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The Cold War and Indigenous People

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The Cold War and Indigenous People by Scott Michael Harrison A thesis presented to the University of Waterloo in fulfillment of the thesis requirement for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in History Waterloo, Ontario, Canada, 2014 ©Scott Michael Harrison 2014 Author’s Declaration I hereby declare that I am the sole author of this thesis. This is a true copy of the thesis, including any required final revisions, as accepted by my examiners. I understand that my thesis may be made electronically available to the public. ii Abstract The second half of the twentieth century saw dramatic state movements and expansions around the world into Indigenous people’s territories. These state expansions incorporated more of the earth than any time in the past and this shaped Indigenous – non-Indigenous relations around the world. This study examines global post-1945 Indigenous people’s history through the lens of the Cold War. Themes addressed herein on the intersections of Indigenous people and the Cold War include modernity, non-Indigenous components of indigenism, decolonization, Cold War structures—particularly the San Francisco System in the Asia-Pacific—, and the nuclear arms race. This study offers a new perspective on the global movement of Indigenous people during the second half of the twentieth century and expands Cold War history beyond interstate relations. It argues that the extent of change in Indigenous societies during the four and a half decades after World War II were so immense that we can place the Cold War alongside other broad patterns of global forces influencing the shape of Indigenous history, including first contacts, the spread of epidemic diseases, missionary work, and colonialism, and that Indigenous territories were essential geographies for waging Cold War. iii Acknowledgements Working on this dissertation, which examines the relationship between global forces and local actors around the world, has been a humbling experience. Research and writing for this project was often a labour of solitude; but without important assistance from a number of individuals and institutions it would have come to little more than a disorderly set of scribbled notes and diagrams. Participation in the Aboriginal Leadership, Governance and Management Excellence program at The Banff Centre (managed by Brian Calliou and his team) inspired a relooking at my previous historical research related to the Ainu of Japan and a territorial/border demarcation issue between Japan and Russia. This project was rooted in this rethinking of my research and its future directions. In addition to the above program’s faculty and fellow participants, all the people at The Banff Centre that made my participation possible deserve a heartfelt thank you. The faculty, staff, and graduate students in the Tri-University Graduate Program in History at the University of Waterloo provided a hospitable environment to pursue this study for which I am most grateful. Kimie Hara supported my study and research from its conceptual stage, provided extensive feedback, and opportunities to present some of my findings. Ken Coates, Whitney Lackenbauer, and Blaine Chiasson provided critical comments and feedback along the way that helped shape the direction and outcome of this project. Scott Simon graciously provided extensive feedback as external examiner and played an important role in improving the thesis. William Coleman also iv offered insightful questions and recommendations. Jonathan Crossen, Rebecca Granato, Luke Stewart, Andrew McLaughlan, and Özgür Balkiliç shared their thoughts and some resources from which this study benefited. Jane Forgay and Ted Harms at the University of Waterloo’s Porter Library provided invaluable assistance in locating numerous sources—often going out of their way to do so. Donna Hayes smoothed the navigation through the administrative side of the university. Ishihara Makoto, from the Sapporo-do bookstore in Sapporo (Japan), helped locate numerous sources and provided an open ear to discuss ideas during their early development for which I am ever appreciative. Ono Yugo, at Hokkaido University, introduced me to some new resources and kindly offered a quiet space to read. This study also is made use of materials gathered from my previous research that focused on Ainu history and I should therefore repeat my thanks and appreciation for the assistance and support received at that time from various peoples and institutions in Hokkaido. My interest and appreciation of Ainu history, while not attributable to one particular moment, has important roots in attending Hokkaido University of Education Sapporo. People associated with the Kawamura Kaneto Memorial and the Ainu Association of Hokkaido provided materials for my prior study that this project also benefited. Over the last decade Murotani Norihisa and Murotani Kazue have sent me a wide variety of resources that aided this study and always graciously supported my studies while in Japan. Wayne Kines kindly granted access to the World Council of Indigenous Peoples fonds at the Library and Archives Canada. The International v Working Group on Indigenous Affairs supplied many materials, and Susan Roy enabled a trip to participate in the UN Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues. Earlier drafts of various parts of the thesis were presented at conferences and in lectures including the Japan Studies Association of Canada (JSAC), Canada Asian Studies Council Southeast Asian Studies, the Third International Forum for Peace and Prosperity in Northeast Asia: Sixty Years of the San Francisco System, Native American and Indigenous Studies Association, the Department of History at the University of Waterloo and the Belair Centre for East Asia Studies at Renison University College, at the University of Waterloo. This work benefited from subsequent conversations with, and questions and feedback from numerous people including Mark Selden, Kosaku Yoshino, Anthony Rausch, Norio Ota, Gregory Wheeler, Joseph DeChicchis, Nikita Kovrigin, Alan Elder, David Rangdrol, David Edgington, Masami Iwasaki-Goodman, Tom Waldichuk, Susan Roy, Desiree Hellegers, Gordon Henry, Mark Watson, and two reviewers from the Native American and Indigenous Studies Journal. Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada’s Joseph-Armand Bombardier Canadian Graduate Scholarships (Masters and Doctoral), University of Waterloo’s President’s Graduate Scholarships (Masters and Doctoral), an Ontario Graduate Scholarship (Doctoral), a Centre for International Governance Innovation Balsillie Fellowship (Masters), a Graduate Entrance Scholarship (Masters), and a Hugh MacKinnon Graduate Scholarship (Masters) provided generous financial assistance to undertake the underlying study, research, and writing for this project. Research assistantships through Kimie Hara, Carin Holroyd, Susan Roy, and Whitney vi Lackenbauer also deserve recognition. The Japan Foundation and the Department of History at the University of Waterloo kindly granted assistance to attend several conferences across the country. On a lighter note, I thank the crisp silence, all the musicians who created the potpourri of music in the background, Igor for introducing a new kind of moving meditation, Grand River Rocks, and the mountains, trees, water and rock for doing what they do—they were all vital for keeping me whole. Shirley Klein, Shaun Harrison and Alisa Harrison, and other family and friends, provided continual encouragement. Saki Murotani provided unwavering support, critical feedback, and enriched my life through the whole process. Without her, this project would have remained but an idea. Although this study benefited directly and indirectly from others, this author alone is responsible for the content. vii Dedication Issa Murotani Harrison (室谷一冴) viii Table of Contents Author’s Declaration .................................................................................................................... ii Abstract............................................................................................................................................iii Acknowledgements...................................................................................................................... iv Dedication.....................................................................................................................................viii Table of Contents .......................................................................................................................... ix List of Figures................................................................................................................................xii Abbreviations...............................................................................................................................xiii Introduction: Indigenous History Through a Cold War Lens.......................................... 1 Indigeneity, Indigenism, and Indigenous People(s) ......................................................................8 Cold War ........................................................................................................................................................15 Context............................................................................................................................................................19 Chapter 1: Cold War Modernity and Indigenous People ................................................27 Modernity: Space and Time Reconfigured......................................................................................30
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