t know Don’t trust 90 +7 managing isolation and staying safe. +1 +12 Scientists, doctors 83% 5% 80% -1 81 75 76 EXPLANATORY AND DATA-RICH ONLINE COVERAGE FROM +9 National health organisations 76% 9% 68 +25 THE WASHINGTON POST 60% 61 57 Global health organisations 73% 12% +8 +6 News organisations 59% 18% 40% 42 -7 35 -5 30 The national government 59% 23% 20% +1 21 Ordinary people I know personally 43% 21% 12 0% Individual politicians 35% 35% Online Social media Print TV Overall our April 2020 survey found the news media were (inc. social media) considered to have done a good job in helping ordinary people Ordinary people that I do not U35 35+ 55+ 17% 45% understand the extent of the crisis (60%), and also in making know personally clear what people can do personally to mitigate the impact Q4. (Apr. 2020). Which of the following have you used in the last week as a source of news? Search engines Base: U35/35+/55+: UK = 548/1643/923. Note. Showing change from Jan. 2020. Figures adjusted (65%). Though some media have in the past been accused of 45% 18% to exclude non-news users for comparability. (Google, Bing, Naver) sensationalising stories, on this occasion only a third (32%) REUTERSthink that INSTITUTE the media FOR THEhave STUDY exaggerated OF JOURNALISM the severity / FURTHER of ANALYSIS the Video sites (YouTube, Vimeo) 29% 34% situation, though concern was higher in the United States Slide 8 Social media (38%) and Argentina (41%), and amongst those that distrust eg Facebook, Twitter) 26% 40% the media already. Messaging apps (eg WhatsApp, Facebook Messenger) 24% 40% ATTITUDES TOWARDS NEWS MEDIA COVERAGE OF CORONAVIRUS (APRIL 2020) – SELECTED COUNTRIES Q10/11. (Apr. 2020). How trustworthy would you say news and information about coronavirus (COVID-19) from the following is? Please use the scale below, where 0 is ‘not at all trustworthy’ and 10 is ‘completely trustworthy’. Base: Total sample: USA, UK, Germany, Spain, Argentina, South Korea = 8522. Note. Trust = 6–10, Don’t trust = 0–4.

At around the peak of the lockdowns, trust in news organisations around COVID-19 was running at more than twice that for social media, video sites, and messaging applications where around four 60% 65% 32% in ten see information as untrustworthy. By contrast information Agree media Agree media has Agree media has has helped me helped explain exaggerated found in search engines was seen as more reliable. Of course, neither understand the crisis what I can do the impact search nor social companies create content themselves, so trust in this context is a reflection of the selection decisions they make.

Least Least Most It is particularly striking that average levels of trust in the 52% in 57% in 41% in national government and news organisations are almost USA South Korea Argentina identical, perhaps reflecting the way that in the early stages of this crisis many media organisations focused on amplifying government messages about health and social distancing, including carrying extended government press conferences. As Q14. (Apr. 2020). To what extent do you agree or disagree with the following statements about the things return to normal, the media are likely to become more coronavirus (COVID-19)? Base: Total sample: USA, UK, Germany, Spain, Argentina, South Korea = 8522. critical of government and this may in turn lead to a return of more partisan approaches to media trust.

And in terms of trust for information about coronavirus, national news organisations score relatively well, behind doctors and health organisations but ahead of individual politicians and ordinary people. In recent years some populist politicians in particular have taken to undermining the media but this coronavirus pandemic has been a reminder that even weakened media play a critical role in informing populations and shaping opinion. REUTERS INSTITUTE FOR THE STUDY OF JOURNALISM / FURTHER ANALYSIS Slide 10 Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism / Digital News Report 2020 REUTERS INSTITUTE FOR THE STUDY OF JOURNALISM / FURTHER ANALYSIS 14 Slide 11

SOCIAL MEDIA AND THE CRISIS PROPORTION OF 18-24s THAT USED EACH AS A SOURCE OF CORONAVIRUS NEWS IN THE LAST WEEK (APRIL 2020) – While people are wary of social media and messaging apps, SELECTED COUNTRIES high usage may suggest that many people are confident in their own ability to spot misinformation or just that they value these platforms for other reasons, such as keeping in touch with family or friends, and for mutual support. Instagram Snapchat TikTok

In April we found that across our six surveyed countries almost a UK 24% 19% 6% quarter (24%) used WhatsApp to find, discuss, or share news about COVID-19 – up seven points on average on our January survey which USA 26% 14% 11% asked about usage for any news. Around a fifth (18%) joined a People applaud from their balcony as part of an event organised via social media Germany 38% 10% 8% supportto thank Spanishor discussion healthcare group workers. with Malaga, people Spain. REUTERS/Jon they didn’t Nazca know on either Facebook or WhatsApp specifically to talk about COVID-19 and Spain 26% 1% 1% half (51%) took part in groups with colleagues, friends, or family. South Korea 10% 1% 5% One in ten accessed closed video chats using platforms like Zoom, Houseparty, and Google Hangouts – many for the first time. Argentina 49% 7% 9%

Q8. (Apr. 2020). Which, if any, of the following have you used in the last week as a source of news or information about coronavirus (COVID-19)? Base: 18-24s: UK = 202, USA = 153, Germany = 183, Spain = 80, South Korea = 83, Argentina = 151.

LASTING EFFECTS?

Media habits changed significantly during the COVID-19 lockdowns even if levels of interest have proved hard to sustain.4 More people turned to live broadcast television news and to trusted news sources online, but the lockdowns have also accelerated the use of new digital tools, with many people joining online groups or taking part in video conferencing for the first time. Together with the impact on print production and distribution, it is likely that the net effect will be to speed up rather than slow down the shift to digital.

The implications for trust are harder to predict. In most countries the media played a largely supportive role in the early stages of the crisis – when lives were most at risk. But that consensus

People applaud from their windows and balconies as they take part in an event organized has already started to break down as normal activities resume through social media to show gratitude to healthcare workers during a partial lockdown as and disagreements resurface about the best way to manage the part of a 15-day state of emergency to combat the spread of coronavirus disease (COVID-19), outside a pharmacy in Ronda, southern Spain, March 20, 2020. REUTERS/Jon Nazca recovery. Any ‘trust halo’ for the media may also be short-lived.

Meanwhile Instagram and Snapchat have become popular with younger groups for accessing news about COVID-19. Celebrities and influencers play an outsized role on these networks, with some sharing music, running exercise classes as well as commenting on the wider health issues. Almost half of our 18–24 respondents in Argentina (49%) used Instagram, 38% in Germany. One in ten (11%) accessed COVID-19 news via TikTok in the US and 9% in Argentina.

Social media may be helping to spread false and misleading information, but it has also supported people at a time of anxiety and isolation and provided an effective way to amplify reliable information. It is important to remember that social media are generally used in combination with other types of information. In the six countries we surveyed in April, more than four-in-ten (43%) accessed both social media for news and traditional media sources on a weekly basis. A more detailed analysis showed that, in most countries, those who relied on news organisations for information about coronavirus were more knowledgeable about the crisis, whereas there was no consistent, significant pattern for those who relied on various platforms including social media – they were not more informed but, despite some fears to the contrary, they were not misinformed either (Nielsen et al. 2020).

4 https://www.niemanlab.org/2020/04/the-coronavirus-traffic-bump-to-news-sites-is-pretty-much-over-already 14 / 15

TRUST IN THE NEWS MEDIA CONTINUES TO FALL Divided societies seem to trust the media less, not necessarily GLOBALLY because the journalism is worse but because people are generally dissatisfied with institutions in their countries and perhaps As the coronavirus hit, we observed overall levels of trust in the 75%because news outlets carry more views that people disagree with. Brexit Divisive 2019 Right news at their lowest point since we started to track these data. vote election REUTERSIn a direct INSTITUTE comparison FOR THE with STUDY 2019 OF we JOURNALISM find that / FURTHERfewer than ANALYSIS four in One recent58% example of how this works came in the UK electionLeft in December 2019 where Boris Johnson asked the people to Slideten (38%) say12 they trust most news most of the time – down four 50% percentage points. Less than half (46%) say they trust the news endorse46% his Brexit deal. The Tory victory came after a toxic political that they themselves use. campaign where the media were heavily36% criticised by both sides (Fletcher et al. 2020). Many on the left blamed the Labour defeat 25% on unfair media treatment of its leader Jeremy Corbyn by a ‘biased PROPORTION THAT TRUST EACH MOST OF THE TIME – press’. The impact can be seen in the next15% chart with trust amongst ALL MARKETS respondents who self-identify on the left collapsing from 38% in 0% Trust news Trust news Trust news Trust news January 20192015 to 2016just 15%2017 a year2018 later.2019 Trust2020 amongst those on the overall I use in search in social right also declined but by much less.

REUTERSIn the United INSTITUTE States FOR we THE observe STUDY the OF JOURNALISM same picture / FURTHER but in reverse. ANALYSIS 38% 46% 32% 22% SlideIt is the right 16 that has lost trust, partly inflamed by the anti-media (-4) (-3) (-1) (-1) rhetoric of the president himself. A bruising Democratic Presidential Primary may help account for the decline in trust on the left.

Mostly this is about trust in mainstream Uncertainty in distributed environments, PROPORTION THAT TRUST MOST NEWS MOST OF THE TIME media and in the sources that people use information unchecked, hard to BY LEFT-RIGHT POLITICAL LEANING (2015–20) – UK & USA distinguish news from rumour... 75% Brexit Divisive 2019 Right Q6_1/2/3/4. Please indicate your level of agreement with the following statements: I think vote election UK you can trust most news/the news I use/news in search/news in social media most of the time. 58% Le Base: Total sample: All markets = 80155. 50% 46% Trust in the news overall 36% We continue to see considerable country differences, ranging 25% 28% 75% from Finland and Portugal where over half (56%) say they trust 15% (-12) most news most of the time, to less than a quarter in Taiwan 0% (24%), France (23%), and South Korea (21%). Just six countries 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 Left Right 59 58 57 50%now have trust levels53 of more than 50%. 52 50 49 49 48 48 48 47 46 46 46 46 45 44 75% 43 42 Trump New election Right Notable changes over the last 12 months include a 16-percentage 40 40 40 40 39 39 39 39 elected 35cycle USA point fall in Hong Kong (30%) following violent street protests 33 33 32 Le 25% 31 over a proposed extradition law. In Chile, which has seen regular 50% 28 28 27 Trust in the24 22 39% news overall demonstrations about inequality, the media has lost trust (-15) 35% partly because it is seen as too close to the elites and not focusing 25% 25% 29% 0% 5 its attentionFIN POR enoughDEN NLD CAN on MEX underlyingBEL ZAF POL grievances.BRA IRE GER SUI HK TUR NOR CHL AUS SPA SGP UK BGR ITA CRO JPN ARG AUT SWE ROU CZE SVK USA MYS TWN HUN GRE FRA KOR 13% (-3)

There were also significant falls in the United Kingdom (-12), 0% 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 Left Right Mexico (-11), Denmark (-11), Bulgaria (-7), Canada (-8), and REUTERS INSTITUTE FOR THE STUDY OF JOURNALISM / FURTHER ANALYSIS Australia (-6) where our poll coincided with bitter debates over Q6_2016_1. Please indicate your level of agreement with the following statement: I think you can the handling of some of Australia’s worst-ever bush fires. trust most news most of the time. Q1F. Some people talk about ‘left’, ‘right’ and ‘centre’ to describe Slide 13 parties and politicians. With this in mind, where would you place yourself on the following scale? Base: 2015–20 Left/Right: USA ≈ 500/500, UK ≈ 500/300.

PROPORTION THAT AGREE THEY CAN TRUST MOST NEWS MOST OF THE TIME – ALL MARKETS

75% -3 Denmark Mexico Chile Hong Kong UK Concern about economy Violent Violent Divisive election, and gang violence street street Brexit, attacks -11 -8 protests protests on media 56 56 55 50% -11 52 51 50 -6 48 48 46 -7 45 45 45 45 44 44 -15 -16 -11 -3 -12 40 39 39 38 38 38 37 36 36 -4 33 33 33 30 30 25% 29 29 28 28 28 27 27 25 24 23 21

0% FIN POR TUR NLD BRA KEN ZA IRE DEN GER NOR POL BEL CAN SUI AUT CRO MEX SWE AUS ROU JPN SPA SGN CZE ARG BGR CHL HK ITA USA GRE SVK UK HUN PHL MYS TWN FRA KOR

Q6_1. Please indicate your level of agreement with the following statement: I think you can trust most news most of the time. Base: Total sample in each market ≈ 2000, Taiwan = 1027.

5 https://www.aljazeera.com/programmes/listeningpost/2019/11/chile-protests-media-191103105957626.html Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism / Digital News Report 2020 16

Although the left has long had a problem with right-wing bias in the Looking across nine markets we see that the majority in each UK press, the Brexit crisis saw the public service BBC increasingly country say they prefer news with no particular point of view. In a in the firing line. The BBC has a duty to be duly impartial in its news sense this is not surprising given that traditional expectations are coverage but our data show that, although overall trust in its news that journalists should produce neutral and detached news, but REUTERSremains INSTITUTEhigh, criticism FOR THE from STUDY those OF who JOURNALISM are politically / FURTHER committed ANALYSIS the differences between countries are striking. Slide(on the left 17 and the right) has grown over the last few years. Trust in the BBC with the most partisan groups has fallen by 20 percentage This preference for neutral news is strongest in Germany, Japan, points since 2018. the UK, and Denmark – all countries with strong and independent publicREUTERS broadcasters. INSTITUTE FOR A THE preference STUDY OF JOURNALISM for more partial / FURTHER news ANALYSIS is strongest in Spain, France, and Italy – countries that scholars PROPORTION THAT TRUST BBC NEWS BY LEVEL Slidehave labelled 18 ‘polarised pluralist’ (Hallin and Mancini 2004) – OF POLITICAL COMMITMENT (2018 AND 2020) – UK as well in the United States. 100% More Partisan -9 PROPORTION THAT SAY THEY PREFER TO GET NEWS -8 Partisan 75% 79 FROM SOURCES THAT HAVE NO POINT OF VIEW – 71 -20 SELECTEDCentrist COUNTRIES 67 70 63 50% 15 47 Germany 80 Challenge your point of view 25% 5

17 0% Trust BBC 2018 Trust BBC 2020 Japan 78

Centrist Partisan More Partisan 6 No point of view 13 Q6_2018_trust. How trustworthy would you say news from the following brands is? Please use the scale below, where 0 is ‘not at all trustworthy’ and 10 is ‘completely trustworthy’. Q1F. UK 76 Some people talk about ‘left’, ‘right’, and ‘centre’ to describe parties and politicians. With this in mind, where would you place yourself on the following scale? Base: Centrist/Partisan/More 11 partisan: 2018 = 1018/645/170, 2020 = 1019/536/97. Note centrist = those that selected ‘centre’, ‘slightly left/right of centre’, Partisan = ‘fairly left/right wing’, More partisan = ‘very left/right wing’. 14 Share your point of view Denmark 68 Public service media remain by and large the most trusted brands, 18 especially in Northern European countries where they have a strong 34 tradition of independence. But criticisms from the extremes do Spain 55 seem to be chipping away at this confidence in many countries, especially when combined with anti-elitist rhetoric from populist 11 politicians. Our country and market-based pages clearly show 22 that, though trust remains high, distrust of public service media is Italy 65 growing and is often higher than for many other news brands. 13 For full brand trust scores see section 3: Country and Market pages 30 USA 60 DESPITE PARTISAN PRESSURES, SILENT MAJORITY 10 STILL PREFER ‘OBJECTIVE’ NEWS 20 Greater political polarisation has coincided with an explosion France 58 of low-cost internet publishing which in turn has led to the 22 widespread availability of partisan opinions online. With news coverage increasingly commoditised, parts of the traditional 43 media have also focused more on strong and distinctive Brazil 51 opinion as a way of attracting and retaining audiences. Some 6 commentators have increasingly questioned the value of objective news in a world where people have ready access to news 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% from so many different points of view, while others worry that Share your point of view social media and algorithms are encouraging echo-chambers and No point of view pushing communities apart. In this context we were interested Challenge your point of view to know if consumer preferences for news that reinforce people’s views had grown since we last looked at this subject in 2013. Q5c_2020. Thinking about the different kinds of news available to you, do you prefer getting news from sources that share/challenge/have no point of view. Base: Total sample (excluding don’t knows): USA = 1760, UK = 1659, Germany = 1624, France = 1437, Italy = 1762, Spain = 1756, Denmark = 1611, Japan = 1538, Brazil = 1901. 16 / 17

Comparing 2020 with data from 2013, we see increased preference THE ROLE OF THE NEWS SOURCE 100% over time in the UK (+6) for news that has ‘no particular point of Challenge your point of view view’. At the same time, the proportion that prefers news that It is interesting how people’s attitudes to objective, partial, or challenging news is related to the source of news they use most ‘shares their point of view’ has declined by a similar amount (-6). No point of view It is hard to be sure about the reasons, but one possibility is that a often.75% In the next chart we can see that in the USA people who silent majority is reacting against a perceived increase in agenda- regularly use strident 24-hour news channels like Fox and CNN Share your point of view filled, biased, or opinion-based news. These themes came out are most likely to prefer partial news, followed by social media 61 strongly in comments from our survey respondents. and then print. 50% 48 I prefer that news is delivered objectively so individuals In the UK we see47 the reverse picture, with people who use are able to analyse what they have heard/read television40 as main source most likely to prefer neutral or objective news. This is not surprising given that television in and come to their own conclusions without being 25% 30 unduly influenced. the UK has an obligation to be duly impartial and26 is regulated Female, 61, UK accordingly. By contrast, those whose main source is a printed REUTERSnewspaper INSTITUTE (or social FOR media)THE STUDY are OF three JOURNALISM times as / FURTHER likely to ANALYSIS prefer 7 7 5 news0% that shares their point of view. In Spain and Brazil, we see SlideTV 20 news (24 hour) Social media Newspapers A DIFFERENT STORY IN THE UNITED STATES all three media sources being associated with a preference for partial news – and social media playing the biggest role. In the United States, where both politics and the media have become increasingly partisan over the years, we do find an increase PROPORTION THAT SAY THEY PREFER TO GET NEWS FROM in the proportion of people who say they prefer news that shares SOURCES THAT HAVE NO POINT OF VIEW BY MAIN SOURCE REUTERStheir point INSTITUTE of view FOR– up THE six STUDYpercentage OF JOURNALISM points since / FURTHER 2013 to ANALYSIS 30%. OF NEWS – SELECTED COUNTRIES ThisSlide is driven 19 by people on the far-left and the far-right who have both increased their preference for partial news sources. USA

100% Share your point of view Challenge your point of view No point of view PARTIAL TV AUDIENCES Challenge your point of view No point of view 75%

62% 34% 66 Share your point of view of those who self of those who self 56 identify on the identify on the 50% right watch Fox left watch CNN 51 (11% from the left) (9% from the right) 42 35 25% 28 In the USA, audiences for cable television networks, such as Fox on the right and CNN and MSNBC on the left, are strongly weighted to one view or another. At the same time, the influence 7 8 6 0% of partisan websites (eg Breitbart, the Blaze, the Daily Caller, TV news (24 hour) Social media Printed newspapers Occupy Democrats, Being Liberal) grew rapidly ahead of the 2016 election and even today around a quarter (23%) of our sample UK visits at least one of these each week. In our survey we asked respondents who said they prefer news that ‘shares their point of 100% Share your point of view Challenge your point of view view’ to explain why they held that position. Many suggested that No point of view it helped avoid political arguments or because they felt they were Challenge your point of view getting closer to the truth: 81 No point of view 75%

I'm tired of hearing fake news from the dishonest 69 70 Share your point of view left socialist commie traitors!!! Female, 69, USA survey respondent 50%

Because CNN, MSNBC tell the truth whereas Fox News is not bound by pure facts. 25% Female, 73, USA survey respondent 20 21 Complaints like this about the media have become increasingly 11 11 8 9 vocal in recent years and yet it is striking that even in the United 0% States a majority (60%) still express a preference for news TV news Social media Printed newspapers without a particular point of view. We can also note that, during Q5c_2020. Thinking about the different kinds of news available to you, do you prefer getting the coronavirus crisis, partisan websites and TV brands showed news from sources that share/challenge/have no point of view. Base: Total sample (excluding stagnant or low traffic growth compared with other brands.6 don’t knows): USA = 1760, UK = 1659.

6 New York Times analysis of traffic changes https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2020/04/07/technology/coronavirus-internet-use.html REUTERS INSTITUTE FOR THE STUDY OF JOURNALISM / FURTHER ANALYSIS Slide 22

PROPORTION THAT SAY THEY PREFER TO GET NEWS FROM SOURCES THAT HAVE NO POINT OF VIEW BY AGE – ALL MARKETS

32 18-24 25-34 34 35-44 Share point 31 45-54 of view 26 55+ 24 51 52 No point 57 of view 62 66 17 14 Challenge 12 point of view 11 10

0% 25% 50% 75%

Q5c_2020. Thinking about the different kinds of news available to you, do you prefer getting news from sources that share/challenge/have no point of view. Base: 18–24 = 8639, 25–34= 12603, 35–44 = 12643, 45–54 = 11605, 55+ = 23773. ReutersREUTERS Institute INSTITUTE for the FOR Study THE of Journalism STUDY OF JOURNALISM/ Digital News / FURTHER Report 2020 ANALYSIS 18 Slide 21

PROPORTION THAT SAY THEY PREFER TO GET NEWS FROM PROPORTION THAT SAY THEY PREFER TO GET NEWS SOURCES THAT HAVE NO POINT OF VIEW BY MAIN SOURCE FROM SOURCES THAT HAVE NO POINT OF VIEW BY AGE – OF NEWS – SELECTED COUNTRIES ALL MARKETS

18-24 32 SPAIN 25-34 35-44 100% Share your point of view 34 Challenge your point of view 45-54 No point of view Share point 31 55+ Challenge your point of view of view No point of view 26 75% 24 Share your point of view 51 56 58 50% 49 52 43 No point 57 33 of view 25% 28 62 66 14 10 9 0% 17 TV news Social media Printed newspapers 14 BRAZIL Challenge 12 point of view 11 100% Share your point of view Challenge your point of view No point of view 10 Challenge your point of view No0% point of view 25% 50% 75% 75% Q5c_2020. Thinking about the different kinds of news available to you, do you prefer getting news from sourcesShare your that share/challenge/havepoint of view no point of view. Base: 18–24 = 8639, 25–34= 12603, 35–44 = 12643, 45–54 = 11605, 55+ = 23773. 50% 52 47 48 49 43 41 In reality this is not a zero-sum game. Most people like to mix news that they can trust with a range of opinions that challenge 25% or support their existing views. We do find, however, that those with extreme political views are significantly less attracted to objective news – and these are often the same people that are 10 5 5 increasingly distrustful of mainstream media. Younger people are 0% TV news Social media Printed newspapers more ambivalent. They still turn to trusted mainstream brands at times of crisis but they also want authentic and powerful stories, Q5c_2020. Thinking about the different kinds of news available to you, do you prefer getting and are less likely to be convinced by ‘he said, she said’ debates news from sources that share/challenge/have no point of view. Base: Total sample (excluding don’t knows): Spain = 1756, Brazil = 1901. that involve false equivalence.

Interpreting notions of objectivity is not an easy task at a time of MISINFORMATION AND DISINFORMATION rising political polarisation, even on issues in which the weight of scientific evidence overwhelmingly favours one side. Public media More than half (56%) of our sample across 40 countries remains organisations like the BBC in the UK have faced criticism for adopting concerned about what is real and fake on the internet when a ‘he said, she said’ approach to coverage of topics such as climate it comes to news. Concern tends to be highest in parts of the change as they seek to present both sides of arguments. Some UK Global South such as Brazil (84%), Kenya (76%), and South Africa news organisations have taken a different approach to these issues, (72%) where social media use is high and traditional institutions with the Guardian adopting the term ‘climate emergency’ to describe are often weaker. Lowest levels of concern are in less polarised the urgency of the story. Our recent qualitative study of news European countries like the Netherlands, Germany, and Denmark. behaviours amongst under-35s showed that younger age groups in particular tend to respond well to approaches and treatments The biggest increase in concern came in Hong Kong this year (+6) that take a clear point of view (Flamingo 2019). Our survey data as the conflict between the government and student protesters also show that, across countries, young people are also less likely continued and also in Finland (+4), where we see higher than to favour news with no point of view. average concern over false and misleading information from foreign governments. REUTERS INSTITUTE FOR THE STUDY OF JOURNALISM / FURTHER ANALYSIS 18 / 19 Slide 23

PROPORTION CONCERNED ABOUT WHAT IS REAL AND WHAT IS FAKE ON THE INTERNET WHEN IT COMES TO NEWS – ALL MARKETS

USA UK Mexico Finland Hong Kong 56% 100% Concern high Brexit concerns Post-election Fears of Violent worry about ahead of election ease concerns Russian street ease influence protests what is real or fake 84 (no change). -7 75% 76 76 -8 Average of 72 40 markets. 67 +4 65 65 65 65 64 63 63 63 62 62 62 60 60 60 +6 58 57 56 50% 55 54 54 51 51 50 49 49 46 45 45 45 42 40 37 37 35 32 25%

0% BRA POR KEN ZA USA SGN CAN SPA CHL AUS UK GRE MYS FRA IRE TUR ARG KOR MEX ROU PHL FIN CRO JPN ITA HK BGR HUN BEL SWE CZE TWN SUI POL NOR AUT DEN GER SVK NLD

Q_FAKE_NEWS_1. Please indicate your level of agreement with the following statement. Thinking about online news, I am concerned about what is real and what is fake on the internet.Base: Total sample in each market ≈ 2000, Taiwan = 1027.

Domestic politicians are seen as most responsible (40%) for But political starting positions can make a big difference when false and misleading information online, followed by political it comes to assigning responsibility for misinformation. In activists (14%), journalists (13%), ordinary people (13%), and the most polarised countries, this effectively means picking foreign governments (10%). Despite widespread media coverage your side. Left-leaning opponents of Donald Trump and Boris of alleged attempts by outside powers to undermine elections, Johnson are far more likely to blame these politicians for REUTERSit is striking INSTITUTE that it FOR is the THE rhetoric STUDY OF and JOURNALISM behaviour / FURTHER of national ANALYSIS spreading lies and half-truths online, while their right-leaning politicians that is considered the biggest problem. This echoes supporters are more likely to blame journalists. In the United Slidearguments 24 from scholars that misinformation often comes from States more than four in ten (43%) of those on the right blame the top (and not from ordinary people). journalists for misinformation – echoing the President’s anti- media rhetoric – compared with just 35% of this group saying they are most concerned about the behaviour of politicians. PROPORTION THAT SAY THEY ARE MOST CONCERNED For people on the left the situation is reversed, with half (49%) ABOUT FALSE OR MISLEADING INFORMATION FROM blaming politicians and just 9% blaming journalists. EACH OF THE FOLLOWING – ALL MARKETS REUTERS INSTITUTE FOR THE STUDY OF JOURNALISM / FURTHER ANALYSIS By contrast, in the Netherlands, there is less political polarisation 40% politicians Slideand less picking 25 of sides required, though those on the right are More in... USA, Brazil, Philippines, South Africa still twice as critical of the role of journalists.

activists 14% PROPORTION THAT SAY THEY ARE MOST CONCERNED More in... Hong Kong, Norway, Czech Republic ABOUT FALSE OR MISLEADING INFORMATION FROM EACH OF THE FOLLOWING BY LEFT-RIGHT POLITICAL LEANING – journalists SELECTED COUNTRIES 13% Left Right More in... Greece, South Korea, Croatia, USA 75% Right 13% ordinary people More in... Japan, Taiwan, South Korea UK USA NETHERLANDS 61 Le

50% 10% foreign governments 49 More in... Denmark, Finland, Germany, Netherlands 43

Q_FAKE_NEWS_2020b. Which of the following, if any, are you most concerned about online? 35 False or misleading information from… Base: Total sample = 80155. 25% 27 28 28

We see a slightly different pattern in parts of Asia where 17 the behaviour of ordinary people – for example, in sharing 11 11 9 false information without considering the consequences – is 5 0% considered the biggest problem in Japan (27%) and is second only Domestic Journalists Domestic Journalists Domestic Journalists to domestic politicians in Taiwan (29%). politicians/ and news politicians/ and news politicians/ and news parties organisations parties organisations parties organisations

Q_FAKE_NEWS_2020b. Which of the following, if any, are you most concerned about online? False or misleading information from… Base: Left/Right: UK = 352/283, USA = 507/458, Netherlands = 334/305. REUTERS INSTITUTE FOR THE STUDY OF JOURNALISM / FURTHER ANALYSIS Slide 26

Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism / Digital News Report 2020 REUTERS INSTITUTE FOR THE STUDY OF JOURNALISM / FURTHER ANALYSIS 20 Slide 28

CHANNELS OF MISINFORMATION MOST CONCERNING PLATFORM FOR FALSE AND MISLEADING INFORMATION – SELECTED COUNTRIES It is perhaps no surprise that people see social media as the biggest source of concern about misinformation (40%), well 50% Facebook YouTube Twitter WhatsApp 47 47 6 Philippines ahead of news sites (20%), messaging apps like WhatsApp (14%), 2 and search engines such as Google (10%). 15 35 5 35 35 USA 7 PROPORTION THAT SAY THEY ARE MOST CONCERNED ABOUT 32 31 7 FALSE OR MISLEADING INFORMATION FROM EACH OF THE 29 FOLLOWING – ALL MARKETS 10 25% 25 31 24 Korea 4 7 6 15 12 Japan 12 32 10 9 9 7 7 7 7 7 40% 20% 14% 10% 6 5 6 29 Social News sites/ Messenger Search eg 4 4 3 4 2 Kenya media apps apps Google 0% 7 Philippines USA South Korea Japan Kenya Brazil 25 Q_FAKE_NEWS_2020c. Which of the following, if any, are you most concerned about online? 24 False or misleading information from… Base: Total sample = 80155. 7 FAKE_NEWS_2020c. Which of the following, if any, are you most concerned about online? Please Brazil select one. False or misleading information from… Base: Total sample in each market ≈ 2000. 3 35 0% 25% Breaking the social data down further, across all countries 29% say they are most concerned about Facebook, followed The coronavirus crisis has reminded us that these networks can by YouTube (6%) and Twitter (5%). But in parts of the Global be used to spread all kinds of damaging misinformation, not just South, such as Brazil, people say they are more concerned about about politics. A range of unsubstantiated conspiracy theories closed messaging apps like WhatsApp (35%). The same is true in have been doing the rounds including one linking COVID-19 Chile, Mexico, Malaysia, and Singapore. This is a particular worry to 5G networks and another suggesting that the virus was a because false information tends to be less visible and can be biological weapon originating in a Chinese military research harder to counter in these private and encrypted networks. facility – though it is important to note that politicians and the By contrast, in the Philippines (47%) and the United States media have also played a role in bringing these ideas to a wider (35%) the overwhelming concern is about Facebook, with other public. In our April survey, almost four in ten (37%) said they REUTERSnetworks INSTITUTE playing aFOR minor THE STUDYrole. Twitter OF JOURNALISM is seen to/ FURTHER be the biggest ANALYSIS had come across a lot or a great deal of misinformation about Slideproblem in 27 Japan and YouTube in South Korea. Facebook is used COVID-19 in social media like Facebook and Twitter, and 32% much less widely in both of these countries. via messaging apps like WhatsApp.

MOST CONCERNING PLATFORM FOR FALSE AND MISLEADING INFORMATION – ALL MARKETS

32% Most concerned 35% 31% about Twitter Most concerned Most concerned in Japan about Facebook about YouTube in USA (just 7% in South Korea WhatsApp) 47% Most concerned 33% about Facebook in the Philippines Most concerned 35% about WhatsApp Most concerned in Malaysia about WhatsApp in Brazil 30% Facebook Most concerned about Facebook WhatsApp/other messaging in South Africa Twitter 23% WhatsApp YouTube

FAKE_NEWS_2020c. Which of the following, if any, are you most concerned about online? Please select one. False or misleading information from…Base: Total sample in each market ≈ 2000, Taiwan = 1027. REUTERS INSTITUTE FOR THE STUDY OF JOURNALISM / FURTHER ANALYSIS 20 / 21 Slide 29

PROPORTION THAT SAY THEY HAVE SEEN FALSE OR POLITICAL ADS AND FACEBOOK MISLEADING INFORMATION ABOUT CORONAVIRUS ON EACH (APRIL 2020) – AVERAGE OF SIX COUNTRIES One flashpoint is likely to be the extent of any intervention by social networks in the run-up to the US presidential election Social media (eg Facebook, Twitter) 37% 30% 15% 18% in November. A burning question is the extent to which social Messaging apps (eg WhatsApp, networks should remove misleading advertising from politicians 32% 29% 19% 20% Facebok Messenger) standing for election. Facebook has exempted candidates from Video sites normal fact-checking processes but has increased transparency 26% 30% 20% 24% (YouTube, Vimeo) so it is clear what campaigns are being run and how much is Search engines being spent. Twitter has taken a different view and has restricted (Google, Bing, Naver) 19% 35% 26% 20% political ads on its platform entirely. A lot/Great deal Some Little/None Don’t know In our January survey we find that 58% of our respondents Q13 (Apr. 2020). How much false or misleading information about coronavirus (COVID-19), if any, think that misleading ads should be blocked by social media do you think you have seen from each of the following in the last week? Base: Total sample: USA, UK, Germany, Spain, Argentina, South Korea = 8522. companies, with just a quarter (26%) thinking it should not be up to technology companies to decide what is true in this REUTERS INSTITUTE FOR THE STUDY OF JOURNALISM / FURTHER ANALYSIS context. Support for blocking such ads was strongest in countries Given these concerns, Facebook has stepped up funding like Germany, France, and the UK where political advertising is Slidefor independent 30 fact-checkers and a number of platforms already tightly controlled, and was weakest in countries that have including Facebook, Twitter, and YouTube have taken down traditionally worried about regulating free speech – such as the misinformation that breached guidelines, including a video United States and the Philippines. from Brazilian President Jair Bolsonaro.7 By contrast people are less keen on media companies omitting Digital literacy has also been a priority, with a prominent link potentially misleading statements by candidates in the course of to trusted information sources pinned at the top of Facebook a campaign. Over half (52%) say that news organisations should news feeds in many countries. Algorithms have been tweaked to report statements prominently because it is important to know prioritise official and trusted news sources. what the politicians said. This is consistent with our earlier data It may be that COVID-19 finally supercharges the fight against which suggest the majority of people would like to make up their misinformation and gives social networks more confidence to own mind rather than be told what to think by a journalist – or to take down damaging or dubious content, but these judgements feel that information was being withheld. are likely to get more difficult once the immediate crisis is For further analysis see section 2.3: How do People Want the Media to over, the blame game begins, and the cut and thrust of normal Cover Politics? politics resumes.

7 https://news.sky.com/story/coronavirus-brazil-president-refuses-to-ramp-up-covid-19-lockdown-as-facebook-pulls-video-11966279 Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism / Digital News Report 2020 REUTERS INSTITUTE FOR THE STUDY OF JOURNALISM / FURTHER ANALYSIS 22 Slide 32

CHANGING BUSINESS MODELS AND THE GROWTH PROPORTION THAT PAID FOR ANY ONLINE NEWS IN LAST OF PAID CONTENT YEAR (2014–20) – SELECTED COUNTRIES USA 9 country average It is too early to predict the full impact of the COVID-19 crisis on the 25% news industry but it is almost certain to be a catalyst for more cost- 1. Political boost 2. Newspapers tighten 9 country average for liberal media paywalls, better target cutting, consolidation, and even faster changes in business models. (Trump Bump) potentials 20% 20% Germany While some publications report growth in digital subscriptions, some publishers say advertising revenue has fallen by up to 50% and 16% USA 15% many newspapers have cut back or stopped printing physical copies 13% 8 11% and laid off staff. In Australia, News Corporation suspended print 10% 10% production of around 60 newspapers, while in the UK analysts warn 9% that as many as a third of journalists in the media could lose their 5% job as a result of the pandemic.9 All of this puts more focus on reader payment models online – including subscription, membership, 0% 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 donation, and micropayment – and on the issue of trust which

underpins these. Q7a. Have you paid for ONLINE news content, or accessed a paid-for ONLINE news service in the last year? Total 2014–20 samples ≈ 2000. Note: 9 country average includes USA, UK, France, Spain, Italy, In the last 12 months more publishers have started charging for Germany, Denmark, Japan, and Finland. content or tightening paywalls and this is beginning to have an impact. Across countries we have seen significant increases in In the wake of the pandemic, the New York Times and the Atlantic the percentage paying for online news, including a jump of four are among US publications reporting substantial increases in percentage points in the United States to 20% and eight points digital subscriptions while the Guardian has seen a boost to the in Norway to 42%. We’ve also seen increases in Portugal, the numbers of contributors. Some publishers have emphasised Netherlands, and Argentina, with the average payment level the value of trusted and accurate journalism through a series of coronavirus-themed messaging campaigns designed to increase also up in nine countries that we have been tracking since 2013. REUTERS INSTITUTE FOR THE STUDY OF JOURNALISM / FURTHER ANALYSIS subscriptions or donations. But the crisis has alsoSlide 33raised new Looking back, we can detect two clear waves of subscription dilemmas around paywalls, with many growth in the United States. The first was sparked by the election news organisations like the New York Times of Donald Trump, with many younger and liberal voters looking and El Pais in Spain dropping their paywalls to support publications that could hold the President to account. for a time. Others like the Financial Times ThisREUTERS year’s INSTITUTE uptick mayFOR THE be partly STUDY drivenOF JOURNALISM by a new / FURTHER election ANALYSIS cycle but have offered a subset of content for free to Slidealso by publisher 31 tactics to restrict the amount of content people ensure that critical public health content can see for free combined with special deals. was available to all.

PROPORTION THAT PAID FOR ANY ONLINE NEWS IN LAST YEAR – SELECTED COUNTRIES

Norway 42% (+8) 26% 14% Sweden 27% (-) Average in Nordic Netherlands countries pay (+3) Finland 19% (+3) 20% Denmark 17% (+2) USA (+4)

14% ALSO: Australia Germany 10% France 10% Argentina 11% Spain 12% Portugal 10% Japan 8% Austria 11% Poland 20% UK 7%

Q7a. Have you paid for ONLINE news content, or accessed a paid-for ONLINE news service in the last year?Base: Total sample in each market ≈ 2000.

8 https://www.poynter.org/business-work/2020/a-qa-with-tampa-bay-times-chairman-and-ceo-paul-tash-about-the-times-print-reduction 9 https://www.endersanalysis.com/reports/enders-analysis-calls-government-support-news-magazine-media 22 / 23

Many fear growing levels of information inequality, where people In all three countries the majority of those who pay only with less money become more dependent on social media and subscribe to one title, but in Norway more than a third (38%) other low-quality news while those who can afford it get better have signed up for two or more – often a national title and a information. Currently levels of concern about this issue from local newspaper. It is a similar story in the United States with respondents are highest in the United States (24%) and Norway 37% taking out two or more subscriptions, with additional (17%). Lower concern in the United Kingdom (9%) may be payment often for a magazine or specialist publication such as REUTERSbecause INSTITUTE of widespread FOR THE availability STUDY OF JOURNALISMof high-quality / FURTHER free news ANALYSIS from the New Yorker, the Atlantic or The Athletic (sport). By contrast, Slidethe BBC News 34 website, many widely read popular newspapers in the UK a second or third subscription is rare, with three- and digital-born titles, and titles like the Guardian, with its open quarters (74%) paying for just one title. donation model. In the UK and Norway, three-quarters (75%) pay for subscriptions with their own money, around 5% are on a free trial, with the PROPORTION CONCERNED THAT OTHERS MAY BE MISSING rest paid for by someone else (by work or a gift). The free trials OUT ON NEWS BECAUSE OF PAYWALLS – USA, NORWAY, UK seem to be twice as prevalent in the United States (10%), where competition for a limited pool of subscribers is extremely fierce. USA 24% 23% 42% For further results from our detailed pay survey see section 2.1: Norway 17% 29% 45% How and Why People are Paying for Online News

UK 9% 22% 58% Donations for news are relatively new, though Wikipedia and National Public Radio have generated much of their income Concerned Neither Don’t know Not concerned this way for many years. Our survey showed a growing array of publications to which people are prepared to give money. P3_2020_1. Some news providers now charge money for access to their online news content. In the United States 4% now say they donate money to a news How concerned are you, if at all, that other people might be missing out on news from sources that they have to pay for? Base: USA = 2055, UK = 2011, Norway = 2010. organisation, 3% in Norway, and 1% in the UK. The Guardian has one of the most successful donation models of any major brand, with over a million people having contributed in the last WINNER-TAKES-MOST IN SUBSCRIPTIONS year.10 According to our data, almost half of all the relatively small number of donations in the UK (42%) go to the Guardian, This year we conducted a second more detailed survey in three REUTERSbut most INSTITUTE are one-off, FOR THE with STUDY an average OF JOURNALISM payment / FURTHER of less ANALYSISthan £15. countries (USA, UK, and Norway) to understand more about Other beneficiaries include small community websites such as patterns and attitudes to online news payment. This research Slidethe Bristol 36 Cable, YouTube channels, and podcasts such as the clearly shows that a few large national news brands have been one produced by the investigative co-operative Bellingcat. the biggest winners in all three countries. Around half of those that subscribe to any online or combined package in the United States use the New York Times or the Washington Post and a similar proportion subscribe to either The Times or the Telegraph in the UK, though in much smaller numbers. In Norway the quality newspaper Aftenposten leads the field (24% of those that pay), along with two tabloid newspapers that operate premium paywall models, VG (24%) and Dagbladet (14%). One surprise in these data is the extent to which people subscribe to local and regional newspapers online in Norway (64%). Most local news publishers in Norway charge for online news, with a total of 129 REUTERSdifferent INSTITUTE local titles FOR THEmentioned STUDY OF by JOURNALISM our respondents. / FURTHER In the ANALYSIS United States 30% subscribe to one or more local titles, with 131 different Slidetitles mentioned. 35 By contrast in the UK only a handful of local publishers have put up a paywall.

PROPORTION WITH ACCESS TO PAID NEWS THAT HAVE ACCESS TO EACH BRAND – UK, USA, NORWAY In looking through the donation lists, it is striking to see so many political partisan websites such as The Daily Kos and UK USA Norway Patriot Post in the US and The Canary and Novara media The Times New York Times Local Papers in the UK. In Norway, a significant number of donations to 39% 39% LP 64% news services go to one of three far-right websites, Resett, Telegraph Washington Post Aftenposten Document, and HRS. With advertisers increasingly wary of 20% 31% 24% controversial political content, donations are proving one Local Papers Local Papers Verdens Gang important way to tap into the loyalty of committed partisans. LP 5% LP 30% 24%

PAY3. You said that you currently have access to a single news brand. Please list all of the online brands you’d normally have to pay for that you currently have access to. Base: All who have access to a single news brand: USA = 584, UK = 256, Norway = 751.

10 1.16m have contributed, including 821,000 ongoing monthly donations (and subscriptions). https://www.theguardian.com/media/2020/apr/29/guardian-reports-surge-in-readers- support-over-past-year ReutersREUTERS Institute INSTITUTE for the FOR Study THE of Journalism STUDY OF JOURNALISM/ Digital News / FURTHER Report 2020 ANALYSIS 24 Slide 37

PROPORTION OF DONATERS THAT DONATE TO EACH BRAND In federated systems like Germany and the United States local – UK, USA, NORWAY newspapers play a critical role in providing accountability and this is reflected in these scores. The value that people place UK USA Norway on their local newspaper is closely correlated with the higher subscription and donation rates that we see for local news in Guardian Guardian Resett Norway and the United States when compared to the UK. 42% 13% 13% Wikipedia National Public Document For further analysis see section 2.4: Global Turmoil in the Neighbourhood: 13% Radio 11% 7% Problems Mount for Regional and Local News

DONATE2. You say you currently donate to a news brand. Which brands do you donate to? Base: All those who have donated: UK = 197, US = 433, Norway = 211. GATEWAYS AND INTERMEDIARIES

After the 2008 economic crash many publishers saw advertising In terms of access points for online news, habits continue to revenues drop by around a third and many worry that the become more distributed – as more and more people embrace aftermath of the COVID-19 pandemic could be even worse. various digital platforms that were initially used most intensely Online subscriptions and donations may make up for some of by younger people. Across all countries, just over a quarter (28%) this, especially at a time when trusted news matters more than prefer to start their news journeys with a website or app, followed ever, but for most publishers any extra reader revenue won’t be by social media (26%) – up two percentage points on last year. nearly sufficient. Industry expectations need to be realistic as Once again, though, we see very different patterns with 18–24s, many people are likely to have less disposable income and the the so-called Generation Z. This group has a much weaker direct majority of non-payers are still broadly happy with free sources. connection with news brands (16%) and is almost twice as likely to prefer to access news via social media (38%).

UNCERTAIN FUTURE FOR LOCAL NEWS If younger groups cannot be persuaded to come to specific websites50% and apps, publishers may need to focus more on how The COVID-19 disruption is likely to hit local news providers to build audiences through third-party platforms like Facebook, hardest, given their continuing dependence on both print and Twitter, YouTube, and Snapchat. This may become more attractive digital advertising. Commercial local newspapers in particular REUTERSfor publishers INSTITUTE-1 now FOR Facebook THE STUDY has OF started JOURNALISM to offer / FURTHER direct ANALYSISpayments +2 are a key component of democracy in many countries, employing for its dedicated ‘news tab’, but aggregated environments have Slide25% 28 39 the majority of journalists, highlighting local issues, and holding not yet proved a good26 environment25 to build the loyalty and politicians to account. In Denmark, Sweden, and some other attribution that will be needed for long-term relationships. REUTERScountries INSTITUTE the government FOR THE STUDY has stepped OF JOURNALISM in to provide / FURTHER subsidies ANALYSIS and short-term relief for the sector.11 Without more support further MAIN GATEWAYS TO NEWS – ALL MARKETS8 7 5 Slideclosures and 38 cuts seem inevitable. But how much would people 0% Direct Social Search Mobile Aggregators Email 50% miss their local newspapers if they were no longer there? media ALL AGESalerts

-1 72% PROPORTION OF READERS WHO WOULD MISS THEIR LOCAL +2 side door NEWSPAPER A LOT – SELECTED COUNTRIES access 25% 28 26 25

54% 49% 39% 25% 8 7 Germany Norway USA UK 5 0% Direct Social Search Mobile Aggregators Email media alerts

L4_2020. How much would you miss your local newspaper/website if it went out of business? 50% GEN Z Showing code ‘a lot’. Base: Those who consume local newspapers in last week. Germany = 1136, +2 Norway = 1283, USA = 730, UK = 835. 84% 38 side door access Our research shows that local newspapers (and their websites) 25% -1 25 are valued much more in some countries than others. Over half of those who regularly read local newspapers in federal 16 +2 Germany (54%) say they would miss them ‘a lot’ if they were no 9 8 longer there, 49% in Norway, and 39% in the United States. By 4 PROPORTION OF READERS WHO WOULD MISS THEIR LOCAL 0% contrast only 25% of those who regularly read newspapers in Direct Social Search Mobile Aggregators Email NEWSPAPER A LOT – SELECTED COUNTRIES media alerts the UK, 18% in Argentina, and 13% in Taiwan say the same. The

value placed on local news seems to be partly related to the Q10a. Which of these was the MAIN way in which you came across news in the last week? importance that countries place on their regions more generally Base: All/18-24s that came across online news in the last week: All markets = 74181/9083. – and the extent to which local politics matters. 54% 49% Germany Norway

11 https://euobserver.com/coronavirus/147956

39% 25% USA UK

L4_2020. How much would you miss your local newspaper/website if it went out of business? Showing code ‘a lot’. Base: Those who consume local newspapers in last week. Germany = 1136, Norway = 1283, USA = 730, UK = 835. 24 / 25

MOBILE AGGREGATORS PUBLISHERS FIGHT BACK WITH EMAIL AND OTHER LOYALTY TACTICS Some publishers have been reporting significant increases in referrals from mobile apps such as Apple News, Upday, and various Faced with the growing power of platforms, publishers have been Google products including Google News and Google Discover. working hard to build direct connections with consumers via email, Some of these (Apple News and Google) are very hard to measure mobile alerts, and podcasts. Across countries, around one in six in surveys because respondents often cannot recall these services (16%) access news each week via email, with most of these (60%) – especially if they access via a notification. Apple News is still only accessing a briefing of general or political news, often sent in the available in a few countries but is accessed by 29% of iPhone users morning. But publishers have been extending the range of formats, in the United States and 22% in the UK. Our data suggest that the increasingly offering ‘pop up emails’ on subjects like coronavirus premium Apple News + ($9.99 a month) has not yet had much and the 2020 presidential elections. Emails have proved effective impact outside the US, where the service includes content from in attracting potential new subscribers, as well as encouraging the Wall Street Journal and the Los Angeles Times. existing users to come back more frequently.

40% Aggregators remain more important in some countries (South Korea, Despite thisUK -revival Apple Smartphone in the newsletter format we find surprising Japan) than others but overall access remains constant at around differences in the level of adoption across countries. In the United UK 7% and there has been little movement in the headline numbers for States one in five (21%) access a news email weekly, and for almost specific apps. Line News reaches 22% and Gunosy 12% in Japan each half of theseUSA it- Apple is their Smartphone primary way of accessing news. Northern week,20% while Kakao Channel (25%) is a popular mobile aggregator in EuropeanUSA countries have been much slower to adopt email news South Korea. TopBuzz, an artificial intelligence (AI) driven aggregator channels, with only 10% using email news in Finland and 9% in the UK. REUTERSthat often INSTITUTE surfaced FOR low THE quality STUDY OFnews, JOURNALISM is being /closed FURTHER down ANALYSIS after attracting low levels of usage in western countries, though it was The New York Times now offers almost 70 different scheduled Slidebecoming popular40 in countries in the Global South such as the emails, with the popular morning briefing now reaching 17 million 0% subscribers. The size and importance of this audience has meant Philippines (9%),2016 Kenya (11%),2017 and2018 Brazil (9%).2019 2020 an increased profile for flagship emails, with senior journalists appointed as hosts to help guide users through the news each day.12 PROPORTION OF iPHONE USERS THAT USE APPLE NEWS (2016–20) – USA AND UK Americans get, on average, more emails from different news providers (4) compared with Australians (3) or British (3). USA USA – Apple iPhone Across countries almost half (44%) say they read most of their UK UK – Apple iPhone news emails. Emails tend to be most popular with older age groups, 40% while mobile notifications are more popular with the young and continue to grow in many countries. REUTERS INSTITUTE FOR THE STUDY OF JOURNALISM / FURTHER ANALYSIS 29% SlideFor further 42analysis see section 2.2: The Resurgence and Importance 22% of25% Email Newsletters 20% 14% 11% 11% 8% PROPORTION THAT USED EACH AS A WAY OF GETTING NEWS 4% IN THE LAST WEEK (2015–20) – SELECTED COUNTRIES 3% 0% 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 UK USA France Spain Finland REUTERS INSTITUTE FOR THE STUDY OF JOURNALISM / FURTHER ANALYSIS 0% Email newsletter Q10c. When using the internet for news, have you used any of the following sites or mobile apps 25% 25%2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 Slidethat aggregate different41 news links in the last week? Base: All/Apple iPhone users 2016–20: USA ≈ 2055/530, UK ≈ 2011/583. 21% 21%

15% 14% 15% 10% 10% PROPORTION THAT USED EACH MOBILE AGGREGATOR 9% 9% IN THE LAST WEEK – SELECTED COUNTRIES

0% 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020

Google News Apple News Upday Flipboard 25% Mobile notifications 22% USA 17% 11% 3% 4% 18% UK 6% 8% 2% 2% 14% 16% Germany 14% 5% 5% 2% 13% 13% 10% 9% France 20% 5% 3% 2% 8% 7% Spain n/a 7% 6% 5% 0% Japan 21% 5% 2% 1% 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 All markets 23% 7% 5% 3% Q10. Thinking about how you got news online (via computer, mobile or any device) in the last Q10c. When using the internet for news, have you used any of the following sites or mobile apps week, which were the ways in which you came across news stories? Base: Total sample in each that aggregate different news links in the last week? Base: Total sample in each market ≈ 2000. market 2015-20 ≈ 2000.

12 https://www.niemanlab.org/2020/04/the-new-york-times-morning-email-newsletter-is-getting-an-official-host-and-anchor REUTERS INSTITUTE FOR THE STUDY OF JOURNALISM / FURTHER ANALYSIS Slide 43

Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism / Digital News Report 2020 26

PODCASTS AND THE RISE OF AUDIO Podcast listeners tend to be younger (see next chart) and mainly REUTERS INSTITUTE FOR THE STUDY OF JOURNALISM / FURTHER ANALYSIS listen via headphones/mobile phones. These demographics and In the last few years podcasts have become another important habits are not just of interest to subscription businesses but Slide 46 channel for driving loyalty to specific news brands. The Daily from also to broadcasters who, as we’ve already noted, are finding it the New York Times attracts 2 million listeners a day and, although harder to reach under-35s through linear programming. In the the advertising revenue is substantial, the main strategic aim REUTERSUK half ofINSTITUTE all podcasts FOR THE are STUDY listened OF JOURNALISM to by under-35s, / FURTHER despite ANALYSIS PROPORTION THAT USED EACH TYPE OF PODCAST is to attract new subscribers and to build habit with existing these making up just a third of our sample. By contrast, the Slide 45 IN THE LAST MONTH BY AGE – USA ones (Newman and Gallo 2019). The Guardian (UK), Aftenposten majority of those listening to traditional news bulletins and (Norway), and Les Echos (France) are amongst publishers to programmes on the radio each week are over 50. News and 23 have launched successful daily news podcasts in the last two current affairs 34 18-24s years. During the coronavirus lockdowns some podcast listening PROPORTION THAT USED A PODCAST IN THE LAST MONTH 21 Lower interest reportedly fell by up to 20% – a reminder of how integral AND RADIO NEWS IN THE LAST WEEK BY AGE – UK in news-based podcasts have become to commuting habits and other activities 13 podcasts with outside the home.13 At the same time, listening to other types of 18-24s when 13 compared podcasting has shifted to the home and there have been some with young breakout hits, including Das Coronavirus-Update, a 30-minute millennials show featuring one of Germany’s top virologists, which reached Specialist 18 Podcast Radio news (health, tech, No. 1 in the podcast charts there. listeners by age listeners by age business) 28 Proportion of each age group Proportion of each age group 19 listening monthly listening weekly 50% 7

43 8 40 38 33 32 Lifestyle 23 25% (food, fashion, 22 celebs) 23 19 19 16 10 11 9 0% 4 18-24 25-34 35-44 45-54 55+ 18-24 25-34 35-44 45-54 55+

Q11F. A podcast is an episodic series of digital audio files, which you can download, subscribe, Sports 12 or listen to. Which of the following types of podcast have you listened to in the last month? 100% Q3. Which, if any, of the following have you used in the last week as a source of news? 12 Base: 18–24/25–34/35–44/45–54/55+ = 201/282/343/349/836. 84 11 75% 76 76 6 72 67 The underlying picture65 remains65 65 65 one64 63of growth.63 63 62 Our62 data62 show Many podcasts contain an informational element (sport, lifestyle, 2 60 60 60 58 an overall rise in podcast listening to 31% (+3) across a basket 57true56 crime)55 54 but54 podcasts specifically about news and politics are 50% 51 51 50 49 49 46 of 20 countries we have been tracking since 2018. Almost four amongst the most widely listened to. 45About45 45half42 of podcast users 40 37 37 True crime 18 18-24 in ten access monthly in Spain (41%), Ireland (40%), Sweden listen to a news podcast in the US, where the market has developed35 32 25%(36%), Norway (36%), and the United States (36%). By contrast furthest. Podcast users in the United States say that the format 20 25-34 REUTERSusage in INSTITUTE the Netherlands FOR THE STUDY (26%), OF GermanyJOURNALISM (24%), / FURTHER and ANALYSISthe UK gives greater depth and understanding of complex issues (59%) 16 35-44 0%(22%) is nearer to a quarter. and a wider range of perspectives (57%) than other types of media. 6 45-54 SlideBRA POR 44KEN ZA USA SGN CAN SPA CHL AUS UK GRE MYS FRA IRE TUR ARG KOR MEX ROU PHL FIN CRO JPN ITA HK BRG HUN BEL SWE CZE TWN SUI POL NOR AUT DEN GER SVK NLD 6 55+

0% 25% 50% PROPORTION THAT USED A PODCAST IN THE LAST MONTH – SELECTED COUNTRIES Q11F. A podcast is an episodic series of digital audio files, which you can download, subscribe 50% or listen to. Which of the following types of podcast have you listened to in the last month? Base: 18–24/25–34/35–44/45–54/55+ = 258/378/348/243/828. +2 +3 +5 +3 41 40 +4 +5 36 36 36 +3 34 +4 33 32 32 32 +3 +5 30 +3 29 28 28 25% 26 26 26 24 24 31% 22 access a podcast monthly, up from 29% in 2019

0% SPA IRE SWE NOR USA ARG CAN AUS SUI ITA SGN FIN AUT DEN BEL NLD FRA JPN GER UK

Q11F. A podcast is an episodic series of digital audio files, which you can download, subscribe, or listen to. Which of the following types of podcast have you listened to in the last month? Please select all that apply. Total sample in each market ≈ 2000. Note: We excluded markets with more urban samples as well as those where we are not confident that podcasts is a term sufficiently well understood to produce reliable data.

13 https://podnews.net/article/coronavirus-covid19-affecting-podcasting 26 / 27

REUTERSNews podcasts INSTITUTE are FOR most THE popular STUDY OF with JOURNALISM 25–34s (young / FURTHER millennials). ANALYSIS WHICH PLATFORMS DO PEOPLE USE TO ACCESS Those aged 18–24 are less likely to listen to news podcast but PODCASTS? Slideare some of 46 the heaviest consumers of lifestyle and celebrity podcasts as well as true crime. Podcasts have traditionally been associated with Apple devices, but that is changing rapidly. In the last 18 months Spotify has invested over $500m in podcasting and has reported a doubling PROPORTION THAT USED EACH TYPE OF PODCAST of podcast listens.14 Broadcaster apps like BBC Sounds, ABC IN THE LAST MONTH BY AGE – USA Listen (Australia), NPR One (USA), and SR Play (Sweden) now offer original podcasts in addition to live and catch-up radio. News and 23 current affairs Google has started to promote podcasts within search and has 34 18-24s revamped its own podcast service. Our data from the UK show 21 Lower interest in news-based BBC Sounds (28%) is similar to Apple (26%) and Spotify (24%) in 13 podcasts with terms of access, while Spotify (25%) is now ahead of Apple (20%) 18-24s when 13 compared and Google (16%) in the United States. The US has a much larger with young ecosystem of widely used smaller podcast apps and services millennials including TuneIn, Podcast Addict, and Stitcher. Spotify (40%) is REUTERS INSTITUTE FOR THE STUDY OF JOURNALISM / FURTHER ANALYSIS Specialist 18 ahead in Sweden, the country of its birth and also in Australia (health, tech, business) 28 Slide(33%). In Sweden 47 the national radio broadcaster reaches more 19 than a quarter of podcast users. 7 8 PROPORTION OF PODCAST LISTENERS THAT USE EACH PLATFORM – SELECTED COUNTRIES Lifestyle 23 (food, fashion, UK celebs) 23 16 BBC Sounds 28 9 Apple podcasts 26 4 Spotify 24 Google podcasts 10 Website (stream) 6 Sports 12 Audible 5 12 Podcast Addict 5 11 Castbox 3 6 TuneIn 3 2 Pocket Casts 2 Podbean 2

True crime 18 18-24 Overcast 1 1 Public broadcaster app 20 25-34 Stitcher 0% 25% 50% 16 35-44 6 45-54 USA 6 55+ Spotify 25 Apple podcasts 20 0% 25% 50% Google podcasts 16 15 Q11F. A podcast is an episodic series of digital audio files, which you can download, subscribe Pandora or listen to. Which of the following types of podcast have you listened to in the last month? Website (stream) 11 Base: 18–24/25–34/35–44/45–54/55+ = 258/378/348/243/828. Audible 10 NPR One 9 The deep connection that many podcasts seem to create could TuneIn 8 7 be opening up opportunities for paid podcasts, alongside Deezer 7 advertising-driven models. Almost four in ten Australians (39%) Podcast Addict Overcast 6 said they would be prepared to pay for podcasts they liked, 38% Pocket Casts 6 in the United States, and a similar number in Canada (37%). RadioPublic 6 Willingness to pay was lower in Sweden (24%) and the UK (21%) Stitcher 6 Non-profit broadcaster app where so many popular podcasts come from free-to-air public Castbox 5 broadcasters. 0% 25% 50%

POD2. Which of the following apps or websites do you mainly use to find and play podcasts? Base: All that listened to podcasts in the last month: UK = 440, USA = 746.

14 https://www.theverge.com/2020/2/5/21123905/spotify-earnings-q4-2020-podcasting-investment-operating-loss ReutersREUTERS Institute INSTITUTE for the FOR Study THE of Journalism STUDY OF JOURNALISM/ Digital News / FURTHER Report 2020 ANALYSIS 28 Slide 48

PROPORTION OF PODCAST LISTENERS THAT USE EACH HAS READING HAD ITS DAY ONLINE? PLATFORM – SELECTED COUNTRIES For many years bandwidth and technical limitations meant online Sweden news was largely restricted to text and pictures. But now, in most parts of the world, it is possible to seamlessly watch news videos Spotify 40 or listen to on-demand audio as well. But what do consumers REUTERS INSTITUTE FOR THE STUDY OF JOURNALISM / FURTHER ANALYSIS SR Play 27 prefer? Reading text is convenient, but can be difficult on small Apple podcasts 17 smartphone screens, and a desire to get away from screens Slide 50 Google podcasts 8 may be one factor driving the current boom in audio listening, Website (stream) 7 according to research (Newman 2018). Castbox 4 We find that, on average, across all countries, people still prefer Podbean 4 PROPORTION THAT ACCESSED ONLINE NEWS VIDEO reading news online, but a significant proportion now say they Podcast Addict 4 IN THE LAST WEEK – ALL MARKETS prefer to watch, with around one in ten preferring to listen. Parts TuneIn 4 of the world with strong reading traditions such as Northern TUR 95 Overcast 3 Europe are most keen on text (54%), while our sample of Asian KEN 93 Spreaker 3 and American markets is more equally split. The Philippines PHL 89 Audible 2 and Hong Kong are two markets where a majority say they Public broadcaster app HK 89 Pocket Casts 2 prefer to watch news online rather than read (55% and 52% MEX 88 0% 25% 50% REUTERSrespectively). INSTITUTE Across FOR markets THE STUDY we OF also JOURNALISM find that / FURTHERpeople ANALYSISwith lower 84 levels of education are more likely to want to watch online news, BRA 81 Australia Slidecompared with49 the better educated– a finding which reflects ZA traditional offline preferences around television and print. BGR 80 Spotify 33 TWN 79 Apple podcasts 21 CHL 79 ABC Listen 16 PROPORTION THAT PREFER TO READ, WATCH OR LISTEN MYS 79 Google podcasts 15 TO NEWS – SELECTED REGIONS KOR 77 Audible 10 8 Northern CRO 77 Pandora Europe 54 31 7 8 Castbox 7 GRE 76 Southern Website (stream) 7 Europe 51 34 10 5 POL 75 6 Deezer Central and ROU 73 47 38 11 4 6 South America Pocket Casts SVK 71 RadioPublic 6 Asia 46 39 8 7 HUN 70 Overcast 5 ARG 70 Podcast Addict 5 North America 42 39 10 9 SGN 69 Spreaker 5 SPA 68 TuneIn 5 0% 25% 50% 75% 100% 64 Podbean 4 Read news Watch news Listen to news Don’t know CZE Public broadcaster app Stitcher 3 ITA 63 POR 62 0% 25% 50% PROPORTION THAT PREFER TO READ, WATCH OR LISTEN REUTERS INSTITUTE FOR THE STUDY OF JOURNALISM / FURTHER ANALYSIS 62 Slide 59 TO NEWS BY EDUCATION – ALL MARKETS CAN POD2. Which of the following apps or websites do you mainly use to find and play podcasts? 62 Base: All that listened to podcasts in the last month: Sweden = 741, Australia = 690. IRE High education 56 32 7 4 USA 61 AUS 60 Spotify’s move into Low education 41 41 9 9 SUI 57 podcasts, which includes 55 commissioning its own 0% 25% 50% 75% 100% NOR 54 high-quality original Read news Watch news Listen to news Don’t know FIN content, is bringing audio AUT 53 OPTQ11D_2020. In thinking about your online habits around news and current affairs which of 53 programming to a wider the following statements applies best to you? Base: Northern Europe = 22281, Southern Europe = BEL and more mainstream 8071, Central and South America = 8093, North America = 4057, Asia = 11387, high education = 30258, JPN 51 low education = 12993. audience but it is also NLD 49 raising new questions for 48 67% FRA consume video news public broadcasters. Many worry that aggregators will take much Perhaps more surprisingly, we find that in a number of countries SWE 48 online weekly of the credit/attribution for public content and are building up (average of 40 including the UK, Australia, France, and South Korea, younger GER 43 their own platforms instead. Some are withholding content from people (under-35s) are more likely to say they prefer to read rather markets) DEN 41 Spotify and Google or are previewing it first in their own apps. than watch news online. We know that the young consume more UK 39 Broadcasters have also been losing presentation and production video news than older people because they are more exposed via talent to newspaper groups, platforms, and independent studios. Facebook and YouTube, but the speed and control that comes 0% 25% 50% 75% 100% through reading often seems to trump this when it comes to Q11_VIDEO. Thinking about consuming online news video (of any kind) over the last week, underlying preference. which of the following did you do? Base: Total sample in each market ≈ 2000, Taiwan = 1027. Note: Turkey and Kenya are urban samples that will inflate figures. 100%

75% 76 28 / 29 61 50% 47

25% 23 25 VIDEO CONSUMPTION ACROSS COUNTRIES Across countries over half (52%)11 access video news via a third-party platform0% each week, such as YouTube, Facebook, and Twitter, with Looking at absolute consumption of different kinds of video news REUTERSa third (33%) INSTITUTE accessing FOR THE via STUDY news OFwebsites JOURNALISM and apps. / FURTHER But again, ANALYSIS we we also see interesting regional differences in line with these find very significant differences between markets. In Hong Kong stated preferences. Nine in ten of the online population say they Slidethree-quarters 51 (76%) access video news via third-party platforms access video news online weekly in Turkey (95%), Kenya (93%), but this figure is less than a quarter (23%) in the UK. REUTERS INSTITUTE FOR THE STUDY OF JOURNALISM / FURTHER ANALYSIS the Philippines (89%), and Hong Kong (89%), but only around Slidehalf this proportion 50 do in Northern European countries such as Germany (43%), Denmark (41%), and the UK (39%). PROPORTION THAT ACCESSED ONLINE NEWS VIDEO VIA EACH PLATFORM IN THE LAST WEEK – HONG KONG AND UK

PROPORTION THAT ACCESSED ONLINE NEWS VIDEO IN THE LAST WEEK – ALL MARKETS HONG KONG UK

TUR 95 Facebook 52% Facebook 15% KEN 93 YouTube 45% YouTube 8% PHL 89 Others 29% Others 7% 100% HK 89 MEX 88 75% BRA 84 76 ZA 81 50% 61 BGR 80 47 TWN 79 25% CHL 79 23 25 MYS 79 11 0% KOR 77 Consumed Consumed Consumed Consumed Consumed Consumed 77 via social news- no news- via social news- no news- CRO or other related related or other related related GRE 76 platform video video in the platform video video in the onsite last week onsite last week POL 75 ROU 73 Q11_VIDEO. Thinking about consuming online news video (of any kind) over the last week, which of the following did you do? Base: Total sample: Hong Kong = 2023, UK = 2011. SVK 71 HUN 70 ARG 70 The popularity of social networks and video platforms in Asia, Latin REUTERS INSTITUTE FOR THE STUDY OF JOURNALISM / FURTHER ANALYSIS SGN 69 America, and Africa seems to Slidebe stimulating 52 video consumption at SPA 68 the expense of text – even if most people consume a mix of the two. CZE 64 Even in Europe a number ITA 63 of publishers have stepped 62 POR up investment in video 62 CAN formats. The German IRE 62 public broadcaster ARD USA 61 has recently made vertical AUS 60 video a central feature of SUI 57 its Tagesschau app. NOR 55 Swiss publisher Ringier has launched Blick TV, a 15-minute news show that is broadcast online but updated through the day, while FIN 54 rival 20 Minuten is significantly increasing its video production. AUT 53 The big dilemma for publishers, however, is how to monetise video, BEL 53 which has proved difficult for shorter news items. Publishers 51 JPN like the New York Times, Vox, and BuzzFeed have been focusing NLD 49 on longer form linear commissions aimed at online streaming 48 67% FRA consume video news services and cable TV. SWE 48 online weekly (average of 40 Consumer preferences around video and audio are changing, GER 43 markets) opening up new possibilities for publishers, but shifting resources DEN 41 from text carries significant risks while the commercial returns UK 39 are still far from proven. 0% 25% 50% 75% 100%

Q11_VIDEO. Thinking about consuming online news video (of any kind) over the last week, which of the following did you do? Base: Total sample in each market ≈ 2000, Taiwan = 1027. Note: Turkey and Kenya are urban samples that will inflate figures. REUTERS INSTITUTE FOR THE STUDY OF JOURNALISM / FURTHER ANALYSIS Slide 56

PROPORTION THAT USED EACH DEVICE TO ACCESS NEWS IN THE LAST WEEK (2013–20) – UK

Smartphone Computer Tablet Smart Speaker

75% 72% Smart speaker 62% Tablet

Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism / Digital News Report 2020 50% Computer 30 43% 75% Smartphone Smart speaker 29% 25% 26% Tablet 16% 50% Computer Both Instagram and WhatsApp were designed from the ground up 3% 5% SOCIAL MEDIA PREFERENCES ALSO BECOMING 0% Smartphone MORE VISUAL for mobile usage, which gives them a cutting edge with younger 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 people. In developing countries, Facebook has often made 25% Q8b. Which, if any, of the following devices have you used to access news in the last week? With video now a key component of social platforms, it is interesting arrangements to bundle these applications with free data which Total UK sample 2013–20 ≈ 2000. to see how this is playing out in the networks people use most often. REUTERShas also INSTITUTEhelped them FOR THEgrow. STUDY After OF JOURNALISMyears of stagnation, / FURTHER Twitter ANALYSIS has also seen significant growth in a small number of countries, also 0% 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 Each year we track the importance of different social networks Slidedriven by younger 54 demographics engaging with the platform averaged across more than a dozen countries we have been more often. Twitter has also been pushing new video formats and tracking since 2014. Facebook and YouTube remain by far the most monetisation of live video in the last few years. important networks, with around two-thirds using them each week for any purpose. Almost half now use WhatsApp (48%), part of a PROPORTION THAT USED EACH DEVICE TO ACCESS NEWS shift towards more private messaging which started in around 2016. IN THE LAST WEEK (2013–20) – UK

Another big change in the last few years has been the growth Instagram for news Twitter for news Smartphone Computer Tablet Smart Speaker of Instagram which popularised visual formats like ‘stories’ and Brazil 30% (+4) Spain 20% (+4) 75% Smart speaker short videos via IGTV. Instagram now reaches more than a third 67% Chile 28% (+8) USA 17% (+2) 62% (36%)REUTERS weekly INSTITUTE and FORtwo-thirds THE STUDY of under-25s OF JOURNALISM (64%). / FURTHER As people ANALYSIS spend Tablet Italy 17% (+4) Brazil 17% (+2) more time with the network, the role of news has also increased 50% Computer Spain 17% (+5) Japan 15% (+5) 43% Slidesignificantly. 53 Instagram reaches 11% across age groups, almost as Smartphone 29% many as use Twitter for news. For more on the top social networks see section 3: Country and Market 25% 26% pages 16% 1% 5% PROPORTION THAT USED EACH SOCIAL NETWORK FOR By allowing Instagram and WhatsApp to develop separately, 0% ANY PURPOSE IN THE LAST WEEK (2014–20) – AVERAGE OF 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 Facebook as a company has been able to cater for many different 12 COUNTRIES demographics and try new formats, without losing its core loyalists. Q8b. Which, if any, of the following devices have you used to access news in the last week? Facebook Facebook Messenger Twitter Instagram Across countries, Facebook Inc now reaches 85% each week on Total UK sample 2013–20 ≈ 2000. Snapchat WhatsApp YouTube average, rising to 94% in Brazil and 96% in Kenya and South Africa. 75% YouTube 63% 60% 27% 60% 61% DEPENDENCEWhatsApp ON SMARTPHONES CONTINUES 53% 24% 48% TO GROWSnapchat 45% 38% 36% OverInstagram two-thirds (69%) of people now use the smartphone for 30% 31% news weekly and, as we’ve seen, these devices are encouraging 23% Twitter 19% the growth of shorter video content via third-party platforms as 15% 17% 13% wellFacebook as audio content Messenger like podcasts. Those who use smartphones as a main device for news are significantly more likely to access 3% 5% Facebook 0% news via social networks. 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 Usage is often highest in parts of the Global South such as Kenya Q12a. Which, if any, of the following have you used in the last week for any purpose? Base: Total 2014-19 sample across 12 countries ≈ 24000 (~19000 in 2014). Note: From 2015-20 the 12 countries (83%) and South Africa (82%) where fixed-line internet tends to included are UK, USA, Germany, France, Spain, Italy, Ireland, Denmark, Finland, Japan, Australia and Brazil. In 2014, we did not poll in Australia or Ireland. REUTERSbe less prevalent. INSTITUTE AccessFOR THE is STUDY lowest OF in JOURNALISM Canada (55%), / FURTHER Japan ANALYSIS (52%), REUTERS INSTITUTE FOR THE STUDY OF JOURNALISM / FURTHER ANALYSIS Slideand in much 55 of Eastern Europe, though even here the smartphone Slide 57 PROPORTION THAT USED EACH SOCIAL NETWORK FOR NEWS has become – or is on its way to becoming – the main platform for IN THE LAST WEEK (2014-20) – AVERAGE OF 12 COUNTRIES accessing news.

Facebook Facebook Messenger Twitter Instagram Snapchat WhatsApp YouTube PROPORTION THAT USED A SMARTPHONE TO ACCESS NEWS PROPORTION THAT USE SMART SPEAKERS FOR ANY PURPOSE IN THE LAST WEEK (2013-20) – SELECTED COUNTRIES (2017-20) – SELECTED COUNTRIES 40% 36% 36% YouTube USA UK Germany France Japan Spain USA Germany Canada Australia South Korea UK 75% WhatsApp 30% 73% 20% Spain 19% UK Snapchat 62% 59% Japan South Korea 21% 58% 58% 13% 13% 20% Instagram 52% 12% 12% Australia 16% 50% France 16% 10% 9% Canada 12% Twitter35% Germany Germany 11% 30% 10% 9% USA 7% Facebook29% Messenger 6% 8% 25% 25% UK 22% 3% 0% 8% 1% Facebook19% USA 2017 2018 2019 2020 0% 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 ALSO: 0% Spain 9%, France 4%, Sweden 4%, Norway 4%, Mexico 4%, Japan 4% 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 Q12b. Which, if any, of the following have you used in the last week for news? Base: Total 2014–19 sample across 12 countries ≈ 24000 (~19000 in 2014). Note: From 2015–20 the 12 countries included are UK, USA, Germany, France, Spain, Italy, Ireland, Denmark, Finland, Japan, Australia and Brazil. In 2014, Q8b. Which, if any, of the following devices have you used to access news in the last week? Q8a. Which, if any, of the following devices do you ever use (for any purpose)? Base: Total we did not poll in Australia or Ireland. Base: Total sample in each country 2013-20 ≈ 2000. sample in selected markets 2017–20 ≈ 2000. REUTERS INSTITUTE FOR THE STUDY OF JOURNALISM / FURTHER ANALYSIS Slide 56

PROPORTION THAT USED EACH DEVICE TO ACCESS NEWS IN THE LAST WEEK (2013–20) – UK

Smartphone Computer Tablet Smart Speaker

75% 72% Smart speaker 62% Tablet

50% Computer 30 / 31 43% 75% Smartphone Smart speaker 29% 25% 26% Tablet 16% 50% Computer Across countries almost half (48%)3% use two or more devices5% to 0% CONCLUSIONSmartphone access news2013 each2014 week 2015compared2016 with2017 39%2018 in 2014.2019 Computers2020 25%and laptops remain important for many but the convenience The COVID-19 lockdown has reminded us both of the value of Q8b. Which, if any, of the following devices have you used to access news in the last week? Totaland UK versatility sample 2013–20 of ≈the 2000. smartphone continues to win out. In the UK media that bring us together, as well as the power of digital the smartphone overtook the computer in 2017 and is now used networks that connect us to those we know and love personally. by0% around two-thirds of our sample. Tablets are flat in terms of For many of those stuck at home, television remains a window to 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 usage for news (26%) with a small group of older and richer users the wider world, and some broadcasters have provided a platform continuing to value their larger screens. Smart speakers are now for governments and health authorities to communicate health used for news by around 5% of online users. and other advice to mass audiences.

New digital behaviours have also emerged in this crisis that are PROPORTION THAT USED EACH DEVICE TO ACCESS NEWS likely to have long-term implications. Many have joined Facebook IN THE LAST WEEK (2013–20) – UK or WhatsApp groups for the first time and have engaged in local Smartphone Computer Tablet Smart Speaker groups. Young people have consumed more news through services like Instagram, Snapchat, and TikTok. Video conferencing has 75% Smart speaker 67% emerged as a new platform for personal communication but has 62% Tablet also changed the face of government press conferences. The media 50% have embracedComputer these new technologies in terms of remote working, 43% but also Smartphonein terms of the production and distribution of content. 29% 25% 26% 16% The biggest impact of the virus is likely to be economic, with local and national media already cutting staff or publishing less 1% 5% 0% 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 frequently. The coronavirus crisis is driving a cyclical downturn in the economy hurting every publisher, especially those based Q8b. Which, if any, of the following devices have you used to access news in the last week? on advertising, and likely to further accelerate existing structural Total UK sample 2013–20 ≈ 2000. changes to a more digital media environment in terms of audience behaviour, advertising spending, and reader revenues. Reader payment alternatives such as subscription, membership, and AI-driven smart speakers such as the Amazon Echo and Google donations will move centre stage, but as our research shows, this Home continue to become more widely available, along with the is likely to benefit a relatively small number of highly trusted intelligent assistants inside them. They are now in more than 20 national titles as well as smaller niche and partisan media brands. countries including India, Mexico, and a wider range of European The crisis in local media will become more acute with more calls languages. Usage for any purpose is up five percentage points to 19% for support from government and technology companies – with in the UK and a similar amount in Germany to 12%. In South Korea, all the problems that this entails in terms of media independence. where local firms make a range of popular speakers including the Naver Wave and Kakao Mini, usage is up four points to 13%. As if this were not enough, dependence on aggregated and mobile content has made it harder for news brands to forge direct Both Amazon and Google have been looking to improve the news relationships with consumers. Our report shows that younger experience after disappointing levels of take-up for on-demand users, especially those now coming into adulthood, are even less briefings. Google has been rolling out a new atomised audio news connected with news brands and more dependent on social media. service that aims to offer a more story-based approach and the BBC More effective distribution of formats like video, podcasts, emails, has added more controls to its news briefing allowing consumers REUTERS INSTITUTE FOR THE STUDY OF JOURNALISM / FURTHER ANALYSIS and notifications may help but most publishers continue to struggle to skip between stories. Despite these initiatives, our data suggest to engage more deeply with the next generation and other hard-to- that only between a third and a quarter are using their devices to Slide 57 reach groups. More widely, concern about misinformation remains regularly access news. high, while trust in the news continues to fall in many countries.

Despite this, there are some signs of hope. The COVID-19 crisis has PROPORTION THAT USE SMART SPEAKERS FOR ANY PURPOSE clearly demonstrated the value of reliable trusted news to the (2017-20) – SELECTED COUNTRIES public but also to policymakers, technology companies, and others USA Germany Canada Australia South Korea UK who could potentially act to support independent news media. The creativity of journalists has also come to the fore in finding flexible 20% 19% ways to produceUK the news under extremely difficult circumstances. Fact-checkingSouth Korea has become even more central to newsroom 13% 13% 12% 12% operations,Australia boosting digital literacy more widely and helping to 10% 9% counter theCanada many conspiracy theories swirling on social media and elsewhere.Germany Publishers have also found innovative ways to display and interrogateUSA data, just one of many format innovations that 0% have helped audiences understand the background and the 2017 2018 2019 2020 implications for each individual. ALSO: Spain 9%, France 4%, Sweden 4%, Norway 4%, Mexico 4%, Japan 4% The next 12 months will be critical in shaping the future of the news industry. Many news organisations go into this period clearer than Q8a. Which, if any, of the following devices do you ever use (for any purpose)? Base: Total ever about the value of their product even if the immediate outlook sample in selected markets 2017–20 ≈ 2000. looks uncertain. Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism / Digital News Report 2020 32 32 / 33

SECTION 2 Further Analysis and International Comparison

Richard Fletcher Senior Research Fellow, Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism

Nic Newman Senior Research Associate, Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism

Anne Schulz Postdoctoral Research Fellow, Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism

Simge Andı Postdoctoral Research Fellow, Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism / Digital News Report 2020 34

2.1 How and Why People are Paying for Online News Richard Fletcher Senior Research Fellow, Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism

It’s not yet clear how the coronavirus pandemic We used sample sizes of around 4,000 people in the US and the will affect payment levels for online news. The UK to ensure that the group that pays for online news was large enough to analyse separately (in Norway, as a higher proportion initial surge in news use near the beginning of of people pay for online news, the paying group is large enough the crisis led to optimism that an increase in with a sample size of 2,000). The surveys used different paid subscriptions would soon follow. But at the questions to our main Digital News Report survey, but these questions tended to produce quite similar results. For example, same time many people’s finances have been figures for the proportion of people paying for online news were badly affected, meaning they may have to make within the margin of error for both surveys. tough decisions about what they can and cannot afford. All this comes at a time when the stakes SINGLE BRAND ACCESS STILL DOMINATES for many publishers have never been higher, as print revenues have shrunk during lockdowns, Let’s first consider people who haveaccess to news that you would normally have to pay for. It makes sense to start here and there’s more and more pressure to bring in because some people have access to paywalled news through money online. free trials, via their job, and so on. We will come on to those who actually pay with their own money later. Our data collection took place before many countries experienced a dramatic rise in reported coronavirus cases, so it cannot speak There are different forms of access, but the three most directly to these issues. But it does provide key information on common are subscriptions to online news from a single brand, the situation faced by publishers going into the crisis – much of subscriptions to a print/digital bundle from a single brand, and which will still be relevant today, as past changes to attitudes and a subscription to multiple brands aggregated in one place. Of behaviour around paying for news have tended to be gradual rather these, digital-only subscriptions to a single brand are the most than sudden. common form of access in all three countries. Print-digital bundles have clearly proved successful in Norway, with 20% of REUTERSonline news INSTITUTE users FOR currently THE STUDY using OF JOURNALISMthem to access / FURTHER paid onlineANALYSIS METHOD Slidenews. Paid 1 news aggregators are relatively popular in the US, mainly thanks to Apple News+, but at the moment these are far This year we took a more detailed look at online news subscriptions. less common than subscriptions to single news brands. To do this, we used a separate online survey in three countries – Norway, the USA, and the UK – that focused on paying for news. PROPORTION THAT CURRENTLY HAVE EACH TYPE OF Most of data described here come from this survey. As always, ACCESS TO PAID ONLINE NEWS survey data are not necessarily fully aligned with self-reported

figures from the industry – each source has different strengths UK 5 2 1 and weaknesses, with survey research best suited for getting at demographic and attitudinal patterns around certain behaviours. USA 11 6 4

In Norway, paying for online news is more widespread than in any Norway 23 20 3 other market in our survey, at around 45%. In the US, paying for online news is relatively common (20%), rising sharply after the 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% Single brand Single brand – election of Donald Trump. In the UK, paying for online news is yet Aggregator – digital only print/digital bundle to take off, with fewer than one in ten paying in the last year.

PAY2. You say you currently have access to online news content that normally people have to pay to access. What do you have access to? Base: Total sample: UK = 4253, USA = 4055, Norway = 2002. REUTERS INSTITUTE FOR THE STUDY OF JOURNALISM / FURTHER34 ANALYSIS/ 35 Slide 4

A WINNER-TAKES-MOST MARKET REASONSOverall, the FOR most SUBSCRIBING important factor TO ANis the ONLINE distinctiveness NEWS BRAND and quality of the content. In both countries, subscribers believe As we saw in the Executive Summary, people mainly have access they are getting better information than from free sources. More Distinctive journalism USA to one of a small group of prominent brands. In the US, over half USAthan 65% a third • UK cite 64% a close affinity with a particular journalist as UKa of these people have access to either the New York Times or the reasonBetter quality to subscribe. than I can In the US we find more people prepared53% to Washington Post, and in the UK, it’s The Times or the Telegraph. payget to from get freeahead sources in their job (13% compared to just 3% in52% the UK) Norway is different because many people have access to paid andParticular this tallies journalists with a bigger proportion subscribing35% to finance news from a range of different local and regional newspapers, publicationsthat like I like the Wall Street Journal. The competitive37% nature of with national titles like VG and Aftenpostenalso popular. As we the USI market,need particular with multiple13% publications chasing subscriptions, described in last year’s report, most people only have access to is alsoinformation making for my subscribers job 3% more aware of value, with one-third paid news from one brand, creating winner-takes-most dynamics, Convenienceciting getting a ‘good deal‘ as a reason to subscribe. USA but a significant minority in the US and Norway take out USA 58% • UK 57% UK subscriptions to more than one title – often a local or specialist ConvenientI have an package excellent of discount with my Prime 50% title in addition to a national one. newssubscription and information and with the excellent reporting,48% there'sThe experience no reason of not to continue23% it. Female,the website/app 64, Washington Post subscriber23% MOST ACCESS IS BEING PAID FOR Payment was very 30% Subscriberssimple in and the easy US are also more 25%likely to say they want to help Up to this point we’ve referred to people who have ‘access to fund good journalism (52% compared with 39% in the UK). We Value USA online news that you would normally have to pay for’. However, USAknow 38% from • UK our 30% earlier surveys that much of the recent surge in UK most of this group have access because they are paying for subscriptionsI was offered in the a United States has come32% from those wanting to REUTERSsubscriptions INSTITUTE with FOR their THE own STUDY money OF JOURNALISM – 75% in /Norway FURTHER and ANALYSIS the support goodliberal deal/trial publications critical of25% Donald Trump – but there’s UK, and 84% in the US. For under-45s the figure is lower. But also aOther more membership fundamental 11%desire for quality journalism. These Slideamong those 3 45 and over, the vast majority of those who have respondent commentsbenefits were15% typical of many in our survey: access are paying with their own money. PurposeIt's never been a more important time to fund great, USA USA 52% • UK 39% UK vetted journalism like the Times and the Post. PROPORTION THAT PAY FOR ACCESS WITH THEIR OWN I want to help fund 52% Female,good journalism 59, New York Times subscriber 39% MONEY BY AGE PAY5a.I like What to are sponsor the main reasons local for newspaperpaying for online access? journalists. Base: All that pay to access a single news brand: USA = 412, UK = 185. They are a dying breed. UK USA Norway Female, 58, local newspaper subscriber 18-44 42% 73% 63%

45+ 91% 92% 83% REASONS FOR SUBSCRIBING TO AN ONLINE NEWS BRAND – ALL 75% 84% 75% USA AND UK

PAY4. You say you currently have access to news from . Did you pay for this yourself with USA UK your own money? Base: 18–44/45+ who have access to a single news brand: UK = 76/157, USA = 243/264, Norway = 299/432. Distinctive journalism USA 65% • UK 64%

Better quality than I can 53% get from free sources 52% Particular journalists 35% that I like 37% MOTIVATIONS FOR PAYING FOR NEWS I need particular 13% information for my job 3% The reasons for subscribing to an online publication are complex and partly affected by supply-side factors such as the amount Convenience USA 58% • UK 57% of high-quality free news available. In the United States and Convenient package of 50% especially Norway, many publishers have introduced paywalls, news and information 48% which means more people will be asked to pay – perhaps The experience of 23% the website/app heightening a sense of scarcity and creating a feeling that 23% news could be worth paying for. In the UK, by contrast, only a Payment was very 30% simple and easy 25% relatively small number of publications try to charge for news. Value USA 38% • UK 30% Beyond this, we see subscribers weighing up personal benefits, I was offered a 32% such as distinctive content, convenience, and value, with perceived good deal/trial 25% benefits for society – such as having a strong and independent media Other membership 11% able to hold politicians to account. In this regard it is interesting to benefits 15% compare the different reasons subscribers give in the United States and United Kingdom for paying for online news. Purpose USA 52% • UK 39% I want to help fund 52% good journalism 39%

PAY5a. What are the main reasons for paying for online access? Base: All that pay to access a single news brand: USA = 412, UK = 185. Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism / Digital News Report 2020 36

One interesting theme from our respondent comments was the It cost way too much and I can get round the paywall. sense of value that comes from additional elements, such as Male, 36, USA recipes and crosswords, that are often bundled in with the core news offer.The Times of London also runs regular competitions Too expensive, felt there was nothing I couldn't get and discounts for artistic events that were widely mentioned in for free on Apple News. our open-ended questions. These additional elements seem to be Female, 19, UK particularly valuable for retention as they build habit and are less replicable elsewhere. In the UK, the number of people that used to have access to paid news (10%) is close to the number of people that currently For Norwegians too the distinctiveness of content came out on top have access (9%) – with the equivalent figures from the US and along with convenience and ease of use. ‘Aftenposten is a serious REUTERSNorway INSTITUTEhigher still FOR (albeit THE STUDY lower OF than JOURNALISM the number / FURTHER of people ANALYSIS with newspaper with great quality’, said one respondent, but it was 100% access). Increasing subscriber numbers is in part about tempting striking that ‘supporting good journalism’ is less of a motivation Slidepeople backChallenge 6 to news, your point as well of view as encouraging people to pay for (21%) – perhaps because mainstream media outlets are seen as the first time. less polarised in Norway. No point of view 75% PROPORTION THAT CURRENTLY HAVE ACCCESS VS PROPORTIONShare your THAT point USED of view TO HAVE ACCESS MOST PEOPLE THINK THEY WILL STILL BE PAYING61 NEXT50% YEAR UK 9 10 47 48 Around 80–90% of people paying with their own money think 40 they are at least somewhat likely to still be paying for access USA 20 15 this25% time next year. Additionally,30 around half of those who 26 Norway 46 23 currently have free access say that they might start paying if REUTERStheir free INSTITUTE access runsFOR THE out. STUDY This OF is JOURNALISMencouraging, / FURTHER and perhaps ANALYSIS 0% 25% 50% 75% 100% more encouraging still7 is that these figures7 imply retention5 Currently have access Used to have access Slide0% 5 rates thatTV are news comparable (24 hour) to thoseSocial media for subscriptionsNewspapers to video and audio streaming services like Netflix and Spotify. PAY1. Do you currently pay for access to online news (eg because you pay for a subscription / membership), or have access that normally people would have to pay for (eg because you get free access, or because someone else has paid for you)? PAY1a. Have you ever had access to online news content that normally people have to pay to access? Base: Total sample: UK = 4253, PROPORTION THAT THINK THEY WILL STILL BE PAYING FOR US = 4055, Norway = 2002. THEIR ACCESS THIS TIME NEXT YEAR

News Audio Video HOW CAN PUBLISHERS ATTRACT NEW 100% SUBSCRIBERS?Video 88 83 85 86 84 Audio 75% 80 79 78 79 As we’ve already seen, existing subscribers are relatively happy, but withNews income from digital advertising uncertain 50% many publishers will be looking to increase the number of new subscribers. In comparing our three countries we see some interesting differences that could inform publisher strategies. 25% First, we observe a high proportion (40% in the US and 50% in the 0% UK) who say that nothing could persuade them to pay. Many of Norway USA UK these have low interest in news, or are sufficiently happy with the

PAY6/SERVICES1a/b. How likely or unlikely is it that you will still be paying for many free news sources available in these countries. But in Norway, this time next year? Base: All that pay to access a single news brand/video streaming/music streaming: where interest in news tends to be higher – and where free news is USA = 412/2527/1372, UK = 185/2230/1184, Norway = 540/1104/906. more restricted – only 19% say they couldn’t be persuaded.

It’s worth keeping in mind that these data describe what people Price and convenience are some of the key factors that could think they will do in the future, and were collected before a make a difference. In Norway, a third (30%) say they might pandemic that has left many people financially worse off. It can subscribe if it was cheaper and 17% if they could pay to access also be seen as a useful reminder that people do not necessarily multiple sites from a single payment. Others were interested subscribe forever, and boasts about the number of ‘new subscribers’ in exploring family logins, similar to those offered by Netflix or may not be telling the whole story. There’s substantial ‘churn’ in Spotify. Publishers have increasingly been offering differential this area, as many people end their free trials before they have to pricing to pick up business from those unlikely to pay full price pay, or simply cancel their subscriptions to spend their money on (eg overseas customers and students). Paying to avoid intrusive other things. Lapsed subscribers tended to be younger and often advertisements is another potential route for publishers, with much more price conscious: around one in seven respondents in all three countries saying this this might tempt them to subscribe. The price was too high compared to the value the information I was given. Female, 37, Norway REUTERS INSTITUTE FOR THE STUDY OF JOURNALISM / FURTHER ANALYSIS Slide 8

PROPORTION THAT THINK REGISTERING WITH A NEWS OUTLET IS A FAIR TRADE-OFF FOR BEING ABLE TO ACCESS THEIR CONTENT FOR FREE

UK 40 22 38

USA 39 24 37

Norway 35 20 45

0% 25% 50% 75% 100% Yes Don’t know No

REGISTER2. Do you think that registering with a news outlet is a fair trade-off for being able to access their content for free? Base: Total sample: UK = 4253, USA = 4055, Norway = 2002.

REUTERS INSTITUTE FOR THE STUDY OF JOURNALISM / FURTHER ANALYSIS 36 / 37 Slide 7

REUTERS INSTITUTE FOR THE STUDY OF JOURNALISM / FURTHER ANALYSIS WHAT MIGHT PERSUADE NON-PAYERS TO SUBSCRIBE? PROPORTION THAT THINK REGISTERING WITH A NEWS OUTLETSlide IS 9 A FAIR TRADE-OFF FOR BEING ABLE TO ACCESS USA UK Norway THEIR CONTENT FOR FREE Content/Experience: USA 28% • UK 21% • Norway 37% UK 40 22 38 17% If the content was 9% PROPORTIONUSA THAT HAVE39 DONE EACH24 TO GET AROUND 37 more valuable to me 23% NEWSNorway PAYWALLS 35 20 45 6% 50% 0% 25% Incognito50% mode 75%Someone else’s 100%login If I could get news 4% Specic soware content tailored for me Yes Don’t know No 9% Reset cookies Specific software Reset cookies 14% REGISTER2. Do you think that registering with a news outlet is a fair trade-off for being able to If there were no adverts 14% access their content for free? Base: Total sample: UK = 4253, USA = 4055, Norway = 2002. Someone else's login 16% 25% Incognito mode Price/Convenience: USA 28% • UK 21% • Norway 37% 18 18% ONLY A MINORITY16 TRYING15 TO SIDESTEP PAYWALLS If it was cheaper 14% 10 9 8 8 3 9 2 30% Between 13% and 22%4 in our three countries6 say they registered 0% 15% to access newsNorway content in the last year.USA Some are also usingUK other One price for all 12% the main news sites techniques to get around paywalls – such as resetting cookies, 17% SUBS_BLOCKER.changing their Have browser you ever done settings, any of the or following even downloading in the last year to access dedicated news content 14% that lies behind a paywall or that you would normally have to pay to access? Base: Total sample: Bundled with another UKsoftware. = 4253, USA =Just 4055, a Norway third = say2002. they have ever tried to do something like service (mobile phone 13% or streaming video) 8% this, as it requires a certain level of digital literacy, and many are 8% probably unaware that is a possibility. Some may simply be content 50% Reasonable offer 6% with what they can access for free. covering my family Specic soware 12% Reset cookies Nothing: USA 40% • UK 50% • Norway 19% PROPORTION THAT HAVE DONE EACH Incognito mode TO GET AROUND NEWS PAYWALLS Someone else’s login Someone else's login 40% Reset cookies None of these 50% 25% Incognito mode 19% Specific software 18 PAY1d. Which of the following, if any, would most encourage you to pay for online news access? 16 15 Base: All who do not have access to paid news: USA = 3269, UK = 3907, Norway = 1104. 10 9 8 8 3 9 2 4 6 0% Going forward, news organisations will want to consider these Norway USA UK signals about value of both price and user experience more closely. As we have argued before, people often weigh up one media SUBS_BLOCKER. Have you ever done any of the following in the last year to access news content that lies behind a paywall or that you would normally have to pay to access? Base: Total sample: subscription against another and the way news is currently sold UK = 4253, USA = 4055, Norway = 2002. does not always fit the requirements for easy, flexible, uncluttered access to multiple sources that people say they would like. People have different views about the rights and wrongs of attempting to sidestep paywalls. Few would argue that this is always justifiable, [I cancelled my subscription because] it was expensive but some people do have reservations about important public-interest and only one view, and I prefer a summary from journalism only being available to those willing and able to pay for it. A different sources to try and balance bias. paywalled exposé of the UK government’s handling of the coronavirus Male, 69, UK outbreak by the Sunday Times led to a heated debate about the issue on Twitter, with some attempting to openly share the full article. Instead, the messaging is often around restrictions and barriers. Other outlets decided to make most of their coronavirus coverage Having said that, it is important to note that one-stop-shop paid free to access, as they have for other big events in the past. aggregators have made limited headway for news – perhaps because they do not always include a comprehensive mix of the Across all markets, 20% say they are ‘very’ or ‘extremely’ concerned best content. The fear of missing out can be a powerful barrier. about people missing out on paywalled news – about the same number who say they are ‘not at all’ concerned. People express similar levels of concern over the fact they themselves might be PEOPLE WARY ABOUT REGISTERING WITH missing out. Journalists understandably have strong views on this NEWS SITES issue, but it is not something that concerns the public.

Some outlets now ask readers to register with them in order The data here were collected before the coronavirus situation to be able to access a small number of articles for free. Many really became a crisis in the US, the UK, and Norway. But it journalists would see this as a fair trade-off, but the public seems very likely that the coronavirus pandemic has increased are more wary. In all three countries fewer than half think the pressure on many news outlets to make money from digital registering is a fair trade, but it’s also clear that people are news. We’ve already seen how some outlets have changed their not strongly opposed either. Between a fifth and a quarter are messaging around paywalls, or become stricter about ad-blockers. unsure, perhaps because it’s often unclear why news outlets In the longer term, it is possible that the gravity of the situation want people to register in the first place, and what they will do will prompt people to reconsider their attitudes towards news, with any user data they collect. and crucially, how much they value it. Time will tell. Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism / Digital News Report 2020 38

2.2 The Resurgence and Importance of Email Newsletters Nic Newman Senior Research Associate, Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism

Email newsletters, once thought of as low-tech Looking first at consumption across countries, we find significant and unfashionable, are proving increasingly differences, with over a quarter (28%) using email news each week in Belgium, a fifth (21%) in the United States but around one in ten valuable to publishers looking to build strong in Sweden (10%), South Korea (9%), and the UK (9%). The reasons direct relationships with audiences. Email can for these differences are not entirely clear but may be related help build habit and loyalty, which is particularly to the extent to which popular publishers have invested in and promoted the format compared with other channels. In countries important for new business models such as like South Africa (24%) where bandwidth is expensive, text-based subscription and membership. emails can also be an efficient way to distribute online news.

Previous research has highlighted a sharp increase in their Only 16% across countries regularly use emails but these production in recent years, both by ‘legacy’ print and newer users tend to be much more interested in news and have more digital media publishers (Jack 2016). The trend mirrors the disposable household income. This makes them a very attractive continued importance of email in daily life, and its widespread set of consumers for publishers of all types. use in marketing, despite the emergence of more sophisticated Email news users also tend to be older, with over-45s proportionally digital tools. In this chapter we explore in detail the role played much more likely to receive them. By comparison, we find that by email news, how publishers are developing their editorial mobile notifications are used equally across age groups. Email is products, and why audiences value the format. popular both with news lovers – those who have high interest and high frequency of access – as well as with daily briefers, who tend REUTERS INSTITUTE FOR THE STUDY OF JOURNALISM / FURTHER ANALYSIS to access news at a number of set times each day. Email is not a Slide 10 good way to engage casual users, who tend to favour channels where the news ‘comes to them’, such as television or social media.

PROPORTION THAT ACCESSED NEWS VIA EMAIL IN THE LAST WEEK – ALL MARKETS

50%

16% accessed news 28 25% via email 24 weekly 22 22 21 21 21 20 19 19 19 18 18 18 17 17 16 16 16 16 16 16 15 15 15 15 15 15 14 13 12 12 12 11 10 10 10 10 9 9

0% BEL ZA GRE KEN USA POR MEX BRA AUT ROU TUR GER HUN SVK BGR PHL AUS SUI NLD DEN POL CAN FRA SPA CZE CHL SGN ITA MYS HK JPN IRE TWN ARG FIN NOR SWE CRO KOR UK

Q10. Thinking about how you got news online (via computer, mobile, or any device) in the last week, which were the ways in which you came across news stories? Please select all that apply. Showing email newsletter or email alert code. Base: All markets 2020 = approx. 2000. 50%

43 40 38 32 33 25% 22 19 19 REUTERS INSTITUTE FOR THE STUDY OF JOURNALISM / FURTHER ANALYSIS REUTERS INSTITUTE FOR THE STUDY OF JOURNALISM / FURTHER38 ANALYSIS/ 39 10 11

Slide0% 11 Slide 12 18-24 25-34 35-44 45-54 55+ 18-24 25-34 35-44 45-54 55+

PROPORTION THAT ACCESSED NEWS VIA EMAIL AND MOBILE PROPORTION OF NEWSLETTER USERS THAT GET DIFFERENT NOTIFICATIONS IN THE LAST WEEK BY AGE – USA TYPES OF EMAIL – SELECTED COUNTRIES

18-24 25-34 35-44 45-54 55+ Newsletters that arrive at a regular time each day or each week 50% Daily general news 60% 2.2 The Resurgence and Local news 38% Business news 23%

25% 28 Science/Environment 20% Importance of Email 26 23 23 22 21 Sports 20% 18 96% 16 17 Technology 19% access one or more 10 Specialist email 15% scheduled emails Newsletters relating to my work 0% Email Mobile notications Alerts that arrive irregularly triggered by events

PROPORTION THAT ACCESSED NEWS VIA EMAIL AND MOBILE Alert about a breaking NOTIFICATIONS IN THE LAST WEEK BY NEWS INTEREST/ news event 48% FREQUENCY – USA Alert based on a story or subject I’m interested in 31% News lovers Daily briefers Casual users Alert based on a person 73% or group I’m following 20% 50% access one or more alert based emails Q10b_EMAIL_TYPES_2020.REUTERS INSTITUTE FOR You THE say youSTUDY use email OF JOURNALISM to access / FURTHER ANALYSIS news. Which of the following types of news emails do you get sent? Please select all that apply. Base: Those who get news via email in USA, UK, Germany, France, Italy,Slide Spain, Ireland, 13 Norway, Sweden, Finland, Denmark, Belgium, Netherlands, Switzerland, Austria, Japan, South Korea, Hong Kong, Australia, Canada, Argentina. 25% 29 29 22 20 14 REGULAR BRIEFING EMAILS OFFERED BY THE NEW YORK TIMES 9 0% Email Mobile notications

Q10. Thinking about how you got news online (via computer, mobile, or any device) in the last week, which were the ways in which you came across news stories? Please select all that apply. Got news via an email newsletter or mobile notification. Base: USA 2055, 18–24 = 248, 25–34 = 369, 35–44 = 339, 45–54 = 238, 55+ = 860. News Lovers = 628, Daily briefers = 979, Casual users = 448. Note. See 2016 DNR (p.89) for how we define News lovers, Daily briefers, and Casual users.

DIFFERENT TYPES OF EMAILS

Across 21 countries, where we asked detailed questions around email news, we find that daily updates are the most popular type (60%) of email. These editorial mails which are typically sent early in the morning provide a useful way for readers to cope with a growing information overload. Emails function halfway between print and digital. Like articles I use FT Breaking news – it is usually one of the first to in a newspaper, they cannot be corrected, updated, or easily break the story, it’s concise so I can glance at it on the modified once sent. They tend to use a constrained layout, go, it covers important events that I care about and is which may provide some photographs and graphics alongside a useful prompt to find out more if I want to. text, but rarely more sophisticated or dynamic content. They are often appreciated for their simplicity, but also for how they can Male survey respondent, 34, UK showcase journalism in a more personal way for specific groups News organisations such as the New York Times and the of people: Washington Post each offer almost 70 different scheduled The [New York Times] Daily Update is a good mix of the emails showcasing the work of different parts of the newsroom most important news of the day at the top, then other including business, technology, culture, and sport. Many have articles of interest toward the bottom. also developed ‘pop-up’ newsletters to provide depth on a big ongoing story like coronavirus or the 2020 US presidential Female, 34, USA election. Beyond scheduled emails, three-quarters of our The Atlantic Daily helps pull me away from the daily sample (73%) have also signed up for an email that is triggered news cycle and toward longer-cycle stories. by an event – such as a breaking news alert or one based on a specific subject or person that interests them. These emails Male, 39, USA may come from publishers or from news aggregators like Google News or Nuzzel. 100%

75%

61 50% 47 48 40 30 25% 26

0% TV news (24 hour) Social media Newspapers

Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism / Digital News Report 2020 REUTERS INSTITUTE FOR THE STUDY OF JOURNALISM / FURTHER ANALYSIS 40 Slide 15

Once just a series of automated links, the most successful emails AVERAGE NUMBER OF EMAILS USERS RECEIVE FROM are treated as an editorial product hosted by a senior journalist DIFFERENT NEWS ORGANISATIONS – SELECTED COUNTRIES who brings an informal tone and personal touch which has often been lacking in digital media. TheNew York Times recently USA appointed David Leonhardt as anchor of the morning briefing 50% newsletter, which it also revealed has more than 17m subscribers. Percent The use of the term ‘anchor’, a term borrowed from network Median TV, shows the value now placed on human curation; on guiding 4 15 REUTERSaudiences INSTITUTE through FOR the THE news STUDY of the OF JOURNALISM day. / FURTHER ANALYSIS 25% SlideIn the UK Matt14 Chorley played a similar role for six years as host 19 of the popular Red Box update for The Times newspaper – mixing 17 14 politics, humour, and various types of user interaction. 11 9 10 5 1 1 0% I enjoy Times Red Box because it 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9+ condenses the last day's politics news in a light-hearted way. UK Female, 35, UK 50% Percent Median 3

25% 22 Chorley has used the email as a springboard to build a wider 21 21 personal brand with a weekly podcast, and a nationwide stand- 11 up comedy tour. Now he’s giving up the newsletter to take up a 2 5 0 1 5 new role as a host on the recently launched Times Radio. 0% 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9+ Newsletters tend to be free to all, allowing content to be sampled with the hope that engaged readers can then be Belgium converted into subscribers. But they can be equally valuable 50% in providing regular prompts for existing customers to use the Percent product“I enjoy more Times regularly. Red Box because Median it condenses the last day's 3 Anpolitics email news saves in mea going to the web site to find nothinglight-hearted interests way.” me and acts as a reminder to see 25% Female,what’s going 35, UK on. Male 44, UK subscriber to the update email of the 18 19 Sheffield Star UK 13 13 9 6 2 2 5 0% 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9+ HOW MANY EMAILS IS TOO MANY?

People in the US get, on average, more emails from different Germany 50% news providers (4) than those in the UK (3). Our analysis shows Percent that American email users are also twice as likely to receive Median politically focused emails (47%) compared with the average 4 across countries (26%). Emails are particularly important for partisan news providers with the Daily Signal, the Blaze, the 25% Daily Caller on the right and the Daily Kos on the left mentioned frequently by our survey respondents. 17 14 15 12 Given the relatively high number of emails received, it is striking 9 5 2 1 7 that on average across our 21 countries almost half (44%) say 0% they read most of their emails each day. A further 37% say 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9+ they read some of their emails, with only 18% saying they read Q10b_EMAIL_2020 You say you get news via an email newsletter or alert. Roughly how none or just a few. Publisher data show that the most popular many different organisations send you news related emails each week? Base: Those who get news emails can get open rates of up to 80%, though industry news via an email newsletter or alert: USA = 420; UK = 188, Belgium = 532, Germany = 374. averages tend to be closer to 30%.16 The New York Times reports an open rate of around 60% for its morning update newsletter.17

15 https://www.nytco.com/press/new-role-for-david-leonhardt/ 16 https://mailchimp.com/resources/email-marketing-benchmarks/ 17 https://www.nytco.com/press/the-new-york-times-sees-record-newsletter-subscriptions-and-open-rates/ 40 / 41

THE ROLE OF EMAIL IN BUILDING LOYALTY With publishers stepping up email production there is a huge amount of choice for consumers, so it is more important than For subscription businesses email is often a critical weapon in ever to create distinctive content that fills specific audience reducing churn – the rate at which people stop paying for the needs. Our respondent comments show that many consumers service. Publishers like the Wall Street Journal and the Financial appreciate morning and evening briefings because they are easy Times try to get new subscribers to take up email newsletters in to skim and save time. Others like the tone of voice and humour the first few weeks because the data show that this increases that can be provided by a personality guiding people though the engagement, which in turn reduces churn. According to our data, news every day – like a television anchor. Others still find email in Belgium and the United States publishers have managed a more efficient way to keeping in touch with a specialist subject to get around four in ten (37%) digital or joint digital/print area than, for example, browsing through a website. subscribers to use email newsletters. But levels are much lower in many Nordic countries – despite equally high levels of paying While specific email formats continue to evolve over time, the for news. In Norway only 14% of subscribers access email weekly, characteristics of the most successful – simplicity, finish-ability, with similar numbers in Sweden (15%) and Finland (19%). curation, and serendipity – are finding parallels in other forms of REUTERSDespite theirINSTITUTE extreme FOR THE sophistication STUDY OF JOURNALISM in using /data FURTHER it seems ANALYSIS journalistic output and will be increasingly valuable over time in there is much to learn from American and Belgian publishers a world of information abundance and overload. Slideon how they 16 are driving more regular engagement through the number, quality, and focus of their emails.

PROPORTION OF PAID SUBSCRIBERS AND NON-PAYERS THAT ACCESSED NEWS VIA EMAIL IN THE LAST WEEK – SELECTED COUNTRIES

Non-payers Subscribers

28 Belgium SUBSCRIBERS 37

19 USA 37 NON PAYERS 18 Germany 31

12 Japan 30

7 UK 27

15 Spain 25

9 Finland 19 Considerable 8 room for growth in Sweden high-subscription 15 Nordic countries 9 Norway 14

0% 25% 50%

Q10. Thinking about how you got news online (via computer, mobile, or any device) in the last week, which were the ways in which you came across news stories? Showing email code.Base: Those who have ongoing digital or digital/print subscription. Belgium=178, USA = 321, Germany = 162, Japan = 126, UK=117, Spain = 179, Finland = 308, Sweden = 433, Norway = 672. Base: Those who have not paid for news in the last year; Belgium = 1626, USA = 1526, Germany = 1709, Japan = 1626 UK = 1806, Spain = 1680, Finland = 1574, Sweden = 1438, Norway = 1082.

Email news is no silver bullet solution. It is still a minority activity that appeals mostly to older readers and the format can be restrictive. But despite its relative unsophistication, it does remain one of the most important tools available to publishers for building habit and attracting the type of customers that can help with monetisation (subscription or advertising). Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism / Digital News Report 2020 42

2.3 How do People Want the Media to Cover Politics? Richard Fletcher Senior Research Fellow, Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism

As the structure of the media environment has Somewhat unusually, we tend to find clear answers to changed in recent years, so has the relationship these questions – both across countries and across different demographic groups. Most people think journalists should report between politics and journalism. The growth of false statements from politicians even if it gives them unwarranted platforms like social media and video sites means attention, and most people think that platforms should block that politicians can now communicate with political adverts that contain inaccuracies even if it ultimately means the platforms become the arbiters of truth. However, the public more directly. This allows politicians whether or not people think political parties should be allowed to to largely sidestep media scrutiny – the price advertise on platforms in the first place seems to depend on the they used to have to pay to get their message current rules governing political advertising on television. across – arguably shifting the balance of power, Most of the time, and in most countries, there is a consensus on giving politicians the confidence to bend the these issues that stretches across the left-right political spectrum. But we see different views when we look at people with different rules that used to govern their relationship with levels of interest in politics – with the most interested tending the media. (Think, for example, of cases where to prefer more open political communication environments that political parties have used social media to spread reflect the status quo. re-edited versions of video interviews that make their candidate look better or their opponents A NOTE ON THE QUESTIONS look worse.) The issues covered here are complicated, so designing questions Of course, much remains the same, but there’s also a sense that to tap people’s views on them is challenging. To simplify them the news media are struggling to adapt to this new world, and for our respondents, we framed them as either/or issues by may not always be as capable of holding politicians to account at asking people to select one of two options (plus a don’t know), a time when they have less control over what eventually reaches and worded them in a way that hinted at the underlying the public. concerns. Of course, there is an infinite number of alternative wordings, some of which may produce different results. Journalists, politicians, academics, and other observers have offered a range of opinions on what the media should do in A common reaction from journalists and academics to issues response, but the views of news audiences are rarely solicited – such as whether the news media should report false statements something that seems odd given that many news organisations is to say that ‘it’s too complicated’ or ‘it depends’, and to have become increasingly audience-focused in recent years. conclude that it’s impossible to generalise across different Few would argue that audiences should completely dictate situations. That may be partly true, but it is important to journalistic practice, or the policy of the technology platforms, understand that – rightly or wrongly – most people are able but what they think still matters – because journalism exists to do this. Around 80–85% of people express a clear view to within the context of the audience. the questions included here, with the rest saying they don’t know. Don’t know responses are less common among those In this section we present data on what the audience thinks with higher education and higher political interest, so it seems about three key issues: (i) whether the media should report unlikely that people ‘don’t know’ because it’s too complicated – false statements from politicians, (ii) whether politicians should rather, most are likely from people who don’t have strong views be able to advertise on platforms, and (iii) whether platforms one way or the other. should fact-check political adverts. 42 / 43

PEOPLE WANT THE MEDIA TO REPORT As well as being consistent across almost all countries, this general POTENTIALLY DUBIOUS STATEMENTS FROM view appears to be consistent across a range of different socio- POLITICIANS demographic groups like age, gender, and political leaning. Even in the US, where some might assume partisan differences due A key concern for many media organisations across the world is to different political styles, a majority of those on the left (58%) 2.3 How do People Want the how to cover politicians who have a reputation for consistently and right (53%) would prefer potentially false statements to be making false statements. Some worry that repeating false reported prominently – though perhaps for different reasons. statements – even if they are fact-checked and clearly labelled Media to Cover Politics? as such – still gives politicians the attention they crave. In March However, if we look at differences by interest in politics across 2020, some US media pundits similarly questioned whether it all markets, we see that, as interest goes up, people are more was right to live broadcast President Trump’s COVID-19 press likely to take a view (as opposed to saying they don’t know), and conferences given that they might contain misinformation REUTERSthat view INSTITUTE is more FORlikely THE to STUDY be that OF JOURNALISMthe news media / FURTHER should ANALYSIS report about the virus.18 On the other hand, some might argue that Slidewhat politicians 18 have said. Those with the highest levels of news organisations have a duty to report what politicians have political interest are around twice as likely to prefer potentially said, regardless of whether it’s true or false. false statements from politicians to be reported.

And it’s this, it seems, that comes closer to what most people WHAT SHOULD THE MEDIA DO WITH STATEMENTS would prefer. In almost every market, people say that when FROM POLITICIANS THAT COULD BE FALSE BY POLITICAL the media has to deal with a statement from a politician that INTEREST? – ALL MARKETS could be false, they would prefer them to ‘report the statement prominently because it is important for the public to know what 100% Report the statement prominently because it is important for the public to know what the politician said Not emphasise the statement because it would give the politician unwarranted attention the politician said’ rather than ‘not emphasise the statement Not emphasise the statement because it would give the 19 because it would give the politician unwarranted attention’. politician unwarranted attention Report the statement prominently because it is important for the public to know what the politician said 75% In Sweden, where the difference is very large, 62% of people would prefer the statement to be reported prominently, compared to just 62 10% who think the statement should be downplayed. We see the 60 same pattern in the US and the UK, and indeed, in almost all other 50% 53 markets. Only in Chile is there some evidence that the opposite 44 might be true, with 48% saying statements should be downplayed, 33 and 40% saying they should be reported. 29 29 30 30 25% 26 We might expect this preference for reporting to be even 100%stronger if statements are reported as false, but it is important to understand that there are many situations where this is 0% Not at all Not very Somewhat Very Extremely simply75% not possible. What’s clear, though, is that most people interested interested interested interested interested 68 68 67 66 65 65 63 are uncomfortable62 with the idea of the news media hiding 59 58 57 56 55 55 55 54 53 53 information from the public – even if they think it52 might be for52 J1_2020.52 Thinking about how the news media covers politics, if a politician52 makes a statement 51 50 49 48 48 48 48 50% 47 46 46 that could be false, which comes closer to your view about45 what the news media should do? 44 44 44 43 43 the greater good. 42 42 42 42 40 40 Base: Not at all/Not very/Somewhat/Very/Extremely interested in politics: All markets: 39 38 36 35 35 35 35 34 34 34 6212/15809/28790/19790/9599. 33 32 31 29 29 29 28 27 27 26 26 25 25 25 24 23 23 REUTERS25% INSTITUTE FOR THE STUDY22 OF JOURNALISM / FURTHER22 ANALYSIS22 21 21 20 20

12 Slide10 17 0% SWE CZE POL ZAF GRC NOR IRL BGR DNK TUR AUS MYS PHL SGP JPN CAN USA ITA TWN ROU HKG UK ESP HRV DEU BRA KOR AUT FRA HUN SVK NLD CHE BEL KEN MEX FIN PRT ARG CHL

WHAT SHOULD THE MEDIA DO WITH STATEMENTS FROM POLITICIANS THAT COULD BE FALSE? – ALL MARKETS

Report the statement prominently because it is important for the public to know what the politician said

Not emphasise the statement because it would give the politician unwarranted attention

100%

75%

68 68 67 66 65 65 63 62 59 58 57 56 55 55 55 54 53 53 52 52 52 52 51 50 49 48 48 48 48 50% 47 46 46 45 44 44 44 43 43 42 42 42 42 40 40 39 38 36 35 35 35 35 34 34 34 33 32 31 29 29 29 28 27 27 26 26 25 25 25 24 23 23 25% 22 22 22 21 21 20 20

12 10

0% SWE CZE POL ZA GRE NOR IRE BGR DEN TUR AUS MYS PHL SGP JPN CAN USA ITA TWN ROU HK UK SPA CRO GER BRA KOR AUT FRA HUN SVK NLD SUI BEL KEN MEX FIN POR ARG CHL

J1_2020. Thinking about how the news media covers politics, if a politician makes a statement that could be false, which comes closer to your view about what the news media should do? Base: Total sample in each market ≈ 2000, Taiwan = 1027. Note. See website for precise figures.

18 https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/us-politics/coronavirus-trump-white-house-briefing-rachel-maddow-margaret-sullivan-jennifer-senior-a9416741.html 19 Wording adapted from a 2016 Pew survey: http://assets.pewresearch.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2016/10/17130939/Role-of-media-in-elections-2016-TOPLINE.pdf REUTERS INSTITUTE FOR THE STUDY OF JOURNALISM / FURTHER ANALYSIS SlideReuters Institute 19 for the Study of Journalism / Digital News Report 2020 44

SHOULD POLITICAL PARTIES BE ALLOWED TO ADVERTISE ONPEOPLE THE FOLLOWING? LESS COMFORTABLE – ALL MARKETS WITH POLITICIANS ThisREUTERS pattern INSTITUTE also applies FOR THE at STUDY the country OF JOURNALISM level. If / weFURTHER plot national ANALYSIS ADVERTISING ON SOCIAL MEDIA support for political advertising on television against support for 100% Slide 20 political Percentadvertising on platforms we can see that the two go hand Recent debates about the role of the media in society have also in hand. focused75% on political advertising. Some countries have long had strict REUTERS INSTITUTE FOR THE STUDY OF JOURNALISM / FURTHER ANALYSIS rules dictating how politiciansTV and political Facebook,parties advertise Google, on and Twitter television, but in many cases these rules have not been extended COUNTRY-LEVEL SUPPORT FOR POLITICAL ADVERTISING Slide 21 50% ON TELEVISION PLOTTED AGAINST COUNTRY-LEVEL to social media.50 Furthermore, the potential for micro-targeting on SUPPORT FOR POLITICAL ADVERTISING ON PLATFORMS – some social networks, together with a lack of41 transparency44 over 37 ALL MARKETS what each person sees on their feed, has led some commentators 25% WHAT SHOULD PLATFORMS DO WITH POLITICAL ADVERTS CONTAINING INFORMATION THAT COULD BE FALSE? – ALL MARKETS to question whether any form of political advertising should be 80% 13 14 100% permitted. In October 2019 Twitter announced that it would ban r = .86 Allow the advertisement because it’s not up to technology companies to decide what is true 0% all forms politicalYes advertising,No Don't shortly after YesMark ZuckerbergNo Don't ruled Block the advertisement because technology companies should be responsible for making sure information on their platform is true out the possibility of a similarknow ban on Facebook, and in November,know 75% 73

68 67 67 66 66 66 Google said it would no longer permit campaigns to micro-target 60% 65 65 65 65 62 61 61 60 60 J2_2020_1/2. Should politicians and political parties be able to advertise on television/ 59 59 59 58 58 57 57 voters with certain ads based on political attributes. 56 56 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 Facebook, Google, and Twitter? Base: Total sample in each market ≈ 2000, Taiwan = 1027. 53 53 53 52

48 50% 47 46

42

38 What do people think about this issue? Across countries, around 37 37 34 34 32 31 31 30 30 28 27 27 27 27 27 27 half of all people surveyed (50%) think that politicians should 26 26 26 25 24 24 24 23 23 25% 22 22 22 22 21 21 21 20 20 20 20 19 be able to advertise on TV, but people are more sceptical about 40% 17 14 political advertising on platforms – which has 41% approval. 0% UK CHL ARG IRE NOR POR SPA MYS ITA FRA BGR GER NLD BRA SUI AUS BEL MEX SVK TWN FIN HK KEN SGP POL AUT CAN DEN CRO CZE JPN ZA KOR SWE HUN USA ROU GRE PHL TUR SHOULD POLITICAL PARTIES BE ALLOWED TO ADVERTISE J3_2020. Thinking about the responsibility of technology companies like Facebook, Google, or Twitter, if a politician or political party takes out an advertisement that could be inaccurate, which ON THE FOLLOWING? – ALL MARKETS 20% comes closer to your view about what technology companies should do? Base: Total sample in each market ≈ 2000, Taiwan = 1027. Note. See website for precise figures. Allowed on Facebook, Google, and Twitter Facebook, on Allowed

TV Facebook, Google, 100% 0% and Twitter 0%Percent 20% 40% 60% 80% Allowed on TV 75% J2_2020_1/2. Should politicians and political parties be able to advertise on television/ Facebook, Google, and Twitter? Base: Total sample in each market ≈ 2000, Taiwan = 1027. 50% 50 41 44 37 25% PEOPLE WANT TECHNOLOGY COMPANIES 13 14 TO BLOCK DUBIOUS POLITICAL ADVERTS 0% Yes No Don't Yes No Don't know know Of course, this view may be based on the assumption that political advertising on platforms will be held to the same standard and will J2_2020_1/2. Should politicians and political parties be able to advertise on television/ work in broadly the same way. But we know that advertising on Facebook, Google, and Twitter? Base: Total sample = 80155. platforms differs quite strikingly in terms of the transparency of the underlying technology, the ability to target certain groups, and the opportunity to disseminate thousands of adverts with different But in a sense, this misses the point, because the picture varies a messages. A study by First Draft during the recent 2019 UK General lot by country, and in turn, the existing rules within that country. Election found that a significant number of adverts from all political Support for political advertising on television tends to be lower in parties contained statements that had been flagged as (at least) European countries like Germany, Denmark, and Norway, where partially incorrect by independent fact-checkers.20 This prompts regulation is already quite tight. Support in the US – where there important questions about the veracity of claims made in political are few restrictions – is much higher at 68%, and higher still among advertising on platforms – and if and how it should be policed. those on the right (83%). Assuming that most platforms continue to allow political advertising This is important because if people approve of political advertising in some form – thus allowing them to sidestep the crucial issue of on TV, they normally approve of advertising on platforms too. Across what counts as ‘political’ – then some might argue that they are all markets, 69% of those that approve of political advertising on responsible for ensuring that the information they contain is true. television also approve of it on platforms. Similarly, 81% of those Others might have serious concerns about allowing technology that think advertising on television should be banned also think that companies to be the ones who decide between true and false. it should not be permitted on search and social either. The thinking seems to be, ‘if it’s OK for them to advertise on television, why can’t they advertise on social media too?’

20 https://firstdraftnews.org/latest/thousands-of-misleading-conservative-ads-side-step-scrutiny-thanks-to-facebook-policy/ 44 / 45

Despite this, in all but a handful of countries, most people say Either way, there is little evidence of widespread concern over they want technology companies to block advertisements from letting technology companies make decisions about what to political parties that could be inaccurate, because they have a block and what to allow. In particular in polarised and political responsibility to ensure that information on their platform is disputes, platform companies may not want to be ‘arbiters of REUTERSaccurate. INSTITUTE The word FOR could THE is STUDY important OF JOURNALISM here, because / FURTHER it suggests ANALYSIS truth’ – and politicians may not want them to be either, at least Slidethat people 21 would prefer platforms to err on the side of caution, when on the receiving end of content moderation – but much and that people overwhelmingly want platforms to block adverts of the public seems to have no principled opposition to the that are unquestionably false. companies taking on this role, at least for political advertising.

WHAT SHOULD PLATFORMS DO WITH POLITICAL ADVERTS CONTAINING INFORMATION THAT COULD BE FALSE? – ALL MARKETS

100% Allow the advertisement because it’s not up to technology companies to decide what is true Block the advertisement because technology companies should be responsible for making sure information on their platform is true

75% 73

68 67 67 66 66 66 65 65 65 65 62 61 61 60 60 59 59 59 58 58 57 57 56 56 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 53 53 53 52

48 50% 47 46

42

38 37 37 34 34 32 31 31 30 30 28 27 27 27 27 27 27 26 26 26 25 24 24 24 23 23 25% 22 22 22 22 21 21 21 20 20 20 20 19 17 14

0% UK CHL ARG IRE NOR POR SPA MYS ITA FRA BGR GER NLD BRA SUI AUS BEL MEX SVK TWN FIN HK KEN SGP POL AUT CAN DEN CRO CZE JPN ZA KOR SWE HUN USA ROU GRE PHL TUR

J3_2020. Thinking about the responsibility of technology companies like Facebook, Google, or Twitter, if a politician or political party takes out an advertisement that could be inaccurate, which comes closer to your view about what technology companies should do? Base: Total sample in each market ≈ 2000, Taiwan = 1027. Note. See website for precise figures.

However, support for platforms stepping back from making However, unlike the previous question about whether the media decisions about veracity starts to grow if we focus on those with should report potentially false statements, left-right partisanship higher levels of interest in politics. Those most interested in REUTERSdoes matter INSTITUTE in some FOR countries. THE STUDY InOF Germany, JOURNALISM both / FURTHER left and ANALYSIS right politics are twice as likely to favour platforms allowing political would prefer to see platforms block political adverts that could adverts that may contain inaccuracies. To connect this with an Slidecontain inaccuracies, 23 but in the US, those on the right think they REUTERSearlier finding, INSTITUTE it seems FOR THE that STUDY those OF JOURNALISMmost interested / FURTHER in politics ANALYSIS have should be allowed. a stronger preference for more open environments for political Slidecommunication, 22 with fewer actors responsible for censoring WHAT SHOULD PLATFORMS DO WITH POLITICAL ADVERTS information – even if it means that more falsehoods circulate. CONTAINING INFORMATION THAT COULD BE FALSE BY POLITICAL LEANING? – SELECTED COUNTRIES WHAT SHOULD PLATFORMS DO WITH POLITICAL ADVERTS CONTAINING INFORMATION THAT COULD BE FALSE BY INTEREST IN POLITICS? – ALL MARKETS 100% USA GERMANY Block 100% Block the advertisement because technology companies should be responsible for making sure information on their platform is true Allow the advertisement because it's not up to technology companies to decide what is trueAllow Allow the advertisement because it’s not up to technology 75% companies to decide what is true Block the67 advertisement because technology companies65 should be responsible for making sure information on their platform is true 75% 60 50% 49

34 58 59 60 55 25% 27 50% 52 20 20

0% 37 Le Right Le Right 25% 30 25 Allow Block 20 17 J3_2020. Thinking about the responsibility of technology companies like Facebook, Google, or Twitter, if a politician or political party takes out an advertisement that could be inaccurate, 0% which comes closer to your view about what technology companies should do? Base: Left/ Not at all Not very Somewhat Very Extremely Right: USA = 506/474, Germany = 314/103. interested interested interested interested interested

J3_2020. Thinking about the responsibility of technology companies like Facebook, Google, or Twitter, if a politician or political party takes out an advertisement that could be inaccurate, which comes closer to your view about what technology companies should do? Base: Not at all/Not very/ Somewhat/Very/Extremely interested in politics: All markets: 6212/15809/28790/19790/9599. Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism / Digital News Report 2020 46

The data cannot tell us why those with high political interest prefer the news media to adopt a more laissez-faire approach to politics. It may be because they feel better equipped to navigate a media environment like this and find it difficult to imagine the problems others might face, or perhaps because they feel better served by the status quo – where in most cases the media report false statements by politicians, and platforms do not fact-check political adverts.

Of course, media companies should not necessarily change their practices just to meet the preferences of the audience. These are difficult questions, and no response can satisfy everyone. We have focused on political claims here, but potentially inaccurate claims about coronavirus, for example, can have a direct human cost – and surely require a different approach.

But if the way politicians and political parties use the media is fundamentally changing, then the media may have to make some changes too. No amount of data on audience preferences can tell us exactly how, but it can highlight some of the problems with simplistic solutions. For example, it is sometimes said that the way to deal with politicians who lie is simply to stop reporting what they say. But no one likes to feel that things are being kept from them. So, are those who say this really describing a media environment they themselves would like to inhabit – or just one they would prefer other people to live in? 46 / 47

2.4 Global Turmoil in the Neighbourhood: Problems Mount for Regional and Local News Anne Schulz Research Fellow, Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism

The COVID-19 pandemic is turning a tough business Measuring local and regional news consumption across 40 into a full-blown crisis. Local and regional news countries is no easy task. The markets in our sample differ hugely in their size – from large city states like Singapore and Hong Kong has been under pressure for years as audiences to giant loosely connected federations like Brazil and the United shifted their attention to digital and classified and States. Political systems vary greatly in their degree of regional display advertising moved to online specialists. autonomy, which may influence the relative importance of local, regional, and national news. While recognising these differences, The pandemic is now seriously impacting remaining our aim was to provide a common way of understanding how revenues leading many companies to cut staff, people in different countries think about news that iscloser to their stop printing, or be forced into liquidation. home. In this regard, we gave our survey respondents a relatively wide definition of local news that could include ‘news from the city Non-commercial local media have also been or town, municipality or region that they live in’. struggling to deliver on-the-ground reporting in a world of lockdowns and social distancing. Some public service broadcasters have temporarily cut DOES THE PUBLIC VALUE LOCAL NEWS? back local output21 at a time when local TV and Even before the COVID-19 crisis, almost half our survey radio have already lost reach and influence with respondents (47%) across countries said that they were very or extremely interested in local news. This compares with 37% the shift to digital. who said they were interested in politics. If we break this down via market, we observe striking differences, with interest highest But this crisis has also shown how much local news still matters in countries with a federal system or a high degree of regional as people try to learn about the spread of the virus in their area as autonomy. Almost three-quarters of Brazilians (73%) say they well as hear the advice of local government, which has sometimes are interested in local news, two-thirds of Spaniards (62%), and taken a different approach to national guidelines. This pandemic around half (54%) in Germany and the United States (48%). By has reinforced the democratic importance of local reporting in contrast, people who live in countries with more centralised providing timely and relevant local information as well as holding systems show comparatively little interest in local news, though local politicians to account. it is important to note that there may be many other factors explaining the differences found in our data. Only 31% say they In this section we offer an international perspective on how local are interested in the UK and France, and the number drops down and regional news are valued across different countries and what to 12% in South Korea. sources of local news people prefer. We also look at the extent to which people would miss their favourite local news outlet if it was no longer available.

21 https://www.cbc.ca/radio/thecurrent/the-current-for-march-24-2020-1.5507880/we-totally-understand-the-frustration-cbc-president-defends-local-tv-news-suspension-amid- pandemic-1.5508146 ReutersREUTERS Institute INSTITUTE for the FOR Study THE of Journalism STUDY OF JOURNALISM/ Digital News / FURTHER Report 2020 ANALYSIS 48 Slide 24 REUTERS INSTITUTE FOR THE STUDY OF JOURNALISM / FURTHER ANALYSIS Slide 25 PROPORTION VERY OR EXTREMELY INTERESTED IN LOCAL NEWS – ALL MARKETS

75% 73

PROPORTION65 63 VERY63 OR EXTREMELY INTERESTED IN LOCAL 62 62 60 NEWS BY AGE – SELECTED 59COUNTRIES57 56 54 54 54 50% 52 51 50 USA GERMANY 48 48 48 48 47 46 46 45 44 44 44 44 40 18-24 22% 18-24 30% 39 38 37 34 33 25-34 40% 25-34 40% 31 31 31 25% 28 35-44 43% 35-44 54% 45-55 54% 45-55 53% 17 12 55+ 58% 55+ 65% 0% BRA TUR CHL MEX SPA KEN ZA GRE ARG FIN GER AUT PHL BGR POL IRE USA POR SUI CAN HK NOR ROU AUS ITA NLD HUN CRO SWE SGP CZE BEL MYS DEN UK FRA SVK JPN TWN KOR NORWAY MEXICO QL1_2020.18-24 23% How interested, if at all, would you say18-24 you are in local news?46% Base: Total sample in each country. 25-34 32% 25-34 61% 35-44 40% 35-44 68% THE DEMOGRAPHIC CHALLENGE To some extent these findings are in line with what we find generally 45-55 43% 45-55 69% in news, with the young always somewhat less interested than the 55+ 64% 55+ 71% While overall interest remains high, local news organisations have older generations. It is possible that they could grow into a local news struggled to adapt to new digital platforms and in many cases local 75% CHILE PHILIPPINES habit as they age, but only if the agenda, tone, and content are right. High newspapers have continued to prioritise the economic importance Other demographics show a different and more surprising pattern. 18-24 45% 18-24 46% 68 Med of their print products – at least before the crisis (Jenkins and Nielsen Interest in local news seems to be more evenly spread across those 25-34 59% 25-34 56% 50% 56 Low 2020). This is partly because its core audience tends to be more with high and low educational50 attainment than it is for other types49 of 35-44 64% 35-44 55% 46 44 45 traditional but also because local media have invested more slowly news. Indeed, in some markets, such as the United Kingdom, interest 45-55 70% 45-55 57% REUTERS INSTITUTE33 FOR THE STUDY OF JOURNALISM / FURTHER ANALYSIS in product innovations such as mobile sites and video formats. Even is25% greater amongst those with lower levels of education. This is worth 55+ 69% 55+ 54% 26 in Norway, a country that is often held up as a model for sustainable notingSlide as information 26 inequalities are likely to get even worse if local local news, businesses remain highly dependent on a large number news0% outlets contract or disappear. QL1_2020. How interested, if at all, would you say you are in local news? Base: 18–24/25– Politics News Local news 34/35–44/45–55/55+:of over-55s who USAare = three 258/378/348/243/828, times as likely Germany to be = 194/295/285/367/870, interested in local Norway = news277/261/352/361/759, as 18–24s. Mexico It’s a =390/497/419/280/437,similar story in Germany Chile = 255/403/371/359/617, and the US where Philippines = 543/532/394/279/271. older generations show much more interest in local news. Only in a PROPORTION VERY OR EXTREMELY INTERESTED IN few countries, such as the Philippines, Mexico and Chile, do we see POLITICS, NEWS, AND LOCAL NEWS BY EDUCATION relatively high interest with younger groups. ALL MARKETS Low Med High 75% High PROPORTION VERY OR EXTREMELY INTERESTED IN LOCAL 68 Med NEWS BY AGE – SELECTED COUNTRIES 50% 56 Low 50 49 46 44 45 USA GERMANY 25% 33 26 18-24 22% 18-24 30% 25-34 40% 25-34 40% 0% Politics News Local news 35-44 43% 35-44 54% 45-54 54% 45-54 53% UK 75% 55+ 58% 55+ 65% High Med 50% 57 Low NORWAY MEXICO 45 37 41 18-24 23% 18-24 46% 25% 34 32 28 25-34 32% 25-34 61% 25 19 35-44 40% 35-44 68% 0% 45-54 43% 45-54 69% Politics News Local news 55+ 64% 55+ 71% USA 75% High 73 CHILE PHILIPPINES 67 Med 61 50% Low 18-24 45% 18-24 46% 53 55 46 50 25-34 59% 25-34 56% 41 38 25% 35-44 64% 35-44 55% 45-54 70% 45-54 57% 0% 55+ 69% 55+ 54% Politics News Local news

QL1_2020. How interested, if at all, would you say you are in local news? Base: 18–24/25– Q1c. How interested, if at all, would you say you are in news? Q2_new2018. How interested, if at all, 34/35–44/45–54/55+: USA = 258/378/348/243/828, Germany = 194/295/285/367/870, Norway = would you say you are in politics? QL1_2020. How interested, if at all, would you say you are in local 277/261/352/361/759, Mexico =390/497/419/280/437, Chile = 255/403/371/359/617, Philippines = news? Base: low/medium/highly educated: All markets = 12993/36904/30258, UK = 528/640/843, USA = 543/532/394/279/271. 96/1051/908. REUTERS INSTITUTE FOR THE STUDY OF JOURNALISM / FURTHER48 ANALYSIS/ 49 Slide 28

WHEREREUTERS INSTITUTE DO PEOPLE FOR THE STUDYGET LOCALOF JOURNALISM NEWS? / FURTHER ANALYSIS PROPORTION THAT USE EACH AS A SOURCE FOR LOCAL Slide 27 NEWS – SELECTED MARKETS While local news businesses have struggled in their move to online, other regional and local actors have made use of digital USA infrastructures to establish direct contact with their relevant NEWS MEDIA 36% communities. Facebook groups, political parties, local enterprises, Local newspaper and website PROPORTION THAT USE EACH AS A SOURCE FOR LOCAL Local TV and website 55% schools, and churches now represent important supplements, and NEWS – ALL MARKETS Local radio and website 24% sometimes serious competition, to traditional local news online NON-NEWS MEDIA asNEWS they MEDIA provide hyperlocal information important to very specific Local groups on social media 20% audiences that may have never been looking for the whole local news Personal communications 23% Local newspaper and website 44% News package anyway (Möhring and Keldenich 2018). Duringmedia the COVID-19 sources Local politicians, police, church etc. 12% Local TV and website 33% crisis local Facebook groups stepped up their game as they71% helped to drive supportLocal for radio local and businesses website affected24% by the pandemic.22 UK NEWS MEDIA OurNON-NEWS data show MEDIA that these alternative providers are indeed Local newspaper and website 40% Local TV and website 31% competingLocal groups strongly, on social with media about half of31% our surveyed respondents Non-news Local radio and website 17% across all markets using them. However, traditional localmedia news sources Personal communications 28% sources still lead overall, with 71% of all those surveyed 51%across NON-NEWS MEDIA countriesLocal politicians, relying police, on church offline etc. and13% online services offered by Local groups on social media 24% traditional local news media. On average, across countries local Personal communications 18% Local politicians, police, church etc. 6% newspapersQL2_2020. Which remain of the following most sources important of local news, (44%), if any, followed have you used by in localthe last TVweek, (33%).regardless But of whether local you radio access (24%) them digitally is already (via their less website, important social media than accounts, some or an app) or offline? Please select all that apply. Base: Total sample. All markets = 80155. GERMANY of the non-news alternatives. Across countries, almost a third NEWS MEDIA (31%) of our sample say they used local groups or pages on social Local newspaper and website 57% media (eg Facebook or WhatsApp) or online discussion groups in Local TV and website 26% the last week as a source for local news. Personal communication Local radio and website 34% from other residents, neighbours, friends, and/or family are seen NON-NEWS MEDIA as important sources for around a quarter (28%) across markets, Local groups on social media 15% while 13% say they rely on information coming directly from local Personal communications 36% institutions. The gap between news media and non-news media Local politicians, police, church etc. 11% is now just 20 points, with new online forums providing a free, NORWAY convenient, and relevant alternative. NEWS MEDIA Local newspaper and website 64% PROPORTION THAT USE EACH AS A SOURCE FOR LOCAL Local TV and website 24% NEWS – ALL MARKETS Local radio and website 17% NON-NEWS MEDIA NEWS MEDIA Local groups on social media 21% Personal communications 24% Local newspaper and website 44% Local politicians, police, church etc. 9% Local TV and website 33% News media sources Local radio and website 24% PHILIPPINES 71% NEWS MEDIA Local newspaper and website 30% NON-NEWS MEDIA Local TV and website 50% Local radio and website 31% Local groups on social media 31% NON-NEWS MEDIA Personal communications 28% Non-news Local groups on social media 41% media sources Personal communications 28% Local politicians, police, church etc. 13% 51% Local politicians, police, church etc. 21%

QL2_2020. Which of the following sources of local news, if any, have you used in the last QL2_2020. Which of the following sources of local news, if any, have you used in the last week, week, regardless of whether you access them digitally (via their website, social media regardless of whether you access them digitally (via their website, social media accounts, or an accounts, or an app) or offline? Please select all that apply. Base: Total sample. USA = 2055, app) or offline? Please select all that apply. Base: Total sample. All markets = 80155. UK = 2011, Germany = 2011, Norway = 2010, Philippines = 2019.

Looking into individual countries, we see some variation in terms Social media are particularly important in the Philippines, which has of importance. The newspaper dominates in Norway (64%) and one of the highest uses of Facebook in our survey. Four in ten (41%) of Germany (57%) – both countries with strong reading traditions – but our online sample say they have relied on local social media groups television is significantly ahead in the Philippines and the United in the past week. This number rises to 59% in Hong Kong and 56% in States. Over half (55%) in the US use local TV weekly, with 36% Kenya but is far lower in Germany (15%) as well as Japan (14%). In the reading local newspapers and a quarter tuning to local radio. US, where Facebook launched a big local news initiative in 2019, only 20% say they use local social media groups weekly. Findings for the US are mirrored by Pew data from two years ago showing that ‘social media plays a moderate role in local news’.23

22 https://communityimpact.com/houston/tomball-magnolia/dining/2020/04/01/facebook-groups-drive-support-to-local-restaurants-in-northwest-houston-areas/ or https://wchstv.com/news/local/new-facebook-groups-promote-tri-state-businesses-open-during-pandemic 23 https://www.journalism.org/2019/03/26/overall-social-media-plays-a-moderate-role-in-local-news/ Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism / Digital News Report 2020 50

VALUE OF DIFFERENT NEWS SOURCES COMPARED LOCAL NEWS ALONG POLITICAL LINES

Local news media remain important to people in different Local news is often considered to provide journalism that is more neighbourhoods but how much would they miss them if they trusted and less partisan than national publications. This is partly were no longer there? Across all countries, 37% of those that a function of the fact that many local outlets have a commercial use local TV say they would miss it a lot and a further 41% would interest in serving the widest group of users and many public media miss it somewhat. We see similar results for local newspapers outlets have obligations to do so. In other words, local media often with 35% saying they would miss them a lot and 43% saying do not have the luxury of reporting on behalf of one political side somewhat. We see some country differences, partly aligned with while ignoring the other. There are some exceptions, however, not usage of particular sources, but also with the extent of devolved least in the United States where some local media groups have political power – and therefore the importance of local news in recently been accused of supporting right-wing political agendas.24 the democratic process. Similarly, some local newspapers in Germany were reproached for reporting rather uncritically about the right-wing populist party InREUTERS Germany INSTITUTE more thanFOR THE half STUDY of local OF JOURNALISMTV (56%) or / local FURTHER newspaper ANALYSIS AfD. At the same time, local journalists have reported about being Slideusers (54%) 29 would strongly miss their local news source. This is excluded from particular party events – in some cities they even only true for 25% of TV users and 20% of newspaper users in face death threats and attacks against their offices.25 the Philippines. Our data show that in many of our surveyed markets regional and local news generally fare well in terms of trust. In the US PROPORTION OF USERS THAT WOULD MISS THEIR LOCAL and France, local news is the most trusted news brand, while in TV OR NEWSPAPER IF IT WENT OUT OF BUSINESS – SELECTED MARKETS Finland, Norway, and Germany local newspapers are second to public broadcasters, that have also built much of their reputation LOCAL TV on local TV and radio services. In the UK, local newspapers are trustedREUTERS by INSTITUTE 55%, fourth FOR THE in theSTUDY list OF and JOURNALISM much higher / FURTHER than the ANALYSIS 40 Markets 37 41 average for commercial media. Elsewhere, local news brands are typicallySlide trusted 30 by more than half the surveyed population – for Germany 56 33 example, in Mexico (59%) and the Philippines (64%).

Norway 45 43 POSITION OF LOCAL NEWS IN LIST OF MOST TRUSTED NEWS USA 48 36 BRANDS – SELECTED COUNTRIES

UK 33 45 55 Local news brands 56 Top 1 Philippines 25 45 Spain 56 57 0% 25% 50% 75% 100% 51 I would miss it a lot I would miss it somewhat 55 52 Top2 56 I would not miss it very much I would not miss it at all Don’t know USA (TV) 56 Spain 60 QL4_2020l_1. How much would you miss the below news source if it went out of business? Base: Users of local TV news or local TV news websites: All markets = 26400, Germany = 515, 57 51 Norway = 482, USA = 1120, UK = 627, Philippines = 1018. 58 52 Top3 USA (TV) France 58 62 LOCAL NEWSPAPER 55 57 58 58 France UK Top4 40 Markets 35 43 60 64 55 60 Germany 54 34 58 64 UK Germany Norway 49 38 68 70 60 USA 39 37 64 75 Germany 75 UK 25 45 Norway 76 80 75 Philippines 20 48 75 79 Norway 0% 25% 50% 75% 100% 79 Finland 81 I would miss it a lot I would miss it somewhat 79 84 79 I would not miss it very much I would not miss it at all Don’t know Finland 0% 25% 50% 75% 100% L4_2020l_3. How much would you miss the below news source if it went out of business? Base: Users of local newspapers or local newspaper websites: All markets = 35323, Germany = 1136, Q6_2018_trust. How trustworthy would you say news from the following brands is? Please 0% 25% 50% 75% Norway = 1283, USA = 730, UK = 835, Philippines = 602. use the scale below, where 0 is ‘not at all trustworthy’ and 10 is ‘completely trustworthy’. Base: Total sample in each market: Spain = 2006, USA = 2055, France = 2038, UK = 2011, Germany = 2011, Norway = 2010, Finland = 2050.

24 https://nymag.com/intelligencer/2019/04/sinclair-broadcast-group-national-expansion-2020-sports-networks.html 25 https://www.deutschlandfunk.de/lokaljournalismus-und-afd-noch-lange-kein-normales.2907.de.html?dram:article_id=434882 50 / 51

WILL LOCAL NEWS HAVE A CHANCE?

The COVID-19 crisis is focusing minds both on the value of local REUTERS INSTITUTE FOR THE STUDY OF JOURNALISM / FURTHER ANALYSIS reporting but also on what could soon be lost. While some Slidetitles have 40already disappeared, others have been trying to demonstrate the value they can still provide with front pages and reporting that helps people get through the crisis.

But the economic pressures are building. Changes that might have unfolded over a decade are now set to happen in a much more compressed timescale and support will be needed. Facebook has already pledged a $100m package for local media, Google has announced a new Journalism Emergency Relief Fund, and some governments have stepped up with interim funding and other forms of support on a much more significant scale. But the crisis will unquestionably hurt the business of news, including local, far more than any of these packages can make up for. The long-term survival of local news will therefore depend on finding new sustainable business models, attracting the next generation of users, and moving faster towards online content and engagement. At the same time, professionally curated journalism for local areas still matters, offering orientation to readers and reflecting local interests. Local news organisations will have to prove themselves creative and courageous in order to quickly react to an ever-changing technological environment. The good news is that our data suggest there is still demand and trust for them – in general and even more so in times of crisis. The next year will be a real test to see how much local news is truly valued by audiences and governments across the world. Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism / Digital News Report 2020 52

2.5 How People Access News about Climate Change Simge Andı Research Fellow, Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism

Climate change is ‘the defining issue of our time’, But the past year seems to have marked a shift in terms of according to the United Nations, with an impact public and political interest, with more people across the globe, particularly the young, joining demonstrations and strikes led by 26 that is global in scope and unprecedented in scale. next generation leaders like Greta Thunberg. Much of this support Attention may be focused today on the immediate in turn has been mobilised not by traditional sources like television threat of coronavirus, but this does not reduce the but through networked channels such as Facebook, YouTube, and Instagram. This generational pressure has combined with a series underlying dangers of climate change. The role of of real-life events which have included a record melting of the the news media is critical in influencing levels of ice sheets, crop failures in the Mid-West, floods in Europe, and public concern, but even though extreme weather devastating fires in both the Amazon and Australia – all of which have raised climate issues higher up the media agenda. Some events such as hurricanes, floods, and fires seem news organisations have also devoted more resource and editorial to be happening more regularly, many people still priority to the issue and there have been joint initiatives including do not always feel personally or directly affected. Covering Climate Now which involves 400 media outlets. Multilateral conferences can feel like remote In this chapter we explore in detail the different sources people use talking shops, while scientific models around the to learn more about climate change and how this is affected by age, implications for sea-level rise or migration can be education, and political affiliation. We also look at the extent to which different groups value the media’s coverage of this complex hard to explain. A further challenge for the media subject and ask how it could be improved. Our analysis covers 40 has been in making coverage attractive to different markets, from Sweden to Kenya to the Philippines. segments, including the young, the partisan, and those currently indifferent to climate change.

Volunteers and Fire Rescue officers fight a bushfire encroaching on properties in New South Wales December, 3, 2019 [AAP image/Dean Lewins]

26 United Nations. ‘Climate Change’. Accessed Apr. 2020. https://www.un.org/en/sections/issues-depth/climate-change/ 52 / 53

THE MAJORITY ARE CONCERNED ABOUT CLIMATE IDEOLOGICAL DIFFERENCES IN THE PERCEPTION CHANGE OF CLIMATE CHANGE

Climate change really matters to most people. On average, across Political alignment may help explain some of the differences. all markets, around 69% of respondents stated that they consider Across markets, the more left one sits on the political spectrum, climate change to be an extremely or very serious problem. Less the more the levels of concern about climate change tend to rise. than one in ten (9%) of our respondents does not see climate change But in markets where the issue itself is highly politicised, the as serious while around one in five (19%) said they were somewhat differences are even starker. In the United States, for instance, concerned. There is some variation across countries. Around 90% of 89% of those who self-identify on the left report a serious respondents in Chile, Kenya, and South Africa view climate change concern about climate change, compared with just 18% of those as very or extremely serious. Chile and some countries in Africa who self-identify on the right. Right-wing media outlets in the have historically shown high levels of concern27, and the high figure United States have often taken a sceptical view of the scientific for Chile could also have been related to its first internal population consensus while President Trump has announced plans to displacements last year as a result of a ten-year drought.28 In Africa too, withdraw from the international Paris agreement because he many countries are already severely affected by the consequences of REUTERSthinks the INSTITUTE restrictions FOR THE will STUDY undermine OF JOURNALISM the US / economy. FURTHER ANALYSIS We find climate change.29 However, in Sweden, Norway, and the Netherlands, a similar divide in Sweden where right-wing websites play a only around half (or less) think that climate change is a severe problem. Slidesignificant 33 role in opposing the consensus on a range of issues including climate change. In most countries, we observe a clear consensus about the seriousness on the issue on one side, but also a small number of individuals who do not take climate change seriously at all. This PROPORTION THAT THINK CLIMATE CHANGE IS VERY OR may be because they feel disconnected from the issue, because EXTREMELY SERIOUS BY POLITICAL LEANING – USA, SWEDEN, ALL MARKETS they are sceptical of the science, or because they are worried about the economic impact of measures to tackle climate change.

The vast majority of markets in our dataset have fewer than 100% USA Sweden All Markets 3% saying climate change is not serious at all. But scepticism Right (or indifference) is far higher in the United States (12%) as well 89 REUTERSas in Sweden INSTITUTE (9%), FOR Greta THE Thunberg’sSTUDY OF JOURNALISM home country. / FURTHER Further, ANALYSIS 81 Centre 75% in Australia, 8% of respondents say that climate change is 75 Slide 32 71 not serious at all, even though the country was going through Le 61 devastating bush fires at the time of our fieldwork. 58 50% 54

PROPORTION THAT THINK CLIMATE CHANGE IS NOT SERIOUS – SELECTED COUNTRIES 25% 26 United States 12% 18 Sweden 9%

Australia 8% 0% USA Sweden All Markets Norway 7% The Netherlands 5% Left Centre Right

REUTERS INSTITUTE FOR THE STUDY OF JOURNALISM / FURTHER ANALYSIS All markets average 3% QC1_2020. How serious a problem, if at all, do you think climate change is? Q1F. Some people talk about ‘left’, ‘right’, and ‘centre’ to describe parties and politicians. With this in mind, where SlideQC1_2020. How 31 serious a problem, if at all, do you think climate change is? Showing % who say would you place yourself on the following scale? Base: USA Left = 507, Centre= 844, Right = 458, not serious at all. Base: Total sample in each market. Sweden Left = 331, Centre = 924, Right = 540, All markets Left = 13843, Centre = 41779, Right = 10823.

PROPORTION THAT THINK CLIMATE CHANGE IS VERY OR EXTREMELY SERIOUS – ALL MARKETS

100%

90 90 87 87 85 85 85 84 83 83 83 82 80 75% 77 77 75 74 71 71 70 70 69 67 65 65 64 63 63 58 58 58 57 56 55 55 54 53 50% 50 42 41

25%

0% CHL KEN ZA TUR PHL POR CRO ROU MEX HUN GRE BGR ARG SPA SVK BRA ITA IRE POL MYS KOR TWN SGN JPN UK HK CAN FRA GER AUS AUT FIN USA CZE SUI BEL DEN SWE NOR NLD

QC1_2020. How serious a problem, if at all, do you think climate change is? Showing % who say very or extremely serious. Base: Total sample in each market.

27 https://www.pewresearch.org/global/2015/11/05/1-concern-about-climate-change-and-its-consequences/ 28 M. Rojas, ‘Global Heating Plus Inequality is a Recipe for Chaos – Just Look at Chile’, Guardian (8 Dec. 2019), accessed Apr. 2020, https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2019/ dec/08/un-conference-global-heating-cop25-chile-madrid-climate-crisis 29 BBC, ‘How Africa Will Be Affected by Climate Change?’ (15 Dec. 2019), accessed Apr. 2020, https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-50726701 Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism / Digital News Report 2020 REUTERS INSTITUTE FOR THE STUDY OF JOURNALISM / FURTHER ANALYSIS 54 Slide 35

SOURCES OF NEWS ON CLIMATE CHANGE MOST USED SOURCES OF CLIMATE CHANGE NEWS BY AGE – ALL MARKETS Our data show that people pay far more attention to television when 55+ it comes to climate change than to other forms of media. These 23 findings are in line with previous research (Schäfer and Schlichting Television 27 2014), perhaps reflecting the power of the moving image to stir 25-34 our emotions. Watching glaciers melt or seeing images of plastic 42 clogging up our oceans can often have more impact than reading a news article containing scientific details of climate change. 16 18-24 Online news sites of major news organisations are the second most Online news sites from major news organisations 17 popular news source across all markets. Our survey respondents also pay attention to specialised outlets covering climate issues 12 (13%) as well as alternative sources such as social media and blogs REUTERS(9%). By INSTITUTEcomparison FOR it THEis striking STUDY thatOF JOURNALISM printed newspapers / FURTHER andANALYSIS radio 12 Slideare even less 34 important as a source of news than conversations with Specialised outlets friends and family. On average, 7% of respondents across all markets covering climate issues 12 stated that they do not pay attention to climate change news. 13

18-24 MOST USED SOURCES OF CLIMATE CHANGE NEWS – 17 ALL MARKETS 25-34 Alternative sources such as 55+ social media posts and blogs 14 Television 35 Total 5

Online news sites from 15 0% 25% 50% major news organisations

Specialised outlets C2_2020. When it comes to climate change, which of the following sources of news, if any, do you 13 _pay most_ attention to? Please select one. Base: 18–24/25–34/55+: 9835/14424/274511. covering climate issues

Alternative sources such as 9 social media posts or blogs I follow climate activists like Greta Thunberg [on social media] and follow what she does. Conversations with colleagues, 6 friends, or family Female, 19, UK

Printed newspapers 5 Leonardo DiCaprio posts on Instagram about climate change a lot – so does Cody Simpson. Radio 5 Female, 20, USA

Others still talked about using a wide range of different sources in Don't know 4 combination with mainstream media. This is in line with evidence noted in our Executive Summary that young people are more I don't pay attention 7 to climate change interested in news with a point of view and in accessing authentic and diverse perspectives from a wide range of digital sources, 0% 25% 50% including podcasts and blogs.

C2_2020. When it comes to climate change, which of the following sources of news, if any, do you _pay most_ attention to? Please select one. Base: Total sample = 80155. I get most of my news about climate change from smaller, independent news outlets such as commondreams.org as well as from various peoples’ feeds, pages, and websites that post interesting, and HOW YOUNG PEOPLE ACCESS NEWS ABOUT scientific, and political content. CLIMATE CHANGE Male, 25–34, USA While television is more prevalent among respondents over the [I am] following politicians, activists, and leaders in the age of 35, alternative sources such as social media and blogs world posting about climate change and how the things are more popular among younger groups. 18–24s (so-called we do affect our environment. The Earth is our past, Generation Z) are three times as likely to access alternative present, and future and [I] think that climate change sources of news around climate change when compared to should be the number one priority in everyone’s life. over-55s. Female, 25–34, USA In open comments our respondents told us more about their It is important to stress that, as well as following activists and motivations for using social media. Many talked about the value influencers, younger groups are also accessing traditional brands in they got from accessing news directly from activists. Others said social media. Titles like National Geographic, for example, seem to be they picked up news by following celebrities or influencers that finding a new audience with its visual Instagram and Facebook posts they admired: on the subject. 54 / 55

SOURCES OF NEWS AMONGST THE LEAST PARTICIPATION AND CLIMATE CHANGE CONCERNED Those that are least concerned about climate change, while fewer in Around a third (32%) of those who report that climate change is numbers, frequently report sharing news stories online – especially not serious or not serious at all state that they do not pay attention in polarised societies. For example, in the USA, those who say that to news about climate change. Many of these tend to have lower climate change is not serious are as likely to share news about levels of education and are less interested in news more generally. climate change via social media or email as those who are extremely concerned about climate change. And in Sweden, the least Those who do pay attention but are still sceptical are less likely concerned are almost twice as likely to share news online as those to use mainstream media but just as likely to use alternative who believe that climate change is a serious issue. In both these REUTERSsources suchINSTITUTE as social FOR THE media STUDY when OF JOURNALISM compared with/ FURTHER those ANALYSIS that are countries we see a highly vocal minority making a big noise online. more concerned. Only a fifth (20%) of those who say that climate Slidechange is not 36 serious rely on television news compared with 37% REUTERSBy contrast, INSTITUTE in Chile, FOR where THE STUDY we record OF JOURNALISM the highest / FURTHERdegree of ANALYSIS concern of those that take it more seriously. over climate change, most of the online sharing comes from those Slidewith the highest 37 levels of concern and this is the picture we find in most other countries. PROPORTION THAT THINK CLIMATE CHANGE IS SERIOUS BY MOST USED SOURCE OF NEWS – ALL MARKETS PROPORTION SHARING NEWS BY CONCERN OVER CLIMATE 20 CHANGE – USA, SWEDEN, CHILE Television 37 40 Not serious at all 5 25 Printed newspapers 5 USA 30 38 Not very serious 4 Radio 39 4 Somewhat serious 19 Online news sites from 8 19 major news organisation 17 Sweden 18 Very serious 30 8 Specialised outlets 33 covering climate issues 15 Extremely serious 47 9 Alternative sources such as 38 social media posts and blogs 10 Chile 41 31 Conversations with colleagues, 7 23 friends, or family 6 0% 25% 50% 3 Other 1 Extremely serious Very serious 4 Somewhat serious Don't know 3 Not very serious Not serious at all I don't pay attention 32 to climate change 2 QC1_2020. How serious a problem, if at all, do you think climate change is? Showing % who say Extremely serious, Very serious, Somewhat serious, Not very serious, and Not serious at all. 0% 25% 50% Q13. Net: Share a news story on social media or via email. Base: Total sample in each country. USA = 2055, Sweden = 2091, Chile = 2005. Not serious/Not serious at all Extremely/Very serious HOW DO THE NEWS MEDIA PERFORM? C2_2020. When it comes to climate change, which of the following sources of news, if any, do you _pay most_ attention to? Please select one. QC1_2020. How serious a problem, if at all, do you think climate change is? Base: Extremely serious or Very serious/Not very serious or Not serious With an overall consensus about the seriousness of climate change, at all: 55693/6794. how do people feel the media are doing in covering the issue and informing the public? Across markets around half (47%) say that the news media do a good job in providing accurate information about climate change. By contrast, those who say the problem is not serious are far more likely to think the media are doing a bad job (46%) than a good job (16%). ReutersREUTERS Institute INSTITUTE for the FOR Study THE of Journalism STUDY OF JOURNALISM/ Digital News / FURTHER Report 2020 ANALYSIS 56 Slide 38

PROPORTION THAT SAYS MEDIA PROVIDE ACCURATE CONCLUSION INFORMATION ON CLIMATE CHANGE – ALL MARKETS The majority of our respondents express serious concern about All 19 34 47 climate change, with only a minority that disagrees. But at least part of this group have different news consumption habits about climate Serious 16 28 56 change than the rest. They are highly critical of the mainstream media and often use alternative sources including social media. Not serious 46 38 16 These attitudes are not unique to climate change but the issue 0% 25% 50% 75% 100% reflects the existing strong divisions among different segments of the population – especially in countries that already have high levels Fairly/Very bad Neither Fairly/Very good of political polarisation.30

QC4a_2020. To what extent do the news media do a good or bad job in giving me accurate information about climate change? Base: Total sample = 80155. QC1_2020. How serious a Young people are not as disapproving of the mainstream media problem, if at all, do you think climate change is? Base: Extremely serious or Very serious/Not while still embracing alternative media sources in a search for very serious or Not serious at all: 55693/6794. ‘Don’t know’ responses have been added to Neither. authenticity and more diverse points of view. All of this is challenging for news organisations in terms of catering for different audiences Combined with their relatively high use of alternative sources such and producing content in new formats. There is also a new level of as social media this might suggest a loss of confidence by this group competition with influencers and celebrities where journalists are in the mainstream media. This may be due to how trustworthy or now just one source amongst many. biased they think the news media are when it comes to reporting on climate change. As we’ve already learned, in the United States much Some media organisations are responding to these trends by of this relates to the highly charged political atmosphere and how taking a clearer stand. The Guardian, for example, has started to this colours views on the mainstream media in general: talk about ‘climate emergency’ rather than climate change. Other publications have started to take more content that is sponsored Lies about climate control because [the] Democrats by NGOs and foundations with an interest in shifting policy choices. are full of shit. But any shift towards more campaigning journalism will also need Male, 37, USA to bear in mind the partisan differences in attitude to the subject revealed in this report and the widespread desire for a lack of Elsewhere critics from both left and right accuse the media of not hidden agendas if trust is to be maintained. being bold enough in their coverage, being relentlessly doom- laden and negative, and following hidden agendas. Many of these critiques are not specific to climate change and are part of wider concerns about the news media:

I don’t trust corporate media sources to be frank enough about climate change. Male, 55–64, USA

Twitter allows people to speak freely on matters they know about, such as climate change, without the propaganda/indoctrination newspapers and TV has. Female, 18–24, UK

I would rather read a balanced report that looks at all factors than the ‘we’re doomed’ coming from the likes of the BBC or Sky News. Male, 18–24, UK

We observe a similar story when we ask about how well the media perform in terms of helping them understand what they can do personally about climate change, with an overall consensus that the media are doing a good job.

30 Using a logistic regression (dependent variable: scepticism 0-1) across all markets with country fixed effects, we test the relationship between climate change scepticism and the media sources used for climate change, while controlling for political alignment (left-right), frequency of access to news, interest in news, trust in news, gender, age, education. We find statistically significant and negative relationships between various types of media sources (TV, online news, alternative sources, print, radio, specialised outlets on climate change) and scepticism. Those who report ‘not paying attention’ to news sources about climate change are more likely to be sceptical about climate change. Further, climate change scepticism and right-wing political ideology are positively linked, meaning that those who are on the right end of the political spectrum are more likely to report climate change scepticism. Women and those with higher levels of education are, on average, less likely to be sceptical about climate change. We also find that the more people trust in news, the less they report being sceptical about climate change. All results reported here are statistically significant (p < 0.05). 56 / 57 Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism / Digital News Report 2020 58 58 / 59

SECTION 3 Country and Market Data

In this section we publish a market-based view of the findings, which includes an overview of the most important data points in terms of news.

These include an overview of consumption in each market, EUROPE AMERICAS including details of the most popular news brands – traditional 3.01 United Kingdom 62 3.25 United States 88 and online. The pages also contain statistics about the use of new devices such as smartphones and tablets and the role of different 3.02 Austria 63 3.26 Argentina 89 social networks for news. Information is drawn from the 2020 3.03 Belgium 64 3.27 Brazil 90 Digital News Report survey using the methodology outlined on p. 6, 3.04 Bulgaria 65 3.28 Canada 91 with the exception of population and internet levels which are drawn from Internet World Statistics (2019). 3.05 Croatia 66 3.29 Chile 92 3.06 Czech Republic 67 3.30 Mexico 93 Due to the coronavirus crisis and to simplify production, we have 3.07 Denmark 68 ASIA PACIFIC decided not to include an accompanying commentary on each market this year. However, we have published some additional 3.08 Finland 69 3.31 Australia 96 contextual background online at digitalnewsreport.org along 3.09 France 70 3.32 Hong Kong 97 with data and charts for all the countries. 3.10 Germany 71 3.33 Japan 98 Whilst most of our countries see internet penetration of 80% or 3.11 Greece 72 3.34 Malaysia 99 more, some countries have lower levels of access. It should also be 3.12 Hungary 73 3.35 Philippines 100 noted in particular that in Argentina, Brazil, Bulgaria, Chile, Greece, Kenya, Mexico, Philippines, Romania, South Africa, and Turkey our 3.13 Ireland 74 3.36 Singapore 101 samples tend to be based more around urban areas. Our sample in 3.14 Italy 75 3.37 South Korea 102 Kenya only includes those aged 18-54 due to difficulties in reaching 3.15 Netherlands 76 3.38 Taiwan 103 older people online. Many international comparisons will still be relevant in terms of understanding differences in the online 3.16 Norway 77 AFRICA sphere, but anyone interpreting these results should be careful 3.17 Poland 78 3.39 Kenya 106 not to suggest these figures represent the total adult population, 3.18 Portugal 79 3.40 South Africa 107 especially when considering offline versus online consumption. 3.19 Romania 80 Please note that this year we have changed our brand level 3.20 Slovakia 81 trust figures to show the percentage that trust/don’t trust each news brand – rather than just showing the mean. We feel this 3.21 Spain 82 gives a clearer picture of how some brands are perceived by 3.22 Sweden 83 different groups. We ask respondents to rate each brand on a 3.23 Switzerland 84 0-10 scale (ranging from ‘Not at all trustworthy’ to ‘Completely trustworthy’) with the ‘Trust’ percentage being those who rated 3.24 Turkey 85 6–10 and the ‘Don’t trust’ figure the sum of those who rated 0–4. Those that selected 5 (‘Neither trustworthy nor untrustworthy’) are shown as ‘Neither. Those that said they have not heard of each brand were excluded. We have also made the number of brands in each country more consistent and as far as possible focused on just the most popular news brands in each country. 18/06/2020: An earlier version of the report incorrectly stated that the We have ordered the markets by geography (Europe, Americas, brand trust figures included all that have not heard of each brand in Asia Pacific, and Africa) and within each region they are then the ’Neither’ bar. However, those that had not heard of each brand were ordered alphabetically – with the exception of UK at the start of the excluded. We have edited the labels to correctly describe the data, Europe section and the United States at the start of the Americas. but the figures themselves are unchanged. We apologise for the error. Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism / Digital News Report 2020 60 60 / 61

SECTION 3 Country and Market Data Europe

EUROPE 3.01 United Kingdom 62 3.02 Austria 63 3.03 Belgium 64 3.04 Bulgaria 65 3.05 Croatia 66 3.06 Czech Republic 67 3.07 Denmark 68 3.08 Finland 69 3.09 France 70 3.10 Germany 71 3.11 Greece 72 3.12 Hungary 73 3.13 Ireland 74 3.14 Italy 75 3.15 Netherlands 76 3.16 Norway 77 3.17 Poland 78 3.18 Portugal 79 3.19 Romania 80 3.20 Slovakia 81 3.21 Spain 82 3.22 Sweden 83 3.23 Switzerland 84 3.24 Turkey 85 Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism / Digital News Report 2020 62

Population 67m Internet penetration 95% UNITED KINGDOM

WEEKLY REACH BBC News (TV & radio) 5610 BBC News online 4510 OFFLINE AND ITV News 2711 Guardian online 188 ONLINE Sky News 167 MailOnline 155 Daily Mail/Mail on Sunday 115 Sky News online 104 Local or regional newspaper 69 Other local or regional newspaper website 49 Metro 85 Telegraph online 47 The Sun/Sun on Sunday 48 HuPost (Hungton Post) 65 TOP BRANDS Commercial radio news 83 Independent/ i100 online 46 % Weekly usage C4 News 57 BuzzFeed News 46 Weekly use The Times/Sunday Times 46 Sun online 63 TV, radio & print Guardian/Observer 3 5 Yahoo! News 63 More than 3 days per week Daily Telegraph/Sunday Telegraph 3 5 MSN News 63 TV, radio & print ALSO Daily Mirror/Sunday Mirror/Sunday People 3 4 Metro online 3 5 Weekly use Breitbart 1% Daily Express/Sunday Express 3 Mirror online 2 4 online brands The Canary 1% 'i' 2 The Lad Bible news 3 4 More than 3 days per week Russia Today 1% online brands London Evening Standard 2 The Times online 4 Another Angry Voice 1%

SOURCES OF NEWS Online (incl. social media) DEVICES FOR NEWS CHANGING MEDIA TV 2013–20 Print 2013–20 TV news reach declined to Social media 55% in January before 100% 100% Social media Tablet bouncing back during the 79% Online (incl. social media) Smartphone coronavirus crisis (see 74% 77% 72% Executive Summary chart). Printed newspapers 62% Computer 59% 55% This year’s fall in print is partly 50% 50% TV 43% due to a change of panel 39% 29% weighting implemented to 22% 26% 20% 16% make our data more accurate 0% 0% – though circulation was 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 adversely affected by the COVID-19 lockdown.

TRUST DIFFERENT BRAND TRUST SCORES TYPES Trust Neither Don’t trust Trust in the news has fallen OF TRUST over 20 percentage points BBC News 64 19 17 since 2015. Even the most ITV News 60 28 12 trusted brands like the BBC News overall News I use Financial Times 58 33 9 are seen by many as Local or regional newspaper 55 32 13 pushing or suppressing Guardian 54 29 17 agendas – especially over (-12) Channel 4 News 53 28 19 polarising issues like Brexit. 28% 39% Sky News 53 28 19 Broadcasters have higher =32nd/40 Independent 49 35 16 levels of trust than digital- The Times 44 34 22 born brands and tabloids, News in search News in social Daily Telegraph 31 54 15 some of which have high HuPost 28 45 27 levels of distrust. Daily Mail/MailOnline 28 27 45 15% 6% Daily Mirror 23 32 45 BuzzFeed News 19 44 37 Sun 16 24 60 0% 25% 50% 75% 100% Trust = % scored 6-10 on 10-point scale, Don’t trust = 0-4, Neither = 5. Those that haven’t heard of each brand were excluded.

TOP SOCIAL MEDIA AND MESSAGING PAY Rank Brand For News For All Rank Brand For News For All 7% 1 Facebook 24% (-4) 65% 4 WhatsApp 7% (-2) 56% pay for 2 Twitter 14% (-) 29% 5 Facebook Messenger 5% (-1) 46%

ONLINE NEWS 3 YouTube 7% (-3) 51% 6 Instagram 3% (-1) 30% 62 / 63

Population 8.8m Internet penetration 88% AUSTRIA

WEEKLY REACH ORF (public broadcaster) 8015 ORF News online 3612 OFFLINE AND Kronen Zeitung 3815 Kronen Zeitung online 259 ONLINE Puls 4 1021 GMX 188 ServusTV 2111 Der Standard online 155 Heute 199 meinbezirk.at /woche.at/ bezirksrundschau.at 127 ZDF 189 Kurier online 127 Bezirksblätter 1317 Heute online 126 TOP BRANDS Österreich 179 oe24.at (z.B. österreich.at, sport.oe24.at, buzz.oe24.at) 115 % Weekly usage KroneHit 168 Kronehit news 106 Weekly use RTL 157 Die Presse online 95 TV, radio & print ATV 159 Kleine Zeitung online 49 More than 3 days per week ARD 147 MSN News 37 ALSO TV, radio & print Unzensuriert 4% Kleine Zeitung 145 puls4.com news 47 Weekly use Kontrast 4% Der Standard 126 OÖ Nachrichten 37 online brands Info Direkt 2% oe24 TV 116 news.at (NEWS online) 3 5 More than 3 days per week Alles Roger? 1% online brands Kurier 116 heute.de (ZDF Germany) 2 5 Contra Magazin 1%

SOURCES OF NEWS Online (incl. social media) DEVICES FOR NEWS CHANGING MEDIA TV 2015–20 Print 2015–20* Austria has traditionally had Social media the highest levels of print 100% 100% Social media Tablet readership in our survey but 78% this has fallen by almost 20 71% Online (incl. social media) Smartphone 71% 68% 67% 67% percentage points in just six 70% Printed newspapers Computer 54% 50% 51% 50% TV years. TV news reach is also 45% substantially down in our 38% 41% pre-COVID-19 survey, though 18% 20% public broadcaster ORF has 0% 0% transferred much of its 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020

offline strength online. *2018 figures for computer use were likely overstated due to an error in polling.

TRUST DIFFERENT BRAND TRUST SCORES TYPES Trust Neither Don’t trust The role played by the OF TRUST media in the fall from ORF News 66 18 16 government of the Der Standard 61 24 15 right-wing freedom party News overall News I use Die Presse 60 26 14 FPÖ has bolstered trust ZDF News 59 27 14 with liberal voters – and Servus TV News 56 31 13 overall. The party had been (+1) Regional or local paper 54 32 14 on a collision course with 40% 51% Kurier 51 30 19 many news media as it 16th/40 Puls 4 News 49 32 19 tried to control the agenda Kleine Zeitung 46 35 19 but plans to reform the News in search News in social NEWS 42 34 24 popular public service Kronen Zeitung 41 25 34 media (ORF) have now RTL News 40 32 28 been greatly reduced. 24% 17% Oe24 36 32 32 Heute 32 29 39 GMX 27 40 33 0% 25% 50% 75% 100% Trust = % scored 6-10 on 10-point scale, Don’t trust = 0-4, Neither = 5. Those that haven’t heard of each brand were excluded.

TOP SOCIAL MEDIA AND MESSAGING PAY Rank Brand For News For All Rank Brand For News For All

1 Facebook 30% (-1) 60% 4 Instagram 9% (+1) 30% 11% +2 pay for 2 WhatsApp 23% (-) 76% 5 Facebook Messenger 7% (+1) 31%

ONLINE NEWS 3 YouTube 21% (-2) 63% 6 Twitter 5% (+1) 10% Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism / Digital News Report 2020 64

Population 12m Internet penetration 94% BELGIUM

WEEKLY REACH TV, RADIO AND PRINT (FLEMISH) ONLINE (FLEMISH) OFFLINE AND ONLINE Eén (VRT) 4412 Het Laatste Nieuws online 1051 VTM 4312 VRT Nieuws online 3512

Het Laatste Nieuws 3513 Het Nieuwsblad online 319

TOP BRANDS Radio 2 (VRT) 248 De Standaard online 166

% Weekly usage Het Nieuwsblad 228 De Morgen online 125 Weekly use Canvas (VRT) 189 Gazet van Antwerpen online 104 TV, radio & print Radio 1 (VRT) 186 Het Belang van Limburg online 103

More than 3 days per week Qmusic 166 De Tijd online 93 TV, radio & print VRT 73% MNM (VRT) 157 MSN News 47 (Public Weekly use Studio Brussel (VRT) 136 broadcaster) Knack.be (incl. trends.knack.be, kanaalz.knack.be) 47 online brands weekly reach Joe FM 115 across TV BBC News online 6 More than 3 days per week and radio online brands Metro 106 Newsmonkey.be 5

TV, RADIO AND PRINT (FRENCH) ONLINE (FRENCH)

PAY RTL 4813 RTL News online 3710

La Une (RTBF ) 4614 RTBF News online 2710 100% 12% TF1 (France) 2810 DH online 2310 Tablet pay for ONLINE NEWS Bel-RTL 238 Le Soir online 208 Smartphone 70% 100% Vivacité (RTBF) 229 7sur7 207 Computer Wallonia 11% | Flanders 12% Social media 58% Le Soir 168 L'Avenir online 197 57% 82% 78% 50% Online (incl. social media) 75% Metro 169 72% 39%MSN News 135 France Télévisions (France 2, France 3) 167 PrintedLa Libre newspapers126 RTBF 68% 20% 19% 50%Regional or local46% newspapers 159 RegionalTV news sites 115 45% (Public 39% 26% La Deux (RTBF) 149 broadcaster) 39% Yahoo! News 85 0% listened to weekly reach 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 PODCASTS Radio Contact 145 across TV L'Echo 37 and radio in the last month La Première (RTBF) 146 Euronews 37 0% 2016 0 2017 2018 2019 2020

DIFFERENT TYPES OF TRUST SOURCES OF NEWS Online (incl. social media) TV DEVICES FOR NEWS 2016–20 Print 2016–20 News overall News I use Social media

100% 100% 45% (-4) 50% Social media Tablet =10th/40 82% 77% Online (incl. social media) Smartphone Wallonia 36% Wallonia 42% 75% 70% Flanders 51% Flanders 56% 63% Printed newspapers Computer 55% 50% 46% 50% TV 49% News in search News in social 41% 45% 39% 33% 27% 18% 20% 19% Wallonia 25% Wallonia 19% Flanders 28% Flanders 17% 0% 0% 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020

TOP SOCIAL MEDIA AND MESSAGING BRAND TRUST SCORES BRAND TRUST SCORES (FLEMISH) (FRENCH)

Rank Brand For For Trust Neither Don’t trust Trust Neither Don’t trust News All VRT Nieuws 78 15 7 RTBF News 74 19 7 Radio 1 75 19 6 Le Soir 69 23 8 1 Facebook 41% (-1) 67% De Standaard 74 19 7 La Première 67 25 8 De Tijd 74 20 6 RTL 66 22 12 2 YouTube 16% (-1) 52% VTM Nieuws 74 17 9 France 2 65 27 8 Radio 2 74 19 7 Vivacité 65 24 11 3 Facebook Messenger 12% (-) 47% De Morgen 70 20 10 Bel-RTL 63 24 13 Het Nieuwsblad 70 21 9 TF1 62 25 13 Knack 68 23 9 Regional or local paper 60 30 10 4 WhatsApp 9% (-1) 41% Het Laatste Nieuws 67 20 13 DH 59 27 14 Regional or local paper 67 25 8 L'Avenir 59 29 12 5 Instagram 8% (+1) 28% Gazet van Antwerpen 66 24 10 Radio Contact 56 31 13 Qmusic 60 28 12 7sur7 53 33 14 6 Twitter 5% (+1) 13% Metro 60 28 12 Metro 52 35 13 Joe FM 58 29 13 MSN News 41 37 22 0% 25% 50% 75% 100% 0% 25% 50% 75% 100% Trust = % scored 6-10 on 10-point scale, Don’t trust = 0-4, Neither = 5. Trust = % scored 6-10 on 10-point scale, Don’t trust = 0-4, Neither = 5. Those that haven’t heard of each brand were excluded. Those that haven’t heard of each brand were excluded. 64 / 65

Population 7m * Internet penetration 67% BULGARIA

WEEKLY REACH NovaTV News 7410 Nova TV News online 5010 OFFLINE AND BTV News 7010 BTV News online 4710 ONLINE BNT News (Bulgarian National Television) 5113 ABV News online 4412 24 Chasa 2033 novini.bg 3718 Bulgaria on Air 2410 24 Chasa online 3317 TV Evropa News 2310 dir.bg 3014 BNR News (Bulgarian National Radio) 217 BNT News online 277 TOP BRANDS Telegraf 1017 Blitz.bg 2311 % Weekly usage Kanal 3 177 Dnevnik online 2011 Weekly use Regional or local newspaper 1016 Bivol.bg 1019 TV, radio & print Trud 1015 Petel.bg 179 More than 3 days per week Darik (Radio) 147 Trud online 148 TV, radio & print Capital 107 Capital online 137 Weekly use CNN 95 Darik 135 online brands Monitor 68 BNR News online 135 More than 3 days per week online brands Standart 85 Bulgaria on Air online 125

SOURCES OF NEWS Online (incl. social media) DEVICES FOR NEWS CHANGING MEDIA TV 2018–20 Print 2018–20 Television remains an Social media important source of news 100% 100% Social media Tablet in Bulgaria, with many of 88% 86% 78% 84% 77% Online (incl. social media) 74% Smartphone the main TV networks now 72% owned by businessmen 71% Printed67% newspapers 66% Computer with political connections. 50% 50% TV Independent media still operate in print and online 23% 24% 21% 17% while social media news 0% 0% use is amongst the highest 2018 2019 2020 2018 2019 2020 in Europe.

TRUST DIFFERENT BRAND TRUST SCORES TYPES Trust Neither Don’t trust Many news organisations in OF TRUST Bulgaria have become Bulgarian National Radio 72 16 12 reliant on funding from Bulgarian National Television 71 15 14 pro-government oligarchs News overall News I use Nova TV News 69 16 15 or foreign foundations. This BTV News 68 17 15 in turn may have reduced Novini 60 25 15 independence and trust – (-7) Capital 59 25 16 down seven percentage 33% 37% 24 Chasa 58 24 18 points this year. Public =25th/40 Trud 55 27 18 broadcasters BNT and BNR Dir 55 29 16 are less popular in terms of News in search News in social Dnevnik 55 28 17 reach than commercial Regional or local newspaper 55 28 17 rivals, but remain the Bivol 54 25 21 most trusted for news in 32% 28% ABV News 53 31 16 our survey. Sega 48 32 20 Blitz.bg 42 31 27 0% 25% 50% 75% 100% Trust = % scored 6-10 on 10-point scale, Don’t trust = 0-4, Neither = 5. Those that haven’t heard of each brand were excluded.

TOP SOCIAL MEDIA AND MESSAGING PAY Rank Brand For News For All Rank Brand For News For All

1 Facebook 69% (-5) 80% 4 Viber 17% (+1) 58% 10% +3 pay for 2 YouTube 35% (+1) 70% 5 Instagram 12% (+2) 31%

ONLINE NEWS 3 Facebook Messenger 20% (-) 57% 6 Twitter 8% (+2) 16%

*Data are from more urban areas, rather than a fully nationally representative sample. These will tend to represent richer and more connected users. Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism / Digital News Report 2020 66

Population 4.1m Internet penetration 92% CROATIA

WEEKLY REACH NovaTV News 5915 Index.hr 2061 OFFLINE AND HTV & HR News (public broadcaster) 5915 24sata online 5618 ONLINE RTL News 5715 Jutarnji online 4918 24sata 3618 Dnevnik.hr 2241 Jutarnji list 2916 Net.hr 4119 Otvoreni radio 239 Tportal.hr 3819 Večernji list 1018 Večernji online 3616 TOP BRANDS Local radio news 167 Dnevno.hr 2212 % Weekly usage Narodni radio 167 Telegram.hr 2010 Weekly use N1 156 Slobodna Dalmacija online 198 TV, radio & print Antena radio 125 RTL News online 1912 More than 3 days per week Slobodna Dalmacija 115 Direktno.hr 1611 TV, radio & print Regional or local newspaper 118 HRT News online (public broadcaster) 149 Weekly use Local television news 95 HRTi 116 online brands Al-Jazeera 85 Novilist.hr 104 More than 3 days per week online brands Novi list 37 N1 online 48

SOURCES OF NEWS Online (incl. social media) DEVICES FOR NEWS CHANGING MEDIA TV 2017–20 Print 2017–20 The Croatian media market Social media is characterised by strong 100% 100% Social media Tablet commercial television 91% 88% Online (incl. social media) 78% Smartphone providers and a print sector 79% 76% 72% struggling to adapt to digital. Printed newspapers 65% Computer 56% 55% 64% TV Internet penetration in 50% 43% 50% Croatia is now over 90% and 36% this growing connectedness 17% 16% is reflected in smartphone 0% 0% use – 78% now use the 2017 2018 2019 2020 2017 2018 2019 2020 device for news weekly.

TRUST DIFFERENT BRAND TRUST SCORES TYPES Trust Neither Don’t trust Trust in the news has been OF TRUST pretty much unchanged for NovaTV 73 17 10 the last two years, despite RTL 71 18 11 a series of media exposés News overall News I use Otvoreni radio 62 26 12 of corruption by Jutarnji list 61 24 15 government ministers. In Local and regional newspaper 59 26 15 regard to media brands, the (-1) Večernji list 58 26 16 two online portals 39% 42% HTV News (public television) 57 21 22 identified with the =17th/40 HR News (public radio) 56 25 19 right-wing (Dnevno.hr) and Tportal.hr 55 29 16 left/liberal (Index.hr) have News in search News in social index.hr 55 21 24 the highest levels of Slobodna Dalmacija 54 31 15 distrust. Mainstream 24sata 52 25 23 television and daily papers 32% 29% Net.hr 51 29 20 engender most trust. Telegram 49 30 21 Dnevno.hr 48 27 25 0% 25% 50% 75% 100% Trust = % scored 6-10 on 10-point scale, Don’t trust = 0-4, Neither = 5. Those that haven’t heard of each brand were excluded.

TOP SOCIAL MEDIA AND MESSAGING PAY Rank Brand For News For All Rank Brand For News For All

1 Facebook 55% (-1) 74% 4 Viber 14% (+1) 59% 7% +1 pay for 2 YouTube 28% (-) 74% 5 Facebook Messenger 11% (-1) 52%

ONLINE NEWS 3 WhatsApp 16% (+2) 61% 6 Instagram 10% (-) 37% 66 / 67

Population 10.6m Internet penetration 88% CZECH REPUBLIC

WEEKLY REACH Czech Television News (incl. 1, ČT24) 6010 Seznamz.cz/zpravy 4412 OFFLINE AND TV Nova News 4712 iDnes.cz 4314 ONLINE Prima News 3913 Novinky.cz 339 Mlada Fronta DNES 178 Aktualne.cz 3214 Televize Seznam 168 CT (Czech Television) News online 248 Czech Radio News 155 TN.cz 218 Regional or local newspaper 149 iPrima.cz 189 TOP BRANDS Radio Impuls News 147 Blesk.cz 157 % Weekly usage Blesk 136 Denik.cz 158 Weekly use Metro 126 Super.cz 116 TV, radio & print Frekvence 1 News 104 Lidovky.cz 95 More than 3 days per week TV Barrandov News 49 iHned.cz 69 ALSO TV, radio & print Parlamentnilisty.cz 15% Evropa 2 News 49 Extra.cz 57 Weekly use Prvnizpravy.cz. 4% Denik 69 Reex.cz 57 online brands Sputnik 3% Reex 46 DV T V.c z 37 More than 3 days per week Ac24.cz 3% online brands Lidove noviny 46 Tyden.cz 46 Aeronet.cz 2%

SOURCES OF NEWS Online (incl. social media) DEVICES FOR NEWS CHANGING MEDIA TV 2015–20 Print 2015–20* The Czech media market has Social media

experienced significant 100% 100% 91% Social media Tablet ownership concentration in 88% 85% 83% 76% Online (incl. social media) Smartphone recent years with control 70% Printed newspapers Computer shifting towards domestic 60% tycoons. Offline sources such 50% 41% 49% 50% TV as TV and print are becoming 37% 34% less important over time, 24% 16% 13% with the smartphone now a 0% 0% key device for accessing 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 online news. *2018 figures for computer use were likely overstated due to an error in polling.

TRUST DIFFERENT BRAND TRUST SCORES TYPES Trust Neither Don’t trust The tendency towards OF TRUST declining trust in news, Czech Television (public broadcaster) 62 19 19 recorded in previous years, Regional or local paper 61 29 10 has stalled, even if the News overall News I use Czech Radio (public broadcaster) 60 28 12 overall trust figures are still Hospodářské noviny 56 33 11 comparatively low. Public iDnes.cz 56 28 16 broadcasters remain most (-) Seznam.cz/zpravy 54 31 15 trusted alongside local and 33% 38% Aktualne.cz 53 34 13 regional news, while =25th/40 TV Prima 51 31 18 tabloids and some Mlada Fronta DNES 50 30 20 commercial TV stations are News in search News in social Novinky.cz 50 33 17 trusted least. Radio Impuls 48 36 16 Lidové noviny 48 36 16 29% 16% Denik N 48 39 13 TV Nova 42 26 32 Blesk 16 21 63 0% 25% 50% 75% 100% Trust = % scored 6-10 on 10-point scale, Don’t trust = 0-4, Neither = 5. Those that haven’t heard of each brand were excluded.

TOP SOCIAL MEDIA AND MESSAGING PAY Rank Brand For News For All Rank Brand For News For All

1 Facebook 45% (-5) 71% 4 WhatsApp 13% (+3) 41% 10% +3 pay for 2 YouTube 23% (-3) 66% 5 Instagram 9% (+1) 26%

ONLINE NEWS 3 Facebook Messenger 15% (-2) 50% 6 Twitter 4% (-) 8% Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism / Digital News Report 2020 68

Population 5.7m Internet penetration 98% DENMARK

WEEKLY REACH DR News incl. P1, P3, P4 (main public broadcaster) 5914 DR News online 359 OFFLINE AND TV2 Nyhederne (incl. TV2 News) 5410 TV2 News online 297 ONLINE Regional news via TV2 (Nord, Fyn, Lorry) 258 Ekstra-Bladet online 297 Local free weekly newspaper 1418 BT online 269 BT 114 Politiken online 147 Local or regional newspaper (eg Aarhus Stiƒstidende, JyskeVestkysten) 115 Jyllandsposten online 125 Ekstrabladet 104 Local weekly website 117 TOP BRANDS Commerical radio news (eg Nova FM, Radio 100) 49 Berlingske online 104 % Weekly usage Jyllandsposten 37 Local/regional newspaper website 104 Weekly use Politiken 62 Børsen online 62 TV, radio & print Berlingske 2 5 Dagens online 46 More than 3 days per week BBC News 3 5 Altinget online 63 TV, radio & print Børsen 2 4 Information online 46 Weekly use CNN 2 4 Avisen online 46 online brands ALSO Søndagsavisen 2 4 CNN.com 3 5 More than 3 days per week Den Korte Avis 4% online brands Weekendavisen 2 4 BBC News online 2 4 Zetland 3%

SOURCES OF NEWS Online (incl. social media) DEVICES FOR NEWS CHANGING MEDIA TV 2013–20 Print 2013–20 Danes are adjusting to Social media reductions in funding to public 100% 100% Social media Tablet service broadcasting which 85% came into effect in 2020. 81% 80% Online (incl. social media) Smartphone Printed newspapers 67% Computer Reach for public broadcasters 62% 57% and for TV news has fallen 50% 49% 47% 50% TV 43% 46% significantly since 2013. 31% 29% Meanwhile commercial print 21% 25% newspapers, many of whom 0% 0% were already struggling, have 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 received some government support following the COVID-19 crisis.

TRUST DIFFERENT BRAND TRUST SCORES TYPES Trust Neither Don’t trust Trust in the news overall OF TRUST has fallen substantially in DR News (main public broadcaster) 78 15 7 the last year (down 11 TV2 Nyherderne 77 15 8 percentage points) but, News overall News I use Børsen 71 23 6 despite some decline, trust Politiken 69 22 9 in specific media brands Berlingske 69 23 8 remains relatively high (-11) Jyllands Posten 69 22 9 compared to other 46% 52% Local or regional newspaper 68 24 8 countries. Public 9th/40 Information 66 25 9 broadcasters DR and TV2 Kristeligt Dagblad 58 29 13 still carry the most trust, News in search News in social Radio 4 News 54 34 12 with popular tabloid Ekstra Søndagsavisen 53 35 12 Bladet trusted least. Avisen.dk 43 41 16 21% 14% BT 42 29 29 Dagens.dk 40 38 22 Ekstra Bladet 32 26 42 0% 25% 50% 75% 100% Trust = % scored 6-10 on 10-point scale, Don’t trust = 0-4, Neither = 5. Those that haven’t heard of each brand were excluded.

TOP SOCIAL MEDIA AND MESSAGING PAY Rank Brand For News For All Rank Brand For News For All

1 Facebook 37% (+1) 74% 4 Instagram 7% (+1) 37% 17% +2 pay for 2 YouTube 10% (+1) 53% 5 Twitter 5% (-) 12%

ONLINE NEWS 3 Facebook Messenger 9% (+1) 55% 6 WhatsApp 2% (-1) 11% 68 / 69

Population 5.6m Internet penetration 94% FINLAND

WEEKLY REACH Yle News (public broadcaster) 6713 Ilta-Sanomat online 5913 OFFLINE AND MTV3 News 5215 Iltalehti online 5611 ONLINE Free city papers 3021 Yle News online (incl news via Areena) 3912 Ilta-Sanomat 218 Helsingin Sanomat online 319 Regional newspapers (eg Turun Sanomat, Karjalainen) 205 MTV News online (incl Katsomo news) 249 Local newspapers (eg Raahen Seutu, Suur-Keuruu) 2012 Regional newspapers online 166 Helsingin Sanomat 186 Kauppalehti online 137 TOP BRANDS Iltalehti 187 Local newspapers online 126 % Weekly usage Commercial radio news 157 Taloussanomat online 128 Weekly use Talouselämä 46 Uusisuomi online 48 TV, radio & print Suomen Kuvalehti 4 5 Talouselämä online 85 More than 3 days per week Kauppalehti 3 5 Free city papers online 85 TV, radio & print ALSO BBC News 3 5 MSN News 47 Weekly use Uusi MV-lehti 3% CNN 3 Foreign newspapers online 46 online brands Nykysuomi 2% Other foreign TV news channels 3 BBC News online 3 5 More than 3 days per week Oikea Media 2% online brands Maaseudun Tulevaisuus 3 Suomen Kuvalehti online 4 5 Kansalainen 2%

SOURCES OF NEWS Online (incl. social media) DEVICES FOR NEWS CHANGING MEDIA TV 2015–20 Print 2014–20 The news media is Social media characterised by a strong 100% 100% Social media Tablet regional press, a strong public 90% 88% 80%Online (incl. social media) Smartphone broadcaster (YLE), one widely 75% 69% read national daily (Helsingin 64% Printed newspapers Computer 53% 58% Sanomat), and two popular 50% 43% 50% TV 41% evening tabloids, both 40% 37% reaching over half of the adult 23% 22% population. TV audiences 0% 0% continue to fall, while online 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 the smartphone has overtaken computers for accessing news for the first time.

TRUST DIFFERENT BRAND TRUST SCORES TYPES Trust Neither Don’t trust While still comparatively OF TRUST very high, trust in news is Yle News 84 8 8 slowly declining. This may Local newspapers 81 14 5 be because of polarising News overall News I use Helsingin Sanomat 79 11 10 tendencies in this Kauppalehti 79 15 6 traditionally consensual Regional newspapers 78 16 6 society or because the (-3) Suomen Kuvalehti 78 16 6 debate about so called 56% 69% Talouselämä 77 17 6 ‘fake news’ has undermined =1st/40 MTV News 77 13 10 trust overall. The national Taloussanomat 77 17 6 broadcasting company Yle News in search News in social Maaseudun Tulevaisuus 71 20 9 remains the most trusted Commercial radio news 66 21 13 news source in Finland Ilta-Sanomat 62 16 22 while the popular tabloids 26% 16% Uusisuomi 62 26 12 have highest levels of Free city papers 60 25 15 distrust. Iltalehti 59 17 24 0% 25% 50% 75% 100% Trust = % scored 6-10 on 10-point scale, Don’t trust = 0-4, Neither = 5. Those that haven’t heard of each brand were excluded.

TOP SOCIAL MEDIA AND MESSAGING PAY Rank Brand For News For All Rank Brand For News For All

1 Facebook 32% (+2) 68% 4 Twitter 8% (-) 19% 19% +3 pay for 2 YouTube 15% (+1) 67% 5 Instagram 7% (+1) 40%

ONLINE NEWS 3 WhatsApp 12% (+2) 66% 6 Facebook Messenger 5% (-1) 40% Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism / Digital News Report 2020 70

Population 65m Internet penetration 92% FRANCE

WEEKLY REACH BFM TV News 3812 20 Minutes online 198 OFFLINE AND France Télévisions (public broadcaster) 369 Le Monde online 147 ONLINE TF1 News (incl. TF1, LCI, TMC) 349 Regional or local newspaper website 146 M6 News 2810 TF1 News online 135 Regional or local newspaper 1811 Le Figaro online 126 Public radio (France Inter etc) 166 France Info (public broadcaster) 115 Commercial radio news (RTL etc) 155 M6 online 104 TOP BRANDS 20 Minutes 148 BFM TV online 103 % Weekly usage Cnews 125 Le HuPost 106 Weekly use Ouest France 48 Yahoo! News 49 TV, radio & print Le Monde 48 Médiapart 85 More than 3 days per week Le Parisien/Aujourd'hui en France 47 Brut 47 TV, radio & print ALSO France 24 46 L'Express online 57 Weekly use Le Média 4% Le Figaro 63 MSN News 47 online brands RT online 3% Canal+ 2 5 Le Point online 63 More than 3 days per week Sputnik France 3% online brands La Voix du Nord 3 5 Cnews online 63 Fdesouche 2%

SOURCES OF NEWS Online (incl. social media) DEVICES FOR NEWS CHANGING MEDIA TV 2013–20 Print 2013–20 TV news reach continues to Social media decline even if people still turn 100% 100% Social media Tablet to this medium during 84% Online (incl. social media) Smartphone moments of national crisis. The 66% 68% Printed newspapers Computer Yellow Vests protests boosted 64% 59% use of social media for news in 50% 50% TV50% 46% 41% 2019 before falling back. 39% French people are now more 24% 18% 15% 16% likely to access news from a 11% 0% 0% smartphone than a computer. 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020

TRUST DIFFERENT BRAND TRUST SCORES TYPES Trust Neither Don’t trust Trust in news in France is OF TRUST amongst the lowest (23%) Regional or local newspaper 62 28 10 in Europe – partly affected France Info 58 30 12 by the divisions that News overall News I use France Télévisions News 58 26 16 emerged around the Yellow Le Monde 57 30 13 Vests protests and the France Inter 55 32 13 media’s coverage of it. While (-1) France Bleu 52 37 11 public media such as France 23% 34% Le Figaro 49 35 16 Télévisions and France Info 39th/40 Mediapart 48 34 18 are most trusted, popular TF1 News 48 31 21 24-hour channel BFM has News in search News in social Le Parisien/Aujourd’hui en France 47 37 16 by far the highest levels of L'Express 47 37 16 distrust (34%). 20 Minutes 47 38 15 18% 13% M6 News 47 36 17 BFM TV News 42 24 34 Le HuPost 39 43 18 0% 25% 50% 75% 100% Trust = % scored 6-10 on 10-point scale, Don’t trust = 0-4, Neither = 5. Those that haven’t heard of each brand were excluded.

TOP SOCIAL MEDIA AND MESSAGING PAY Rank Brand For News For All Rank Brand For News For All

1 Facebook 43% (-3) 63% 4 Twitter 9% (-) 16% 10% +1 pay for 2 YouTube 23% (-1) 54% 5 Instagram 9% (+1) 27%

ONLINE NEWS 3 Facebook Messenger 12% (-1) 39% 6 WhatsApp 9% (+1) 28% 70 / 71

Population 82m Internet penetration 96% GERMANY

WEEKLY REACH ARD News (Tagesschau, Tagesthemen) 5515 Spiegel online 178 OFFLINE AND ZDF News (heute, heute-journal etc) 4719 ARD News online (tagesschau.de etc) 156 ONLINE Regional or local newspaper 3213 t-online 145 RTL News 2510 Bild.de 145 Public regional radio news 228 Focus online 126 Public regional TV news 2010 Web.de 124 n-tv 188 Gmx.de 124 TOP BRANDS N24 169 Regional or local news websites 114 % Weekly usage Commerical radio news 166 ZEIT online 106 Weekly use Sat.1 News 137 n-tv.de 104 TV, radio & print Der Spiegel 107 Sueddeutsche.de 49 More than 3 days per week Bild/Bild am Sonntag 49 Welt online 49 ALSO TV, radio & print Tichys Einblick 4% Free city paper 57 N24.de 48 Weekly use Junge Freiheit 3% Commercial regional TV news 47 Stern.de 47 online brands Compact Online 2% Focus 57 ZDF News online (heute.de etc) 47 More than 3 days per week PI News 2% online brands Stern 57 FAZ.NET 46 Epoch Times 2%

SOURCES OF NEWS Online (incl. social media) DEVICES FOR NEWS CHANGING MEDIA TV 2013–20 Print 2013–20 Online has caught up with Social media television to become jointly 100% 100% Social media Tablet the most widely used source 82% Online (incl. social media) Smartphone of news in Germany in our 70% 66% 71% 70% Printed newspapers Computer January survey – though the 63% 58% COVID-19 lockdown reversed 50% 50% TV 49% 37% that position in April (see 33% 22% Executive Summary chart). 18% 22% Meanwhile the smartphone 10% 0% 0% has overtaken the computer 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 as the main access point for news.

TRUST DIFFERENT BRAND TRUST SCORES TYPES Trust Neither Don’t trust Trust in news media OF TRUST decreased further in 2020, ARD Tagesschau 70 17 13 though trust in the brands ZDF heute 68 18 14 people use themselves News overall News I use Local newspaper 64 25 11 remains relatively high. Die ZEIT 60 27 13 Public media such as ARD Süddeutsche Zeitung 60 27 13 and ZDF remain most (-2) n-tv 59 27 14 trusted, along with regional 45% 59% N24 59 27 14 and local newspapers. We =10th/40 FAZ 57 29 14 observe the highest level of Der Spiegel 57 25 18 distrust in commercial News in search News in social Focus 54 28 18 broadcaster RTL (30%) and Stern 51 28 21 tabloid newspaper Bild Sat.1 News 46 30 24 (58%), despite their 24% 14% RTL News 42 28 30 popularity with audiences. t-online 40 38 22 Bild 20 22 58 0% 25% 50% 75% 100% Trust = % scored 6-10 on 10-point scale, Don’t trust = 0-4, Neither = 5. Those that haven’t heard of each brand were excluded.

TOP SOCIAL MEDIA AND MESSAGING PAY Rank Brand For News For All Rank Brand For News For All

1 Facebook 22% (-) 49% 4 Instagram 6% (-) 25% 10% +2 pay for 2 WhatsApp 16% (-) 69% 5 Twitter 6% (+1) 13%

ONLINE NEWS 3 YouTube 14% (-5) 55% 6 Facebook Messenger 4% (-) 22% Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism / Digital News Report 2020 72

Population 11m * Internet penetration 73% GREECE

WEEKLY REACH SKAI News (incl. radio) 5517 Newsbomb.gr 3418 OFFLINE AND ANT1 News 4919 Dikaiologitika.gr 3014 ONLINE Alpha News 4519 In.gr 2715 ERT (incl. ERT3 & ERA1) (public broadcaster) 3615 News247.gr 2715 Star News 3516 Proto Thema online 2613 Open News 3015 Kathimerini online 2514 Real News (print & radio) 1811 SKAI online 2414 TOP BRANDS A regional or local newspaper 1813 Newsit.gr 2314 % Weekly usage Kathimerini 1217 CNN Greece online 1221 Weekly use Proto Thema 1015 Newsbeast.gr 2013 TV, radio & print Ta Nea 1013 mixanitouxronou.gr 1911 More than 3 days per week To Vima 1013 Zougla.gr 1911 TV, radio & print BBC News 116 Lifo.gr 1811 Weekly use Ethnos 107 Ie merida.gr 1017 online brands CNN 105 Capital.gr 169 More than 3 days per week online brands Emerida ton Syntakton 95 Naemporiki online 169

SOURCES OF NEWS Online (incl. social media) DEVICES FOR NEWS CHANGING MEDIA TV 2016–20 Print 2016–20 The media market in Greece is Social media characterised by online 100% 96% 100% Tablet fragmentation, a changing 92% Social media Online (incl. social media) Smartphone and polarised TV market, a 74% 71% 72% 68% Computer print sector in crisis and one 66% 67% Printed newspapers 62% of the highest uses of social 50% 50% TV47% media for news. Smartphones 31% 28% are now used to access news 24% 24% more often than computers 0% 0% for the first time. 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020

TRUST DIFFERENT BRAND TRUST SCORES TYPES Trust Neither Don’t trust The media remain widely OF TRUST distrusted by Greeks, with Dikaiologitika.gr 62 26 12 few outlets seen as Kathimerini 62 21 17 independent from political News overall News I use Alpha News 59 24 17 or business interests. Fewer Ant1 News 58 22 20 than a third (30%) trust the Real News 58 23 19 news they use themselves (+1) Regional or local newspaper 57 30 13 – amongst the lowest in our 28% 30% To Vima 56 25 19 survey. Many of the popular =32nd/40 in.gr 56 27 17 sources such as SKAI News ERT News (public broadcaster) 55 23 22 and Newsbomb are also the News in search News in social news247.gr 54 30 16 least trusted. Emerida ton Sintakton 54 25 21 Star News 53 24 23 32% 21% Proto Thema 52 23 25 SKAI News 51 18 31 Newsbomb.gr 48 28 24 0% 25% 50% 75% 100% Trust = % scored 6-10 on 10-point scale, Don’t trust = 0-4, Neither = 5. Those that haven’t heard of each brand were excluded.

TOP SOCIAL MEDIA AND MESSAGING PAY Rank Brand For News For All Rank Brand For News For All

1 Facebook 57% (-1) 78% 4 Viber 17% (-) 57% 11% +4 pay for 2 YouTube 32% (-4) 77% 5 Instagram 16% (+1) 46%

ONLINE NEWS 3 Facebook Messenger 22% (-3) 62% 6 Twitter 13% (+1) 25%

*Data are from more urban areas, rather than a fully nationally representative sample. These will tend to represent richer and more connected users. 72 / 73

Population 9.7m Internet penetration 89% HUNGARY

WEEKLY REACH RTL Klub 6019 index.hu 4420 OFFLINE AND TV2 3917 24.hu 2442 ONLINE ATV 2812 origo.hu 3417 Hír TV 1221 hvg.hu 2917 Blikk 2015 rtlklub.hu 2914 MTV (public television) 2010 444.hu 2916 Duna TV 1911 blikk.hu 2214 HVG 1711 tv2.hu 219 Magyar Rádió (public radio news) 157 atv.hu 199 Weekly use Rádió 1 158 168ora.hu 139 TV, radio & print Regional or local paper 117 hirtv.hu 127 More than 3 days per week Bors 107 hirado.hu (public broadcaster) 127 TV, radio & print Nemzeti Sport 69 napi.hu 107 Weekly use Regional or local TV/radio 47 borsonline.hu 107 online brands 168 óra 57 Regional/local newspaper website 97 More than 3 days per week online brands Magyar Nemzet 46 portfolio.hu 85

SOURCES OF NEWS Online (incl. social media) DEVICES FOR NEWS CHANGING MEDIA TV 2016–20 Print 2016–20* Government allies have Social media strengthened their grip on 100% 100% Social media Tablet the media market in recent 88% 84% Online (incl. social media) Smartphone years through distribution 72% 74% 67% 67% 64% Printed newspapers Computer of state advertising, control 64% 59% 50% 50% TV over public service media, 43% and smear campaigns 27% against critical journalists. 15% But independent journalism 12% 11% 0% 0% flourishes online, with 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 social media like Facebook *2018 figures for computer use were likely overstated due to an error in polling. and YouTube also widely used for news.

TRUST DIFFERENT BRAND TRUST SCORES TYPES Trust Neither Don’t trust Low trust has become a OF TRUST constant feature of the HVG 63 22 15 Hungarian media scene, RTL Klub 61 21 18 while accusations of bias, News overall News I use Index.hu 57 25 18 distortion, and 24.hu 55 26 19 disinformation abound. 168 óra 54 28 18 The government often (-1) ATV 53 24 23 labels critical media 27% 53% 444.hu 48 28 24 outlets ‘fake-news’. Despite =35th/40 Regional or local newspaper 47 27 26 this, the public places most Népszava 46 30 24 trust in well-established News in search News in social Origo.hu 45 24 31 brands (HVG, RTL Klub, Hír TV 44 23 33 Index.hu), whereas Magyar Nemzet 43 28 29 pro-government brands 39% 25% MTV 41 20 39 (including the public TV2 38 21 41 service broadcaster, MTV) Blikk 29 29 42 tend to be less trusted. 0% 25% 50% 75% 100% Trust = % scored 6-10 on 10-point scale, Don’t trust = 0-4, Neither = 5. Those that haven’t heard of each brand were excluded.

TOP SOCIAL MEDIA AND MESSAGING PAY Rank Brand For News For All Rank Brand For News For All

1 Facebook 61% (-1) 82% 4 Instagram 7% (-) 31% 10% +3 pay for 2 YouTube 27% (-2) 73% 5 Viber 5% (+1) 29%

ONLINE NEWS 3 Facebook Messenger 13% (-3) 67% 6 Twitter 4% (-) 13% Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism / Digital News Report 2020 74

Population 4.8m Internet penetration 92% IRELAND

WEEKLY REACH RTÉ News (public broadcaster) 1661 RTÉ News online 3312 OFFLINE AND Sky News 3111 TheJournal.ie 1331 ONLINE BBC News 2912 Irish Independent online 1231 Irish Independent/Sunday Independent 2816 BreakingNews.ie 2412 Today FM 2210 BBC News online 178 Local radio news 197 Sky News online 177 Virgin Media TV News 198 Irish Times online 178 TOP BRANDS Newstalk 188 Local radio news online 136 % Weekly usage The Irish Times 1018 Her.ie/ joe.ie 127 Weekly use ITV or Channel 4 News 126 Irish Mirror online 116 TV, radio & print Local/regional newspaper 118 Irish Examiner online 105 More than 3 days per week Irish Mirror 106 BuzzFeed News 69 TV, radio & print Irish Daily Mail 106 Yahoo! News 49 Weekly use Irish Daily Sun 107 MailOnline 83 online brands Regional radio news 105 The Times (Ireland) online 48 More than 3 days per week online brands CNN 93 Guardian online 48

SOURCES OF NEWS Online (incl. social media) DEVICES FOR NEWS CHANGING MEDIA TV 2015–20 Print 2015–20 Traditional sources of news Social media such as television and print 100% 100% Social media Tablet appear to be in structural 83% Online (incl. social media) decline, though industry data 76% 80% 74% Smartphone 69% show television audiences 64% Printed newspapers Computer 50% 50% 50% 50% TV52% increasing sharply during the 49% 46% COVID-19 lockdown. In line 32% with international trends, the 22% 22% use of smartphones has 0% 0% continued to increase over the 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 past six years rising to 69%.

TRUST DIFFERENT BRAND TRUST SCORES TYPES Trust Neither Don’t trust Irish consumers’ levels of OF TRUST trust in news has remained RTÉ News 76 13 11 stable over the past year, Irish Times 75 16 9 bucking international News overall News I use BBC News 75 15 10 trends. In both 2019 and Irish Independent 73 17 10 2020 almost half (48%) Sky News 73 16 11 agreed they can trust most (-) Local or regional newspaper 71 20 9 news most of the time. The 48% 52% The Sunday Times 69 20 11 public service broadcaster =7th/40 Newstalk 69 21 10 RTÉ remains the most Today FM 68 21 11 trusted news brand, closely News in search News in social Irish Examiner 68 22 10 followed by the Irish Times Virgin Media TV News 64 24 12 and the Irish Independent, Breakingnews.ie 62 25 13 now under foreign 31% 18% Journal.ie 61 25 14 ownership. Irish Daily Mail 50 25 25 her.ie/joe.ie 44 34 22 0% 25% 50% 75% 100% Trust = % scored 6-10 on 10-point scale, Don’t trust = 0-4, Neither = 5. Those that haven’t heard of each brand were excluded.

TOP SOCIAL MEDIA AND MESSAGING PAY Rank Brand For News For All Rank Brand For News For All

1 Facebook 39% (+2) 65% 4 Twitter 14% (+2) 24% 12% - pay for 2 YouTube 22% (+5) 62% 5 Instagram 11% (+4) 35%

ONLINE NEWS 3 WhatsApp 19% (+4) 62% 6 Facebook Messenger 9% (-) 44% 74 / 75

Population 59m Internet penetration 93% ITALY

WEEKLY REACH RAI TV News (Tg1, Tg2, Tg3, TgR) 4414 TgCom24 online (Mediaset) 2411 OFFLINE AND Mediaset TV News (Tg4, Tg5, Studio Aperto) 4211 SkyTg24 online 209 ONLINE TgCom24 (Mediaset) 2815 Fanpage 2010 SkyTg24 2610 ANSA online 189 RAI News24 2211 La Repubblica online 189 Tg La7 219 Il Corriere della Sera online 168 Il Corriere della Sera 159 RAI News online 149 La Repubblica 159 Il Fatto Quotidiano online 137 Porta a Porta 1014 Notizie Libero online 115 Weekly use Commercial radio news 147 Yahoo! News 117 TV, radio & print Piazza Pulita 1013 Commercial radio news online 116 More than 3 days per week Regional or local newspaper 138 HuPost 117 TV, radio & print RAI radio news (Gr1, Gr2, Gr3) 126 Il Sole 24 ore online 106 Weekly use Non è l'Arena 1012 Local newspaper online 105 online brands Dritto e Rovescio 97 TgLa7 online 105 More than 3 days per week online brands La Stampa 69 La Stampa online 85

SOURCES OF NEWS Online (incl. social media) DEVICES FOR NEWS CHANGING MEDIA TV 2013–20 Print 2013–20* Newspaper readership Social media continues to fall steadily 100% 100% Social media Tablet while television news 80% 74% Online (incl. social media) Smartphone viewership has been more 74% 73% Printed newspapers Computer stable than in many other 59% 58% 63% countries. The smartphone 50% 50% 50% TV is now the main device used 38% 27% 22% 25% to get online news with 17% around two-thirds (63%) of 14% 0% 0% our sample using it for news 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 each week. *2018 figures for computer use were likely overstated due to an error in polling.

TRUST DIFFERENT BRAND TRUST SCORES TYPES Trust Neither Don’t trust Trust in news is particularly OF TRUST low. This long-standing ANSA 80 15 5 trend is mainly due to the SkyTG24 74 19 7 partisan nature of Italian News overall News I use Il Sole 24 ore 72 20 8 journalism and to the RAI News (public broadcaster) 70 20 10 strong influence of political Tg La7 67 22 11 and business interests on (-11) Il Corriere della Sera 65 24 11 news organisations. Brands 29% 38% Local or regional newspaper 64 26 10 that are most trusted are =30th/40 La Repubblica 61 23 16 generally those that are La Stampa 59 27 14 known for lower levels of News in search News in social Il Fatto Quotidiano 58 25 17 political partisanship. Least Mediaset News 57 22 21 trusted is the popular Il Giornale 51 27 22 digital-born website Fanpage. 30% 19% Porta a Porta 50 26 24 Libero Quotidiano 49 26 25 Fanpage 45 32 23 0% 25% 50% 75% 100% Trust = % scored 6-10 on 10-point scale, Don’t trust = 0-4, Neither = 5. Those that haven’t heard of each brand were excluded.

TOP SOCIAL MEDIA AND MESSAGING PAY Rank Brand For News For All Rank Brand For News For All

1 Facebook 56% (+2) 75% 4 Instagram 17% (+4) 48% 10% +1 pay for 2 WhatsApp 29% (+2) 82% 5 Facebook Messenger 9% (+1) 41%

ONLINE NEWS 3 YouTube 24% (-1) 67% 6 Twitter 9% (+1) 18% Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism / Digital News Report 2020 76

Population 17m Internet penetration 96% NETHERLANDS

WEEKLY REACH NOS News (public broadcaster) 6013 NU.nl 4213 OFFLINE AND RTL (incl. RTL Z and EditieNL) 3312 Algemeen Dagblad online 2910 ONLINE SBS news 259 NOS News online 2910 Free local newspapers 2216 De Telegraaf online 259 Local/regional newspaper 198 RTL News online 188 De Telegraaf 186 Regional/local TV news online 135 Algemeen Dagblad 186 Regional or local newspaper website 126 TOP BRANDS Other NPO TV news programmes 177 SBS News online 95 % Weekly usage Regional TV news stations 157 de Volkskrant online 95 Weekly use Commercial radio news 155 MSN News 48 TV, radio & print Regional radio news stations 115 Geen Stijl 63 More than 3 days per week Metro 116 Linda News 3 5 TV, radio & print de Volkskrant 95 NRC online 3 5 Weekly use Non-daily regional/local newspaper 67 BBC News online 3 5 online brands CNN 47 Metro online 3 5 More than 3 days per week online brands BBC News 47 Nederlands Dagblad online 3 5

SOURCES OF NEWS Online (incl. social media) DEVICES FOR NEWS CHANGING MEDIA TV 2015–20 Print 2015–20* Traditional forms of news such Social media as TV and print have become 100% 100% Social media Tablet less important in the last six 80% years (pre-coronavirus) while 77% Online (incl. social media) Smartphone 76% 64% online news has remained 67% Printed newspapers 60% Computer TV broadly flat. The smartphone 50% 43% 50% 42% 43% 42% 39% is now the most popular 33% device for digital news while 25% 24% the tablet is more important 0% 0% than in many other countries. 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 *2018 computer figures were likely overstated due to an error in data collection.

TRUST DIFFERENT BRAND TRUST SCORES TYPES Trust Neither Don’t trust Trust is still relatively high OF TRUST in the Netherlands (4th NOS News 81 12 7 place) by international Local/regional newspaper 76 18 6 standards with more than News overall News I use RTL News 75 17 8 six in ten (61%) trusting the NU (Nu.nl) 74 20 6 sources they use AD (Algemeen Dagblad) 74 19 7 themselves. Public news (-1) NRC Handelsblad 70 23 7 broadcaster NOS leads the 52% 61% De Volkskrant 70 22 8 brand trust scores along 4th/40 Trouw 69 24 7 with regional and local Het Financieele Dagblad 69 23 8 papers. Some tabloids and News in search News in social Hart van Nederland (SBS News) 63 23 14 partisan brands have lower BNR news radio 63 28 9 trust scores. Metro 60 30 10 31% 20% De Telegraaf 60 22 18 Linda News 44 34 22 GeenStijl 35 32 33 0% 25% 50% 75% 100% Trust = % scored 6-10 on 10-point scale, Don’t trust = 0-4, Neither = 5. Those that haven’t heard of each brand were excluded.

TOP SOCIAL MEDIA AND MESSAGING PAY Rank Brand For News For All Rank Brand For News For All

1 Facebook 28% (-) 60% 4 Instagram 9% (+3) 32% 14% +3 pay for 2 WhatsApp 20% (+2) 73% 5 Twitter 7% (-) 14%

ONLINE NEWS 3 YouTube 15% (+1) 51% 6 Facebook Messenger 5% (+1) 28% 76 / 77

Population 5.4m Internet penetration 98% NORWAY

WEEKLY REACH NRK TV & radio (public broadcaster) 5616 VG Nett 5012 OFFLINE AND TV2 News 4813 NRK News online 349 ONLINE Local or regional paper 2310 Dagbladet online 3210 VG (Verdens Gang) 2311 TV2 News online 289 P4 News (radio) 168 Nettavisen 2612 A
enposten 146 A
enposten online 239 Local radio news 135 Local or regional websites 206 Dagbladet 127 ABC News online 125 Local TV news 116 Dagens Næringsliv online 104 Weekly use Radio Norge 106 Bergens Tidende online 104 TV, radio & print BBC News 48 BBC News online 47 More than 3 days per week CNN 47 Adresseavisen online 62 TV, radio & print ALSO Dagens Næringsliv 63 CNN.com 63 Weekly use Resett 8% Bergens Tidende 63 Dagsavisen online 46 online brands Document 7% Klassekampen 2 4 MSN News 2 5 More than 3 days per week Human Rights Service 5% online brands Adresseavisa 2 4 P4 online 2 4 Radikalportal 1%

SOURCES OF NEWS Online (incl. social media) DEVICES FOR NEWS CHANGING MEDIA TV 2016–20 Print 2016–20 The vast majority of Social media Norwegians (88%) use 100% 100% Social media Tablet online news weekly, one of 86% 88% Online (incl. social media) Smartphone the highest figures in our 72% 66% 72% survey, while traditional 61% Printed64% newspapers Computer 54% news sources – print and 50% 52% 50% TV 52% 41% television – are in decline. 36% 27% Online patterns are shifting 25% from computers to 0% 0% smartphones, which are 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 now by far the number one device for news in Norway.

TRUST DIFFERENT BRAND TRUST SCORES TYPES Trust Neither Don’t trust Trust in news remains lower OF TRUST than some other Nordic NRK News 80 11 9 countries though still above Local or regional newspaper 76 15 9 international averages. News overall News I use A‚enposten 75 15 10 Trust remains strong in the TV2 News 75 14 11 main media brands Dagens Næringsliv 72 20 8 including public (-1) VG 63 18 19 broadcaster NRK, 45% 58% Dagbladet 62 19 19 commercial channel TV2, =10th/40 P4 62 26 12 and broadsheet and tabloid Radio Norge 60 28 12 newspapers and their News in search News in social Dagsavisen 59 27 14 online sites. Partisan and Nettavisen 54 25 21 alternative brands like Klassekampen 52 29 19 Document and Resett are 28% 17% ABC News 46 34 20 least trusted. Document.no 32 27 41 Resett 29 25 46 0% 25% 50% 75% 100% Trust = % scored 6-10 on 10-point scale, Don’t trust = 0-4, Neither = 5. Those that haven’t heard of each brand were excluded.

TOP SOCIAL MEDIA AND MESSAGING PAY Rank Brand For News For All Rank Brand For News For All

1 Facebook 37% (-8) 78% 4 Snapchat 10% (-) 50% 42% +8 pay for 2 Facebook Messenger 13% (-1) 63% 5 Instagram 8% (-2) 46%

ONLINE NEWS 3 YouTube 13% (-1) 58% 6 Twitter 7% (+1) 17% Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism / Digital News Report 2020 78

Population 38m Internet penetration 78% POLAND

WEEKLY REACH TVN News (incl. TVN 24) 5010 Onet.pl 5516 OFFLINE AND RMF FM 4414 WP.pl 4817 ONLINE Polsat News 3411 TVN24.pl 4013 TVP News (public broadcaster) 318 Interia.pl 3313 Radio Zet 3012 (Gazeta) Wyborcza.pl 2312 Gazeta Wyborcza 2213 RMF24.pl 2312 Fakt 2010 Fakt.pl 2212 TOP BRANDS Eska 188 TVP.info 218 % Weekly usage Super Express 1017 Gazeta.pl 189 Weekly use TTV 177 Polsatnews.pl 168 TV, radio & print Regional or local newspaper 1711 Radiozet.pl 158 More than 3 days per week Regional or local radio 126 Newsweek.pl 138 ALSO TV, radio & print OKO.press 13% Rzeczpospolita 106 NaszeMiasto.pl 117 Weekly use Pikio 9% Newsweek Polska 107 Regional or local newspaper website 106 online brands Mariusz Max Kolonko 7% Angora 69 Polityka.pl 69 More than 3 days per week PolskaNiepodlegla 5% online brands Polityka 69 PolskieRadio.pl 85 Prawicowy Internet 4%

SOURCES OF NEWS Online (incl. social media) DEVICES FOR NEWS CHANGING MEDIA TV 2015–20 Print 2015–20* Online and television remain Social media the most important sources of 100% 100% Social media Tablet news, with popular portals like 84% 87% 81% 79% Onet and WP a defining part of 81% 75% Online (incl. social media) Smartphone 69% the Polish media landscape 66% Printed newspapers Computer along with soaring social 50% 52% 50% TV52% media use (66% use for news). 28% 24% The smartphone has 18% 17% overtaken the computer as a 0% 0% way of accessing news for the 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 first time. *2018 figures for computer use were likely overstated due to an error in polling.

TRUST DIFFERENT BRAND TRUST SCORES TYPES Trust Neither Don’t trust Trust in news has fallen by OF TRUST three percentage points this RMF FM 72 18 10 year but people have more Radio Zet 69 20 11 trust in the brands they use News overall News I use Regional or local newspaper 66 24 10 themselves. Independent Polsat News 65 22 13 media tend to score higher Onet.pl 65 20 15 in terms of trust than the (-3) TVN News 63 19 18 public service broadcaster 45% 55% Interia 61 26 13 TVP which is often seen as =10th/40 Newsweek Polska 61 22 17 acting in the interests of WP.pl 61 23 16 the ruling party. News in search News in social Eska 60 29 11 Gazeta Wyborcza 58 19 23 Fakt 45 24 31 46% 37% Super Express 44 26 30 Gazeta Polska 43 26 31 TVP News 43 18 39 0% 25% 50% 75% 100% Trust = % scored 6-10 on 10-point scale, Don’t trust = 0-4, Neither = 5. Those that haven’t heard of each brand were excluded.

TOP SOCIAL MEDIA AND MESSAGING PAY Rank Brand For News For All Rank Brand For News For All

1 Facebook 65% (+4) 83% 4 Instagram 12% (+3) 34% 20% +4 pay for 2 YouTube 36% (-3) 75% 5 Twitter 11% (+1) 21%

ONLINE NEWS 3 Facebook Messenger 24% (+2) 63% 6 WhatsApp 10% (+1) 31% 78 / 79

Population 10m Internet penetration 78% PORTUGAL

WEEKLY REACH SIC News (incl. SIC Noticias) 7218 Notícias ao Minuto 3014 OFFLINE AND TVI News (incl. TVI 24) 2059 Sapo 2711 ONLINE RTP News (public broadcaster) 4716 Correio da Manhã online 2713 Correio da Manhã (newspaper) 3016 SIC News online 2310 Correio da Manhã TV 2910 Jornal de Notícias online 2211 Jornal de Notícias 2514 Correio da Manhã TV online 2211 RFM 2510 TVI 24 online 209 Rádio Comercial 249 SIC News online 208 Público 1016 Observador 199 Weekly use Expresso 1612 Público online 179 TV, radio & print TSF 158 RTP News online 168 More than 3 days per week Regional or local newspaper 139 Expresso online 1016 TV, radio & print Diário de Notícias 139 MSN News 168 Weekly use A Bola 126 Diário de Notícias online 159 online brands Record 116 A Bola online 135 More than 3 days per week online brands Rádio Renascença 106 TVI News online 125

SOURCES OF NEWS Online (incl. social media) DEVICES FOR NEWS CHANGING MEDIA TV 2015–20 Print 2015–20* Television is increasingly Social media challenged by online and 100% 100% Social media Tablet social media as the most 86% 80% 85% Online78% (incl. social media) Smartphone important source of news 78% 70% while print sales continue 61% Printed newspapers Computer 58% 56% to fall – damaging revenues 50% 47% 50% TV and the long-term 33% 34% sustainability of the sector. 21% 17% Smartphones have 0% 0% overtaken computers and 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 laptops as the main access *2018 figures for computer use were likely overstated due to an error in polling. points for digital news.

TRUST DIFFERENT BRAND TRUST SCORES TYPES Trust Neither Don’t trust Despite being equal first in OF TRUST our survey, trust scores RTP News 80 15 5 show a slow but steady SIC News 80 14 6 decline. Last year’s News overall News I use Expresso 77 18 5 parliamentary election Jornal de Notícias 76 18 6 campaign led to a right- Diário de Notícias 75 19 6 wing populist MP taking up (-2) Público 74 20 6 a seat – a historic event in 56% 59% TSF 74 21 5 Portuguese democracy. In =1st/40 Rádio Renascença 73 21 6 an increasingly polarised TVI News 72 17 11 environment, journalists News in search News in social RDP Antena 1 70 24 6 face mounting pressure to Regional or local newspaper 65 28 7 fact-check political O Observador 63 28 9 statements and not fall prey 43% 28% Notícias ao Minuto 63 27 10 to attention-grabbing Sapo 62 29 9 tactics from populists. Correio da Manhã 50 21 29 0% 25% 50% 75% 100% Trust = % scored 6-10 on 10-point scale, Don’t trust = 0-4, Neither = 5. Those that haven’t heard of each brand were excluded.

TOP SOCIAL MEDIA AND MESSAGING PAY Rank Brand For News For All Rank Brand For News For All

1 Facebook 50% (-3) 77% 4 Facebook Messenger 16% (-4) 58% 10% +3 pay for 2 YouTube 24% (-) 68% 5 Instagram 14% (+2) 47%

ONLINE NEWS 3 WhatsApp 18% (+3) 59% 6 Twitter 8% (+3) 15% Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism / Digital News Report 2020 80

Population 19m * Internet penetration 74% ROMANIA

WEEKLY REACH Pro TV 6413 Pro TV News online 329 OFFLINE AND Digi 24 4413 Ziare.com 1831 ONLINE Antena 1 3913 Digi 24 online 308 Antena 3 319 Stiripesurse.ro 2512 România TV 299 Yahoo! News 249 TVR (public broadcaster) 2713 Adevărul online 2415 B1 TV 228 HotNews 2413 TOP BRANDS Kanal D 2210 Libertatea online 2314 % Weekly usage Radio Europa FM 218 Cancan 2011 Weekly use Realitatea TV 218 Mediafax online 1811 TV, radio & print Libertatea 1812 Evenimentul Zilei online 1017 More than 3 days per week Regional or local newspaper 1813 Click online 1016 TV, radio & print Adevarul 1812 Ziarul Financiar online 159 Weekly use Radio România (public broadcaster) 166 Antena 3 online 155 online brands Prima TV News 169 Antena 1 online 156 More than 3 days per week online brands Click 1511 România TV online 146

SOURCES OF NEWS Online (incl. social media) DEVICES FOR NEWS CHANGING MEDIA TV 2017–20 Print 2017–20 TV and online remain the most Social media important news sources in 100% 100% Social media Tablet Romania, with printed 88% 84% 83% Online (incl. social media) Smartphone newspaper and magazine 76% 72% consumption (15%) amongst 65% Printed newspapers 67% Computer 60% 56% the lowest in our survey. The 50% 50% TV 52% smartphone has extended its lead over computers as the 22% 15% 17% 13% main device for accessing 0% 0% digital news. 2017 2018 2019 2020 2017 2018 2019 2020

TRUST DIFFERENT BRAND TRUST SCORES TYPES Trust Neither Don’t trust Polarisation and political OF TRUST attacks on journalists are Pro TV 76 12 12 part of the reason for Digi 24 71 15 14 relatively low trust in the News overall News I use Ziarul Financiar 68 20 12 news. The most trusted Mediafax 66 21 13 brands try to offer a TVR (public broadcaster) 64 20 16 balanced picture on politics (+3) Adevarul 60 24 16 while more partisan brands 38% 44% HotNews 60 23 17 tend to rate lower along =19th/40 Ziare.com 58 24 18 with mass market media Antena 1 57 18 25 covering scandal, celebrities News in search News in social Regional or local news 57 26 17 and sports. Libertatea 55 25 20 stiripesurse.ro 55 24 21 41% 31% Realitatea TV 52 23 25 România TV 49 21 30 Antena 3 47 18 35 0% 25% 50% 75% 100% Trust = % scored 6-10 on 10-point scale, Don’t trust = 0-4, Neither = 5. Those that haven’t heard of each brand were excluded.

TOP SOCIAL MEDIA AND MESSAGING PAY Rank Brand For News For All Rank Brand For News For All

1 Facebook 67% (-1) 82% 4 Facebook Messenger 20% (-2) 56% 16% +6 pay for 2 YouTube 32% (-) 72% 5 Instagram 12% (+2) 35%

ONLINE NEWS 3 WhatsApp 21% (-2) 63% 6 LinkedIn 6% (-1) 19%

*Data are from more urban areas, rather than a fully nationally representative sample. These will tend to represent richer and more connected users. 80 / 81

Population 5.5m Internet penetration 85% SLOVAKIA

WEEKLY REACH TV Markíza 5815 aktuality.sk 4517 OFFLINE AND TV JOJ 5618 topky.sk 4217 ONLINE RTVS (public broadcaster) 5016 sme.sk 2814 TA3 4115 tvnoviny.sk 2615 Rádio Expres 1431 cas.sk 2411 Nový Čas 2517 pravda.sk 209 SME 1611 pluska.sk 1911 Plus 7 dní 139 noviny.sk 1812 Fun rádio 126 ta3.com 178 Weekly use Pravda 117 dennikn.sk 147 TV, radio & print Rádio Europa 2 105 hlavnespravy.sk 126 More than 3 days per week Regional or local newspaper 109 hnonline.sk 116 TV, radio & print Rádio Vlna 105 refresher.sk 95 Weekly use Plus Jeden Deň 69 dnes24.sk 69 online brands Rádio Jemné 85 webnoviny.sk 68 More than 3 days per week online brands Denník N 85 korzar.sme.sk 85

SOURCES OF NEWS Online (incl. social media) DEVICES FOR NEWS CHANGING MEDIA TV 2017–20 Print 2017–20 The ongoing trial of those Social media accused of the murder of 100% 100% Social media Tablet investigative journalist Ján 86% 79% Online (incl. social media) Smartphone Kuciak has continued to 79% 76% Printed64% newspapers Computer grip the nation with 58% 58% 54% extensive coverage via top 50% 50% TV 55% 41% news sources. Smartphones 29% (58%) have overtaken 22% 16% 14% computers and laptops 0% 0% (55%) for the first time this 2017 2018 2019 2020 2017 2018 2019 2020 year as the main way of accessing digital news.

TRUST DIFFERENT BRAND TRUST SCORES TYPES Trust Neither Don’t trust Trust in news overall OF TRUST dropped significantly from RTVS 67 22 11 an already low level, TA3 66 21 13 reflecting the success of News overall News I use Hospodárske noviny 58 29 13 sustained critique of the Aktuality.sk 58 27 15 media ‘mainstream’ by Rádio Expres 56 31 13 partisan brands and the (-5) TV JOJ 56 24 20 difficulty of countering this 28% 40% Regional or local newspaper 54 33 13 critique without appearing =32nd/40 TV Markiza 53 24 23 censorial. Public service Pravda 53 30 17 broadcaster RTVS overtook News in search News in social SME 50 28 22 rolling news channel TA3 Denník N 42 32 26 as the most trusted brand Plus 7 dni 39 30 31 this year. 29% 17% Korzár 38 41 21 topky.sk 36 33 31 Nový čas 35 29 36 0% 25% 50% 75% 100% Trust = % scored 6-10 on 10-point scale, Don’t trust = 0-4, Neither = 5. Those that haven’t heard of each brand were excluded.

TOP SOCIAL MEDIA AND MESSAGING PAY Rank Brand For News For All Rank Brand For News For All

1 Facebook 54% (-1) 72% 4 Instagram 8% (-) 25% 12% +4 pay for 2 YouTube 24% (-2) 63% 5 Pokec.sk 6% (-1) 13%

ONLINE NEWS 3 Facebook Messenger 17% (-1) 51% 6 WhatsApp 5% (-) 23% Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism / Digital News Report 2020 82

Population 46m Internet penetration 93% SPAIN

WEEKLY REACH Antena 3 News 4813 El País online 2311 OFFLINE AND LaSexta News 3612 El Mundo online 188 ONLINE TVE News (public broadcaster) 3512 20 Minutos online 178 Telecinco News 3511 ElDiario.es 1017 Cuatro News 2312 Antena 3 online 156 El País 2214 El Con dencial 148 Regional or local TV news 177 Marca online 135 TOP BRANDS El Mundo 158 OKDiario 126 % Weekly usage Cadena SER News 156 La Vanguardia online 126 Weekly use Regional or local newspaper 138 LaSexta online 126 TV, radio & print 20 Minutos 138 Telecinco online 114 More than 3 days per week Marca 126 RTVE News online (public broadcaster) 116 TV, radio & print COPE News 114 ABC online 116 Weekly use El Periódico 69 El Periódico online 106 online brands ABC 95 Cadena SER online 49 More than 3 days per week online brands La Vanguardia 95 La Razón online 95

SOURCES OF NEWS Online (incl. social media) DEVICES FOR NEWS CHANGING MEDIA TV 2013–20 Print 2013–20* The steep decline in print sales Social media has pushed more brands to 100% 100% Social media Tablet start charging online including 79% 79% Online (incl. social media) Smartphone El Mundo and many regional 72% 73% Printed newspapers Computer papers. El País delayed its 61% 63% 56% 56% metered paywall until May 50% 50% TV 40% due to the COVID-19 pandemic. 34% 35% Eldiario.es jumped to 53,000 28% 13% 17% paying members after it 0% 0% launched an SOS call in face 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 of a decline in ad sales. *2018 figures for computer use were likely overstated due to an error in polling.

TRUST DIFFERENT BRAND TRUST SCORES TYPES Trust Neither Don’t trust Trust has declined further OF TRUST as coverage of elections in Antena 3 57 24 19 April, May and November Regional or local newspaper 56 30 14 2019 dominated the news, News overall News I use TVE (public television) 56 26 18 along with the polarising LaSexta 55 23 22 topic of a Supreme Court Cadena SER 54 28 18 ruling about Catalonia (-7) El País 54 26 20 separatist leaders and 36% 42% El Mundo 52 27 21 its turbulent aftermath. =23rd/40 La Vanguardia 49 30 21 Enric Hernández, former El Periódico 49 32 19 editor-in-chief of News in search News in social Eldiario.es 49 32 19 El Periódico, was appointed 20 Minutos 49 32 19 head of news at RTVE amid El Con dencial 46 35 19 ongoing interim leadership 32% 23% ABC 46 28 26 at the public broadcaster. COPE 46 24 30 Telecinco 44 26 30 0% 25% 50% 75% 100% Trust = % scored 6-10 on 10-point scale, Don’t trust = 0-4, Neither = 5. Those that haven’t heard of each brand were excluded.

TOP SOCIAL MEDIA AND MESSAGING PAY Rank Brand For News For All Rank Brand For News For All

1 Facebook 44% (-3) 69% 4 Twitter 20% (+4) 35% 12% +2 pay for 2 WhatsApp 34% (-2) 81% 5 Instagram 17% (+5) 47%

ONLINE NEWS 3 YouTube 25% (-1) 69% 6 Facebook Messenger 6% (-1) 26% 82 / 83

Population 10m Internet penetration 96% SWEDEN

WEEKLY REACH SVT News (public television) 5414 A‰onbladet online 429 OFFLINE AND TV4 news 5015 Expressen online 3210 ONLINE SR News (SR radio) 349 SVT News online 3111 Regional or local newspaper 1021 TV4 News online 168 A€onbladet 177 Regional/local newspaper website 166 Expressen 126 Dagens Nyheter online 146 Dagens Nyheter 49 Nyheter 24 (News 24) 139 BBC News 85 SR News online 125 Svenska Dagbladet 83 Svenska Dagbladet online 126 Weekly use CNN 63 Göteborgs-Posten online 49 ALSO TV, radio & print Göteborgs-Posten 2 5 Dagens Industri online 48 Nyheter Idag 12% More than 3 days per week Media from outside country 2 4 BBC News online 37 Fria Tider 11% TV, radio & print Samhällsnytt 9% Dagens Industri 2 4 CNN.com 47 Weekly use Ledarsidorna 8% Sydsvenska Dagbladet 2 4 MSN News 2 5 online brands Samtiden 7% Metro 2 Sydsvenska Dagbladet online 2 5 More than 3 days per week Nya Tider 6% online brands Uppsala Nya Tidning 2 BuzzFeed News 3 Det Goda Samhället 4%

SOURCES OF NEWS Online (incl. social media) DEVICES FOR NEWS CHANGING MEDIA TV 2016–20 Print 2016–20 TV and online news remain Social media

the most popular sources of 100% 100% 89% Social media Tablet news while print has 84% Online (incl. social media) Smartphone dropped by 15 percentage 72% 69% 71% 64% Printed newspapers Computer points in the last five years. 56% 64% Domestic newspapers have 50% 50% 50% TV 51% 43% lost much of their 34% 28% advertising revenue, with 25% many hoping that 0% 0% increasing digital 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 subscription will make up some of the gap.

TRUST DIFFERENT BRAND TRUST SCORES TYPES Trust Neither Don’t trust Around four out of ten OF TRUST Swedes express a general Sveriges Television (SVT) Nyheter 68 12 20 trust in the news, similar to Sveriges Radio (SR) Nyheter 67 14 19 previous years, though trust News overall News I use Local/regional newspaper 66 21 13 is much higher for the news Dagens Industri 65 22 13 sources people regularly BBC News 64 23 13 turn to. Public broadcasters (-1) Svenska Dagbladet 61 21 18 are the most trusted bands 38% 47% Dagens Nyheter 58 19 23 along with local newspapers =19th/40 TV4 News 56 24 20 while partisan brands and A
onbladet 47 20 33 tabloids have the highest News in search News in social Expressen 46 22 32 level of mistrust. Nyheter Idag 41 34 25 Nyheter 24 39 32 29 25% 13% Metro 38 32 30 News 55 30 42 28 Fria Tider 27 27 46 0% 25% 50% 75% 100% Trust = % scored 6-10 on 10-point scale, Don’t trust = 0-4, Neither = 5. Those that haven’t heard of each brand were excluded.

TOP SOCIAL MEDIA AND MESSAGING PAY Rank Brand For News For All Rank Brand For News For All

1 Facebook 32% (-) 70% 4 Facebook Messenger 9% (-1) 52% 27% - pay for 2 YouTube 16% (+2) 62% 5 Twitter 8% (-) 17%

ONLINE NEWS 3 Instagram 10% (+1) 49% 6 WhatsApp 3% (-) 20% Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism / Digital News Report 2020 84

Population 8.6m Internet penetration 94% SWITZERLAND

WEEKLY REACH TV, RADIO AND PRINT (GERMAN) ONLINE (GERMAN) OFFLINE AND ONLINE SRF News (public broadcaster) 6920 20 Minuten online 5513 20 Minuten 5316 Blick and Blick am Abend online 3010

German private TV news 2510 SRF News online 2212

TOP BRANDS German public TV news 2412 Bluewin News 196

% Weekly usage Private TV news 239 Watson 188 Weekly use Blick 229 gmx 136 TV, radio & print Regional or local newspaper 199 Teletext online 136

More than 3 days per week Private radio news 189 Tages-Anzeiger online 115 TV, radio & print Tages-Anzeiger 137 nau.ch 105 Weekly use Sonntagsblick 107 NZZ online 105 online brands Luzerner Zeitung 48 Regional or local newspaper online 49 More than 3 days per week online brands CNN 48 MSN News 49

TV, RADIO AND PRINT (FRENCH) ONLINE (FRENCH)

PAY RTS News (public broadcaster) 2271 20 Minutes online 5510

20 Minutes 6018 RTS News online 1631 100% 13% (+2) French private TV news 3614 Le Matin online (incl. Sunday) 2513 Tablet pay for ONLINE NEWS French public TV news 1431 Bluewin.ch 218 Smartphone 24 heures 2412 70%24 heures.ch 218 French 17% (+2) | German 12% (+3) 58% Computer Private radio news 2011 Teletext online 178 57% 50% Le Matin Dimanche 1913 39%MSN News 116 Le Temps 148 Yahoo! News 69 20% 19% 32% Regional or local newspaper 138 Le Temps online 48 listened to Tribune de Genève 126 0%Le Nouvelliste online 82 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 PODCASTS Private TV news 106 Tribune de Genève online 48

in the last month La Liberté 104 Le Monde online 47

DIFFERENT TYPES OF TRUST SOURCES OF NEWS Online (incl. social media) TV DEVICES FOR NEWS 2016–20 Print 2016–20* News overall News I use Social media

100% 100% 44% (-2) 52% Social media Tablet =14th/40 82% 77% Online (incl. social media) Smartphone French 37% French 47% 69% 69% German 46% German 55% 63% Printed61% newspapers Computer 59% 60% 55% 50% 47% 48% 50% TV News in search News in social 44% 29% 29% 19% 24% French 26% French 15% German 30% German 20% 0% 0% 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 *2018 figures for computer use were likely overstated due to an error in polling.

TOP SOCIAL MEDIA AND MESSAGING BRAND TRUST SCORES BRAND TRUST SCORES (FRENCH) (GERMAN)

Rank Brand For For Trust Neither Don’t trust Trust Neither Don’t trust News All RTS News 76 17 7 SRF News 76 15 9 Regional or local newspaper 73 18 9 Regional or local newspaper 69 23 8 1 Facebook 30% (-2) 57% Le Temps 70 21 9 NZZ 66 24 10 24 heures 68 22 10 Tages-Anzeiger 65 25 10 2 WhatsApp 26% (-) 73% Tribune de Genève 63 28 9 NZZ am Sonntag 65 26 9 Le Matin 63 22 15 SonntagsZeitung 59 28 13 3 YouTube 24% (-2) 61% La Liberté 60 31 9 Private radio news 59 29 12 Private TV news 59 30 11 Aargauer Zeitung 56 33 11 Le Nouvelliste 59 32 9 Tele Züri 56 31 13 4 Instagram 11% (+1) 33% 20 minutes 59 21 20 20 Minuten 53 25 22 Private Radio news 57 32 11 Bluewin 46 36 18 5 Facebook Messenger 9% (+1) 31% Arcinfo 51 36 13 Watson 44 35 21 Bluewin 47 35 18 gmx 35 40 25 6 LinkedIn 6% (-) 18% MSN News 31 38 31 Blick 34 27 39 Yahoo! News 31 36 33 MSN News 34 41 25 0% 25% 50% 75% 100% 0% 25% 50% 75% 100% Trust = % scored 6-10 on 10-point scale, Don’t trust = 0-4, Neither = 5. Trust = % scored 6-10 on 10-point scale, Don’t trust = 0-4, Neither = 5. Those that haven’t heard of each brand were excluded. Those that haven’t heard of each brand were excluded. 84 / 85

Population 83m * Internet penetration 83% TURKEY

WEEKLY REACH FOX TV News 5513 CNN Türk online 3915 OFFLINE AND CNN Türk 4216 NTV online 1531 ONLINE Hürriyet 3819 Sondakika.com 1431 TRT News (public broadcaster) 3714 Hürriyet online 3014 Sözcü 3514 TRT news online 3014 Habertürk TV 3213 Sözcü online 2910 Kanal D News 3213 Haberler.com 2715 Show TV 3213 Milliyet online 2613 NTV 3213 Habertürk online 2513 Weekly use Milliyet 1631 Mynet 2411 TV, radio & print Cumhuriyet 1531 AA (Anadolu Ajansı) 2310 More than 3 days per week ATV News 3012 Cumhuriyet online 2311 TV, radio & print Star TV 2812 İnternethaber 1021 Weekly use Sabah 2716 Sabah online 2111 online brands Posta 2212 BBC News online 1021 More than 3 days per week online brands A Haber 198 Ensonhaber 199

SOURCES OF NEWS Online (incl. social media) DEVICES FOR NEWS CHANGING MEDIA TV 2015–20 Print 2015–20* Although online news is Social media widely used by our urban- 100% 100% Social media Tablet based sample, across 88% 85% Online (incl. social media) Smartphone Turkey as a whole television 75% 72% 68% 65% remains the most important 67% Printed newspapers Computer 58% 57% source of news. Print 50% 50% 50% TV 42% newspapers also continue 40% 24% to be well read by 20% international standards, 0% 0% though use is declining. 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 Smartphones are now easily *2018 figures for computer use were likely overstated due to an error in polling. the most important device for accessing online news.

TRUST DIFFERENT BRAND TRUST SCORES TYPES Trust Neither Don’t trust Overall levels of trust in the OF TRUST news increased by nine FOX TV News 77 10 13 percentage points although NTV News 74 12 14 there doesn’t seem to be any News overall News I use Sözcü 73 12 15 obvious explanation for such Habertürk 73 11 16 a change. TV news sources Cumhuriyet 73 12 15 like Fox and NTV – along (+9) CNN Türk 72 11 17 with critical voices like 55% 61% TRT News 67 10 23 Cumhuriyet and Sözcü – 3rd/40 AA (Anadolu Ajansı) 65 8 27 tend to be most highly rated Kanal D News 65 13 22 for trust. Pro-government News in search News in social Hürriyet 64 13 23 media tend to be trusted Milliyet 64 15 21 less, though they have Show TV News 63 14 23 higher scores from those 57% 51% Odatv 61 18 21 that use them regularly. Sabah 59 12 29 Ahaber 56 10 34 0% 25% 50% 75% 100% Trust = % scored 6-10 on 10-point scale, Don’t trust = 0-4, Neither = 5. Those that haven’t heard of each brand were excluded.

TOP SOCIAL MEDIA AND MESSAGING

Rank Brand For News For All Rank Brand For News For All 57% 1 Facebook 49% (+2) 67% 4 WhatsApp 31% (-2) 67% SHARE NEWS by 2 YouTube 45% (-4) 71% 5 Twitter 30% (-3) 44% social media, email, or messaging 3 Instagram 41% (+8) 66% 6 Facebook Messenger 10% (-) 32%

*Data are from more urban areas, rather than a fully nationally representative sample. These will tend to represent richer and more connected users. Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism / Digital News Report 2020 86 86 / 87

SECTION 3 Country and Market Data Americas

AMERICAS 3.25 United States 88 3.26 Argentina 89 3.27 Brazil 90 3.28 Canada 91 3.29 Chile 92 3.30 Mexico 93 Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism / Digital News Report 2020 88

Population 329m Internet penetration 89% UNITED STATES

WEEKLY REACH Fox News 298 CNN.com 207 OFFLINE AND Local televison news 288 Yahoo! News 209 ONLINE CNN 249 New York Times online 189 NBC/MSNBC News 249 Fox News online 186 CBS News 2310 HuPost 1016 ABC News 229 Washington Post online 157 Regional or local newspaper 1018 Local television news sites online 145 TOP BRANDS Local radio news 167 BuzzFeed News 149 % Weekly usage New York Times 127 NBC/MSNBC News online 146 Weekly use BBC News 116 BBC News online 126 TV, radio & print NPR News 114 MSN News 126 More than 3 days per week PBS News 95 NPR News online 115 ALSO TV, radio & print Breitbart 7% City paper (eg Boston Globe) 49 ABC News online 105 Weekly use The Blaze 6% USA Today 95 CBS News online 105 online brands The Daily Caller 5% Washington Post 48 Regional or local newspaper website 95 More than 3 days per week Occupy Democrats 4% online brands Wall Street Journal 63 USA Today online 69 Info Wars 3%

SOURCES OF NEWS Online (incl. social media) DEVICES FOR NEWS CHANGING MEDIA TV 2013–20 Print 2013–20 The bump in news Social media consumption is clearly visible 100% 100% Social media Tablet in 2017 after the election of 75% Online (incl. social media) Smartphone Donald Trump and we know 72% 72% 71% Printed newspapers Computer that the COVID-19 lockdowns 59% 58% (not shown on this chart) also 50% 47% 48% 50% TV 50% caused TV and online traffic to 27% 28% surge for a time. Meanwhile 20% 16% 20% the smartphone (58%) has 0% 0% overtaken computers and 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 laptops (50%) in terms of weekly news.

TRUST DIFFERENT BRAND TRUST SCORES TYPES Trust Neither Don’t trust The climate of heightened OF TRUST hostility towards much of Local television news 60 23 17 the media under Donald BBC News 56 26 18 Trump shows no signs of News overall News I use Wall Street Journal 52 26 22 abating as attention turns CBS News 51 21 28 to the 2020 election. The ABC News 51 21 28 relentless attacks and (-3) New York Times 50 19 31 polarised politics appear to 29% 45% NBC/MSNBC News 49 17 34 be exacerbating already low =30th/40 NPR News 49 25 26 levels of media trust. Some Washington Post 48 22 30 of the most strongly News in search News in social CNN 47 16 37 distrusted news brands USA Today 45 29 26 (Fox/CNN) are also the Fox News 42 17 41 most viewed on television 22% 14% Hu Post 40 26 34 and online. Yahoo! News 36 35 29 BuzzFeed News 33 32 35 0% 25% 50% 75% 100% Trust = % scored 6-10 on 10-point scale, Don’t trust = 0-4, Neither = 5. Those that haven’t heard of each brand were excluded.

TOP SOCIAL MEDIA AND MESSAGING PAY Rank Brand For News For All Rank Brand For News For All

1 Facebook 35% (-4) 63% 4 Facebook Messenger 9% (-) 39% 20% +4 pay for 2 YouTube 24% (+4) 61% 5 Instagram 8% (+1) 30%

ONLINE NEWS 3 Twitter 17% (+2) 29% 6 WhatsApp 4% (-) 13% 88 / 89

Population 45m * Internet penetration 93% ARGENTINA

WEEKLY REACH TN (Todo Noticias) 3910 Infobae 4015 OFFLINE AND Telefe News 3611 TN online 3611 ONLINE Canal 13 News 3211 Clarín online 2912 319 C5N La Nación online 2210 Regional or local newspaper 2515 Minuto Uno 158 Clarín 2013 Regional or local newspaper website 136 Crónica TV News 1019 Public TV and radio online news 137 América TV News 198 Olé 125 A24 187 Página/12 125 Weekly use Canal 9 News 168 La Voz 95 TV, radio & print TV pública news (public broadcaster) 158 Cadena 3 online 83 More than 3 days per week La Nación 138 TV, radio & print 48 Regional or local TV news 124 Yahoo! News Weekly use Radio Mitre News 124 Diario Uno 48 online brands Canal 26 News 117 El Intransigente 85 More than 3 days per week online brands La 100 49 Primicias Ya 85

SOURCES OF NEWS Online (incl. social media) DEVICES FOR NEWS CHANGING MEDIA TV 2017–20 Print 2017–20 Social media have Social media overtaken TV news amongst 100% 92% 100% Social media Tablet our online sample for the 86% 81% Online (incl. social media) 80% Smartphone first time, while weekly 74% 71% print consumption has 67% Printed62% newspapers Computer 62% TV fallen from 45% to just 23% 50% 45% 50% over the last three years. 38% Eight out of ten (80%) 23% 17% respondents say they now 9% 0% 0% use the smartphone to 2017 2018 2019 2020 2017 2018 2019 2020 access news each week.

TRUST DIFFERENT BRAND TRUST SCORES TYPES Trust Neither Don’t trust Trust in media has OF TRUST significantly decreased Telefé News 57 29 14 across all media categories: Infobae 53 30 17 only one-third of respondents News overall News I use TN (Todo Noticias) 50 25 25 trusts news overall, down Olé 50 33 17 from 39% in 2019. Trust in La Nación 49 30 21 news I use is also lower, at (-6) Canal 13 News 49 28 23 44%, compared to 47% a 33% 44% Regional or local newspaper 48 37 15 year earlier. High levels of =25th/40 A24 44 34 22 political polarisation have Clarín 43 27 30 affected the media industry News in search News in social TV pública 42 37 21 in Argentina, with many C5N 42 25 33 well-known brands attracting Minuto Uno 41 38 21 strong levels of distrust. 36% 28% Página/12 40 32 28 La voz 39 40 21 Perl 36 39 25 0% 25% 50% 75% 100% Trust = % scored 6-10 on 10-point scale, Don’t trust = 0-4, Neither = 5. Those that haven’t heard of each brand were excluded.

TOP SOCIAL MEDIA AND MESSAGING PAY Rank Brand For News For All Rank Brand For News For All

1 Facebook 65% (+2) 82% 4 Instagram 23% (+5) 55% 11% +3 pay for 2 WhatsApp 38% (-1) 83% 5 Twitter 14% (-1) 22%

ONLINE NEWS 3 YouTube 26% (+1) 71% 6 Facebook Messenger 10% (-1) 38%

*Data are from more urban areas, rather than a fully nationally representative sample. These will tend to represent richer and more connected users. Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism / Digital News Report 2020 90

Population 211m * Internet penetration 71% BRAZIL

WEEKLY REACH Globo TV (incl. Jornal Nacional) 5613 Globo News online (incl. G1) 5113 OFFLINE AND Record TV 4315 UOL online 4719 ONLINE TV SBT (incl. SBT Brasil) 3713 Record News online (incl. R7.com) 3913 GloboNews (24-hour channel) 3715 O Globo online 3318 BandNews (all news radio) 3414 Yahoo! News 2913 O Globo 3013 MSN News 2411 TV Band News 2612 Band News online 2311 TOP BRANDS Regional or local newspaper 2312 Folha de S. Paulo online 1221 % Weekly usage Folha de S. Paulo 1019 O Estado de S. Paulo online 159 Weekly use CNN 147 BBC News online 158 TV, radio & print Commercial radio news 147 Regional or local newspaper website 148 More than 3 days per week Rede TV (incl. Rede TV Notícias) 148 Rede TV News online 127 TV, radio & print ALSO O Estado de S. Paulo 136 Commercial radio news website 126 Weekly use O Antagonista 22% Jornal Extra 127 BuzzFeed News 114 online brands Rede Brasil Atual 16% TV Brasil (public broadcaster) 126 Free city newspaper websites 117 More than 3 days per week Diário do Centro do Mundo 11% online brands BBC News 126 Jornal Extra online 106 Brasil 247 10%

SOURCES OF NEWS Online (incl. social media) DEVICES FOR NEWS CHANGING MEDIA TV 2013–20 Print 2013–20* For the first time since the Social media survey started, social media 100% 100% Social media Tablet overtook television in terms of 90% 87% Online83% (incl. social media) Smartphone media consumption for news. 75% 67% 76% Smartphone news use is 66% Printed newspapers Computer 50% stable, while the use of 50% 50% TV 47% 43% computers declined. Print readership has halved since 23% 23% 14% 2013 and the COVID-19 crisis is 10% 0% 0% likely to hit the sector hard. 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 *2018 figures for computer use were likely overstated due to an error in polling.

TRUST DIFFERENT BRAND TRUST SCORES TYPES Trust Neither Don’t trust Trust in news overall OF TRUST improved slightly after a Band News 76 14 10 significant contraction last Jornal do SBT 75 15 10 year amid an atmosphere News overall News I use Record News 74 14 12 of political polarisation Local or regional newspaper 68 22 10 following the election of O Estado de S Paulo 66 19 15 far-right president Jair (+3) UOL 66 21 13 Bolsonaro in 2018. Tensions 51% 54% Globo News 64 13 23 between the president 5th/40 O Globo 63 15 22 and the press remain high, Folha de S. Paulo 63 18 19 with a recent National News in search News in social Valor Econômico 62 26 12 Federation of Journalists Rede TV News 62 24 14 (Fenaj) report showing that Yahoo! News 59 27 14 he made 116 verbal attacks 53% 38% Revista Veja 59 19 22 on journalists last year. Jornal Extra 59 28 13 iG. Online 56 30 14 0% 25% 50% 75% 100% Trust = % scored 6-10 on 10-point scale, Don’t trust = 0-4, Neither = 5. Those that haven’t heard of each brand were excluded.

TOP SOCIAL MEDIA AND MESSAGING PAY Rank Brand For News For All Rank Brand For News For All

1 Facebook 54% (-) 76% 4 Instagram 30% (+4) 61% 27% +5 pay for 2 WhatsApp 48% (-5) 83% 5 Twitter 17% (+2) 32%

ONLINE NEWS 3 YouTube 45% (+3) 82% 6 Facebook Messenger 13% (-2) 44%

*Data are from more urban areas, rather than a fully nationally representative sample. These will tend to represent richer and more connected users. 90 / 91

Population 37m Internet penetration 93% CANADA

WEEKLY REACH TV, RADIO AND PRINT (ENGLISH) ONLINE (ENGLISH) OFFLINE AND ONLINE CTV News 3512 CBC News online 257 Global News 3212 CTV News online 229

CBC News (public broadcaster) 2910 CNN.com 197

TOP BRANDS CNN 2710 Global News online 199 % Weekly usage Local radio news 226 MSN News 157 Weekly use CityTV News 188 HuPost 1015 TV, radio & print Community newspaper 1611 Globe and Mail online 148

More than 3 days per week CP24 154 BuzzFeed News 149 TV, radio & print BBC News 146 Yahoo! News 146 Weekly use Toronto Star 138 BBC News online 146 online brands Local daily newspaper (eg Calgary Sun) 138 Toronto Star online 126 More than 3 days per week online brands Globe and Mail 106 New York Times online 106

TV, RADIO AND PRINT (FRENCH) ONLINE (FRENCH)

TVA/LCN Nouvelles TVA Nouvelles online 329 PAY 6011 Radio-Canada/ICI RDI (public broadcaster) 5014 Radio-Canada/ICI RDI Nouvelles online 299 13% Journal de Montréal ou Québec 3215 La Presse online 238 pay for ONLINE NEWS Regional or local newspaper 1611 Journal de Montréal ou Québec online 2211 Local radio news 134 MSN News 218

English 14% | French 13% Métro 116 Yahoo! News 69

TV5 Nouvelles 93 HuPost 95

24 Heures 95 Le Devoir online 69

Le Devoir 69 L'actualité online 85 33% Le Soleil or regional daily 95 Local radio online 37 listened to CNN 37 Canoe.ca 47

PODCASTS L'actualité 57 Le Soleil or regional daily online 3 6 in the last month

DIFFERENT TYPES OF TRUST SOURCES OF NEWS Online (incl. social media) TV DEVICES FOR NEWS 2016–20 Print 2016–20* News overall News I use Social media

100% 100% Computer: Tablet: Smartphone: (-8) SocialEnglish: media 53% English: 24% English: 56% Tablet 44% 52% French: 52% French: 24% French: 53% =14th/40 75% 78% Online (incl. social media) Smartphone English 44% English 52% 71% French 49% French 59% Printed64% newspapers Computer 60% 55% 53% 52% News in search News in social 50% 48% 50% TV 36% 39% 31% 19% 25% 24% 23% English 31% English 18% French 34% French 20% 0% 0% 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 *2018 figures for computer use were likely overstated due to an error in polling.

TOP SOCIAL MEDIA AND MESSAGING BRAND TRUST SCORES BRAND TRUST SCORES (ENGLISH) (FRENCH)

Rank Brand For For Trust Neither Don’t trust Trust Neither Don’t trust News All CTV News 73 17 10 ICI Radio-Canada Info/ICI RDI 80 14 6 Global News 73 17 10 TVA Nouvelles/LCN 77 13 10 1 Facebook 41% (+1) 69% Regional or local newspaper 72 20 8 La Presse 74 19 7 CBC News/Newsworld 71 16 13 Regional or local newspaper 71 21 8 2 YouTube 27% (+2) 66% BBC News 68 21 11 La Presse Canadienne 71 22 7 CityTV News 68 22 10 Journal de Montréal ou Québec 69 19 12 3 Facebook Messenger 13% (+1) 49% Globe and Mail 66 22 12 Le Devoir 69 23 8 National Post 62 26 12 L’actualité 64 27 9 Toronto Star 60 25 15 TV5 Nouvelles 62 30 8 4 Twitter 13% (+2) 25% NBC/MSNBC 55 27 18 CTV News 61 30 9 24 Hours 52 34 14 24 Heures 55 35 10 5 Instagram 10% (+2) 35% Hu Post 51 28 21 MSN News 54 29 17 MSN News 51 29 20 Canoe.ca 53 33 14 6 WhatsApp 6% (+2) 21% Yahoo! News 41 35 24 HuPost 52 35 13 Fox News 39 21 40 Métro 52 37 11 0% 25% 50% 75% 100% 0% 25% 50% 75% 100% Trust = % scored 6-10 on 10-point scale, Don’t trust = 0-4, Neither = 5. Trust = % scored 6-10 on 10-point scale, Don’t trust = 0-4, Neither = 5. Those that haven’t heard of each brand were excluded. Those that haven’t heard of each brand were excluded. Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism / Digital News Report 2020 92

Population 18m * Internet penetration 77% CHILE

WEEKLY REACH Chilevisión News 4012 Emol.com 2714 OFFLINE AND MEGA News 3910 Biobiochile online 269 ONLINE Canal 13 News 3713 Lun.com 249 24 Horas 3414 24horas online 249 TVN news (public broadcaster) 3012 ahoranoticias.cl (MEGA) 236 CNN 2912 Elmostrador online 2011 Bío Bío Chile 238 Latercera.com 1812 TOP BRANDS Las Últimas Noticias 2012 t13.cl 177 % Weekly usage Free city newspaper 169 Cooperativa online 166 Weekly use Cooperativa 136 Elmercurio online 149 TV, radio & print El Mercurio 138 Elciudadano.cl 149 More than 3 days per week City newspaper 128 Theclinic.cl 136 TV, radio & print La Tercera 128 CNN.com 136 Weekly use Regional or local newspaper 117 Chvnoticias.cl 125 online brands La Cuarta 106 Lacuarta.com 127 More than 3 days per week online brands ADN 105 Eldinamo.cl 128

SOURCES OF NEWS Online (incl. social media) DEVICES FOR NEWS CHANGING MEDIA TV 2017–20 Print 2017–20 Television remains the most Social media important traditional news 100% 93% 100% Social media Tablet source in Chile, beating radio 86% 80% Online (incl. social media) 83% Smartphone and newspapers. But for the 76% 73% 74% first-time social media (73%) 66% Printed newspapers Computer have overtaken TV (66%) as a 50% 46% 50% TV 51% source of news. Instagram (+8) 31% 24% is increasingly used by 18% publishers as a way of drawing 9% 0% 0% attention to content. 2017 2018 2019 2020 2017 2018 2019 2020

TRUST DIFFERENT BRAND TRUST SCORES TYPES Trust Neither Don’t trust Trust has fallen OF TRUST substantially in the last year Bío Bío Chile 54 24 22 (-15) following protests CNN 54 24 22 about falling living News overall News I use Cooperativa 54 27 19 standards and inequality. In Regional or local newspaper 49 31 20 a country with the most Emol.com 41 28 31 concentrated media (-15) Chilevisión 40 26 34 ownership in Latin America, 30% 37% 24 Horas 40 25 35 journalists are seen as part =28th/40 MEGA News 39 24 37 of an unrepresentative La Tercera 39 28 33 political class and there is News in search News in social El Mercurio 39 23 38 resentment on the streets Canal 13 39 25 36 about news coverage on TV Las Últimas Noticias 37 28 35 and in the press. 36% 34% T13 Radio 36 28 36 Lun.com 35 29 36 TVN News (public broadcaster) 34 26 40 0% 25% 50% 75% 100% Trust = % scored 6-10 on 10-point scale, Don’t trust = 0-4, Neither = 5. Those that haven’t heard of each brand were excluded.

TOP SOCIAL MEDIA AND MESSAGING PAY Rank Brand For News For All Rank Brand For News For All

1 Facebook 63% (-1) 80% 4 YouTube 27% (-4) 73% 9% +2 pay for 2 WhatsApp 40% (-) 80% 5 Twitter 22% (+6) 31%

ONLINE NEWS 3 Instagram 28% (+8) 55% 6 Facebook Messenger 14% (-) 43%

*Data are from more urban areas, rather than a fully nationally representative sample. These will tend to represent richer and more connected users. 92 / 93

Population 132m * Internet penetration 66% MEXICO

WEEKLY REACH TV Azteca News 4912 El Universal online 3015 OFFLINE AND Televisa News 4311 TV Azteca News online 278 ONLINE Regional or local newspaper 2030 UnoTV online 2410 El Universal 2615 Aristegui News 2410 Imagen News 259 Televisa News online 217 Milenio News 229 CNN.com 198 CNN 209 Website of a city newspaper 199 Radio Fórmula News 146 Yahoo! News 199 Reforma 149 Imagen News online 188 Weekly use La Jornada 139 Reforma por Internet 1711 TV, radio & print El Sol de México 127 Animal Político 168 More than 3 days per week Local television news 116 La Jornada por Internet 148 TV, radio & print Canal 22 News (public broadcaster) 117 Regional or local newspaper website 149 Weekly use Excelsior 118 El Financiero online 127 online brands Local radio news 105 Radio Fórmula Noticias por Internet 127 More than 3 days per week online brands El Financiero 85 BBC News online 106

SOURCES OF NEWS Online (incl. social media) DEVICES FOR NEWS CHANGING MEDIA TV 2017–20 Print 2017–20 Online and social media Social media

remain the most popular 100% 100% 91% Social media Tablet sources of news in Mexico 86% Online (incl. social media) 81% Smartphone with our predominantly 72% 70% 70% urban sample. TV and 65% Printed newspapers Computer TV radio remain important to 50% 51% 48% 50% 45% reach the millions of people who are not online. 26% 24% 20% The majority of internet 13% 0% 0% news access is now via 2017 2018 2019 2020 2017 2018 2019 2020 smartphones (81%) rather than computers or tablets.

TRUST DIFFERENT BRAND TRUST SCORES TYPES Trust Neither Don’t trust The new government and a OF TRUST deeply polarised political CNN 74 15 11 environment have had a Aristegui News 70 15 15 negative impact on trust in News overall News I use El Universal 68 18 14 the news (-11) over the last Milenio News 66 19 15 year. Television is a popular Imagen News 66 20 14 medium with both (-11) El Financiero 64 22 14 audiences and advertisers, 39% 45% Canal 22 64 22 14 but domestic TV =17th/40 Radio Fórmula News 64 21 15 broadcasters often have Reforma 63 20 17 lower trust scores in our News in search News in social UnoTV 61 22 17 survey than foreign TV Azteca News 61 19 20 broadcasters (CNN) and Regional or local newspaper 59 24 17 some digital-born brands. 43% 37% Animal Político 58 24 18 Yahoo! News 57 25 18 Televisa News 52 19 29 0% 25% 50% 75% 100% Trust = % scored 6-10 on 10-point scale, Don’t trust = 0-4, Neither = 5. Those that haven’t heard of each brand were excluded.

TOP SOCIAL MEDIA AND MESSAGING PAY Rank Brand For News For All Rank Brand For News For All

1 Facebook 70% (+3) 83% 4 Facebook Messenger 20% (+1) 53% 17% +1 pay for 2 YouTube 44% (+2) 78% 5 Twitter 15% (-8) 26%

ONLINE NEWS 3 WhatsApp 39% (-2) 76% 6 Instagram 13% (-2) 39%

*Data are from more urban areas, rather than a fully nationally representative sample. These will tend to represent richer and more connected users. Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism / Digital News Report 2020 94 94 / 95

SECTION 3 Country and Market Data Asia Pacific

ASIA PACIFIC 3.31 Australia 96 3.32 Hong Kong 97 3.33 Japan 98 3.34 Malaysia 99 3.35 Philippines 100 3.36 Singapore 101 3.37 South Korea 102 3.38 Taiwan 103 Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism / Digital News Report 2020 96

Population 25m Internet penetration 89% AUSTRALIA

WEEKLY REACH ABC News - TV and radio (public broadcaster) 4112 News.com.au 239 OFFLINE AND Channel 7 News 3812 ABC News online 238 ONLINE Channel 9 News 3814 nine.com.au 187 Channel TEN News 2210 7News.com 146 Regional or local newspaper 1611 BBC News online 125 SBS News 157 Guardian online 125 Herald Sun 127 Sydney Morning Herald 126 TOP BRANDS Sky News 125 Sky News online 49 % Weekly usage Commercial FM radio news 115 Daily Telegraph online 95 Weekly use Daily Telegraph 106 BuzzFeed News 95 TV, radio & print BBC News 105 The Australian 48 More than 3 days per week The Australian 49 The Age online 48 TV, radio & print Prime7 95 Herald Sun online 48 Weekly use WIN Television 48 CNN.com 48 online brands Sydney Morning Herald 48 Regional or local newspaper website 47 More than 3 days per week online brands CNN 37 New York Times online 63

SOURCES OF NEWS Online (incl. social media) DEVICES FOR NEWS CHANGING MEDIA TV 2016–20 Print 2016–20 TV news remains strong and Social media steady and continues to be a 100% 100% Social media Tablet significant source of news, especially for the COVID-19 78% 76% Online (incl. social media) Smartphone 65% Printed newspapers Computer and bushfire crises, while 63% 60% 58% 52% 52% newspapers continue to fall, 50% 50% TV 51% 48% and social media stagnate. 38% 27% Online, increasing numbers 25% 21% of Australians are using their 0% 0% mobile phones to access news, 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 widening the gap between mobiles and computers.

TRUST DIFFERENT BRAND TRUST SCORES TYPES Trust Neither Don’t trust This year’s findings need to OF TRUST be seen through the prism ABC News 72 16 12 of the bushfire crisis that was SBS News 71 19 10 ongoing when this survey News overall News I use BBC News 66 24 10 was taken. Trust in news and Regional or local newspaper 63 26 11 trust in news I use dropped Channel 7 News 62 22 16 over the past 12 months and (-6) Channel 9 News 60 23 17 the number of people who 38% 46% The Australian 56 27 17 say they do not trust the =19th/40 Nine.com 56 27 17 news also rose. The fall is The Age 54 32 14 bigger among people who News in search News in social News.com 54 29 17 rely mainly on traditional Sydney Morning Herald 53 31 16 news compared to those who Sky News 53 27 20 rely mainly on online news. 30% 17% Herald Sun 49 31 20 Guardian online 49 34 17 Daily Telegraph 47 32 21 0% 25% 50% 75% 100% Trust = % scored 6-10 on 10-point scale, Don’t trust = 0-4, Neither = 5. Those that haven’t heard of each brand were excluded.

TOP SOCIAL MEDIA AND MESSAGING PAY Rank Brand For News For All Rank Brand For News For All

1 Facebook 39% (+3) 71% 4 Twitter 10% (+1) 19% 14% - pay for 2 YouTube 21% (+2) 59% 5 Instagram 9% (+2) 35%

ONLINE NEWS 3 Facebook Messenger 12% (+2) 51% 6 WhatsApp 8% (+2) 26% 96 / 97

Population 7.5m Internet penetration 89% HONG KONG

WEEKLY REACH TVB News 6311 TVB News online 398 OFFLINE AND RTHK News (public broadcaster) 3812 Yahoo! News 309 ONLINE Headline Daily 3412 Apple Daily online 307 NowTV News 318 RTHK News online 289 Apple Daily 238 Now TV News online 279 Oriental Daily News 188 Hk01.com 269 AM730 187 Stand News 258 Sky Post 157 Headline Daily online 248 i-CABLE 157 Oriental Daily News online 196 Weekly use Commercial radio 144 AM730 online 125 TV, radio & print BBC News 105 i-CABLE online 114 More than 3 days per week Sing Tao Daily 48 Sky Post online 105 TV, radio & print Metro Daily 48 Bastillepost 106 Weekly use CNN 48 Commercial radio news online 104 online brands Ming Pao 48 BBC News online 83 More than 3 days per week online brands Hong Kong Economic Times 62 Ming Pao online 48

SOURCES OF NEWS Online (incl. social media) DEVICES FOR NEWS CHANGING MEDIA TV 2017–20 Print 2017–20 A series of street protests Social media triggered by a government 100% 100% Social media Tablet extradition bill captured 84% 85% TV Smartphone media attention, with 74% 71% 67% 70% growth online via social 60% 66% Printed newspapers Computer media use in particular. 50% 48% 50% Online (incl. social media) 37% Encrypted messaging 31% 35% 26% service WhatsApp is used by 19% 84% overall and 50% for 0% 0% news (+9). Usage of 2017 2018 2019 2020 2017 2018 2019 2020 YouTube and Instagram for news was also up.

TRUST DIFFERENT BRAND TRUST SCORES TYPES Trust Neither Don’t trust The months-long anti- OF TRUST extradition protests Now TV News 67 22 11 appeared to have influenced RTHK News 63 18 19 overall trust (-16) as well as News overall News I use i-CABLE News 61 28 11 the trust in individual Commercial radio news 55 29 16 brands. Television and radio Ming Pao 54 30 16 broadcasters continue to be (-16) Stand News 53 25 22 most trusted but online 30% 39% Yahoo! News 52 33 15 brand Stand News gained =28th/40 Headline Daily 51 31 18 significant attention and AM730 51 33 16 approval for its coverage. In News in search News in social Sing Tao Daily 49 29 22 early 2019 it was the second Apple Daily 48 19 33 least trusted outlet. A year Oriental Daily News 47 27 26 later it has become the 24% 18% TVB News 44 36 20 sixth most trusted. HK01 44 32 24 Bastillepost 39 37 24 0% 25% 50% 75% 100% Trust = % scored 6-10 on 10-point scale, Don’t trust = 0-4, Neither = 5. Those that haven’t heard of each brand were excluded.

TOP SOCIAL MEDIA AND MESSAGING PAY Rank Brand For News For All Rank Brand For News For All

1 Facebook 58% (+6) 79% 4 WeChat 16% (-) 48% 29% +12 pay for 2 WhatsApp 50% (+9) 84% 5 Instagram 16% (+3) 39%

ONLINE NEWS 3 YouTube 39% (+8) 71% 6 Facebook Messenger 10% (-) 35% Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism / Digital News Report 2020 98

Population 127m Internet penetration 93% JAPAN

WEEKLY REACH NHK News (public broadcaster) 4810 Yahoo! News 587 OFFLINE AND Nippon TV News (NTV) 4515 NHK News 115 ONLINE Asahi TV News 1441 Nippon TV News online 105 Fuji TV News 3813 Asahi TV News online 48 TBS News 3815 Fuji TV News online 48 Regional or local newspaper 226 TBS News online 37 TV Tokyo News 178 Nikkei Business online 27 TOP BRANDS Yomiuri Shimbun 144 Asahi Shimbun online 47 % Weekly usage Commercial radio news 136 Yomiuri online 62 Weekly use Asahi Shimbun 102 MSN News 2 5 TV, radio & print Nikkei (Japan Economic Daily) 27 TV Tokyo News online 3 5 More than 3 days per week CNN 2 4 Local newspaper website 2 4 TV, radio & print Mainichi Shimbun 1 4 Abema TV News online 2 4 Weekly use Weekly Bunshun 3 4 Sankei News online 2 4 online brands Sankei Shimbun 2 4 Nikkei Business online 2 4 More than 3 days per week ALSO online brands BBC News 1 3 Mainichi online 3 HuffPost Japan 2%

SOURCES OF NEWS Online (incl. social media) DEVICES FOR NEWS CHANGING MEDIA TV 2013–20 Print 2013–20* Traditional forms of media Social media such as TV and print have 100% 100% Social media Tablet declined rapidly over the last 85% seven years. Newspaper Online (incl. social media) Smartphone 69% 68% readership has almost halved. 63% 62% Printed newspapers Computer 60% 52% Japanese engage with online 50% 50% TV 47% news primarily through 27% aggregators like Yahoo! News. 17% 25% 19% They also tend to use social 6% 10% 0% 0% networks less, and have taken 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 longer to fully embrace *2018 computer figures are likely to be overstated, and smartphone smartphones. understated due to an issue with data collection.

TRUST DIFFERENT BRAND TRUST SCORES TYPES Trust Neither Don’t trust Fewer than four in ten OF TRUST (37%) trust the news in NHK News 60 29 11 Japan – a fall of around ten Nippon TV (NTV) 53 36 11 percentage points in the News overall News I use Nikkei (Japan Economic Daily) 51 39 10 last five years. Public Local newspaper 51 40 9 broadcaster NHK remains TBS News 51 37 12 36 the most trusted news TV Asahi 50 14 (-2) Fuji TV News 50 37 13 brand while popular 37% 36% Yomiuri Shimbun 48 40 12 magazines (Weekly Shincho, 22nd/40 Yahoo! News 48 39 13 Weekly Bunshun) which have Mainichi Shimbun 45 40 15 a reputation for gossip and News in search News in social Asahi Shimbun 44 37 19 sensationalism are least Sankei Shimbun 44 44 12 trusted – along with some HuPost Japan 28 58 14 digital-born brands. 23% 20% Weekly Shincho 27 49 24 Weekly Bunshun 26 43 31 BuzzFeed Japan 25 58 17 0% 25% 50% 75% 100% Trust = % scored 6-10 on 10-point scale, Don’t trust = 0-4, Neither = 5. Those that haven’t heard of each brand were excluded.

TOP SOCIAL MEDIA AND MESSAGING PAY Rank Brand For News For All Rank Brand For News For All

1 YouTube 19% (+3) 54% 4 Facebook 6% (+1) 20% 8% +1 pay for 2 Line 16% (+2) 41% 5 Instagram 3% (+1) 21%

ONLINE NEWS 3 Twitter 15% (+5) 30% 6 Niconico 2% (-) 10% 98 / 99

Population 32m * Internet penetration 81% MALAYSIA

WEEKLY REACH TV3 News 5213 Malaysiakini 4521 OFFLINE AND Astro Awani (24 hour news) 3213 Astro Awani online 3516 ONLINE Harian Metro 2815 The Star online 3010 Berita Harian 2513 Berita Harian online 2510 The Star 2410 Harian Metro online 249 Sinar Harian 1221 Sinar Harian 208 Radio Televisyen Malaysia (public broadcaster) 1021 Malaysia Today 1016 TV9 News 2011 Yahoo! News 168 NTV7 News 168 Free Malaysia Today 158 Weekly use 8TV News 136 Bernama.com 1015 TV, radio & print CNN 136 CNN.com 157 More than 3 days per week Al-Hijrah 127 BBC News online 147 TV, radio & print BBC News 115 The Malaysian Insight 107 Weekly use New Straits Times 116 NST online 105 online brands Bernama News Channel 106 Malay Mail online 48 More than 3 days per week online brands The Sun Daily 48 BuzzFeed News 85

SOURCES OF NEWS Online (incl. social media) DEVICES FOR NEWS CHANGING MEDIA TV 2017–20 Print 2017–20 Online and social media Social media remain the predominant 100% 100% Social media Tablet sources of news for our 86% 86% 81% online sample of Malaysian Online (incl. social media) Smartphone 70% 67% Printed65% newspapers Computer news users. TV and print 57% 50% 50% 50% TV continue to play an 45% 45% important role for those not 40% 30% online. Smartphones are 18% the main access point for 13% 0% 0% digital news, with access 2017 2018 2019 2020 2017 2018 2019 2020 from computers and tablets falling over time.

TRUST DIFFERENT BRAND TRUST SCORES TYPES Trust Neither Don’t trust Overall trust in the media OF TRUST is amongst the lowest in Astro Awani 62 27 11 our survey, with just a Radio Televisyen Malaysia 58 29 13 quarter (25%) saying they News overall News I use The Star 56 30 14 trust most news most of Local or regional newspaper 56 33 11 the time. 24-hour TV news The New Straits Times 56 31 13 channel Astro Awani leads (-6) NTV7 55 32 13 in the area of brand trust, 25% 31% Malaysiakini 53 30 17 taking a sometimes-critical 37th/40 TV3 News 53 29 18 approach to discussing Yahoo! News 52 36 12 news and current affairs. News in search News in social The Malaysian Insight 50 37 13 Malay Mail online 49 35 16 25% 17% Harian Metro 48 33 19 Borneo Post 47 39 14 Free Malaysia Today 45 38 17 0% 25% 50% 75% 100% Trust = % scored 6-10 on 10-point scale, Don’t trust = 0-4, Neither = 5. Those that haven’t heard of each brand were excluded.

TOP SOCIAL MEDIA AND MESSAGING PAY Rank Brand For News For All Rank Brand For News For All

1 Facebook 57% (-3) 77% 4 Instagram 20% (-1) 47% 17% +1 pay for 2 WhatsApp 51% (+1) 81% 5 Twitter 15% (+1) 25%

ONLINE NEWS 3 YouTube 33% (+1) 71% 6 Facebook Messenger 11% (-) 36%

*Data are from more urban areas, rather than a fully nationally representative sample. These will tend to represent richer and more connected users. Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism / Digital News Report 2020 100

Population 110m * Internet penetration 72% PHILIPPINES

WEEKLY REACH ABS-CBN (TV Patrol, Ang Bandila, ANC) 619 ABS-CBN News online 5412 OFFLINE AND GMA Network (24 Oras, Saksi, GMA News TV) 5310 GMA News online 4711 ONLINE Philippine Daily Inquirer 2235 Yahoo! News 3618 Philippine Star 3019 Philippine Daily Inquirer online (INQUIRER.net) 3518 CNN Philippines 2912 Rappler 1531 Manila Bulletin 2717 CNN.com 2511 Regional or local TV or radio news 2210 Philippine Star online (Philstar.com) 2314 TOP BRANDS TV5 (Aksyon, One Balita) 1021 BuzzFeed News 1911 % Weekly usage DZMM (Radyo Patrol) 2010 Manila Bulletin online 1912 Weekly use Super Radyo DZBB (Super Balita) 147 TV5 News online 177 TV, radio & print PTV News 115 PEP.ph 1017 More than 3 days per week DZRH News 95 CNN Philippines online 157 TV, radio & print Regional or local newspaper 69 MSN News 127 Weekly use Balita 97 BBC News online 127 online brands Abante 57 SunStar online 117 More than 3 days per week online brands A city-based paper 46 Manila Times online 117

SOURCES OF NEWS DEVICES FOR NEWS

TV Online (including social media) Computer Smartphone 66% 85% 39% 75%

Print Social media Tablet 22% 68% 14%

TRUST DIFFERENT BRAND TRUST SCORES Journalists have been TYPES Trust Neither Don’t trust OF TRUST labelled ‘prostitutes’, GMA Network 73 17 10 ‘fake news’, and ‘lowlifes’ TV5 68 22 10 by President Duterte in his News overall News I use Manila Bulletin 68 21 11 battle with media critics. Philippine Star 68 21 11 Trust in ABS-CBN, which has Philippine Daily Inquirer 67 19 14 been fighting a government DZMM Radyo Patrol 67 21 12 27% 34% 23 shutdown order, scored 61% DZRH 66 11 =35th/40 Super Balita DZBB 64 24 12 in the survey, 12 points lower Regional or local newspaper 64 27 9 than the GMA Network, News in search News in social ABS-CBN 61 18 21 which has a reputation for PTV 61 26 13 more cautious decision- Radyo Pilipinas 59 29 12 making. Rappler, which is 31% 22% Abante 50 32 18 fighting multiple court cases, Rappler 49 23 28 has a score of 49%. Bulgar 43 34 23 0% 25% 50% 75% 100% Trust = % scored 6-10 on 10-point scale, Don’t trust = 0-4, Neither = 5. Those that haven’t heard of each brand were excluded.

TOP SOCIAL MEDIA AND MESSAGING PAY Rank Brand For News For All Rank Brand For News For All 19% 1 Facebook 73% 86% 4 Twitter 16% 30% pay for 2 YouTube 49% 78% 5 Instagram 12% 36%

ONLINE NEWS 3 Facebook Messenger 33% 70% 6 LinkedIn 6% 18%

*Data are from more urban areas, rather than a fully nationally representative sample. These will tend to represent richer and more connected users. 100 / 101

Population 5.9m Internet penetration 88% SINGAPORE

WEEKLY REACH The Straits Times 4015 Channel News Asia online 4815 OFFLINE AND MediaCorp Channel News Asia 3611 Straits Times online 1441 ONLINE MediaCorp Channel 8 News 2811 Mothership.sg 4017 MediaCorp Channel 5 News 2612 Yahoo! News 2912 The New Paper 177 Today online 2210 CNN 167 STOMP 199 MediaCorp Radio News 135 The Online Citizen 1017 BBC News 115 CNN.com 168 Lianhe Zaobao 95 BBC News online 168 Weekly use Lianhe Wanbao 47 All Singapore Stu 1016 TV, radio & print Shin Min Daily 63 AsiaOne.com 136 More than 3 days per week MediaCorp Suria Berita 63 States Times Review 106 TV, radio & print Other foreign media 2 4 The Independent 69 Weekly use Berita Harian 2 4 BuzzFeed News 69 online brands MediaCorp Tamil Seithi 2 TNP online 47 More than 3 days per week online brands Tamil Murasu 1 Zaobao online 37

SOURCES OF NEWS Online (incl. social media) DEVICES FOR NEWS CHANGING MEDIA TV 2017–20 Print 2017–20 Print consumption has Social media declined significantly over 100% 100% Social media Tablet the last few years while 85% 87% Online (incl. social media) 81% Smartphone online and social media 72% 61% 63% Printed newspapers Computer continue to dominate. In 57% this high-tech city state, 50% 53% 50% TV52% 44% 43% mobile news consumption 29% dominates with the vast 21% 16% majority (81%) now 0% 0% accessing news via 2017 2018 2019 2020 2017 2018 2019 2020 smartphone.

TRUST DIFFERENT BRAND TRUST SCORES TYPES Trust Neither Don’t trust The new fake news law has OF TRUST not helped trust levels in MediaCorp Channel News Asia 76 18 6 the news (down six The Straits Times 73 18 9 percentage points) or trust News overall News I use MediaCorp Channel 5 News 73 20 7 in the news found in social BBC News 73 22 5 media (down two). MediaCorp Channel 8 News 71 22 7 Established traditional (-6) CNN 71 23 6 media companies tend to 36% 41% MediaCorp Radio News 70 24 6 be trusted most – along =23rd/40 Today online 67 27 6 with international brands Lianhe Zaobao 63 28 9 like the BBC and CNN. News in search News in social The New Paper 61 28 11 Popular digital brands like Yahoo! News 57 33 10 Mothership.sg have not yet Shin Min Daily 54 33 13 built credibility with many 26% 17% Mothership.sg 48 36 16 news users. The Online Citizen 39 41 20 All Singapore Stu 37 43 20 0% 25% 50% 75% 100% Trust = % scored 6-10 on 10-point scale, Don’t trust = 0-4, Neither = 5. Those that haven’t heard of each brand were excluded.

TOP SOCIAL MEDIA AND MESSAGING PAY Rank Brand For News For All Rank Brand For News For All

1 WhatsApp 47% (+6) 86% 4 Instagram 16% (+1) 51% 14% -2 pay for 2 Facebook 46% (-2) 73% 5 Telegram 11% (+4) 30%

ONLINE NEWS 3 YouTube 24% (-3) 73% 6 Facebook Messenger 8% (-1) 33% Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism / Digital News Report 2020 102

Population 51m Internet penetration 96% SOUTH KOREA

WEEKLY REACH KBS (public broadcaster) 5016 Naver 6212 OFFLINE AND JTBC 4416 Daum 328 ONLINE MBC News 4316 KBS News online 2610 YTN News 4014 JTBC News online 239 SBS News 3913 YTN News online 239 Yonhap TV News 2812 MBC News online 198 TV Chosun News 239 SBS News online 198 TOP BRANDS Chosun Ilbo 1811 Yonhap News TV online 178 % Weekly usage MBN News 189 Chosun Ilbo online 157 Weekly use Channel A News 188 TV Chosun online 156 TV, radio & print Joongang Ilbo 1016 Joongang Ilbo online 137 More than 3 days per week Dong-a Ilbo 128 Yonhap News online 106 TV, radio & print Hankyoreh Shinmun 117 Channel A News online 104 Weekly use Maeil Business Newspaper 117 MBN News online 49 online brands Regional or local newspaper 68 Hankyoreh Shinmun online 95 More than 3 days per week online brands Korea Economic Daily 47 Dong-a Ilbo online 95

SOURCES OF NEWS Online (incl. social media) DEVICES FOR NEWS CHANGING MEDIA TV 2016–20 Print 2016–20* Audiences for traditional TV Social media news have started to dip, 100% 100% Social media Tablet partly due to more 86% 83% Online (incl. social media) Smartphone competition from long- and 71% 63% Printed66% newspapers 63% Computer short-form video online. 60% TV 51% YouTube is being increasingly 50% 44% 50% used for news (+7) and this 32% partly explains the surge in 28% 18% 12% social media use. Readership 11% 0% 0% of newspapers is significantly 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 down since 2016 and is likely *2018 figures for computer use were likely overstated due to an error in polling. to be hit further in the aftermath of COVID-19.

TRUST DIFFERENT BRAND TRUST SCORES TYPES Trust Neither Don’t trust Trust in the news in OF TRUST South Korea is consistently JTBC News 54 24 22 amongst the lowest in our MBC News 53 26 21 survey, though confidence in News overall News I use YTN News 51 29 20 individual news brands is KBS News 50 28 22 much higher. TV news SBS News 49 28 23 brands such as JTBC, MBC, (-1) Yonhap News 46 29 25 and YTN tend to be trusted 21% 27% Naver 45 31 24 most, with popular 40th/40 Daum 43 35 22 newspapers least trusted in MBN News 39 32 29 general – even if they are News in search News in social Channel A News 38 28 34 often better trusted by those TV Chosun 36 23 41 that use the brands regularly. Donga Ilbo 35 30 35 19% 16% Joongang Ilbo 34 30 36 Chosun Ilbo 33 25 42 Regional or local newspaper 31 38 31 0% 25% 50% 75% 100% Trust = % scored 6-10 on 10-point scale, Don’t trust = 0-4, Neither = 5. Those that haven’t heard of each brand were excluded.

TOP SOCIAL MEDIA AND MESSAGING PAY Rank Brand For News For All Rank Brand For News For All

1 YouTube 45% (+7) 72% 4 Instagram 9% (+1) 38% 10% - pay for 2 Kakao Talk 27% (-1) 73% 5 Kakao Story 8% (+1) 26%

ONLINE NEWS 3 Facebook 19% (-3) 43% 6 Twitter 6% (-1) 17% 102 / 103

Population 24m Internet penetration 93% TAIWAN

WEEKLY REACH TVBS News 4613 Yahoo! News 4515 OFFLINE AND Eastern Broadcasting News 3613 ETtoday online 4016 ONLINE Chung Tien News 3412 TVBS News online 3313 Sanlih E-Television News 3413 Line News 3210 Formosa TV News 2911 Sanlih E-Television News online 2712 Apple Daily 2714 EBS News online 249 Liberty Times 2212 ChungTien News online 238 China TV News 209 Apple Daily online 2313 Taiwan Television News 209 United Daily online 1019 Weekly use ERA News 198 Liberty Times online 178 TV, radio & print Next TV 176 Storm Media 1611 More than 3 days per week United Daily News 179 Taiwan Television News online 147 TV, radio & print Chinese Television System News 157 China TV News online 126 Weekly use Unique Satellite TV News 146 China Times online 106 online brands Public Television Service News 126 cnYes.com 104 More than 3 days per week online brands China Times 127 Common Wealth Magazine online 107

SOURCES OF NEWS Online (incl. social media) DEVICES FOR NEWS CHANGING MEDIA TV 2017–20 Print 2017–20 Traditional media sources Social media such as television and print are 100% 100% Social media Tablet becoming less important while 88% 83% Online (incl. social media) Smartphone digital and social media have 77% 74% 65% become more widely used. 62% Printed newspapers Computer 57% 59% 55% Yahoo! News remains the most 50% 50% TV 41% popular online (45% weekly 41% reach) aggregating multiple 21% 20% 16% providers. Taiwanese love their 0% 0% smartphones, which are used 2017 2018 2019 2020 2017 2018 2019 2020 by three-quarters (74%) of our survey sample for news.

TRUST DIFFERENT BRAND TRUST SCORES TYPES Trust Neither Don’t trust Trust in news is down four OF TRUST percentage points and Public Television Service 53 37 10 remains one of the lowest in Common Wealth Magazine 48 42 10 our survey – with Taiwanese News overall News I use Business Weekly 46 42 12 frequently exposed to Economic Daily 44 48 8 misinformation through TVBS News 42 44 14 both mainstream and social (-4) Ettoday.net 40 46 14 media. Public service 24% 31% United Daily 37 46 17 television is the most 38th/40 Formosa TV News 34 41 25 trusted in our survey, China Television Service 33 53 14 though not competitive in News in search News in social Central News Agency 33 51 16 terms of audience. Liberty Times 32 43 25 Networks with strong links Apple Daily 30 46 24 to the mainland tend to be 24% 16% Chung Tien News 30 38 32 trusted less. Storm Media 27 52 21 The Reporter 21 64 15 0% 25% 50% 75% 100% Trust = % scored 6-10 on 10-point scale, Don’t trust = 0-4, Neither = 5. Those that haven’t heard of each brand were excluded.

TOP SOCIAL MEDIA AND MESSAGING PAY Rank Brand For News For All Rank Brand For News For All

1 Line 49% (-8) 67% 4 PTT (bulletin board) 8% (-4) 17% 15% +3 pay for 2 Facebook 47% (-7) 70% 5 Facebook Messenger 8% (-) 30%

ONLINE NEWS 3 YouTube 41% (-2) 68% 6 Instagram 8% (+1) 28% Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism / Digital News Report 2020 104 104 / 105

SECTION 3 Country and Market Data Africa

AFRICA 3.39 Kenya 106 3.40 South Africa 107 Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism / Digital News Report 2020 106

Population 54m * Internet penetration 87% KENYA

WEEKLY REACH Citizen TV 7214 Daily Nation 2261 OFFLINE AND Daily Nation 3470 Kenyans.co.ke 5426 ONLINE NTV 5619 Citizen TV 5412 The Standard 2952 The Standard 4619 KTN News 1851 NTV online 3712 KTN Home 4816 KTN News 3611 3517 319 TOP BRANDS K-24 KTN Home % Weekly usage Citizen Radio 1531 Nairobi News 2819 The Star 2314 Yahoo! News 2513 Weekly use 2311 2310 TV, radio & print Classic FM BBC News online The Nairobian 2316 CNN.com 229 More than 3 days per week TV, radio & print Radio Maisha 2210 The Star 2212 Weekly use Radio Jambo 199 Al-Jazeera online 198 online brands KBC (public broadcaster) 1019 K-24 198 More than 3 days per week Milele 179 Nairobian 1018 online brands The People Daily (free daily) 1711 Citizen Radio 178

SOURCES OF NEWS DEVICES FOR NEWS

TV Online (including social media) Computer Smartphone 74% 90% 55% 83%

Print Social media Tablet 47% 77% 11%

TRUST DIFFERENT BRAND TRUST SCORES TYPES Kenya has relatively high OF TRUST Trust Neither Don’t trust levels of trust in the media, KTN News 90 5 5 with half (50%) saying they Citizen TV 89 5 6 trust most news most of News overall News I use NTV 89 6 5 the time. Lively commercial Daily Nation 89 6 5 TV networks pull in big The Standard 89 6 5 audiences for news and are 50% 57% Citizen Radio 87 7 6 highly trusted. The public 6th/40 The Business Daily 84 9 7 K-24 TV 81 10 9 broadcaster KBC is trusted Taifa Leo 80 13 7 less, with tabloid newspapers News in search News in social Radio Maisha 80 12 8 least trusted in our survey. Radio Jambo 80 11 9 KBC (public broadcaster) 78 11 11 51% 34% The People Daily 72 15 13 The Star 69 16 15 The Nairobian 56 21 23 0% 25% 50% 75% 100% Trust = % scored 6-10 on 10-point scale, Don’t trust = 0-4, Neither = 5. Those that haven’t heard of each brand were excluded.

TOP SOCIAL MEDIA AND MESSAGING

Rank Brand For News For All Rank Brand For News For All 63% 1 WhatsApp 67% 90% 4 Twitter 40% 56% SHARE NEWS by 2 Facebook 66% 82% 5 Instagram 26% 56% social media, email, or messaging 3 YouTube 51% 83% 6 Facebook Messenger 21% 48%

* Sample in Kenya only includes those aged 18-54. Data are from more urban areas, rather than a fully nationally representative sample. These will tend to represent richer and more connected users. 106 / 107

Population 59m * Internet penetration 55% SOUTH AFRICA

WEEKLY REACH SABC News (incl. SABC 1,2,3) 1251 News24 2072 OFFLINE AND eNCA 4012 SABC News online 4513 ONLINE SABC radio news 3211 eNCA 3010 BBC News 2913 BBC News online 2412 Local radio news 2912 CNN.com 2311 CNN 2712 Daily Sun online 2211 2619 178 TOP BRANDS The Sunday Times Netwerk24 % Weekly usage Daily Sun 2413 Eyewitness News (EWN) 168 Regional or local newspaper 1911 City Press 1016 Weekly use 1611 168 TV, radio & print City Press IOL The Citizen 149 Regional or local newspaper online 1511 More than 3 days per week TV, radio & print Community newspaper 149 TimesLive 158 Weekly use Sowetan 149 Mail & Guardian online 159 online brands SAFM 136 Yahoo! News 158 More than 3 days per week Mail & Guardian 117 The Citizen online 149 online brands The Star 117 MyBroadband 136

SOURCES OF NEWS DEVICES FOR NEWS

TV Online (including social media) Computer Smartphone 68% 90% 52% 82% (-) (-) (-6) (+6)

Print Social media Tablet 37% 73% 17% (-3) (+1) (-2)

TRUST DIFFERENT BRAND TRUST SCORES TYPES South African media have OF TRUST Trust Neither Don’t trust a strong reputation for News24 85 9 6 independence but political BBC News 84 10 6 and business interference News overall News I use eNCA 78 14 8 is an increasing concern. SABC News 77 11 12 The website News24 has Mail & Guardian 76 16 8 built credibility on the back 48% (-1) 56% Sunday Times 76 15 9 of investments in breaking =7th/40 Local or regional newspaper 74 17 9 EWN (Eye Witness News) 72 19 9 news. Tabloid newspapers TimesLive 72 19 9 like the Daily Sun are widely News in search News in social City Press 67 22 11 used but less well trusted. The Star 65 22 13 IOL 62 25 13 49% 28% Daily Maverick 60 26 14 Sowetan 60 24 16 Daily Sun 49 24 27 0% 25% 50% 75% 100% Trust = % scored 6-10 on 10-point scale, Don’t trust = 0-4, Neither = 5. Those that haven’t heard of each brand were excluded.

TOP SOCIAL MEDIA AND MESSAGING

Rank Brand For News For All Rank Brand For News For All 61% 1 Facebook 57% (-2) 79% 4 Twitter 23% (+3) 38% SHARE NEWS by 2 WhatsApp 49% (-) 88% 5 Instagram 17% (+3) 43% social media, email, or messaging 3 YouTube 39% (+4) 75% 6 Facebook Messenger 13% (-1) 46%

*Data are from more urban areas, rather than a fully nationally representative sample. These will tend to represent richer and more connected users. Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism / Digital News Report 2020 108 108 / 109

SECTION 4 References and Selected Publications

The authors welcome feedback on this report and suggestions on how to improve our work via [email protected] as well as potential partnerships and support for our ongoing work. Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism / Digital News Report 2020 110

References

Flamingo. 2019. How Young People Consume News and the Implications for Mainstream Media, Oxford: Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism. https://reutersinstitute.politics.ox.ac.uk/ our-research/how-young-people-consume-news-and-implications- mainstream-media

Fletcher, R. 2016. ‘The Public and News about the Environment’, in J. Painter (ed.), Something Old, Something New: Digital Media and the Coverage of Climate Change, Oxford: Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism. 24–36.

Fletcher, R., Newman, N., Schulz, A. 2020. A Mile Wide, an Inch Deep: Online News and Media Use in the 2019 UK General Election. Oxford: Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism. https://reutersinstitute. politics.ox.ac.uk/mile-wide-inch-deep-online-news-and-media-use- 2019-uk-general-election

Hallin, D., Mancini, P. 2004. Comparing Media Systems: Three Models of Press and Politics, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Jack, A. 2016. Editorial Email Newsletters: The Medium is Not the Only Message, Oxford: Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism. https://reutersinstitute.politics.ox.ac.uk/our- research?string=editorial%20email

Jenkins, J., Nielsen, R.K. 2020. ‘Preservation and Evolution: Local Newspapers as Ambidextrous Organizations’, Journalism. Advance online publication. Doi:10.1177/1464884919886421.

Möhring, W., Keldenich, F. 2018. ‘Lokaler Journalismus im Internet’, in C. Nuernbergk and C. Neuberger (eds), Journalismus im Internet, Wiesbaden: Springer, 183–208.

Newman, N. 2018. The Future of Voice and the Implications for News, Oxford: Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism. https:// reutersinstitute.politics.ox.ac.uk/our-research/future-voice-and- implications-news

Newman, N., Gallo, N. 2019. News Podcasts and the Opportunities for Publishers, Oxford: Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism. http://www.digitalnewsreport.org/publications/2019/news- podcasts-opportunities-publishers/

Nielsen, R.K., Fletcher, R., Newman, N., Brennen, J.S., Howard, P.N. 2020. Navigating the ‘Infodemic’: How People in Six Countries Access and Rate News and Information about Coronavirus, Oxford: Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism. https://reutersinstitute. politics.ox.ac.uk/infodemic-how-people-six-countries-access-and- rate-news-and-information-about-coronavirus

Schäfer, M.S., Schlichting, I. 2014. ‘Media Representation od Climate Change: A Meta-analysis of the Research Field’, Environmental Communication 8(2), 142–60. 110 / 111

Recent Reuters Institute Publications

Anne Schulz, Richard Fletcher, and Marina Popescu, Are News J. Scott Brennen, Anne Schulz, Philip N. Howard, and Rasmus Outlets Viewed in the Same Way by Experts and the Public? Kleis Nielsen, Industry, Expert, or Industry Experts? Academic A Comparison across 23 European Countries (May 2020) Sourcing in News Coverage of AI (Dec. 2019)

Rasmus Kleis Nielsen, Richard Fletcher, Nic Newman, J. Scott Rasmus Kleis Nielsen, Robert Gorwa, Madeleine de Cock Buning, Brennen, and Philip N. Howard, Navigating the ‘Infodemic’: What Can be Done? Digital Media Policy Options for Strengthening How People in Six Countries Access and Rate News and Information European Democracy (Nov. 2019) about Coronavirus (Apr. 2020) Julie Posetti, Felix Simon, Nabeelah Shabbir, What if Scale Breaks J. Scott Brennen, Felix M. Simon, Philip N. Howard, and Rasmus Community? Rebooting Audience Engagement When Journalism is Kleis Nielsen, Types, Sources, and Claims of COVID-19 Misinformation Under Fire (Oct. 19) (Apr. 2020) Anne Schulz, David A. L. Levy, and Rasmus Kleis Nielsen, Old, Simge Andı, Meera Selva, and Rasmus Kleis Nielsen, Women Educated, and Politically Diverse: The Audience of Public Service News and Leadership in the News Media (Mar. 2020) (Sept. 2019)

Richard Fletcher, Nic Newman, and Anne Schulz, A Mile Wide, Lucas Galan, Jordan Osserman, Tim Parker, Matt Taylor, How Young an Inch Deep: Online News and Media Use in the 2019 UK General People Consume News and the Implications for Mainstream Media Election (Feb. 2020) (Sept. 2019)

Meera Selva, Fighting Words: Journalism Under Assault in Central Silvia Majó-Vázquez, Subhayan Mukerjee, Taberez Ahmed Neyazi, and Eastern Europe (Jan. 2020) Rasmus Kleis Nielsen, The Role of Legacy and Digital-Born Outlets in India and the Distribution of Their Online Audiences (June 2019) Nic Newman, Journalism, Media and Technology Trends and Predictions 2020 (Jan. 2020)

Nic Newman and Nathan Gallo, News Podcasts and the Opportunities for Publishers (Dec. 2019)

The Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism is dedicated to exploring the future of journalism worldwide through debate, engagement, and research. It is part of the Department of Politics and International Relations at the University of Oxford, and affiliated with Green Templeton College. Core funding comes from the Thomson Reuters Foundation with additional support from a wide range of other funders including academic funding bodies, foundations, non-profits, and industry partners. Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism e: [email protected] w: reutersinstitute.politics.ox.ac.uk w: www.digitalnewsreport.org

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