The Cold War and Indigenous People

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

The Cold War and Indigenous People The Cold War and Indigenous People by Scott Michael Harrison A thesis presented to the University of Waterloo in fulfillment of the thesis requirement for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in History Waterloo, Ontario, Canada, 2014 ©Scott Michael Harrison 2014 Author’s Declaration I hereby declare that I am the sole author of this thesis. This is a true copy of the thesis, including any required final revisions, as accepted by my examiners. I understand that my thesis may be made electronically available to the public. ii Abstract The second half of the twentieth century saw dramatic state movements and expansions around the world into Indigenous people’s territories. These state expansions incorporated more of the earth than any time in the past and this shaped Indigenous – non-Indigenous relations around the world. This study examines global post-1945 Indigenous people’s history through the lens of the Cold War. Themes addressed herein on the intersections of Indigenous people and the Cold War include modernity, non-Indigenous components of indigenism, decolonization, Cold War structures—particularly the San Francisco System in the Asia-Pacific—, and the nuclear arms race. This study offers a new perspective on the global movement of Indigenous people during the second half of the twentieth century and expands Cold War history beyond interstate relations. It argues that the extent of change in Indigenous societies during the four and a half decades after World War II were so immense that we can place the Cold War alongside other broad patterns of global forces influencing the shape of Indigenous history, including first contacts, the spread of epidemic diseases, missionary work, and colonialism, and that Indigenous territories were essential geographies for waging Cold War. iii Acknowledgements Working on this dissertation, which examines the relationship between global forces and local actors around the world, has been a humbling experience. Research and writing for this project was often a labour of solitude; but without important assistance from a number of individuals and institutions it would have come to little more than a disorderly set of scribbled notes and diagrams. Participation in the Aboriginal Leadership, Governance and Management Excellence program at The Banff Centre (managed by Brian Calliou and his team) inspired a relooking at my previous historical research related to the Ainu of Japan and a territorial/border demarcation issue between Japan and Russia. This project was rooted in this rethinking of my research and its future directions. In addition to the above program’s faculty and fellow participants, all the people at The Banff Centre that made my participation possible deserve a heartfelt thank you. The faculty, staff, and graduate students in the Tri-University Graduate Program in History at the University of Waterloo provided a hospitable environment to pursue this study for which I am most grateful. Kimie Hara supported my study and research from its conceptual stage, provided extensive feedback, and opportunities to present some of my findings. Ken Coates, Whitney Lackenbauer, and Blaine Chiasson provided critical comments and feedback along the way that helped shape the direction and outcome of this project. Scott Simon graciously provided extensive feedback as external examiner and played an important role in improving the thesis. William Coleman also iv offered insightful questions and recommendations. Jonathan Crossen, Rebecca Granato, Luke Stewart, Andrew McLaughlan, and Özgür Balkiliç shared their thoughts and some resources from which this study benefited. Jane Forgay and Ted Harms at the University of Waterloo’s Porter Library provided invaluable assistance in locating numerous sources—often going out of their way to do so. Donna Hayes smoothed the navigation through the administrative side of the university. Ishihara Makoto, from the Sapporo-do bookstore in Sapporo (Japan), helped locate numerous sources and provided an open ear to discuss ideas during their early development for which I am ever appreciative. Ono Yugo, at Hokkaido University, introduced me to some new resources and kindly offered a quiet space to read. This study also is made use of materials gathered from my previous research that focused on Ainu history and I should therefore repeat my thanks and appreciation for the assistance and support received at that time from various peoples and institutions in Hokkaido. My interest and appreciation of Ainu history, while not attributable to one particular moment, has important roots in attending Hokkaido University of Education Sapporo. People associated with the Kawamura Kaneto Memorial and the Ainu Association of Hokkaido provided materials for my prior study that this project also benefited. Over the last decade Murotani Norihisa and Murotani Kazue have sent me a wide variety of resources that aided this study and always graciously supported my studies while in Japan. Wayne Kines kindly granted access to the World Council of Indigenous Peoples fonds at the Library and Archives Canada. The International v Working Group on Indigenous Affairs supplied many materials, and Susan Roy enabled a trip to participate in the UN Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues. Earlier drafts of various parts of the thesis were presented at conferences and in lectures including the Japan Studies Association of Canada (JSAC), Canada Asian Studies Council Southeast Asian Studies, the Third International Forum for Peace and Prosperity in Northeast Asia: Sixty Years of the San Francisco System, Native American and Indigenous Studies Association, the Department of History at the University of Waterloo and the Belair Centre for East Asia Studies at Renison University College, at the University of Waterloo. This work benefited from subsequent conversations with, and questions and feedback from numerous people including Mark Selden, Kosaku Yoshino, Anthony Rausch, Norio Ota, Gregory Wheeler, Joseph DeChicchis, Nikita Kovrigin, Alan Elder, David Rangdrol, David Edgington, Masami Iwasaki-Goodman, Tom Waldichuk, Susan Roy, Desiree Hellegers, Gordon Henry, Mark Watson, and two reviewers from the Native American and Indigenous Studies Journal. Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada’s Joseph-Armand Bombardier Canadian Graduate Scholarships (Masters and Doctoral), University of Waterloo’s President’s Graduate Scholarships (Masters and Doctoral), an Ontario Graduate Scholarship (Doctoral), a Centre for International Governance Innovation Balsillie Fellowship (Masters), a Graduate Entrance Scholarship (Masters), and a Hugh MacKinnon Graduate Scholarship (Masters) provided generous financial assistance to undertake the underlying study, research, and writing for this project. Research assistantships through Kimie Hara, Carin Holroyd, Susan Roy, and Whitney vi Lackenbauer also deserve recognition. The Japan Foundation and the Department of History at the University of Waterloo kindly granted assistance to attend several conferences across the country. On a lighter note, I thank the crisp silence, all the musicians who created the potpourri of music in the background, Igor for introducing a new kind of moving meditation, Grand River Rocks, and the mountains, trees, water and rock for doing what they do—they were all vital for keeping me whole. Shirley Klein, Shaun Harrison and Alisa Harrison, and other family and friends, provided continual encouragement. Saki Murotani provided unwavering support, critical feedback, and enriched my life through the whole process. Without her, this project would have remained but an idea. Although this study benefited directly and indirectly from others, this author alone is responsible for the content. vii Dedication Issa Murotani Harrison (室谷一冴) viii Table of Contents Author’s Declaration .................................................................................................................... ii Abstract............................................................................................................................................iii Acknowledgements...................................................................................................................... iv Dedication.....................................................................................................................................viii Table of Contents .......................................................................................................................... ix List of Figures................................................................................................................................xii Abbreviations...............................................................................................................................xiii Introduction: Indigenous History Through a Cold War Lens.......................................... 1 Indigeneity, Indigenism, and Indigenous People(s) ......................................................................8 Cold War ........................................................................................................................................................15 Context............................................................................................................................................................19 Chapter 1: Cold War Modernity and Indigenous People ................................................27 Modernity: Space and Time Reconfigured......................................................................................30
Recommended publications
  • The Newest Indians •
    The Newest Indians • E-Mail This • Printer-Friendly • Single-Page By JACK HITT Published: August 21, 2005 On a crisp morning in March at the Jaycee Fairgrounds near Jasper, Ala., the powwow was stirring. Amid pickups with bumper stickers reading ''Native Pride'' and ''The earth does not belong to us. We belong to the earth,'' small groups gathered to check out the booths selling Indian rugs, dancing sticks, homemade knives and genealogy books. On one side, under her camper's tarp, sat Wynona Morgan, a middle-aged woman wearing a modestly embroidered Indian smock and some jewelry. Morgan had only recently discovered her Indian heritage, but, she said, in some ways she had known who she was for years. ''My grandmother always told me that she came from Indians,'' Morgan told me. She is now a member of one of the groups meeting here in Jasper, the Cherokee Tribe of Northeast Alabama, which itself is new, having organized under that name in 1997. The tribe is committed to telling its story, in part through an R.V. campground named Cedar Winds that will eventually expand to include an ''authentic, working Cherokee Indian Village.'' Illustration by Jason Holley For more on Native American languages: NativeLanguages.com Illustration by Jason Holley ''The only real proof we had that we were Indian was this stub,'' Morgan went on to say. She had brought along a copy of a century-old receipt entitling an ancestor to receive some money from the United States government for being an Indian. With the help of an amateur genealogist named Bryan Hickman, Morgan was able to connect her line to its Indian roots, and she began to raise her son, Jo-Jo, as a Native American.
    [Show full text]
  • Stanislav Nikolaevich Rodionov (–)
    SCIENCE & GLOBAL SECURITY ,VOL.,NO.,– http://dx.doi.org/./.. Memoriam: Stanislav Nikolaevich Rodionov (–) Oleg Prilutsky and Frank von Hippel Stanislav Rodionov was a member of the first post-World War II generation of Soviet physicists. He began his scientific career in 1953 in what is now known as the National Research Center “Kurchatov Institute” where he carried out an exper- iment in which, for the first time in the Soviet Union, he captured electrons from tritium decay in a magnetic mirror adiabatic trap. From 1958 to 1973, he worked in the Nuclear Physics Institute of the Siberian Division of USSR Academy of Sciences in Akademgorodok near Novosibirsk. Dur- ing the 1960s, while Rodionov was there, this institute, directed by Academician Budker, built one of the first electron-positron colliders in the world (VEPP-2). Rodionov played a very important scientific-organizational role as the Secretary of the institute’s Scientific Council—its “Round Table.” In 1974, Rodionov returned to Moscow to join the staff of the Soviet Academy of Sciences’ Space Research Institute (IKI) directed by Roald Sagdeev. There he partici- pated in the organization of international collaborations in space research programs, which was a pioneering contribution to opening up Soviet science to the world. Rodionov also supported Sagdeev in doing arms-control research under the aus- pices of the Committee of Soviet Scientists for Peace and Against the Nuclear Threat. This Committee was established during a 17–19 May 1983 All-Union conference of scientists within the Soviet Academy called in response to President Reagan’s 23 MarchspeechaskingAmericanscientiststojoininaStrategicDefenseInitiative to make nuclear-armed ballistic missiles “impotent and obsolete.” Evgeny Velikhov was the first chairman with Sagdeev, Sergei Kapitza and Andrei Kokoshin as his Vice Chairmen.
    [Show full text]
  • George Mcturnan Kahin, 1918-2000
    George McTurnan Kahin, 1918-2000 The following tributes were composed by members of the Southeast Asia Program, Cornell University, in honor of George Kahin. The eulogies by Stanley J. O'Connor and Thak Chaloemtiarana were delivered at the memorial service for George Kahin, February 4, 2000, Ithaca, NY. Benedict Anderson's tribute was delivered at the Celebration of the Life of George McTurnan Kahin, May 6, 2000, Ithaca, NY. George Kahin was a national figure, and his life and career are being recounted in major newspapers. Of this there will be much telling abroad as well. But our loss is local and felt deeply. He was the bedrock on which many of us based our professional lives. We have all been touched by his warmth, his kindness, and made better by his example of courage, integrity, and his patient devotion to our corporate life. His passing brings a chill blast of mortality, a keen apprehension of the fragility of life and the tenuousness of the threads that bind us to each other. I would remind you that a tree was planted in George's honor at the center of the university—out on the contained immensity of the Arts Quadrangle. Today, its wet black branches are bare, but burgeoning life will return with the spring. And, across the Quadrangle, the library, with shelves stretching in the deep structure of its orders, fills silently with Southeast Asian witness, a consequence, in part, of George's advocacy and stewardship with Program funds. Many more books will flow out of the quiet labor now underway at the Kahin Center for Advanced Research on Southeast Asia.
    [Show full text]
  • The Hanford Laboratories and the Growth of Environmental Research in the Pacific Northwest
    AN ABSTRACT OF THE THESIS OF D. Erik Ellis for the degree of Master of Science in History of Science, presented on December 17,2002. Title: The Hanford Laboratories and the Growth of Environmental Research in the Pacific Northwest. 1943 to 1965. Redacted for privacy Abstract approved: William G. Robbins The scientific endeavors that took place at Hanford Engineer Works, beginning in World War II and continuing thereafter, are often overlooked in the literature on the Manhattan Project, the Atomic Energy Commission, and in regional histories. To historians of science, Hanford is described as an industrial facility that illustrates the perceived differences between academic scientists on the one hand and industrial scientists and engineers on the other. To historians of the West such as Gerald Nash, Richard White, and Patricia Limerick, Hanford has functioned as an example of the West's transformation during in World War II, the role of science in this transformation, and the recurring impacts of industrialization on the western landscape. This thesis describes the establishment and gradual expansion of a multi-disciplinary research program at Hanford whose purpose was to assess and manage the biological and environmental effects of plutonium production. By drawing attention to biological research, an area in which Hanford scientists gained distinction by the mid 1950s, this study explains the relative obscurity of Hanford's scientific research in relation to the prominent, physics- dominated national laboratories of the Atomic Energy Commission. By the mid 1960s, with growing public concern over radiation exposure and changes in the government's funding patterns for science, Hanford's ecologically relevant research provided a recognizable and valuable identity for the newly independent, regionally-based research laboratory.
    [Show full text]
  • Authority Review for the Former Staten Island Warehouse
    -. -“” i\lf 2’-L THE AEROSPACE CORPORATION Suite 4000, 955 L’Enfant P.!aza, S. W., Washington, D. C. 20024, Telephone: (202) 488-6000 7117-03.85.eav.15 20 August 1985 bee: A. Wallo F. Hoch (w/o) Mr. Arthur Whitman F. Newman (w/o) Division of Remedial Action Projects, NE-24 R. Johnson (w/o) U.S. Department of Energy Germantown, Maryland 20545 Dear Mr. Whitman: AUTHORITY REVIEW FOR THE FORMER STATEN ISLAND WAREHOUSE Aerospace has completed the analysis of the available documentation related to the former Staten Island Warehouse. The attachment is sub- mitted for your review to determine whether DOE has authority to pursue remedial action at the site under FUSRAP. As indicated in the summary of the attached analysis, it would appear that, except for export controls imposed by the State Department, the ore stored in the former Staten Island Warehouse was not under the control of the U.S. Government. The Manhattan District only purchased a portion of the U308 content of the ore, while African Metals Corpora- tion retained ownership of the radium and other precious metals that remained in the ore after processing. Further, the U.S. Government did not take custody of the ore until delivered by lighter free alongside ship to the Lehigh Valley Railroad at the Dean Mill Plant of the Archer- Daniels-Midland Company. As a result, it does not appear that DOE has authority under the Atomic Energy Act to take remedial actions, if needed, at this site. Based upon your review and final authority determination, Aerospace will prepare an elimination package to document the status of the site as it is turned over to the EPA for remedial action.
    [Show full text]
  • The Allocation of Burdens in Litigation Between First Nations and the Crown Michael Wilfred Posluns
    Osgoode Hall Law School of York University Osgoode Digital Commons LLM Theses Theses and Dissertations 2014 The Allocation of Burdens in Litigation Between First Nations and the Crown Michael Wilfred Posluns Follow this and additional works at: http://digitalcommons.osgoode.yorku.ca/llm Part of the Indian and Aboriginal Law Commons Recommended Citation Posluns, Michael Wilfred, "The Allocation of Burdens in Litigation Between First Nations and the Crown" (2014). LLM Theses. 7. http://digitalcommons.osgoode.yorku.ca/llm/7 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Theses and Dissertations at Osgoode Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in LLM Theses by an authorized administrator of Osgoode Digital Commons. The Allocation of Burdens in Litigation Between First Nations and the Crown Michael Posluns A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE FACULTY OF GRADUATE STUDIES IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF LAW GRADUATE PROGRAM IN LAW OSGOODE HALL LAW SCHOOL, YORK UNIVERSITY TORONTO, ONTARIO December 2013 © Michael Posluns, 2013 ABSTRACT This thesis is about two inter-related matters: first, the allocation of burdens of proof in litigation between First Nations and the Crown; and, secondly, the reaction or response of the Crown to the Court’s allocations of burdens, as evidenced in the subsequent cases. Since “burdens of proof” refers to matters of fact and evidence, I refer simply to “burdens”, emphasizing that, I mean all the burdens allocated by a Court and which the Court expects the parties to discharge in order for their case to succeed. My initial interest was in the response of the Crown to the allocation of burdens by the Court and related admonitions.
    [Show full text]
  • Southeast Asia Program 1982 Bulletin Cornell University
    Southeast Asia Program Cornell 1982 Bulletin University SEAP ARCHIVE COPY DO NOT REMOVE Southeast Asia Program Cornell 1982 Bulletin University Table of Contents From the Director . 2 Frank H. Golay Retires . IO Lauriston Sharp and Southeast Asian Studies About Program People . 11 at Cornell.... .. .. ..................... .. ....... 3 Faculty and Staff Notes . I I John M. Echols Collection on Southeast Asia Faculty and Staff Publications .................. 11 Continues to Grow . 5 Visiting Fellows ............................... 12 Gamelan Performs at the Metropolitan Museum of Art 6 Alumni News .................................. 12 John M. Echols, 1913-1982 ....................... 7 Graduate Students in Field Research ............ 12 Program Publications . 8 Recent Doctoral Dissertations .............. ... 12 1~ From the Director ,; Dear Friends, We are launching a new venture, a bulletin that we hope you will find interesting and useful. Whether you are a recent graduate or a longtime friend of the Southeast Asia Program, you will find that the Program is both much the same as you remember it and also a changing and varied academic venture. We thought you might welcome an annual publication that renews old ties while keeping you abreast of recent developments here in the library, graduate theses, faculty (both well-remembered and new), visiting fellows, and special programs and activities. In this first issue of the Bulletin, we have tried to anticipate the areas that might interest you most. We are hoping that you will let us have your reactions and suggestions. We hope, too, that you may wish to contribute to the Bulletin, so that among the large and impressive group of Southeast Asianists who have in one way or another been a part of the Cornell experience we will develop an active correspondence.
    [Show full text]
  • Indigenous Laws for Making and Maintaining Relations Against the Sovereignty of the State
    We All Belong: Indigenous Laws for Making and Maintaining Relations Against the Sovereignty of the State by Amar Bhatia A thesis submitted in conformity with the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Juridical Science Faculty of Law University of Toronto © Copyright by Amar Bhatia 2018 We All Belong: Indigenous Laws for Making and Maintaining Relations Against the Sovereignty of the State Amar Bhatia Doctor of Juridical Science Faculty of Law University of Toronto 2018 Abstract This dissertation proposes re-asserting Indigenous legal authority over immigration in the face of state sovereignty and ongoing colonialism. Chapter One examines the wider complex of Indigenous laws and legal traditions and their relationship to matters of “peopling” and making and maintaining relations with the land and those living on it. Chapter Two shows how the state came to displace the wealth of Indigenous legal relations described in Chapter One. I mainly focus here on the use of the historical treaties and the Indian Act to consolidate Canadian sovereignty at the direct expense of Indigenous laws and self- determination. Conventional notions of state sovereignty inevitably interrupt the revitalization of Indigenous modes of making and maintaining relations through treaties and adoption. Chapter Three brings the initial discussion about Indigenous laws and treaties together with my examination of Canadian sovereignty and its effect on Indigenous jurisdiction over peopling. I review the case of a Treaty One First Nation’s customary adoption of a precarious status migrant and the related attempt to prevent her removal from Canada on this basis. While this attempt was ii unsuccessful, I argue that an alternative approach to treaties informed by Indigenous laws would have recognized the staying power of Indigenous adoption.
    [Show full text]
  • Copyright by Paul Harold Rubinson 2008
    Copyright by Paul Harold Rubinson 2008 The Dissertation Committee for Paul Harold Rubinson certifies that this is the approved version of the following dissertation: Containing Science: The U.S. National Security State and Scientists’ Challenge to Nuclear Weapons during the Cold War Committee: —————————————————— Mark A. Lawrence, Supervisor —————————————————— Francis J. Gavin —————————————————— Bruce J. Hunt —————————————————— David M. Oshinsky —————————————————— Michael B. Stoff Containing Science: The U.S. National Security State and Scientists’ Challenge to Nuclear Weapons during the Cold War by Paul Harold Rubinson, B.A.; M.A. Dissertation Presented to the Faculty of the Graduate School of The University of Texas at Austin in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy The University of Texas at Austin August 2008 Acknowledgements Thanks first and foremost to Mark Lawrence for his guidance, support, and enthusiasm throughout this project. It would be impossible to overstate how essential his insight and mentoring have been to this dissertation and my career in general. Just as important has been his camaraderie, which made the researching and writing of this dissertation infinitely more rewarding. Thanks as well to Bruce Hunt for his support. Especially helpful was his incisive feedback, which both encouraged me to think through my ideas more thoroughly, and reined me in when my writing overshot my argument. I offer my sincerest gratitude to the Smith Richardson Foundation and Yale University International Security Studies for the Predoctoral Fellowship that allowed me to do the bulk of the writing of this dissertation. Thanks also to the Brady-Johnson Program in Grand Strategy at Yale University, and John Gaddis and the incomparable Ann Carter-Drier at ISS.
    [Show full text]
  • Albanian Families' History and Heritage Making at the Crossroads of New
    Voicing the stories of the excluded: Albanian families’ history and heritage making at the crossroads of new and old homes Eleni Vomvyla UCL Institute of Archaeology Thesis submitted for the award of Doctor in Philosophy in Cultural Heritage 2013 Declaration of originality I, Eleni Vomvyla confirm that the work presented in this thesis is my own. Where information has been derived from other sources, I confirm that this has been indicated in the thesis. Signature 2 To the five Albanian families for opening their homes and sharing their stories with me. 3 Abstract My research explores the dialectical relationship between identity and the conceptualisation/creation of history and heritage in migration by studying a socially excluded group in Greece, that of Albanian families. Even though the Albanian community has more than twenty years of presence in the country, its stories, often invested with otherness, remain hidden in the Greek ‘mono-cultural’ landscape. In opposition to these stigmatising discourses, my study draws on movements democratising the past and calling for engagements from below by endorsing the socially constructed nature of identity and the denationalisation of memory. A nine-month fieldwork with five Albanian families took place in their domestic and neighbourhood settings in the areas of Athens and Piraeus. Based on critical ethnography, data collection was derived from participant observation, conversational interviews and participatory techniques. From an individual and family group point of view the notion of habitus led to diverse conceptions of ethnic identity, taking transnational dimensions in families’ literal and metaphorical back- and-forth movements between Greece and Albania.
    [Show full text]
  • White Salmon Planning Commission Meeting AGENDA February 24, 2021
    White Salmon Planning Commission Meeting AGENDA February 24, 2021 – 5:30 PM Via Zoom Teleconference Meeting ID: 840 1289 8223 Passcode: 623377 Call in Numbers: 669-900-6833 929-205-6099 301-715-8592 346-248-7799 253-215-8782 312-626-6799 We ask that the audience call in instead of videoing in or turn off your camera, so video does not show during the meeting to prevent disruption. Thank you. Call to Order/Roll Call Public Comment – Draft Elements 1. Public comment will not be taken during the teleconference. Public comment submitted by email to Jan Brending at [email protected] by 5:00 p.m. on Wednesday, February 24, 2021 will be read during the planning commission meeting and forwarded to all planning commissioners. Please include in the subject line "Public Comment - February 24, 2021 - Planning Commission Meeting." Please indicate whether you live in or outside of the city limits of White Salmon. Discussion Items 2. Presentation and Discussion of Draft Elements a. History and Historic Places b. Transportation c. Public Facilities and Services d. Capital Improvement Program 3. Comprehensive Plan Update Workshop a. Environmental Quality and Critical Areas Element b. Economics Element c. Parks and Recreation Element d. HIstory and Historic Places Element (if time allows) Adjournment 1 File Attachments for Item: 2. Presentation and Discussion of Draft Elements a. HIstory and HIstoric Places b. Transportation c. Public Facilities and Services d. Capital Improvement Program 2 II. HISTORY AND HISTORIC PLACES Background Context and History Environmental context The City of White Salmon lies in a transition zone between the maritime climate west of the Cascade Mountain Range and the dry continental climate of the inter-mountain region to the east.
    [Show full text]
  • Junior Ranger Book Is for All Ages
    National Park Service Manhattan Project U.S. Department of the Interior National Historical Park NM, TN, WA Manhattan Project National Historical Park JUNIORat Hanford, RANGERWashington Turn the page to accept this mission Welcome friends! My name is Atom U235 Fission. I will be your guide as we explore the Hanford site of the Manhattan JR JR RANGER Manhattan a Project N Project National Historical Park G SITE, WA ER together. This project was So big it changed the world! How to earn points This junior ranger book is for all ages. You may find some activities harder than others. That’s okay. You choose what activities to complete by earning enough points for your age. 4 points —— ages 6-8 Points needed 6 points —— ages 9-11 to earn a badge 8 points —— ages 12-14 10 points —— ages 15 and older ACTIVITIES POINT VALUE YOUR POINTS Complete activities in 1 activity = the Junior Ranger Book. 1 pt Join a docent tour or 1 pt ranger program. Total: Watch a park film. 1 pt Download the park’s app. Learn about our other locations. 1 pt This QR code will take you to the free National Park Service app. Once you have the app, search for the Manhattan Project to explore the entire park including sites in New Mexico, Tennessee, and Washington. WHEN FINISHED: Return your book to the visitor center and be sworn in as an official junior ranger. PARENTS: Participate with your aspiring junior ranger to learn about this park as a family. NEED MORE TIME? Mail your book to Manhattan Project National Historical Park, 2000 Logston Blvd.
    [Show full text]