MALI New Livelihood Zone Descriptions August 2015

MALI LIVELIHOOD ZONE MAP

FEWS NET Washington FEWS NET is a USAID-funded activity. The content of this document does not [email protected] necessarily reflect the view of the United States Agency for International www.fews.net Development or the United States Government.

MALI New Livelihood Zone Descriptions August 2015 TABLE OF CONTENTS

Mali Livelihood Zone Map ...... 1 Acronyms and Abbreviations ...... 3 Acknowledgements ...... 4 Summary of the Household Economy Approach ...... 5 Livelihoods in Mali ...... 6 Center-eastern Millet and Livestock (ML 13) ...... 7 ML 13: Seasonal calendar ...... 7 ML 13: Main sources of food, income, and expenditures of poor households ...... 8 Lakes Recessional Millet and Sorghum (ML 14) ...... 9 ML 14: Seasonal calendar ...... 9 ML 14: Main sources of food, income, and expenditures of poor households ...... 10 Western Groundnut, Sorghum, and Maize (ML 15) ...... 11 ML 15: Seasonal calendar ...... 11 ML 15: Main sources of food, income, and expenditures of poor households ...... 12 Southwestern Gold Mining and Maize (ML 16) ...... 13 ML 16: Seasonal calendar ...... 13 ML 16: Main sources of food, income, and expenditures of poor households ...... 14 List of Participants in Validating the Map ...... 15

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1. Map of the Center-eastern Millet and Livestock Zone (ML 13) ...... 7 Figure 2. Map of the Lakes Recessional Millet and Sorghum Zone (ML 14) ...... 9 Figure 3. Map of the Western Groundnut, Sorghum, and Maize Zone (ML 15) ...... 11 Figure 4. Map of the Southwestern Gold Mining and Maize Zone (ML 16)...... 13

Famine Early Warning Systems Network 2 MALI New Livelihood Zone Descriptions August 2015 ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS

CMDT Compagnie malienne pour le développement des textiles (Malian Textile Development Company) CSA Commissariat à la sécurité alimentaire (Food Security Commission) CSO Civil society organization CSPEEDA Centre sahélien de prestation d'étude, d'écodéveloppement et de démocratie appliquée (Sahel Center for Study, Eco-development, and Applied Democracy) DNP Direction nationale de la pêche (National Fishery Department) DNPIA Direction nationale de la production et industrie animale (National Livestock Production and Industry Department) EWS (National) early warning system FAO Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations FEWS NET Famine Early Warning Systems Network GRDR Groupe de recherche et de réalisations pour le développement rural (Rural Development Research and Program Group) HEA Household Economy Approach ML Mali OMA Observatoire du marché agricole (Agricultural Market Office) NGO Nongovernmental organization OPV Office de protection des végétaux (Plant Protection Office)

Famine Early Warning Systems Network 3 MALI New Livelihood Zone Descriptions August 2015 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

This Mali Livelihood Zone map was updated by the National HEA Technical Committee and the Food Security Cluster, with technical support provided by Maman Bachir Yacouba (FEWS NET).

We would particularly like to thank the following partners for their tireless efforts in updating this Livelihood Zone map: the CSA (Food Security Commission), the technical services of the Government of Mali, the EWS (Early Warning System), Oxfam, Save the Children UK, and the NGOs of the Food Security Cluster.

Famine Early Warning Systems Network 4 MALI New Livelihood Zone Descriptions August 2015 SUMMARY OF THE HOUSEHOLD ECONOMY APPROACH

The Household Economy Approach (HEA) is an analytical framework based on livelihood zones that is used to analyze how households access the consumer goods they need to survive and maintain their livelihoods. This approach helps to determine a population's food and non-food needs and identify appropriate means of assistance, emergency assistance and development programs, and short-, medium-, and long-term policy changes.

It is important to note that the HEA approach is an analytical framework. It is not a data collection method. The HEA defines which data should be collected and how they should be analyzed in order to answer a particular set of questions. It provides a framework for organizing a wide range of information, including local knowledge, census data, and agricultural and agro- pastoral production data. The HEA offers a way to apply existing sources of secondary and primary information in relatively homogenous units within a territory, known as "livelihood zones."

The HEA defines a livelihood zone as a geographic space in which households meet their basic needs for survival, including food and income, in a similar way. This means that households living in a given zone are wealth groups with similar asset bases and relatively similar consumption patterns. These similarities apply in both normal and below-average years. The coping strategies developed in response to shocks are also relatively similar within the same livelihood zone.

For more information on the HEA approach, visit http://www.fews.net or download the "Application of the Livelihood Zone Maps and Profiles for Food Security Analysis and Early Warning."

Famine Early Warning Systems Network 5 MALI New Livelihood Zone Descriptions August 2015 LIVELIHOODS IN MALI

In November 2009, in collaboration with national partners, FEWS NET held a national workshop in to revise Mali's livelihood zones in order to update the livelihood zone map initially created in 2003. The livelihood profiles developed by FEWS NET in 2010 were based on the 2009 map. Many partners continue to use this map to develop livelihood baselines.

In October 2013, another livelihood zone revision workshop was held by the national HEA working group and attended by several civil society organizations (CSOs), the national early warning system (EWS), line ministry technical services, non- governmental organizations (NGOs), and United Nations agencies. A first version of the revised map was produced, resulting in an increase in the number of zones from 13 to 19.

Finally, in December 2014, a validation workshop was held under FEWS NET's technical supervision after completion of a field mission. Participants at the workshop addressed several questions concerning the first version of the map published in October 2013. They validated the revised map, which had fewer livelihood zones than the first version. The total number of zones therefore rose from 13 to 17 rather than from 13 to 19.

This report, which summarizes the main characteristics of the map, describes four of the five new livelihood zones: ML 13 (Center-eastern Millet and Livestock), ML 14 (Lakes Recessional Millet and Sorghum), ML 15 (Western Groundnut, Sorghum, and Maize), and ML 16 (Southwestern Gold Mining and Maize). The existing livelihood profile document can be used for the old livelihood zones, which have remained unchanged.

Famine Early Warning Systems Network 6 MALI New Livelihood Zone Descriptions August 2015 CENTER-EASTERN MILLET AND LIVESTOCK (ML 13)

The Center-eastern Millet and Livestock Zone covers the center of and Figure 1. Map of the Center- Ségou and the eastern part of the region of . This zone is characterized by eastern Millet and Livestock Zone production deficits that barely cover six months of food needs in a normal year, with (ML 13) crops dominated by rain-fed millet and sorghum grown in depressions and the early season sorghum variety "Gadiaba." Dry-planting of millet is occurring more frequently, with little use of enhanced seeds and fertilizers. The presence of market gardening sites in ponds and wells throughout the zone depends on the amount of rainfall from June through September.

Livestock rearing is dominated by transhumant herds (cattle and small ruminants) and offers households a way to cover crop production deficits.

The main sources of income for poor households in the zone are livestock sales, migration, farm and non-farm labor, self-employment, and crop sales.

For these same poor households, in-kind payments are a significant source of food, with crop production making a small contribution to household food sources. Source: FEWS NET

The main markets in the zone are those in Diéma, Nara, Koro, Douentza, Mondoro, Boni, Diancounté Camara, Didiéni, and .

Hazards and risks in the zone are drought, crop pests, animal diseases, and floods.

ML 13: Seasonal calendar Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Seasons Rainy season r r r r r r r r Dry season dddddddddddddddd Lean season l l l l l l Livelihood activities Crop production h h h h p p p p s s s s w w w w Crop sales 111111111111 Market gardening 222222222222 Labor migration 1111111111111111 1 1 Small ruminant sales 22222222222222 Hazards Crop pests 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Animal diseases 2 2 2 2 2 2 Legend p p Land preparation s s Sowing w w Weeding h h Sowing

Famine Early Warning Systems Network 7 MALI New Livelihood Zone Descriptions August 2015 ML 13: Main sources of food, income, and expenditures of poor households Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Staple foods Rice mmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmm Millet/sorghum pppppppppppp mmmmmmmmmmmm Wild foods cccccccccccc c c Income Market gardening 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Farm labor 2 2 2 2 222222222222 Wild food sales Expenditures Staple foods 11111111111111 Other foods 222222222222222222222222 Legend p p Production m m Market purchase k k In-kind paymtc c Gathering

Famine Early Warning Systems Network 8 MALI New Livelihood Zone Descriptions August 2015 LAKES RECESSIONAL MILLET AND SORGHUM (ML 14)

The Lakes Recessional Millet and Sorghum Zone is made up of Lake Horo (Tonka Figure 2. Map of the Lakes commune), Lake Télé (mainly the , , , and Télé communes Recessional Millet and Sorghum and a small part of the commune), *Lake Fathi (Goundam commune Zone (ML 14) and commune in the Diré cercle), (, Bintagoungou, M'Bouna, Tin Aïcha, , and Issabery communes), Lake Gouber and Lake Kamango (Essakane) in the , Lake Niangaye (Bambara-Maoundé commune and N'Gouma commune in the region of Mopti), *Lake Tanda (Dianké), *Lake Kabara (), and *Lake Takadji () in the Niafunké cercle.

The zone's great production potential depends largely on the water level, which determines the performance of some lakes and the structures within them, which help to secure production. Crop planting (millet, sorghum, rice, legumes, maize, tubers, wheat) thanks to lake recessions in February-March and rainfall in June helps crops continue their development cycle, which is why they are called "long-cycle recessional" crops (six to nine months). Rice is harvested in August-September, while tubers and legumes are harvested in March. The zone suffers from crop production deficits, with production covering six to nine months of food needs in a normal year. Source: FEWS NET

Livestock rearing is dominated by transhumant herds (cattle and small ruminants), constituting a secondary activity for households. The zone has a high concentration of livestock during the dry season.

The main sources of income for poor households in the zone are livestock sales, migration, farm and non-farm labor, self- employment, and crop sales.

The main markets in the zone are those in Tonka, Goundam, Bintagoungou, Soboundou, Soumpi, Dianké, and N’Gouma.

Hazards and risks in the zone are drought (low rainfall and low water levels in rivers), crop pests, animal diseases, floods, and civil insecurity.

ML 14: Seasonal calendar Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Seasons Rainy season r r r r r r r r Lake drainage rrrrrrrrrrrrrr r r Dry season dddddddddddddddd Lean season l l l l l l Livelihood activities Crop production h h h h pppppppppppp s s s Crop sales 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Market gardening 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 Labor migration 11111111111111 Small ruminant sales 222222222222222222222222 Livestock migration 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Hazards Crop pests 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 Animal diseases 1 1 1 1 1 1 Legend p p Land preparation s s Sowing w w Weeding h h Sowing

Famine Early Warning Systems Network 9 MALI New Livelihood Zone Descriptions August 2015 ML 14: Main sources of food, income, and expenditures of poor households Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Staple foods Rice p p p p p p p p mmmmmmmmmmmmmm p p Millet/sorghum pppppppppppp mmmmmmmmmmmm Wild foods cccccccccccc c c Income Market gardening 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Farm labor 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 Wild food sales 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Expenditures Staple foods 222222222222 Other foods 111111111111111111111111 Legend p p Production m m Market purchase k k In-kind paymtc c Gathering

Famine Early Warning Systems Network 10 MALI New Livelihood Zone Descriptions August 2015 WESTERN GROUNDNUT, SORGHUM, AND MAIZE (ML 15)

The Western Groundnut, Sorghum, and Maize Zone covers the entire Bafoulabé Figure 3. Map of the Western cercle, except northern and eastern Dialan, the (, Groundnut, Sorghum, and Maize Tambaga, Bougarybaya, Niatanso, , Guimba, Madina, Sud Dindanko, Zone (ML 15) Sud , Kourounikoto, and Sefeto Ouest), and the cercle (Kolokani, , southern , northern Mansantola, and Sebekoro).

The main crops grown in the zone are sorghum, maize, groundnuts, cowpeas, and sesame. The zone is a supply basin for the entire region thanks to its surplus cereal production, with high production levels of cash crops such as groundnuts and cotton (with the support of the Compagnie malienne pour le développement des textiles, or CMDT). Rainfed sorghum and particularly maize require heavy use of fertilizers. The zone is also characterized by the presence of large market garden production areas in the off-season.

Livestock rearing is dominated by transhumant herds. The zone has a high concentration of livestock during the dry season, providing it with milk and meat. Source: FEWS NET

The main sources of income for poor households in the zone are cash crop sales, livestock rearing, migration, gold mining, farm and non-farm labor, and self-employment.

The main markets in the zone are those in Kita, Krounikoto, Kokofata, Bafin Makana, Koumakiré, Sitanikoto, , Kolokani, Sebecoro 1, , Toukoto, Mahina, Oussoubidiania, and Goufan.

Hazards and risks in the zone are drought, crop pests (birds, caterpillars, etc.), the deterioration of road and trail conditions, the straying of animals, unstable groundnut and cotton prices, and animal diseases.

ML 15: Seasonal calendar Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Seasons Rainy season r r r r r r r r r r Dry season d d d d d d d d d d d d Lean season l l l l Livelihood activities Crop production h h h h h h p p p p s s s s w w w w Crop sales 111111111111111111 Market gardening 222222222222 Labor migration 11111111111111 Hazards Crop pests 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 Animal diseases 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 p p Land preparation s s Sowing w w Weeding h h Sowing Legend

Famine Early Warning Systems Network 11 MALI New Livelihood Zone Descriptions August 2015 ML 15: Main sources of food, income, and expenditures of poor households Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Staple foods Rice mmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmm Sorghum m m pppppppppppppp m m m m m m m m Maize p p p p p p p p Income Market gardening 111111111111 Local labor 222222222222222222222222 Farm labor 1 1 1 1 1 1 111111111111 Expenditures Staple foods 2 2 22222222222222 Inputs 1 1 1 1 Other foods 222222222222222222222222 Legend p p Production m m Market purchase k k In-kind paymtc c Gathering

Famine Early Warning Systems Network 12 MALI New Livelihood Zone Descriptions August 2015 SOUTHWESTERN GOLD MINING AND MAIZE (ML 16)

The Southwestern Gold Mining and Maize Zone covers the Keniéba cercle, southern Figure 4. Map of the , Sitakili, Keniéba, , and western . It has moderate to severe Southwestern Gold Mining and production deficits and is dominated by rainfed sorghum and maize crops. The zone Maize Zone (ML 16) faces a steady decrease in arable land with the development of gold mining activities. Farm labor is provided by able-bodied workers from neighboring zones and other regions of the country.

The zone is characterized by the rearing of cattle and small ruminants (sheep and goats), mainly for meat production.

Fishing is practiced as a subsistence activity, particularly by Bozos who come from other areas via the waterways that span the zone.

The main sources of income for poor households in the zone are gold mining, farm labor, and self-employment. The foods consumed there are maize, sorghum, millet, and cowpeas. Source: FEWS NET The main markets in the zone are those in Kéniéba, Guéniékoré, Kita, Faléa, Dialafara, Faraba, and .

Hazards and risks in the zone are unstable gold prices, low water availability during the dry season, crop pests (birds, caterpillars, etc.), the deterioration in the condition of roads and trails, animal diseases, landslides in mines, and speculation of food prices.

ML 16: Seasonal calendar Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Seasons Rainy season r r r r r r r r r r r r Dry season dddddddddddd Lean season l l l l l l Livelihood activities Crop production h h h h s s s s w w w w Gold mining 111111111111111111 Local labor 222222222222222222222222 Fishing 111111111111 Hazards Crop pests 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 Animal diseases 1 1 1 1 1 1 Legend p p Land preparation s s Sowing w w Weeding h h Sowing

Famine Early Warning Systems Network 13 MALI New Livelihood Zone Descriptions August 2015 ML 16: Main sources of food, income, and expenditures of poor households Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Staple foods Rice mmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmm Sorghum m m p p p p p p p p p p mmmmmmmmmmmm Maize p p p p p p m m m m m m m m p p Income Gold mining 222222222222222222 Self-employment (gold mining) 111111111111111111111111 Expenditures Staple foods 1 1 11111111111111 Inputs 2 2 2 2 Other foods 111111111111111111111111 Legend p p Production m m Market purchase k k In-kind paymtc c Gathering

Famine Early Warning Systems Network 14 MALI New Livelihood Zone Descriptions August 2015 LIST OF PARTICIPANTS IN VALIDATING THE MAP

FIRST AND LAST NAMES ORGANIZATION TITLE Adama THERA FEWS NET National Technical Officer Amadou TRAORE FEWS NET Deputy National Technical Officer Maman Bachir YACOUBA FEWS NET Livelihood Specialist Demba TOURE OXFAM HEA Focal Point Aminou Rio OXFAM Livelihoods Nouhoum SIDIBE SAP HEA Officer Ichiaka BENGALY SAP Geographer Abdramane DIAKITE OPV Management Section Chief Ousmane SYLLA FAO Food Security Consultant Yacouba COULIBALY DNPIA Information Division Bréhima SACKO ECHO Consultant Bakary KONE Solidarité Internationale Coordinator MBariké COULIBALY GRDR Program Officer Khalil Samba MAIGA OMA Market Analysis Officer Lamine SANGARE CSPEEDA Program Officer Mahamadou GUIMBAYARA Care Program Officer Issiaka HAIDARA DNP Statistics Unit Samba DOLO CSA Planning and Monitoring Division Chief Issouf TRAORE CSPEEDA Program Officer

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