A Mid-Century History UNIVERSITY of SOUTH CAROLINA Planning Greene Street: a Mid-Century History

UNIVERSITY OF SOUTH CAROLINA Planning Greene Street: A Mid-Century History UNIVERSITY OF SOUTH CAROLINA Planning Greene Street: A Mid-Century History

1 Introduction...... 5

HISTORICAL REVIEWS

2 Sumwalt...... 7 3 Russell House...... 11 4 Wade Hampton...... 17 5 McBryde...... 22 6 Thomas Cooper Library Landscape...... 29 7 Thomas Cooper Library...... 38 ARTH 542

American Architecture Spring 2017 SITE SURVEYS Dr. Lydia Brandt 8 Wade Hampton...... 47 With more Americans attending college than ever before; urban renewal; racial integration; the 9 Russell House...... 53 expansion of coeducation; and the architecture 10 McBryde...... 59 community’s advocacy for holistic relationship between planning, architecture, and landscape 11 Thomas Cooper Library Landscape...... 65 architecture, the American college campus 12 Thomas Cooper Library...... 72 developed rapidly and dramatically in the mid- twentieth century. Editors 13 Sumwalt...... 82 Jessa Ross 14 Byrnes...... 89 Using the University of South Carolina’s Sadie Pickens Columbia Campus as a case study, this project explores the history of American architecture in Designer 15 Conclusion...... 93 the mid-twentieth century. Josh Jackson

2 Planning Greene Street A Mid-Century History 3 1 Jessa Ross

Introduction

In the years following World War II, American ceptual heart of campus: the Historic Horseshoe. universities underwent dramatic transformations Shortly following its construction in 1955, the Uni- in scale, composition, and organization. Admin- versity completed its highly anticipated student istrations were tasked with solving challenges union, Russell House, east of the engineering lab. presented by burgeoning enrollment, diversifying Before 1960, five more buildings, including Thom- social makeup, and technological development. as Cooper Library, joined the assembly of struc- For many college campuses, this meant enlisting tures on the south side of Greene Street, creating a the help of campus planners and architects to new axis of campus activity external, adjacent, and envision intelligent expansion of the built environ- parallel to the Horseshoe. ment. The construction of the buildings of Greene The University of South Carolina, Columbia Street represented a break with the traditional was no exception. From the end of the war to 1980, core of campus for several reasons. The buildings over thirty buildings were added to the University themselves were not peripheral in function; the skyline.1 Immediately after the war, the admin- student union and undergraduate library drew istration was slow to develop new facilities to large amounts of activity and the new dormitories address increasing enrollment and emerging dis- housed several hundred students. Architect Ed- ciplines. But in 1950, the Board of Trustees agreed ward Durrell Stone said that the position of Thom- to spend all unused appropriations on three new as Cooper library would create a new “center of buildings: a science building, an administration gravity” at the University.3 With modern buildings building, and an engineering lab. President Nor- Russell House and Sumwalt flanking the iconic man Smith objected to the expenditure, but the new library, Greene Street became an important movement passed.2 corridor of activity. During the 1950s, the admin- This was the first large-scale update to the istration imagined other options for patterns of University’s building program in decades. Of the circulation around the new buildings. The collec- three proposed projects, one, the engineering lab tion of dormitories comprising the Women’s Quad (later Sumwalt College), was distinct for several faced north to Gibbes Green and offered another reasons. Though it stood on existing campus land opportunity to connect new buildings back to the on Greene Street, it was situated south of the con- original campus. Ultimately, an axis emerged perpendicular to Greene Street with the installment of 1 A Spirit Of Place: Buildings and Gardens of the University of South Carolina Columbia Campus (Columbia: University of South Carolina, 2016), 42-59. 2 Henry H. Lesesne, History of The University of South Carolina, 1940-2000 3 Henry H. Lesesne, History of The University of South Carolina, 1940-2000 (Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, 2001), 75. (Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, 2001), 96.

4 Planning Greene Street A Mid-Century History 5 the reflecting pool to the north of the library and student requests, he prioritized the construction of Miriam Boyd McBryde dormitory to its south. Suddenly, the the student union and other facilities that would Josh Jackson layout of campus transformed from a tight nucle- address rising enrollment and institutional chang- 2 us of structures to a plan of intersecting axes and es. After his time at the University, he served as multidirectional movement. governor of South Carolina and remained influ- The rapid development on Greene Street ential at the Columbia campus. Sumwalt would HISTORICAL REVIEW further departed from the past in the decision to succeed Russell as president, serving until 1962, incorporate Modern styles of architecture. Sum- and continue to oversee the development of the walt and Russell House were the first buildings Greene Street campus, as well as years of universi- Sumwalt on campus to draw heavily on the International ty expansion to come. Style. The aesthetic choices of architectural firm The expansion onto Greene began years of the Lyles, Bissett, Carlisle and Wolff (LBC&W) for University expanding beyond its original forty-six both of these buildings was not uncontroversial. acres, nudging its physical boundaries and nego- The Board of Trustees, students, and faculty react- tiating its relationship with the city of Columbia. ed with ambivalence to the bold new designs so This project draws on archival research from the INTRODUCTION distinct from the Horseshoe’s revivalist structures. Board of Trustees minutes and papers from the Of- of veterans taking advantage of the G.I. Bill.3 Unlike Ultimately, the advantages to growth and devel- fice of the President, as well as published primary Although engineering courses have been Clemson, USC vowed that no qualified veteran wishing opment offered by the Modern style convinced the and secondary materials, to explore the history of offered at the University of South Carolina since to enroll would be turned away. By 1947, the number administration to implement the plans and unveil this development. Contributors to the report con- its inception, the College of Engineering was not of veterans enrolled at the University was greater than the new campus. ducted research in the archives at the South Caro- created until 1909.1 Over the next four decades, the University’s entire student body before the war.4 This period of expansion also introduced new liniana Library. The minutes of the meetings of the the discipline utilized a number of buildings that USC instituted three semesters during the school year actors that would be key in the coming years of Board of Trustees, printed on microfilm, provided included Hamilton College, nine temporary war and started offering night classes as a way to address USC planning. LBC&W completed its first projects a starting point for researchers investigating the surplus buildings, and an old fire department burgeoning enrollment. Acceptance of civilian women for the University in Sumwalt and Russell and buildings’ histories. Beginning with the year of a building.2 In 1951, the Board of Trustees approved and non-resident students was suspended in 1946 and played an instrumental role convincing the Board building’s construction and moving backwards in construction for an administration building, a 1947 in order to accommodate the influx of veterans.5 of Trustees to take the leap towards the Modern time, researchers examined records of the meet- science building, and an engineering lab on the Furthermore, the state economy was transitioning from style. The role of the firm in modernizing the city ings of the Building and Grounds Committee and forty-six acres already owned by the University. agricultural to industrial, and the need for an appro- of Columbia’s architecture cannot be understated. the Executive Committee, which concentrated the The South Carolina General Assembly approved priately educated workforce was critical. On campus, LBC&W went on to complete other projects, such most information regarding plans for expansion, funds that President Norman Smith had been there was an acute shortage of classrooms for the as the Carolina Coliseum and the James F. Byrnes construction, and land acquisition. The minutes reluctant to use, and the Board of Trustees finally sciences, engineering included. With twenty percent building, that are still prominent on campus today. disclosed the terminology for specific areas, build- insisted that the construction go forward. The Uni- of all male students enrolled in the engineering school, Another firm first enlisted during this period, ings, and plans used at the time, which facilitated versity completed the engineering lab in August this presented the University with an urgent impetus for landscape designers Innocenti and Webel, would further research. Papers from the Office of the 1952 with space for mechanical, electrical and civil expansion.6 continue to work for the University in great capac- President, namely Norman Smith, Donald Rus- engineering. A separate two-story brick building ity, creating hundreds of plans -- some completed, sell, and Robert Sumwalt, also provided details housed the chemical engineering department. TURNING THE PAGE others merely conjectural -- for the expanding including correspondence, budgets, and master campus. plans. Published primary sources, particularly THE NEED Engineering research began in 1955 as part of a The two successive presidents of the Univer- the archives of the State and the Gamecock, also push to upgrade the program with top tier faculty and to In the first 150 years of the University, enroll- sity during the years of Greene Street’s develop- yielded information about public perception of the gain national recognition. The first Ph.D. in the College ment grew from thirty to 3,690. In that period of time, ment, Donald Russell and Robert Sumwalt, were development during the 1950s and 60s. Synthesiz- of Engineering was conferred in 1966.7 This represents the number of buildings increased from one to thirty. highly influential in directing conversations about ing these materials with secondary analyses from Enrollment skyrocketed after WWII with an influx the building program. Russell served from 1952- scholars, the researchers developed the historical 3 A Spirit Of Place: Buildings and Gardens of the University of South Carolina Columbia Campus (Columbia: University of South Carolina, 2016), 42-59. 1957. During his tenure alone, seven buildings reviews herein. 4 Henry H. Lesesne, History of The University of South Carolina, 1940-2000 1 “University of South Carolina College of Engineering and Computing,” (Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, 2001), 41. were completed and plans for the undergradu- last accessed April 2017, www.engr.sc.edu/history. 5 Lesesne, History of The University of South Carolina, 43. 2 April 11, 1951, Papers of Norman Smith, Records of the Office of the 6 Lesesne, History of The University of South Carolina, 57. ate library were underway. Listening closely to President, University Archives, The South Caroliniana Library, The 7 “University of South Carolina College of Engineering and Computing,” University of South Carolina, Columbia SC. last accessed April 2017,www.engr.sc.edu/history.

6 Planning Greene Street A Mid-Century History 7 quite an accomplishment, as the college struggled to Sumwalt’s efforts to modernize the University the only building on Greene Street from Sumter Street have its departments of mechanical and civil engineer- administration and physical plant, as well as prepar- to Main Street. This, combined with its undoubtedly ing accredited. Robert L. Sumwalt was dean of the ing the institution for further growth, earned him their modern design, made quite an architectural statement. College of Engineering from 1945 to 1957 and presi- respect. He said, “The major problem facing USC now With no adjacent structures, it dominated the block. dent of the University from 1957 to 1962. He devoted and for the foreseeable future is to catch up, and then This freedom of space can be felt in the interior’s long thirty-six years to USC and received the title “President keep up, with comparable institutions in the matter of and open hallways extending from east to west. An Emeritus” upon his retirement. As dean and as presi- faculty salaries.”11 This gap began to close during his additional building housing a neutron generator (NG) dent, he lobbied the General Assembly and the Board of tenure as president. M.L. Williams, head of mathemat- was built behind Sumwalt facing Devine Street in 1961. Trustees for increased faculty salaries that would permit ics, said, “Of seven presidents at USC, Sumwalt had Its construction was funded by a grant from the Atomic the recruiting of individuals in the top of their fields. faculty more at heart than his predecessors, and student Energy Commission and an appropriation from the He also solicited recommendations for the school’s and faculty morale were high under his leadership.”12 General Assembly. Today, it is used as offices for the 1 curriculum from administrators at MIT with whom he When Sumwalt retired in 1962, the engineering lab was Physics Department. was connected. Based on those recommendations, USC named for him. curriculum prerequisites became the most demanding of The engineering lab, later Sumwalt College, was A MODERN ENGINEERING SCHOOL any in the South.8 constructed on Greene Street in the middle of the block When the initial engineering lab was complet- During his time in office, Sumwalt paid specific between Sumter and Main Streets. It was “L” shaped ed in 1952, it was a departure from the traditional attention to the performance of each department of the and housed the departments of mechanical, civil, and buildings on campus with its flat roof, rectilinear engineering school and held them to high standards. He electrical engineering. The building that housed chemi- facade, large windows, and box-like appearance. pushed for expansion on the engineering section of the cal engineering, based on the blueprints, may have been Sumwalt was the first building on USC’s campus library and advocated hiring lab technicians to alleviate the two-story brick building at the corner of Main and designed by the architectural firm of Lyles, Bissett, the burden of work on the faculty.9 Faculty did not have Greene Streets. The cost of this initial structure was Carlisle and Wolff (LBC&W). The firm was based the requisite resources to adequately attend to students $497,641.77.13 It was just under 50,000 square feet in in Columbia and worked on several buildings for and work on independent research. Rather than blaming size and was three stories high. Shortages of steel and the University, including Thomas Cooper Library them, Sumwalt set out to create an environment that copper caused some delays because of construction at 2 and Russell House. The University was at a turn- would benefit everyone. To Sumwalt, the engineering the nuclear facility (SRS) in Aiken County. ing point with its rapid expansion, and LBC&W school represented the innovative core of USC, and The footprint of Sumwalt changed dramatically was singled out to usher in a new era for USC. improving it was a necessary step in pushing the Uni- as more space was needed almost immediately. The Sumwalt was the first Modern style building at versity forward. University owned part of what the administration called the University, but it was also designed as a logical Dean Sumwalt became president of the University the engineering block, bordered by Greene, Sumter, progression of what came before. The most obvi- in 1957 and served in that position until his retirement Devine, and Main Streets. Long range plans for engi- ous way it achieved this continuity was through in 1962. He said that the coming crisis was unlike any neering, physics, and chemistry necessitated acquisi- its materials. The brick on the building’s exterior in his more than thirty years in higher education: “There tion of the entire block. By 1960, the University had has no structural importance, so it is likely that it can be no delay. We must take the initiative, and we acquired all the property without having to use eminent was used purely for aesthetic purposes. While it must have the courage and wisdom to face these tasks domain. The east wing was added to the engineering belongs to a distinct architectural style, Sumwalt right now.” Those tasks were to prepare faculty and lab in 1959 with the demolition of Stewards Hall.14 By does not dramatically depart from the buildings facilities for the coming increase in enrollment, increase November 1, 1961 a west wing addition to the engi- 3 of the Horseshoe. Its three-story rectilinear facade faculty salaries, emphasize research and graduate train- neering lab was under contract.15 In 1962, when the harkens back to the scale and composition of 1. A view of the facade and east wing from the corner of Greene Street and ing, develop scholarships, and obtain regular private engineering lab was renamed Sumwalt College, it was Sumter Street before the construction of the west wing. 10 the Horseshoe’s structures, and the use of brick Sumwalt College. 1960. University of South Carolina Buildings and support. While his initial appointment as acting presi- Grounds, University of South Carolina. University Archives, Columbia. contributes greatly to the visual similarities. All of dent had been met with some doubts among the faculty, 2. A view of the facade and western elevation from the other side of Greene 11 Lesesne, History of The University of South Carolina, 155. this is amplified by the fact that the building sits Street before the west wing’s construction. his performance soon quieted them. 12 Lesesne, History of The University of South Carolina, 155. Sumwalt College. 1960. University of South Carolina Buildings and 13 Building Program -- Engineering Lab, July 5, 1951, Papers of Norman Grounds, University of South Carolina. University Archives, Columbia. Smith, 1951-1952, Records of the Office of the President, University -Ar in view of the Historic Horseshoe. The buildings chives, The South Caroliniana Library, The University of South Carolina, on either side of the Horseshoe at Sumter Street 3. A view of the Stewards Hall building that was torn down in order to con- Columbia, SC. struct the east wing of Sumwalt in 1959. 8 Lesesne, History of The University of South Carolina, 111. 14 Stewards Hall, University of South Carolina Buildings and Grounds, -- Caroliniana and Lieber -- remain exposed brick, Stewards Hall. 1930. University of South Carolina Buildings and Grounds, 9 Engineer’s Council for Professional Development, October, 1958, Papers 1930. University of South Carolina. University Archives, Columbia. of Robert Sumwalt, 1957-1958, Records of the Office of the President, 15 Building and Grounds Committee, Papers of Robert L Sumwalt, 1959- University Archives, The South Caroliniana Library, The University of 1960, Records of the Office of the President, University Archives, The bereft of paint or stucco. Sumwalt, also exposed South Carolina, Columbia, SC. South Caroliniana Library, The University of South Carolina, Columbia, 10 Lesesne, History of The University of South Carolina, 137. SC. brick, was a shift to the new that still paid respect

8 Planning Greene Street A Mid-Century History 9 to the University’s past. Advising, and Research Computing Center.” It is Zack Beach That isn’t to say that the building is not Mod- in a unique position because it occupies a desir- Sadie Pickens ern. The structure is held up by an impressive steel able location near the center of campus and has 3 frame with the materials of the facade hanging a varied room layout. What was once a symbol from the steel. It is covered in bold, sharp angles of the University’s new direction and technical that scream modernity. The building features float- prowess continues to be to be a place for research, HISTORICAL REVIEW ing stairs, a favorite device of Modern architects. as with the Electron Microscopy Center in the This building was meant to be shown off. There Nanocenter. Although it has been overshadowed is reference to tours of the building being given to by larger, newer facilities, Sumwalt remains viable 16 Russell House alumni in 1953. It appears that the construction of in an ever-expanding University with the motto this technologically-advanced engineering school “No Limits.” It is still an interesting note in the was competitively motivated. It fits with the push history of USC. for more skilled faculty and a higher standard of It has been sixty years since President Sum- research that the University was trying to attain at walt elucidated the crisis and tasks he faced. En- that time. rollment has skyrocketed, the campus has expanded dramatically along with graduate programs EARLY HISTORIES & CAMPUS REDEVELOPMENT academic buildings, such as new laboratories and MOVING FORWARD and research. Salaries have improved and there are engineering facilities, to student life spaces, such It wasn’t until shortly after World War II that more scholarships and private donations, but is as the new proposed student union.2 The interdisciplinary approach adopted in the University of South Carolina began to feel the the crisis over? Have we caught up? Competition The new student union building was Russell’s the new facility provided a large lecture hall that rapid pressures of growing student enrollment. for students, faculty and resources is fierce. The first construction project in his campus building could seat 300 students for use in engineering, Between 1946 and 1950, the University of South future demands the same dedication to excellence renewal and redevelopment program. It was physics, and chemistry lectures. It remained Carolina began to push the limits of its infrastruc- and leadership as in the past and a commitment to completed near the end of the spring semester home to the engineering school until 1987, when ture and faced backlash from enrolled students “No Limits.” of 1955 and was named after Russell himself, the Swearingen Center was completed with five and faculty members. By the fall semester of 1947, shortly after students agreed that “the person for acres of floor space. The four original engineering the University’s rate of enrollment had exploded whom the building would be named after would departments have expanded in number to nine, by nearly 225 percent -- jumping from 1,420 stu- receive a great honor” and vocalized that the adding Biomedical, Computer Science, Aerospace, dents to 4,614. The increase was a result of the G.I. building was a “dream come true” made possible Integrated Information Technology, and Nuclear.17 Bill, which was signed into action on June 22, 1944 by President Russell.3 The student union building, In 2007, the engineering school was renamed The by President Roosevelt. The G.I. Bill, also referred first proposed as early as 1938, was long awaited College of Engineering and Computing (CEC) to as the Servicemen’s Readjustment Act of 1944, by students and faculty members who suffered and in 2013 received three “Best of” rankings from was established to provide an underlining range from inadequate spaces to host campus activities US News and World Report.18 The advances are a of benefits for returning veterans after WWII.1 and affairs. Having been a more favorable topic testament to the vision and long range planning Shortly after the enrollment explosion, on-campus of scrutiny in the Gamecock by several editorialists of the original building’s namesake, Robert L. infrastructural conditions began to plummet. Sev- and student politicians, Donald Russell became Sumwalt. eral students, faculty members, and administrators familiar with the overwhelming outpouring of Since the engineering school moved out, joined forces in attempt to convert empty spaces concern and placed the proposal at the top of his Sumwalt College has lacked a singular purpose. It such as basements, attics, servants’ quarters, and new building agenda. Preliminary plans set by now hosts a diverse set of departments. The sign carriage houses into environmentally friendly Donald Russell and the Board of Trustees first outside of the entrance reads :Arts Institute, Cen- places for living, social, and academic uses. It issued the building to be placed on the Historic ter for Science Education, Computer Science and wasn’t, however, until Donald Stuart Russell ac- Horseshoe (“on the site of McCutchen House”), Engineering Annex, Interdisciplinary Mathematics cepted the presidency that he would substantially 4 and to be represented through a classical design to Institute, Nanocenter, Office of Pre-Professional allocate positive renewal across the campus at the match other buildings within the historical con- 4. A view of the building’s east entrance after the construction of the east wing University of South Carolina. These new im- Sumwalt College. 1966. University of South Carolina Buildings and Grounds, University of South Carolina. University Archives, Columbia. 16 “Carolina Alumni Day Planned for June 1,” Gamecock (Columbia, SC), provements varied from student dormitories and May 22, 1953. 17 Lesesne, History of The University of South Carolina, 80-81. 2 Lesesne, History of the University of South Carolina, 77-78. 18 “University of South Carolina College of Engineering and Computing,” 1 Henry H. Lesesne, History of The University of South Carolina, 1940- 3 “Name Dream House for Russell,” Gamecock (Columbia, SC), February last accessed April 2017, www.engr.sc.edu/history. 2000 (Columbia, SC: University of South Carolina Press, 2001), 40-42. 18, 1955.

10 Planning Greene Street A Mid-Century History 11 text of the surrounding area.4 However, the hired Y.M.C.A. has been able to find suitable quarters in firm, Lyles, Bissett, Carlisle and Wolfe (LBC&W), the building. Moreover, the building is so poorly proposed a different idea that gave the building a constructed and such cheap materials were used new location (“on the site of Melton Field”),5 and in its building that, although it is only a year old, with that, a completely new look. the floors are already warping and the plastering President Russell believed that the University falling. The building itself must be improved.9 “should be the capstone of the whole educational firmament of South Carolina. It should radiate It would not be, of course, until seventeen leadership to the public educational system and years later that the students’ request would finally to other colleges.”6 This eventually manifested come into play. into the idea that the University of South Carolina The University’s need for the student union should be the liberal arts college for the state of building was to incorporate a central area for the 1 South Carolina, setting it apart from their counter- growing population and organizations on cam- 2 parts like Clemson, Winthrop, and The Citadel.7 pus. Yet, it also was a gateway to keep students With this new persona came the idea that even a on campus rather than traveling a couple blocks fundamental basis through the display of architec- to Main Street for dining or entertainment. Co- ture could have an influence on the University’s lumbia’s downtown contained a variety of restau- new approach on education within the state. This rants including Groucho’s Deli on Harden Street, later transpired through the Modern movement No Name Deli on Marion Street, Villa Tronco on of new forms of architecture applied by LBC&W, Blanding Street, and What-a-Burger on Meeting which is not only seen on the campus at USC, but Street.10 There were also a number of department also on the capital grounds of the State House and stores inside the Tapp’s Building on the corner of in other parts of Columbia. Main and Blanding Streets.11 It is unclear of other 3 4 entertainment sites of the late 1940s and 1950s. The THE NEED FOR RUSSELL HOUSE University’s goal was to entertain its students on 1. North facade of Russell House, Image taken in 1955 showing the granolithic campus through campus dining, lounges, game concrete paneling on the front facade of the building with the name. Photo The former student union building, located in found in 1956 Garnet and Black Yearbook. rooms, shopping, and event rooms in the student Maxcy College since 1937, was far too cramped for 2. Construction of Russell House, Image taken of the 1957 cafeteria additions union building. The 1966 Guide to the Student being added to the west wing of the building. Photo found in University the multiple student organizations to meet while Buildings and Grounds Archives. Union stated that the student union “…serves as a also housing students in the building’s residence 3. Lounging area, Image taken in 1955 showing a lounging room complete unifying force in the life of the college, cultivating with love seats and tables in a natural lighted area. Photo found in Garnet rooms.8 The organizations were secluded into the and Black Yearbook enduring regard for and loyalty to the Univer- . basement of Maxcy, but would slowly creep into 4. Classmates playing pool- Image taken in 1955 showing students gathered in sity.”12 One can take that as simple as a sense of the game lounge room of the student union. Photo found in 1956 Garnet and additional rooms located on higher floors. The stu- Black Yearbook school pride and appreciation. On the other hand, dents took a stand in a 1938 article of The Gamecock 5. South side of Russell House. Image taken in 1955 showing the back balcony this guide also proved to the readers that the that contained eating arrangements and a pool. Photo found in University venting their frustration to the Board of Trustees Buildings and Grounds Archives University wanted a central area and interesting . on the issue of the problem of Maxcy: area to corral students for events, rather than them expanding outward from campus. The first thing that is wrong is the building itself: Planned for student activities, it contains two full 5 floors and half of another of dormitory space and only three rooms and an unfinished basement for 9 “Student Union or Dormitory?” Gamecock (Columbia, SC), May 6, our twenty-six campus organizations. Not even the 1938. 10 “Columbia-area restaurants that have been operating 30+ years,” Richland County Public Library Online, last modified March 29, 2016, 4 Lesesne, History of the University of South Carolina, 94. last accessed April 10, 2017. https://www.richlandlibrary.com/ebsco/ 5 Lesesne, History of the University of South Carolina, 94. result?ebsco_detail=true&id=2W63521146925%7Cpwh 6 Lesesne, History of the University of South Carolina, 81. 11 “The History of the Building,” Tapp’s Art Center, last modified 2011, 7 Lesesne, History of the University of South Carolina, 81. last accessed April 10, 2017. https://www.tappsartscenter.com/about/. 8 Garnet and Black Yearbook (1976), The South Caroliniana Library, The 12 YMCA Guide to the Student Union (1966), The South Caroliniana University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC. Library, The University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC.

12 Planning Greene Street A Mid-Century History 13 CAMPUS LIFE & BUILDING DESIGN unions and activity centers across the United being conveniently located on Greene Street.19 The building. Topics focused on funding and “self-liq- States. This firm worked in partnership with building was located due-west of the infirmary uidating bonds” to furnish and complete the At a time when space was limited, both LBC&W through a contextual basis, having only and consisted of four levels and a basement. The construction of a student hall. Patterson asked and President Russell and the Board of Trustees of the verbal incentives regarding the overall design of exterior elevations were constructed of reinforced admired the “handsome building erected” on the University of South Carolina were committed to the building. In a letter written to Dr. William H. concrete, brick filling, and limestone. The floors University of Oklahoma campus and discussed providing a fully-functioning facility that would Patterson, Dean of Administration at the time, and roof were concrete, while the interior ceiling the plans and funding to go about the construc- cater to the needs of several student life organiza- architect Michael M. Hare suggested that “the was constructed with noncombustible materials. tion.22 Patterson asked informative questions to tions. These organizations varied from social and multiplicity of functions contained in a student The two original stairwells were enclosed with gain insight of the future of the University’s con- religious affiliated groups to alumni services. The union are frequently at variance with the simple masonry and had self-closing fire doors at each struction plan and budget. problem, however, was coming up with a design colonial plan expressive of life in a simpler day.”16 opening. The basement was intended to house the Competition influenced the building of the that could maintain flexibility amidst an increase He explained the decisions made by universities bowling alleys and machinery equipment facili- University’s student union, as the administration in enrollment and, with that, a growing number of to build these unions in a traditional manner, but ties. The first level was intended to house the post felt that it was long overdue. A survey was sent student life organizations. This led to the design noted that the results were “unsatisfactory.”17 Hare office, laundry room, cafeteria, and kitchen, along by the University of South Carolina’s administra- proposal presented to the University Board of provided an example by elaborating on the Illini with several independent storage spaces and a few tion to a variety of colleges around the country to Trustees by William Lyles of LBC&W insisting that Union at the University of Illinois, explaining the areas for recreational use. The second level was discuss the contents of their student center. The a contemporary design was the only answer to the building’s style as an exceptional reproduction of designed as a space for assemblies, with an assem- survey asked questions about the services that the problem.13 Lyles provided a checklist to the Board eighteenth-century colonial architecture. Howev- bly room including a projection booth. It was also building provides to the students and about the that broke down the advantages and disadvantag- er, the plan did not include an alteration plan for made up of a series of meeting rooms and lounge Student Union Board.23 This contained answers es of both contemporary and traditional elements expansion. Hare concluded that this aspect should spaces including a snack bar. The third level was from eighty-three universities and information of design, insisting that a “contemporary design be “vital provision in every student union build- intended to be mostly made up of office spaces was gathered for the administration of the Univer- offered a more flexible lay-out of the interior of the ing.”18 Therefore, the eighteenth-century colonial and was the location of the University’s radio sity of South Carolina to determine the true effects building, and could possibly be constructed for a architecture would not be an ideal design for the station studio. Lastly, the fourth level was planned of a student union building, despite the demand savings of approximately 10 to 20 percent.”14 This University of South Carolina’s new student union. as a designated space for bedrooms.20 coming from current and past students. The stu- idea seemed most fitting to the Board of Trustees With these provisions in mind, the presidents in the past displayed a want for the student considering the impending amount of requests dent of the University and the Board of Trust- COMPETITION OF STUDENT UNIONS union and the University knew that it was needed, from numerous student organizations, including ees agreed that the building, which would be a but it was with the additional background and the Young Men’s Christian Association (Y.M.C.A.), As the Board of Trustees agreed to begin con- meeting place for all students and alumni, should insight to other student unions that the University the Alumni Office, the Gamecock (student news- struction, the budget was estimated at $1,175,000.21 be in a contemporary style. In agreement, both could make their decision. Field trips were also letter), Garnet & Black (student yearbook), the This soon was reevaluated as necessary expenses parties understood that they would be breaking recorded between President Russell, William Pat- Carolina Review, student government, and finally, a were needed for further construction. William Pat- away from a traditional type of campus to which terson, and the presidents of the universities that multitude of Greek philanthropies.15 terson corresponded with many universities across they were accustomed. They referred to the new were visited. They toured the Alabama Polytech- The University insisted on having multiple the nation in hopes to gain advice for funding building design as a “showcase” or centerpiece nic Institute (now known as Auburn University), professional opinions in regards to their new stu- of the student union. Correspondences between that would exploit their evolution as a liberal University of Miami, and the University of Flori- dent union building design. So, with the utmost Patterson and universities that recently erected a arts university of higher education, all the while da. President Russell would visit these universities respect, the University sought the advice of a student union such as the University of Oklaho- for a weekend and have a tour of the campus. second firm, Hare and Hatch, that at the time was ma, University of Connecticut, and University of From this tour, President Russell gained knowl- working closely with the Association of College Miami contain viable information pertaining to edge and inspiration for his university back home. Unions, an organization that represented student the similar plans to develop a new student union Studying, and touring the contrasting student 16 Michael M. Hare to Dr. William H. Patterson, February 12, 1954, Folder 13 Leonard L. Long to Rutledge L. Osborne, January 19, 1954, Folder “Buildings and Grounds,” Papers of Donald S. Russell, 1953-1954, Box union buildings drove the new ideas and compet- “Buildings and Grounds,” Papers of Donald S. Russell, 1953-1954, Box Three of Ten, Records of the Office of the President, University Archives, 19 Leonard L. Long to Rutledge L. Osborne, January 19, 1954, Folder Three of Ten, Records of the Office of the President, University Archives, The South Caroliniana Library, The University of South Carolina, Co- “Buildings and Grounds,” Papers of Donald S. Russell, 1953-1954, Box ing ones to expand Columbia’s campus. The South Caroliniana Library, The University of South Carolina, Co- lumbia, SC. Three of Ten, Records of the Office of the President, University Archives, lumbia, SC. 17 Michael M. Hare to Dr. William H. Patterson, February 12, 1954, Folder The South Caroliniana Library, The University of South Carolina, Co- 14 Leonard L. Long to Rutledge L. Osborne, January 19, 1954, Folder “Buildings and Grounds,” Papers of Donald S. Russell, 1953-1954, Box lumbia, SC. 22 William H. Patterson to G. L. Cross, May 12, 1952, Folder “Buildings “Buildings and Grounds,” Papers of Donald S. Russell, 1953-1954, Box Three of Ten, Records of the Office of the President, University Archives, 20 Factory Mutual Engineering Division: Special Inspection Report, May and Grounds,” Papers of Donald S. Russell, 1952-1953, Records of the Three of Ten, Records of the Office of the President, University Archives, The South Caroliniana Library, The University of South Carolina, Co- 6, 1954, Folder “Buildings and Grounds,” Papers of Donald S. Russell, Office of the President, University Archives, The South Caroliniana The South Caroliniana Library, The University of South Carolina, Co- lumbia, SC. 1953-1954, Box Three of Ten, Records of the Office of the President, Uni- Library, The University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC. lumbia, SC. 18 Michael M. Hare to Dr. William H. Patterson, February 12, 1954, Folder versity Archives, The South Caroliniana Library, The University of South 23 Questionnaire: Organization & Purposes of Student Union Board, 15 Individual Associations and Student Organizations, Folder “Buildings “Buildings and Grounds,” Papers of Donald S. Russell, 1953-1954, Box Carolina, Columbia, SC. Association of College Unions, Folder “Buildings and Grounds: Student and Grounds,” Papers of Donald S. Russell, 1953-1954, Box Three of Ten, Three of Ten, Records of the Office of the President, University Archives, 21 Minutes of February 23, 1955 Meeting, Board of Trustees, University of Union,” Papers of Donald S. Russell, 1954-55, Box Two, Records of the Records of the Office of the President, University Archives, The South The South Caroliniana Library, The University of South Carolina, Co- South Carolina, The South Caroliniana Library, The University of South Office of the President, University Archives, The South Caroliniana Caroliniana Library, The University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC. lumbia, SC. Carolina, Columbia, SC. Library, The University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC.

14 Planning Greene Street A Mid-Century History 15 ALTERATIONS on assumptions, however, the 1978 alterations Matthew Cauthen most likely took off the pool from the south side, Madeline Marbury Construction of Russell House was complet- added HVAC systems, demolished the parking ed in 1955. Sororities and fraternities held their 4 to the east, and added a new wing that consisted formal dances and social gatherings in a nice and of the large ballrooms and conference rooms seen open area; students enjoyed the relaxation that today. the building provided without being cramped HISTORICAL REVIEW into a basement. Professors and faculty members RUSSELL HOUSE TODAY enjoyed the lounges to unwind after classes. The student union building was a success. However, The student union stands today as a main Wade Hampton the University realized quickly that there was a access point for tour groups, events, and new need to expand. In a board meeting on October 25, students to learn about their new home. It contains 1957, the University agreed upon “enlarging the a variety of eating establishments and lounging present ground floor cafeteria and the construction areas, just as in the original plans. Many student of a new, complete second story cafeteria.”24 The organizations such as Student Media and the Board estimated at $458,000.0025 for the cost of the Leadership and Services Center are available in INTRODUCTION on the University of South Carolina campus was addition. This estimate included the general con- Russell House for students to access freely. built. It would not be named Wade Hampton struction, the architect’s fee, kitchen equipment, Next to the library, it is believed to be one of In 1894, the University of South Carolina College for another sixteen years. It housed the and the dining room equipment. Expansion of the the most prominent meeting spaces for students agreed to admit women as students and became University’s eighty-five out-of-town women and cafeteria was completed in 1958. to meet up and to socialize with one another. On the first coeducational collegiate institution in stood where the current Wade Hampton build- In 1963, a proposal was introduced to “con- Wednesdays, Russell House is the main center for South Carolina. Female enrollment officially began ing is located, on the corner of Pickens Street and struct an addition to the Russell House, an annex “Hip Hop Wednesday” where students gather on in the fall of 1895. At this point, female students Greene Street in the Women’s Quad. Originally, to Russell House, and an infirmary.”26 The infir- Greene Street outside of Russell to take a break at USC were allowed to enroll in classes, but the building did not belong to a quad and stood mary was constructed, but did not stay in Rus- from academics. The need for a central student were not permitted to live on campus. Only male independently. sell for very long: in 1973, the Thomson Student union building has been accomplished throughout students were eligible for on-campus housing. According to the Office of Institutional Re- Health Center was erected directly behind the the years by this building. Female students were required to live in Columbia search, Assessment, and Analytics at the Univer- student union. This addition took much longer with close family members.1 sity of South Carolina, there was no significant than expected, resulting in completion in the year This changed with the beginning of World increase in female enrollment the year that Wade 1967. The first two floors of the addition were to be War I. As men were sent overseas to fight, female Hampton began housing students.3 One event completed by July 15, 1966 and the remaining was enrollment increased at the university, and women that could have caused an increase in enrollment delayed.27 Many of the construction workers went began occupying some of the traditionally male of women at the University of South Carolina was on strike for about six months. It is unclear of the dorms. However, the return of male students the relocation of the all-women Columbia College reason for this. The addition plan also included postwar displaced many of these women. Some of South Carolina from its downtown location to more parking, a pool, and a patio. At the com- women lived in housing that was rented by the Northern Columbia in 1904. Subsequent fires at pletion date in 1967, there was new landscaping, University around Columbia, such as the Kirkland Columbia College’s new campus caused displace- bringing an entire new look to Russell House. Apartments, Pendleton Street, and 1506 Devine ment of students. Columbia College even had The final alterations were completed in 1978. Street.2 This arrangement continued for years with to close its doors for a year. The insecure state of Unfortunately, no records were found indicating the University moving female students to different Columbia’s women’s college most likely caused the alterations and changes that were made. Based addresses around campus. The need for additional an increase of women choosing the University of student housing on campus soon became appar- 24 Minutes of October 25, 1957, Board of Trustees, University of South Car- South Carolina over Columbia College. olina, The South Caroliniana Library, The University of South Carolina, ent. Columbia, SC. To accommodate the growing number of 25 Minutes of October 25, 1957, Board of Trustees, University of South Car- In the spring of 1924, the first women’s dorm olina, The South Caroliniana Library, The University of South Carolina, students with need for on-campus housing, the Columbia, SC. 26 Minutes of March 17, 1963, Board of Trustees, University of SOuth Car- University began building more dormitories, olina, The South Caroliniana Library, The University of South Carolina, 1 “Juddie Knox Fortson.” Interview by Elizabeth West. February 13, 2012. Columbia, SC. Student, Class of 1934. 27 Minutes of June 23, 1966, Board of Trustees, University of South Caro- 2 Department Housing to Dr. Wm. H. Patterson. January 11, 1957. Columbia, 3 “Resources for: Historical Enrollment Data,” Office of Institutional Research, lina, The South Caroliniana Library, The University of South Carolina, SC. (Office of the President Donald S. Russell 1956-7. Box 2 of 6 (Buildings Assessment, and Analytics, University of South Carolina, last accessed April Columbia, SC. and Grounds). Shelf Location: 2024b. 13, 2017, http://ipr.sc.edu/enrollment/historical/1956.htm.

16 Planning Greene Street A Mid-Century History 17 men’s and women’s alike. In 1939, Sims College even after the war was over and the need for more was built. When Sims was complete, Wade Hamp- housing for female students became a priority. ton went from housing all out-of-town women to A new women’s residence hall was added to the freshman and graduate students. Sims was the Women’s Quad in 1956, mirroring Wade Hamp- next addition to the Women’s Quad. It houses ton College. It was named McClintock Hall. This about 300 women at capacity. completed the horseshoe-shaped quad. When Sims Dormitory was built, the Univer- In 1956, it became clear that Wade Hampton sity President, J. Rion McKissick, addressed the was deteriorating. President Donald S. Russell issue that the old women’s dorm was in need of a made an inquiry with the University’s chief engi- name. In 1940, during a Board of Trustees meet- neer at the time, E.M. Henderson, about whether 2 ing, the building was named in honor of alum- Wade Hampton should be renovated and possibly 1 nus Wade Hampton, a lieutenant-general in the enlarged. Henderson surveyed Wade Hampton to Confederate army, governor, and United States make this determination. He concluded that the senator.4 Sims College was named for J. Marion condition of the dormitory was beyond repair. The Sims, the “father of modern gynecology,” and biggest issues that condemned the building were McClintock Hall was named for Euphemia Mc- the cracked walls, sagging floors, and endangered Clintock, who campaigned for coeducation at the structural integrity. The useful life of the building University of South Carolina.5 Wade Hampton did was too short to justify any addition or renova- not have any significant connection to women’s tion.7 history. The movement to name the dorm Wade An article published in the Gamecock in 1949 Hampton passed. shed light on more issues with Wade Hampton.8 It 3 4 The original building was more stately than was experiencing electrical problems as well. De- 1. A view of the west facade of the original Wade Hampton and the grand main the Wade Hampton that stands today. The most spite all of the issues with the building, the women entrance. noticeable difference is the grand front entrance to who lived there were still reportedly proud of the 2. A hand-drawn sketch of the original Wade Hampton. the original Wade Hampton which had two-story building because of its history and significance for 3. Another view of the west Facade of the original Wade Hampton. 4. This photo was taken during the 2013 renovation and shows construction columns topped by an entablature, large floor to women on the University campus. being done towards the rear of the building. ceiling glass windows, and two doors on either The lack of housing for female students began 5. This is a photo of what the bedrooms looked like in the original Wade Hamp- ton College. side of these windows. The 1924 structure also had affecting enrollment in the late 1940s. In 1947, the 6. This is the parlor in the original Wade Hampton in which students could a formal parlor with a tall ceiling, a fireplace, and University’s admission of female students was socialize with gentlemen inside the building. elegant furniture. The parlor was the only place almost entirely dependent on dormitory space. in the building where male students could visit Admissions was directed to first make a survey of the residents of Wade Hampton, but only during all dormitory space for women and subsequently 5 certain hours. These differences suggest that the assign rooms and accept students in accordance original Wade Hampton had more of a social with room capacity.9 Once the dorms were filled-- aspect to its design. It was a place where male and with only enough space for under 600 women--the female students had a chance to interact. University was forced to suspend female admissions. THE NEED FOR HOUSING In 1957, President Russell oversaw the found- ing of the School of Nursing. The School of Nurs- When World War II began, male students ing was South Carolina’s first baccalaureate nurs- went overseas and female enrollment increased ing program. At this time, nursing was a primarily once again.6 The increase in enrollment continued

7 E. M. Henderson, Chief Engineer to President Russell. January 8, 1956. 4 University of South Carolina (Columbia S.C.). 1939-1941. Minutes of the Columbia, SC.(Office of the President Donald S. Russell 1956-7. Box 2 of 6 6 meeting of the Board of Trustees of the University of South Carolina, So. Car. (Buildings and Grounds). Shelf Location: 2024b. 5 “McClintock Hall,” University Map, University of South Carolina, last 8 Jane Dowe, “University Coeds Still Proud Of Wade Hampton Dormitory As accessed April 2, 2017, http://www.sc.edu/uscmap/bldg/mcclintock.html. Anniversary Approaches,” The Gamecock (Columbia, SC), February 25, 1949. 6 University of South Carolina (Columbia S.C.). 1941-1947. Minutes of the 9 University of South Carolina (Columbia S.C.). 1941-1947. Minutes of the meeting of the Board of Trustees of the University of South Carolina, So. Car. meeting of the Board of Trustees of the University of South Carolina, So. Car.

18 Planning Greene Street A Mid-Century History 19 female profession. This meant that there would be ton’s facade directly mirrors McClintock. The main tions was 29.2 million dollars.16 Cassie Cope writes door. The building’s windows no longer open as yet another major influx of female students at the entrance of both buildings are directly across from in the State, “The renovation was part of USC’s much as they could in the old building for security University of South Carolina. each other and are almost indistinguishable. Like ten-year master plan for renovating its dorms and and safety purposes. All entrances into the resi- Because the University needed to provide McClintock, the new Wade Hampton’s exterior buildings as the university tries to attract students dent halls are locked and can only be unlocked by more suitable space for students, it was proposed was covered by stucco and painted a matching and grow its enrollment. At the same time, the the Carolina Card of a resident. After the reno- in 1957 that Wade Hampton be demolished and cream color. These nearly identical buildings com- University, which requires that most freshmen live vation, access to Wade Hampton became more replaced with a larger building.10 Plans were made pleted the Women’s Quad and act like bookends, on campus, faces more competition in the housing restricted. Now, the front door is the main point of for this project and then cancelled due to lack of with Sims College at the center. market for students, who increasingly want better access for students. This makes for a more secure funds. Later on in the same year, the project was accommodations with better amenities.”17 The building because a person must enter through revisited and funding was approved by the state. MAJOR RENOVATIONS need for updated housing was in response to new the lobby where there is always a security guard The design of the new Wade Hampton was done student expectations of what a dorm is supposed or resident mentor at the front desk. The security In 1965, 1970, and 1975, the new Wade Hamp- by Lockwood Greene Engineers. The construction to look like. updates were there to make entering the building ton had a number of renovations under Frank Wil- company that won the bid for Wade Hampton was As USC has grown, private housing compa- more convenient and safer for residents. liams, the University architect. These renovations the John C. Heslep Construction Company. Demo- nies have come into Columbia to build and rent The 2013 renovations attempted to create were to update the building by adding heating, lition of the original Wade Hampton and construc- housing that offers many amenities that the Uni- community spaces through the new study rooms. ventilation, and air conditioning systems. These tion of the new Wade Hampton began in 1958. versity’s dorms lack. Examples of this include The In a blog post on the USC website called Return- features were added in order to compete with oth- The design of the new Wade Hampton was Hub, Greene Crossing, and The Mills. All showing to the Quad, Laurie Bankert writes about her er universities as HVAC systems were becoming influenced by the needs that the original building case a housing style that has become preferred freshman experience living in Women’s Quad. standard in college dormitories.13 could not meet and its structural issues, as well as among students and offer perks that students Bankert asserted that the building was outdat- In 2013, Wade Hampton saw a major renova- the rest of the Women’s Quad.11 It was stated in expect from housing. Lauren Austin, a senior in ed. In 2014, Bankert was a resident mentor. She tion of its interior.14 The building was completely a Board of Trustees meeting by President Russell 2013, commented in a news article, “The students pointed out that the new buildings presented new gutted. Gene Luna, USC’s Associate Vice President that the lack of housing for female students has that do get stuck in on campus housing are usu- and different opportunities to connect with other for Student Affairs and Academic Support said been a major source of embarrassment for the ally jealous of the ones that get an apartment.”18 students such as hall study groups: “There’s a that USC had changed “everything but the foun- University. Before the construction of the new The ten-year plan was designed to respond to this sense of belonging here. You feel like you’re a part dation,” of Wade Hampton.15 The layout of the Wade Hampton, the University could house only sentiment among students. of something.”20 interior was entirely reconfigured. Wade Hampton fifty-eight female students on campus and six- During the 2013 renovation, Wade Hampton’s went from the traditional dorm style with a single ty-seven girls in off campus apartments. southern wing was connected to the eastern wing CONCLUSION hall bathroom per floor to a suite style configura- The plan for the new dormitory was to replace of Sims dormitory, officially connecting all of tion with bathroom shared between two rooms. Wade Hampton has a tremendous significance the old building with something larger and more Women’s Quad.19 Wade Hampton gained a new This meant adding many more bathrooms to the in the history of the University of South Carolina efficient in terms of bed space. The issue of the kitchen that offers a large community-based space. building. All new HVAC systems were added to even though the current structure was built just failing wood-frame structure of the old building The communal bathrooms were replaced with the building as well as elevators. Sims and Mc- sixty years ago. The original building holds so was addressed by building the new building from study rooms, community rooms, and additional Clintock also went through extensive renovations much meaning in terms of women on the univer- reinforced concrete with concrete block interior dorm rooms. The restructuring of Wade Hamp- that were propelled by the universities need to sity’s campus. The transformation of the original walls.12 This structure was built with extra rooms ton gave the interior of the building rooms with improve housing. building to the building that stands in its place to- in order to meet projected future enrollment needs irregular dimensions. The removal of communal The University set out in its ten-year plan to day reflects the changes in student life on campus. and a strong frame to ensure that it would have a bathrooms necessitated the construction of new renovate housing to match the amenities of new For example, the disappearance of a grand parlor long useful life. It was completed in 1959. bathrooms in between the dorm rooms. The new private housing, expectations of students, and and the social meaning that space held, to the The aesthetic design of Wade Hampton was changes changed the culture of building for resi- increasing enrollment. After the 2013 renovations new configuration of suite style dormitory rooms heavily influenced by its new neighbor across the dents of Wade Hampton. were completed, Women’s Quad could accommo- and the changes that brought to the dynamics of Women’s Quad, McClintock Hall. Wade Hamp- Wade Hampton also has updated its security date 600 students and the total cost of the renova- residence life. The ties that the building has to system with keypads and card scanners on every the original Wade Hampton illustrate the story of 10 “Notice of Meeting.” President Donald Russell to The Members of the Board coeducation at the University of South Carolina. of Trustees. September 4, 1957. Columbia, SC.(Office of the President Donald 16 Cope, “Women’s Quad renovation changes ‘everything but the foundation.’” S. Russell 1956-7. Box 2 of 6 (Buildings and Grounds). Shelf Location: 2024b. 13 Frank Williams, drawings of Wade Hampton renovations 1965-75. 1965, 17 Cope, “Women’s Quad renovation changes ‘everything but the foundation.’” 11 E. M. Henderson, Chief Engineer to President Russell. January 8, 1956. 1970, 1975. 119, Drawings Room, Office of Facilities, The University of South 18 Katie West and Harrison Cahill,“USC looks to join rush to public-private Columbia, SC.(Office of the President Donald S. Russell 1956-7. Box 2 of 6 Carolina, Columbia, SC. housing,” Carolina Reporter and News, November 13, 2013, last accessed April (Buildings and Grounds). Shelf Location: 2024b. 14 Cassie Cope, “Women’s Quad renovation changes ‘everything but the founda- 2017, http://www.datelinecarolina.org/story/23960762/2013/11/Wednesday/ 20 Liz McCarthy, “Returning to the quad,” August 14, 2014, last accessed April 12 Jones, P., Jr. Loss Prevention Report. Report. Housing, University of South tion,’” The State (Columbia, SC), August 13, 2014. new-usc-dorm-raises-questions. 2017, http://www.sc.edu/uofsc/posts/2014/08_womens_quad_resident_men- Carolina. Norwood, MA: Factory Mutual Engineering Division, 1959. 1-2. 15 Cope, “Women’s Quad renovation changes ‘everything but the foundation.’” 19 Cope, “Women’s Quad renovation changes ‘everything but the foundation.’” tor_laura_bankert.php#.WO-f3BLyuu5.

20 Planning Greene Street A Mid-Century History 21 Alexandra Guba administration also preferred to keep these men of USC’s thirteen fraternities would be the first to Halie Schouten who were so involved in all aspects of student move into McBryde. The first phase of building 5 life on campus; fraternity men controlled student along Blossom Street could hold six fraternities; government and held most leadership positions one fraternity on the second and third story of in other important student organizations.4 A new each building. The first stories of each building HISTORICAL REVIEW conversation began in 1954 regarding construction were social and chapter rooms designated for of a separate dormitory that would solely be used each fraternity. The IFC held a drawing in which to house fraternity members. Within an existing Alpha Tau Omega, Phi Kappa Sigma, Lambda Chi McBryde five million dollar building plan, the Board of Alpha, Phi Epsilon Pi, and Phi Sigma Kappa were Trustees approved a dormitory that would come chosen at random to become the first fraternities to be known as McBryde. In March of 1955, plans to occupy McBryde. The remaining seven fraterni- for new fraternity housing were formally released ties were scheduled to move in to Buildings D, E, but the administration, Carolyn McClung, in the F, and G in February of 1956. The second wave of March 18, 1955 issue of the campus publication, fraternities to move into McBryde included: Sigma The Gamecock, describes in romanticized detail Nu, Sigma Chi, Kappa Alpha, Kappa Sigma, Pi INTRODUCTION an influx of students, but especially male students, the conveniences and modernity of the new frater- Kappa Alpha, Pi Kappa Phi, and Sigma Alpha and the University faced the challenge of finding In 1955, McBryde Quadrangle was opened as nity housing.5 The glass curtain wall and white pi- Epsilon. Student conduct, IFC, and the administra- room for all of the new men on campus. an all-male dormitory at the University of South lotis on the ground floor of each building exterior tion would have to redetermine each year which In 1953, residence halls were housing “almost Carolina. McBryde originally housed the Universi- and the many terraces presented a modern design fraternities were to be allowed the privilege to 40% more men than they were intended for when ty’s fraternity men, and was colloquially known as that many students were excited about. remain in McBryde. built.” Overcrowding and frustration was rampant Frat Row. Seven separate buildings compromised The well-established architectural firm, La- During the conception and construction of among male students. The University began to ex- McBryde’s horseshoe; only five of the original faye, Fair, and Lafaye of Columbia, was tasked fraternity row, as enrollment boomed and many plore new housing options for male students, and buildings remain. The ground floors of each of Mc- with McBryde’s design, and George A. Creed young men and women were moving onto cam- particularly fraternity members. In 1953, roughly Bryde’s remaining five buildings are used today Construction Company was responsible for devel- pus, panty raids became a popular pastime on twenty-eight percent of USC’s male students were as commercial spaces or University offices. The opment.6 Construction for the first three units of campus. Panty raids consisted of male students involved in social fraternities and conversations second and third floors of each building continue McBryde that run along Blossom Street (Buildings breaking into women’s housing and stealing their began to circulate around alleviating the dormi- to function as they did at McBryde’s inception in A, B, and C) began in the late fall of 1954, and they undergarments. In the 1950s, female enrollment tory situation by creating separate housing for 1955: as residence halls. Today, McBryde houses were scheduled to be completed by September 1, at USC climbed from twenty-six to thirty-three fraternities.2 250 male students, including both fraternity and 1955. According to the Dean of Administration, Dr. percent, making it no coincidence that panty raids The original conversation, between the In- non-fraternity members. W. H. Patterson, these first three buildings cost the became the prank of the decade. Nationwide the terfraternity Council (IFC) and the University’s University around $500,000. In February of 1955, panty raid phenomenon began in 1952, starting Administration, focused on allowing fraternities A CHRONOLOGICAL EXAMINATION Buildings D, E, F, and G, broke ground. These four at the University of Missouri. USC students were to build or to buy houses off-campus. Feeling units would round off McBryde’s quadrangle and quick to take part in this trend, in what local After WWII, student enrollment across the the pressure of the overcrowding, the Board of were completed by February 1, 1956. The last four newspapers called the “lingerie raids” that took United States was on the rise. The University Trustees and President Russell approved a plan in units construction cost around $600,000. 7 place the night of May 19, 1952. In 1955, around of South Carolina’s enrollment went from 1,420 1953 that would allow fraternities to buy or build Once construction was underway, IFC and the the time that the fraternity quadrangle was being students in 1945 to 4,614 student in 1947, grow- houses off campus as long as they were located administration began “working constantly to iron constructed, the fraternities organized a raid with ing by 225 percent in two years. USC’s growth within one block from campus and the houses out the problems of this big enterprise.”8 As early nearly 1,000 men. By 1956, when the remaining was heavily influenced by the G.I. Bill of 1944. In were financed individually by each fraternity.3 as spring of 1945, IFC began determining which fraternities were moving into their new on-cam- 1947, almost 60 percent of the student body were By the Fall of 1954, Sigma Nu and Pi Kappa Phi pus housing, the University had declared the veterans, the overwhelming majority of whom had begun leasing houses on Pendleton Street. 4 Lesesne, A History of the University of South Carolina, 107. block encompassing the women’s dorm off limits were male. 2,743 students were veterans in 1947; However, the University realized that this method 5 Carolyn McClung, “Frat Housing Plans Released This Week By Administra- tion,” Gamecock (Columbia, SC), March 18, 1955. to men after 11p.m. Despite this, 500 men man- more veterans were enrolled at USC after the war of alleviating overcrowding would be slow. The 6 Jack Bass, “$5 Million Building Program is Underway - Includes Construction 1 of 4 Rising Buildings, Summer Renovations,” Gamecock (Columbia, SC), aged another successful panty paid the next year, than there were students before the war. USC saw December 10, 1954. 2 Robert Elliott Gonzales, “Let Fraternities Build Their Houses,” Gamecock 7 Carolyn McClung, “Frat Housing Plans Released This Week By Administra- (Columbia, SC), February 20, 1953. tion,” Gamecock (Columbia, SC), March 18, 1955. 1 Henry H. Lesesne, A History of the University of South Carolina, 1940-2000 3 Gonzales, “USC Housing Situation May Be Alleviated,” Gamecock (Columbia, 8 Garnet and Black Yearbook (1954), The South Caroliniana Library, The (Columbia, SC: University of South Carolina Press, 2001), 41. SC), October 2, 1953. University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC.

22 Planning Greene Street A Mid-Century History 23 followed by two more in 1959.9 subservient role was perpetuated through such of space while still forming a close-knit campus warned them of the construction so they could These raids, being a socially influential factor factors, in addition to University events and sanc- community. have had the opportunity to move off campus of the time, have contributed to architectural tions such as beauty competitions and strict rules In 1968, what was originally known and before it began. Though it wouldn’t be for another differences between the fraternity quadrangle which created a double standard between men created to be Fraternity Row, was given the name couple decades that the fraternities would actually and the all-women’s dorm, Wade Hampton, that and women. Women were asked to abide by rules recognizable today. The fraternity quadrangle was move off campus because, and Hubbard stated was constructed simultaneously. Though the such as a dress code that did not allow them to officially renamed the McBryde Quadrangle after “the big hassle [...] is not from the administration, two buildings were constructed by the Univer- show their knees beyond the Women’s Quad and a former student, teacher and president of the Uni- but in finding a suitable location at a reasonable sity within a similar timeframe, their styles and a curfew forbidding the entrance of men into the versity, John M. McBryde. McBryde attend USC in cost.”14 structure are vastly different from one another. A women’s quad after 11 p.m. though this curfew 1858 when it was still named the South Carolina Fraternities continued to reside and move contributing factor to these differences may have was in part a result of the actions of the men, the College. He later went on teach at South Caroli- into the quad over the next twenty-two years arose from the panty raids, out of a necessity to men were not given any such curfew or rules for na College, serving as Chairman of the Faculty before serious discussion and plans began for a keep the men out of the women’s dorms. The their own dormitories.10 from 1883 till 1888.11 In 1888 he was then named new “Fraternity Row.” In 1986, Alpha Phi Alpha women’s dorms needed to be impenetrable, so Also influencing the architecture of McBryde president of the University of South Carolina and was the first Greek letter fraternity allowing the it is fitting that the main access point is centrally was the University’s original intentions for the served until 1891.12 The McBryde Quadrangle and membership of black men to move into campus located, forcing anyone who enters to go through use of each space. Because the quadrangle was other campus buildings were officially named af- housing, occupying part of Building G in the a main lobby before accessing any residence halls. intended, from the beginning, to be used to house ter prominent University educators during a joint McBryde Quadrangle.15 It was also Building G that In contrast, the main focus during the construction the University’s fraternity members, it was neces- meeting of the Board of Trustees and the Faculty in 1991 caught fire during the middle of the night of the fraternity quadrangle was to create a large sary to create equal spaces for the organizations Buildings and Grounds Committee.13 due to an electrical short in a soft-drink machine hub for social interaction for the most influential to congregate and to conduct official meetings When the University decided to expand the and caused $15,000 in damages. Forty fraternity students on campus. separately from one another while still housing Thomas Cooper Library, with a second phase of members from Alpha Phi Alpha and Chi Psi had The differences between the construction of them all in the same location. In response to this construction beginning in 1972, it took the fra- to be evacuated at four in the morning.16 the Wade Hampton and McBryde dormitories need, a fraternity quadrangle was constructed that ternities by surprise. They were upset by the fact The formal discussion to relocate fraternity also reflected the University’s different attitudes allowed for each fraternity to be housed on their that they were not consulted during any of the row began around 1994 when the $425 million “Bi- between the roles of men and women on cam- own floor of each building, with separate, private University’s decision making process, nor warned centennial Master Plan” began work. The Board pus. At this time, women were expected to hold meeting spaces on the first story for activities and about when the construction would take place. of Trustees began looking into ways and locations roles on campus similar to roles that they would formal meetings. The noise and dust of construction began to make to create a “Greek Village” that would replace the traditionally hold in the home, while the men The need for the fraternities to have private dorm life unpleasant. On September 11, 1972 The fraternity dormitories in the McBryde Quad.17 were expected to play a more innovative role on meeting spaces also influenced the access points State published an article, “IFC head: fraternities By 1998 the University had plans on the drawing campus. These expectations were directly reflected of the buildings of the quadrangle. Students be- being run off campus,” in which the IFC Presi- boards. An article from The State by Christine through the architectural styles of the dormitories longing to two different organizations needed the dent, William Hubbard, made statements on how Crumbo on August 8, 1998 stated USC’s interest constructed during the 1950s. The women’s dor- ability to access the upper floors of each build- the new construction was causing the fraternities in buying about eight acres from the USC Devel- mitory was meant to reflect the traditional style ing without interrupting any affairs that would to feel unwelcome. Hubbard stated, “They are opment Foundation, possibly so it could build a of the buildings on the Horseshoe, upholding the have been conducted on the first story. Therefore, taking away one of the only places left where the fraternity and sorority village in the vicinity of the traditional values of the University. Meanwhile, in order to maintain a level of privacy for these students could go to relax and enjoy the trees. streets Sumter and Whaley.18 the Modernist style of the fraternity quadrangle meeting spaces, it was necessary that the access Now there’s only the horseshoe.” This became the expressed a more contemporary outlook. The in- points to these buildings be directly through the beginning of the conversation for the fraternities MAJOR RENOVATIONS tentions of the University administration become stairwells, leading to individual access points at to move off campus. Hubbard also stated in the Once USC’s fraternities began moving off quite obvious when outlining certain details of each hall rather than a main entrance that could article that fraternities were interested in moving campus, McBryde lost some of its notoriety; it construction and the culture of student life during potentially disrupt the affairs of the fraternity. off campus because their fraternity row has never was no longer the fraternity housing on cam- this time. For example, the women’s dorm was Upon entering one of the buildings, one would been as nice as other schools. However, Hubbard constructed with kitchens while the men’s was generally have been faced with a locked door to also stated that fraternities wished someone had 14 Cher Cope, “IFC Head: fraternities being run off campus,” State (Columbia, SC), September 11, 1972. not; it was deemed important for the women to enter each specific floor that would require either a 15 Scott Johnson, “Racism a Lingering Ill on S.C. Campuses State-Supported Universities Work to Fully Integrate,” State (Columbia, SC), May 15, 1988. be able to practice cooking. Women’s traditional, four-digit code or a key specific to each fraternity. 11 University of South Carolina Libraries, “John McLaren McBryde,” April 26, 16 “Fire Forces Evacuation of USC Dorm,” State (Columbia, SC), March 22, 2010, last acessed April 14, 2017, http://spec.lib.vt.edu/archives/125th/pres/ 1991. The University was able to create clear separation mcbryde.htm. 17 Bill Robinson, “Infamous Landmarks to Fall as USC Remakes Itself in Historic 12 South Carolina College was named a University in 1887 and officially renamed Style,” State (Columbia, SC), April 25, 1994. 9 Lesesne, A History of the University of South Carolina, 104-105. the University of South Carolina. 18 Christine Crumbo, “USC has Work Under Way or on the Drawing Boards,” 10 Lesesne, A History of the University of South Carolina, 106-107. 13 “Buildings Named for Educators,” State (Columbia, SC), October 10, 1968. State (Columbia, SC), August 8, 1998.

24 Planning Greene Street A Mid-Century History 25 pus and became like any other neglected dorm. HISTORICAL EVIDENCE Thomas Cooper Library, located to the north of McBryde’s Quadrangle, lacked a designated area Despite the destruction of Buildings D and where delicate and precious books and archives E, there is existing evidence of McBryde’s history could be preserved. Thomas Cooper was due for visible in what remains of the quadrangle. On the another expansion, and that addition took shape south-facing facade of Buildings A, B, and C there in the form of the Ernest F. Hollings Special Collec- are large signs exhibiting the crests of fraternities tions Library. The initial proposal for the addition including Pi Kappa Phi, Sigma Nu, and Tau Kappa included expanding Thomas Cooper outwards on Epsilon. It may also be noted that the light-up either side both east and west. However, the cost Greek letter door sign the University did not 2 of this proposal proved too challenging, and an remove is that of the Alpha Phi Alpha fraternity, easier solution was found in expanding the library in its original place on the west-facing facade of 1 south into McBryde’s horseshoe. During the late Building G. Below this door sign, the Greek letters 2000s, the University administration was function- for Alpha Phi Alpha are inlaid in the concrete and ing under the assumption that McBryde would still made prominent painted in yellow. From this not remain a permanent staple of the University. it can also be concluded that as the organizations One of the partners of Watson, Tate, Savory, the within McBryde changed, so did McBryde; Tau architectural firm responsible for the addition Kappa Epsilon and Alpha Phi Alpha were not one of Hollings Library, commented that it was his of the original fraternities to move into the quad. understanding that the long-range plan was to de- Historical evidence also exists in the interior molish all of McBryde’s buildings. Since McBryde spaces of the McBryde. In the stairwells there are 4 was slated for demolition in the near or distant areas of wall where it is obvious that fraternity’s future, it was a cheaper and more efficient solution crests have been painted over as the outlines can 1. Aerial view of USC Campus. to go ahead and demolish part of McBryde whilst be faintly seen through the paint. In one stairwell, 2. Courtyard of Building F occupied by the Sigma Alpha Epsilon Fraternity in 2007 construction on the library was underway. Hence, the crest of Phi Sigma Kappa is still prominently 3 3. Outward-facing western elevation of Buildings F and G. the demolition of Buildings D and E. These two displayed across from a hall’s entrance. Addi- 4. Inward-facing elevation of Buildings D and E prior to demolition in 2007. units of McBryde were most likely chosen to make tionally, some of the halls may still be painted the 5. Western elevation of McBryde Buildings F and G. space for fire department and service access to the colors of the fraternities that resided in them. Even Hollings Library. 19 some of the doors to access these halls still have Since the demolition of McBryde’s Build- the older, coded doorknobs from the fraternities so ings D and E, McBryde has continued to house only members of each individual fraternity could male students. The ground floor offices of the access their own hall. remaining buildings have been used by various University organizations. In 2014, Building A’s MCBRYDE’S IDENTITY ground floor was converted into Market 101, a In the early 1950s, the University of South University-owned dining option with corner-mart Carolina was already running out of beds for type food selections. In the courtyard of Building students when they experienced an influx of A, Grill 101, an outdoor grill station was added to 5 male students as a result of the G.I. Bill. Amongst work in conjunction with Market 101. students, alumni, and the Board of Trustees, there was talk of a new system of housing for fraternity members, many of whom belonged to USC’s new veteran population. McBryde was conceptualized and realized as a result of a need. McBryde served to house the fraternities for over twenty years 19 Conversation with architect Tom Savory of Watson, Tate, Savory (Columbia, SC), April, 11, 2017. and significantly contributed to the identity of the

26 Planning Greene Street A Mid-Century History 27 fraternities who resided there. And while McBryde Wendy Dollar no longer exclusively houses fraternity members, Helen Kampmann many of the men who have lived in McBryde in 6 the twenty-first century can attest to the fraternal feelings McBryde’s courtyards and communal living spaces foster. The USC College of Arts and HISTORICAL REVIEW Sciences developed and published the USC Slang Dictionary. This is what the dictionary says about McBryde: Thomas Cooper Library Landscape “College slang can often become associated with specific locations and groups of people around campus, such as dorms like McBryde at USC [...] Among the words associated with life at McBryde are McBro, the McProjects, McBroth- erhood, dude, bro, as well as LAWL, McPride, INTRODUCTION field.3 It is not clear if the lot had been request- McLife, McBreezy, and ways the residents refer to ed by the government or offered by the school. one another, such as legends or the Bretherin.”20 The 1300 Greene Street land has deep roots Nevertheless, whatever the political position held Such pet names or one-liners are not associat- and a powerful significance, both locally and by the University at that time, the school hosted ed with any other dorms on campus. The residents statewide. It is a postcard for the University of the troops for twelve years. So, whether or not of McBryde, while not formal fraternal brothers, South Carolina and a witness of centuries of his- the University was aligned with the Confeder- have been forming the same relationships that the tory for the state of South Carolina. Just like the ate causes, and despite the fact that the school original residents formed from the 1950s to the Horseshoe, several layers of historic and symbolic closed between 1861-1866 for lack of students, the 1980s. It could be argued that this environment meanings offer rich material to dig and reveal im- soldiers stayed on the field until 1877. The school and the tradition of McBryde plays a major role in portant aspects that shaped the Carolinian ethos. was closed again that same year by conservative the success and happiness of Carolina’s freshman Undoubtedly, both are “socially catalytic” spaces, leaders that did not accept the African Americans men during their first year. encouraging the communion not only among the that were composing either the student body or faculty, staff, and students, but also the Colum- the Board of Trustees. In 1880, the school reopened bia residents as well.1 The two spaces function as once more as an all-white college.4 unconscious producers of a sense of belonging Fortunately, sports gave a new -- and cheer- and, at the same time, ownership. Even negative ful -- theme to the area. As early as 1898, the land aspects, such as the inumerous critiques and an- provided a permanent site for Carolina’s football ecdotal stories found in publications such as The games, as reported by The Gamecock. The article Gamecock, clearly demonstrate how intrinsic these stated that the athletic field was to be created by grounds have been to the University’s community. closing in the area next to the College Hall, today The land’s vocation, similar to the Horseshoe, known as Longstreet Theater, and adding grand- is robust and persists today. The land has gathered stands for the audience.5 Apparently, the idea was people at least since 1865, when Union troops simple and did not take much effort or resources occupied the area.2 During the Reconstruction Era to be launched. Yet, it deeply impacted the use of (1863-1877), the United States government was the area for at least the next five decades. Several paying the school $100 per month for usage of the

3 “Greek Temple Gym’s Facade Discloses Fascinating History,” Gamecock (Columbia, SC), October 29, 1965. 4 “Our History,” The Original South Carolina College Campus, University 1 Phillip Waite, “Reading Campus Landscapes,” in The Physical University: Libraries, South Caroliniana Library, last accessed April 5, 2017, http://www. Contours of Space and Place in Higher Education, ed. Paul Temple (London sc.edu/about/our_history. and New York: Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group, 2016), 73. 5 “History of the Horseshoe,” University of South Carolina, Buildings and struc- 20 Wicker, Layton. “Dorm Slang: McBro Talk.” Dorm Slang: McBro Talk | Cocky 2 “Historic Markers Across South Carolina,” Latitude 34 North, last accessed tures, last accessed April 5, 2017, http://sc.edu/about/our_history/horseshoe_ Talk | Linguistics Program | University of South Carolina. Accessed April 11, March 29, 2017, http://www.lat34north.com/HistoricMarkersSC/MarkerDetail. history/index.php; “Women’s Sports Still a Newcomer,” Gamecock (Columbia, 2017. cfm?KeyID=40-002&MarkerTitle=Site%20of%20Parade%20Ground%20. SC), August 25, 1981.

28 Planning Greene Street A Mid-Century History 29 documents record the continued use of the histor- Melton’s death, the school had memorialized him ing recreational activities, Davis Field was just ic land. In 1899, an article in The State discussed once more by building gates in his honor at the a concurrent space for the Horseshoe. While the a baseball game scheduled with Greenville that entrance to Melton Field. However, the gates were history and tradition embedded in the Horseshoe had taken place in the “College Park field.”6 Maps demolished with the Russell House construction.11 gave it a stronger advantage, the fields could offer from the Sanborn Map Company, created to assess The military use had not been completely more square footage, allowing for larger crowds. fire insurance liability all around the country, also abandoned, though. In 1943, The State stated It is not surprising that the location of the student show the area as early as 1904.7 The only construc- that the field was to be used as a Navy training union building was thought initially to be placed tion on the “College Base Ball Grounds” was a ground and that the previous stands had been torn in the Horseshoe.17 “grand stand” parallel to Greene Street. The maps down.12 ROTC events were frequently performed A major shift for the area began to happen in from 1910 and 1919 did not show relevant chang- in the fields as well, even after the construction of 1 the early 1950s, when an incisive reformulation es.8 Thomas Cooper Library in 1959. Many pictures plan was being put into practice for the campus In 1904, the suggestion to name the college published in The Gamecock and in the Universi- due to the enrollment explosion since the end of athletic park “Davis Field” appeared in an article ty’s yearbook, Garnet and Black, recorded the mili- the World War II.18 The new reality of American in The State newspaper. The name change was an tary drills. At the same time, there were continued higher education had raised discussions among homage to Professor R. Means Davis, described as stories, also in The Gamecock, of the field being the president and the Board of Trustees about not being beloved and noble with a strong interest in used for football, track, baseball, and pep rallies only expansion and land acquisition, but also the athletics. Moreover, he had been an active member into the 1950s.13 The historic rivalry between the very purpose of universities. In 1963, the term of the school’s sports committees. The article sug- University of South Carolina and Clemson Univer- “multiversity,” coined by the president of the gested that the proposal was to be taken up with sity, the two larger universities of the “Palmetto University of California, Charles Kerr, denoted the the school board to be seriously considered.9 State,” also engraves this parcel of land. According “complex mosaic of purposes and internal ten- To the east, in addition to Davis Field, was to the University’s website and The State news- sions, with little to unite its disparate communi- Melton Field. The name paid homage, this time, paper, the traditional “Tiger Burn” began here in ty.”19 President Thomas F. Jones sent, in January of to Dr. William Davis Melton. It occupied the land 1902.14 After a brawl in the street and the burning 1966, an article from the Hollins College Bulletin where Russell House is now located. The student of a poster depicting an unflattering picture of to the Board of Trustees addressing this subject. body was given credit for petitioning to have the Clemson University’s mascot, the two teams In Jones’ words, “[the article] states the problems the field dedicated to Dr. Melton, since he was began the tradition of burning an object that of today in colleges all over the country so clearly described as having a friendlier relation with the represents their adversary every year. In the years 2 that I thought it might be helpful to you in gaining students. Furthermore, it had been his lifelong to follow, the ritualistic ceremony was moved to a better understanding of the government of the dream for the school to be properly equipped different locations around Columbia, including University.”20 The article was named “Who Shall with a sports field. An article in The Gamecock Davis Field, which was often the rallying point for Govern,” and, as the title suggests, discussed the narrates the ceremony: the band played the alma the fans to begin their parade.15 role of the body of students, the president and mater and the entire assembly joined in singing The Horseshoe, in this same period, was the Board of Trustees in the decision making of We Hail Thee, Carolina. It was at this ceremony being used for other cheerful events, such as the American universities. Additionally, the author on October 8, 1926, that the newly equipped field Sadie Hawkins dogpatch race, sack racing, and mentioned the “unpleasantness attending at the was officially named Melton Field.10 The area held the ever famous egg and spoon race.16 Regard- student revolt at Berkeley last year,” and the the use of a football field until the construction of “question whether the gigantic ‘multiversity’ may the Russell House in the 1950s. Shortly after Dr. 11 “Evolution of a Campus Expansion and Demolition from 1801 to 2008” The not share the fate of the dinosaur -- inability to Original South Carolina College Campus, University Libraries, South Carolin- iana Library, last accessed March 29, 2017, http://library.sc.edu/socar/exh/evol/ 3 adapt to changing conditions because the body demo1.html. “Base Ball Saturday,” State (Columbia, SC), April 19, 1899. “The Crow’s Nest by Jimmie Thompson,” State (Columbia, SC), February 6, 6 12 1. Aerial view from 1911, showing Longstreet Theater and the fields where 7 Sheet 20, Sanborn Fire Insurance Maps of South Carolina, Columbia 1904, 1943. August, New York: Sanborn Map & Publishing Co., Digital Collections, South “Intramural Grid Loops Get off to Flying Start,”Gamecock (Columbia, SC), Thomas Cooper Library, Russell House and the plaza would be constructed. 13 The Horseshoe was already established at this time. Caroliniana Library, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC. December 10, 1948; “Intramural Softball Leagues Swing into Play this week,” 17 Henry H. Lesesne, A History of the University of South Carolina, 1940-2000 8 Sheet 40, Sanborn Fire Insurance Maps of South Carolina, Columbia 1910, Gamecock (Columbia, SC), April 16, 1948; “Air ROTC Gives Cadet Medal for (Columbia, SC: University of South Carolina Press, 2001), 94. April, New York: Sanborn Map & Publishing Co., Digital Collections, South Abilities,” Gamecock (Columbia, SC), May 25, 1951; “Committee Plans are 2. Pictorial map from 1942, showing the baseball field Davis Field misidentified Lesesne, A History of the University of South Carolina, 41. as Melton Field. The grandstand was the main element of the entire area. 18 Caroliniana Library, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC; Sheet 51, Tentative,” Gamecock (Columbia, SC), October 19, 1956. 19 Jonathan Coulson, Michael Paul Roberts and Isabelle Taylor, “University Sanborn Fire Insurance Maps of South Carolina, Columbia 1919, June, New 14 “USC-Clemson Rivalry Week heats up with Tigerburn,” State (Columbia, SC), Planning and Architecture 1088-2015: An Evolving Chronology,” in University York: Sanborn Map & Publishing Co., Digital Collections, South Caroliniana November 25, 2013. 3. The fully-functioning Davis Field with the “Undergraduate Library” in the Planning and Architecture: The Search for Perfection (London: Routledge, background. Library, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC. 15 “Clemson Tiger Burns Tonight, USC Rally Scheduled for Today,” Gamecock Taylor & Francis Group, 2015), 38. 9 “Suggestion made to call College Park, ‘Davis Field,” Gamecock (Columbia, (Columbia, SC), November 22, 1963. 20 Thomas F. Jones to the Board of Trustees, January 27, 1966, Folder “Miscella- SC), October 7, 1904. 16 “Kappa Deltas win Official Derby at USC,”State (Columbia, SC), May 5, neous,” Box 2, Papers of Thomas Jones, Records of the Office of the President, 10 “New field dedicated with quiet ceremony,” Gamecock (Columbia, SC), Octo- 1950; “Sadie Hawkins Day Proclaimed at USC Today,” State (Columbia, SC), University Archives, The South Caroliniana Library, The University of South ber 8, 1926. November 11, 1948. Carolina, Columbia, SC.

30 Planning Greene Street A Mid-Century History 31 has become too big for the brain.”21 ARCHITECTURE: PROBLEM OR SOLUTION? semble created by the buildings for Russell House, is one of many pieces of evidence that the area has On the other hand, the Modern movement Thomas Cooper Library, and the landscaped area. been overlooked by the University community Although much less documented than the lent the American campuses not only its pragma- According to Carol Mullinax for The Gamecock, since its controversial construction. Another strong history of the Horseshoe, the few records of the tism full of rationality, but also its avant-garde the project began to be executed by September 1 evidence of this paradoxical posture from the Uni- landscaped area’s conception allow us to trace rel- visual repertoire shaped by and shaping of the of 1966, with proposed completion December 1 of versity is the lack of a proper name. The references evant aspects of the University’s ideological goals new academic society under development. “The that same year.28 to the plaza appear in different forms in the col- for that part of the campus. The ambivalent will- architecture of higher education is an architecture The student body, however, was not always lected sources, which creates an initial challenge ingness for a huge investment in landscape ele- of ideology,” as the University of South Carolina fully convinced of the reflecting pool investment. in order to research the area: Spray Pond, Library ments was a constant battle over almost ten years. attests though its massive reliance on Modern One great example was found in the The Game- Site, Library Plaza, Spray Pool, Reflecting Pool, or, Nevertheless, the proposal of the landscape as a architecture for the new campus.22 The axis along cock -- used as a portal of expression to criticize more recently, the Fountain, are just a few of them. whole linked the space between the two buildings Greene Street, away from the solidly established the project. An article published in 1969 openly The oldest plan dates to May 19, 1964.30 Inter- and, to a certain degree, also linked the architects Horseshoe, functioned as a blank space in which manifested the irritation with the school spending estingly, it is from LBC&W named “Russell House that were thinking that part of the campus. The the experiences of modern city planning, despite money on the reflection pool instead of purchasing Addition No. 2.” The plan shows the hatched idea of a parking lot accompanied by a landscaped the smaller scale, could be replicated. A new books for the new library: “If someone was really addition to Russell House and the extension of area had appeared in the discussions involving library was one of the many demands created by interested in getting an education, they’d be more the area beside it westwards, to Sumter Street, the projects for Russell House, designed by the the new scenario concerning higher education. concerned with what is in the library rather than composing a quadrangle that starts at Thomas firm Lyles, Bissett, Carlisle and Wolff (LBC&W) The old library building, situated in the Horse- the pool in front of it,” said the author. These types Cooper Library’s Platform of Entrance and ends at and Thomas Cooper Library, designed by prom- shoe, was no longer meeting the needs of the of reactions were mild considering the tension Greene Street. It is worthy to mention that, at that inent architect Edward Durell Stone. The earliest growing number of students, books, and symbolic experienced at that moment, especially in com- time, Sumter Street presented a bifurcation that proponent of the central feature of the landscape, functions. Equally or more importantly, the new parison to other universities. The country’s youth embraced Longstreet Theater on both of its sides. the reflecting pool, for instance, was not men- library would embrace the aesthetics of demo- was in a constant state of rebellion against author- The plan, then, used the eastern portion of Sumter tioned in the few documents available. At first, the cratic Modernism, and simultaneously keep the ity. The vigor of the protests against the Vietnam Street as the limit for the project. Board of Trustees rejected the pool because it was characteristic elitism of the University of South War were also escalating all around the country. In this incipient version, the traffic of pedes- too frivolous and not a necessary addition to the Carolina with the emergence of the awarded and Many movements such as Flower Power and Free trians was organized in the east-west direction by library. As early as 1957, a letter from LBC&W to iconic undergraduate library. Speech were in their apogee during the 1960s, just creating three rows of circulation: the first, along Stone informs that, by decision of Donald Russell, In May 1957, an article in The Gamecock to name a few. On top of that, the University of Greene Street; the second between the parking lot the pool would be omitted.25 It was the last year newspaper announced plans for a modern, open South Carolina was facing a challenge concerning and the pool; and the third between the pool and of Russell as the president of the University. The shelf library to be placed on Davis Field. The racial segregation and the enrollment of the first Thomas Cooper Library. The north-south axis, in letter was copied for W. H. Patterson and Richard cost would be approximately $700,000.23 After black students after many decades of the “separate contrast, did not manifest more than an almost K. Webel, the latter being the University consul- long years of heated and controversial debates but equal” doctrine.29 inaudible voice in the 1960s. Despite the land tant landscape architect. Despite that first negative concerning the project, the brand new, “clean acquisition to the south of the campus, McBryde response, the pool finally gained an economical cut” undergraduate library was inaugurated in THE PROJECTS Quadrangle, finished in 1955, was the sole build- raison d’être: the water would be tied to the Rus- 1959. Kenneth Toombs, director of the University ing occupying those grounds. To the north, the sell House’s air conditioning system to provide A key to interpreting all the prospects elabo- libraries, referred to the undergraduate library as axis stumbles on a portion of Preston Residential less expensive cooling.26 In this mutually beneficial rated hitherto is provided by the different versions the best designed library in the United States. The College. Further, there is the back of the buildings situation, the long-term AC-system cost would jus- for the project. In the Facilities Department of the need for extra parking became apparent, though, on the Horseshoe. tify the investment for the pool, and the campus University, where the architectural legacy of the not only because of the aforementioned increasing Next to “Green [sic] Street,” the project pro- would profit from the powerful symbolic meaning campus is carefully preserved, the “Drawings rate of student body growth, but also because of posed a parking lot of 100 cars, with access from of the area as a whole.27 The desire for an element Room” is used as storage and is a rich space to dig the emergence of the buildings recently opened in both Greene and Sumter Streets. The north-south that could personify both the new identity of the for materials. The drawings analyzed were found the area, like the Russell House, for instance.24 axis that today organizes the aligned spaces of the vibrant university and the academic achievements in two sets of drawers: number 112, for Russell plaza, Thomas Cooper Library, its addition Ernest 21 Thomas F. Jones to the Board of Trustees, January 27, 1966, Folder “Miscella- of the epoch were met with the monumental en- House; and number 27, under the name “Plans by neous,” Box 2, Papers of Thomas Jones, Records of the Office of the President, F. Hollings Library, and McBryde Quadrangle University Archives, The South Caroliniana Library, The University of South Webel.” The lack of a proper drawer for the plaza Carolina, Columbia, SC. 25 Louis M. Wolff to Edward Durell Stone, July 24, 1957, Folder “Building Pro- 22 Coulson, Roberts and Taylor, “University Planning and Architecture,” 3. gram,” Box 3, Records, Dean of Administration, The South Caroliniana Library, 23 “If New Site is Obtained by Carolina,” Gamecock (Columbia, SC), May 10, The University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC. Russell House Addition No. 2, May 19, 1964, Drawer “112, Russell House,” 1957. 26 Hal Brunton oral history interview. 28 “New Reflecting Pool to cover Davis Field,”Gamecock (Columbia, SC), 30 Drawings Room, Office of Facilities, University of South Carolina, Columbia, 24 Hal Brunton oral history interview, 1963, Track 2, William Savage Collection, 27 “New Reflecting Pool to cover Davis Field,”Gamecock (Columbia, SC), October 07, 1966. SC. The South Caroliniana Library, The University of South Carolina. October 7, 1966. 29 Lesesne, A History of the University of South Carolina, 117.

32 Planning Greene Street A Mid-Century History 33 was already there, yet in an premature form. In The deeply desired Russell House student union on the axial direction by displaying two pools, this version, though, the space displayed at the building was inaugurated in 1955, together with instead of only one.33 The pools were displayed center of this axis was called a “landscaped area” the Calcott Social Sciences Building and Sumwalt along the north-south axis, allowing the alignment between two parking lots. Also, the layout dis- College, the modern high-tech engineering school. of the sidewalks along the pools and towards the played a small “New Spray Pond,” flanked by two In spite of their old-fashioned styles, McClintock library. The layout created a virtual vanishing additional landscaped areas in front of the “Un- and Wade Hampton were brand new buildings point in the middle of the library’s façade that dergraduate Library.” The pool was designed in then, with their construction finished, respectively, organizes the different elements on the landscaped a rectangular shape, with its larger sides parallel in 1955 and 1959. The first two buildings of the area. According to architect and art historian Paul to the library façade, in the east-west direction. In now demolished Honeycombs were ready in 1958; V. Turner, “By the mid-1960s, many architects addition, there was a twenty-five car parking lot four years later, two more buildings were erected; and planners were talking about circulation as a to the east of the library, with access from Devine and, finally, in 1965, the whole complex of dormi- primary shaper of campus form, along with flexi- 4 Street. The two axes created a compositional con- tories had been completed. Patterson Hall is from bility and growth.”34 This environment shaper was flict that revealed the oscillation between different 1962, the same year of the School of Journalism felt in the planning experience of Harvard, Webel’s possibilities for the area’s focal point. and Mass Communication building. In 1967, only habitat and most acquainted campus, as well. The location of the pool next to the library one year after the inauguration of the plaza, Cap- From 1965, the Facilities Department hosts building, though, is a strong indication of the close stone and Jones Physical Sciences buildings were three more drawings by Innocenti and Webel. relationship with the library façade. The conscious inaugurated.31 Greene Street was a showcase with The first, “Preliminary Plan for Russell House,”35 proportion correlation between the two elements several new buildings furnishing the campus with dates from March 26. The major development that becomes noticeable: this relationship is necessary the architectural prominence the University was differs it from the layout presented in 1964 is the to allow the reflexion of the entire image of the eagerly seeking. parking lot next to Sumter Street. The architects modern façade into the water surface, highlight- This perception was changed in the following had enlarged it in the portion next to Sumter Street ing the new style of the campus and meeting the versions. Despite the lack of continuity between to the south, omitting one of the proposed land- ideological function of the library. The planners Thomas Cooper Library and the other elements scaped areas. realized that this pool’s function needed to be kept aligned to the axis towards the north, the land- Nevertheless, the definite project was achieved in the following versions. Interestingly, there was scape architects Umberto Innocenti and Richard K. only in the following version, dated from May a profusion of several other reflecting pools built Webel had already foreseen the north-south axis as 25.36 In this layout, the two pools have been trans- or just proposed in the landscaped areas of the 5 a structural direction for the area. The choice of the formed into a large reflecting pool by combining buildings along Greene Street. The Humanities planners for the area was not fortuitous. Richard them in a 198 feet long by 102 feet wide rectangle. Buildings hosted a pool for a couple of years. For K. Webel was a renowned Harvard professor and At each side, aligned to the pool edgings, two Russell House, a set of fountains was proposed practitioner in landscape architecture, including large parking lots were provided. The one to for the terrace and for the courtyard, and even works for that university’s campus. His career the east, next to Russell House, had access from secondary spaces around Thomas Cooper Library, included training abroad and an award from the Greene Street and contained seventy-three cars, as such as the west portion next to the old door, re- Grand Prix de Rome. Webel and the Italian Um- seen in the project; the one to the west, accessed ceived proposals of pools in different versions and berto Innocenti had been working together since by Sumter Street, counted forty-eight cars. Vital various shapes. 1931.32 Unsurprisingly, the experience brought features of the area were seen for the first time in The disposition of the pool as found in this from both Harvard, where the Beaux-Arts plan- this layout, such as the ten tree planters along the version is an explicit mark that, at the beginning, ning style was mainstream, and the European middle portion in each side of the pool and the Russell House was the starting point for the tradition are reflected in the University of South retaining walls. conception of the whole area. As a matter of fact, Carolina planning. The third drawing is named “Construction in that context, the east-west axis was logical. 6 The blueprint “Planting Plan for Davis Field 33 Planting Plan for Davis Field Parking at Site of University of South Carolina, From Main to Barnwell Street, oriented through Parking at Site of University of South Carolina,” Aug, 3, 1964, Drawer “27, Plans by Webel,” Drawings Room, Office of Facili- 4. Construction of the reflecting pool, 1966 ties, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC. this same east-west direction and parallel to the dated August 3 of 1964, show the crucial shift 34 Paul Venable Turner, Campus, an American Planning Tradition (New York: 5. “Planting Plan for Davis Field Parking at Site of University of South Architectural History Foundation, 1995), 267. Horseshoe, Greene Street and its surroundings Carolina,” by Innocenti & Webel. The shift from the east-west axis to the Preliminary Plan for Russell House, Mar, 26, 1965, Drawer “27, Plans by north-south axis is apparent and impacted significantly the development of 35 31 A Spirit of Place. Buildings and Gardens of the University of South Carolina Webel,” Drawings Room, Office of Facilities, University of South Carolina, were hosting at least eleven new buildings for the the project. Columbia Campus, 1801-2016 (Columbia: University of South Carolina, 2016), Columbia, SC. 42-59. 36 Preliminary Plan for Russell House Library Area, May, 25, 1965, Drawer “27, growing campus. Leconte College opened in 1952. 6. “Preliminary Plan for Russell House Library Area,” by Innocenti & Webel. Anthony Alofsin, The Struggle for Modernism: Architecture, Landscape Archi- Plans by Webel,” Drawings Room, Office of Facilities, University of South The chosen layout for the area gave monumentality to the library. 32 tecture and City Planning at Harvard (New York: Norton, 2002), 75. Carolina, Columbia, SC.

34 Planning Greene Street A Mid-Century History 35 Details showing Pool, Walks, Steps, Walls,” con- preoccupation of the University.39 Two versions of and student learning.”43 The maintenance of the ingful place a name. After all, it is now known as taining planters dimensions, pool jets locations, the revision for Greene Street were made by the Beaux-Arts organization, along a symmetrical and the meeting point that celebrated the unprecedent- pool and sidewalks cross-sections, etc.37 It is dated landscape architects in that same year. The first, axial plan, combined with an avant-garde mask ed championship by the women’s basketball team December 2, 1965. The production of such details, dated June 12, proposed the sidewalks narrowing for the buildings, was the option for the campus. in 2017. This new memory is just one more to be useful only for the project’s execution, points to on Greene Street and the creation of a median strip It provided, simultaneously, monumentality and graved in the history of this special place. the previous approval of the layout. 1966 had been equipped with fences to prevent pedestrians from modernity to the ensemble that surrounds the a busy year for both Innocenti and Webel and crossing the street outside the crosswalk.40 Prob- plaza, especially for the imposing star Thomas LBC&W. The two teams were hectically working ably, the University was aware that the closing of Cooper Library. on the area’s details, as the many drawings in Greene Street would be accepted by City Hall, and The solution was not immediate, though. As the Facilities Department attest. While LBC&W this project was not built. The second, from July 8, stated by architectural historian Dale Allen Gyure, became responsible for the “hardscape” (the pool closed the east portion of the bifurcation of Sumter “modernists had a complicated relationship with itself, walls, jets, piping, flooring, etc), Innocen- Street to the campus, incorporating the area to the monumentality because of its associations with ar- ti and Webel were in charge of the concept in a plaza.41 The area was close to having its final look chitectural tradition and authoritarian hierarchy.”44 larger scale, along with the “softscape,” especially after the completion of this project. Nevertheless, Innocenti and Webel were able to vegetation.38 Finally, in the late 1990s, the decision was bring together two ideals that were potentially The most evident difference in the plans and made to take out the parking lots and to replace contradictory. 7 the constructed project are the stairs connect- them with lawns. The parking lots removal gave The mix of materials such as the “old” brick ing the Contemplation Patio, where the pool is some of the classical Horseshoe’s features to the and the “new” concrete was another strategy used situated, and the Platform of Entrance, next to the plaza, like the “car-free environment” that privi- by the campus designers and is still used nowa- library doors. The stairs were centralized in rela- leges the pedestrian circulation. An article in the days in order to combine different styles coexist- tion to the library façade, while the project aligned Gamecock called the new area a “quadrangle” and ing within the campus. This feature is found not them with the aisles on either side of the pool. The suggested it would be a good place for student only in the landscaping, but also in the buildings new configuration denotes a ceremonial approach gatherings.42 This layout is the one seen nowadays. that emerged on Greene Street around the 1950s, to the library. The effect is subtle, but effective: the On an average afternoon the students sprinkle 1960s, and 1970s. The very choice of the library as rerouting from the pedestrians in order to climb over the area, relaxing in portable hammocks the landmark for the new “agora,” the focal point the stairs puts the library in a differentiated status. strewn up amongst the oak trees, while others are “where the meeting of magistrorum et scolarium can 8 In the 1970s, Thomas Cooper Library was seated on the benches that surround the pool. In take place,” is a strong evidence of the attachment 7. Photograph showing the parking lots existing on either sides of the reflecting expanded and the landscape came back into the many ways, this configuration allowed this area with a traditional conception of campus.45 pool in front of Thomas Cooper Library. planners’ spotlight. Many other plans and stud- to finally become what the University had always The plaza plays a significant role in consol- 8. “The Fountain” in front of Thomas Cooper Library was the chosen place by the University of South Carolina students to celebrate the 2017 Basketball ies by Innocenti and Webel were made for the wanted: a focal point to rival the Horseshoe. idating the identity of the University of South Championship Finals. surroundings of Thomas Cooper Library in that Carolina. Imprinted in the grounds of “the Foun- decade, but none were executed. In 1975, a con- CONCLUSION tain” area is a powerful image of the University’s tinuing problem for the administration was finally mid-century ideological direction. Furthermore, The University was certainly aware of the solved. The concerns with the car traffic on Greene the plaza is one “connective tissue that holds role played by the landscape “in the recruitment Street had been present since at least 1965. Letters together the disparate parts and spaces of a cam- of students, faculty, and other staff, as well as from Harold Brunton, then Dean of Administra- pus.”46 A great deal of time has passed but many crucial roles in student engagement, retention, tion, to members of the City Hall, including the years are yet to come, and the history of the area in Mayor Lester B. Bates, petitioning for the closing front of Thomas Cooper Library is urged to be told of Greene Street among others actions, attest to the 39 H. Brunton to Mr. E. L. Walker, August, 24, 1965; H. Brunton to Mr. Fred and known by all Carolinians. Perhaps, it could Lamb, January 13, 1966; H. Brunton to Mayor Lester B. Bates, Mr. Carey Burnett, Mr. Fred Lamb, Mr. Sid Thomas, June, 22, 1966; H. Brunton to anon- inspire a light to be fired in some folks hearts to ymous, Folder “Miscellaneous,” Box 2, Papers of Thomas Jones, Records of the Office of the President, University Archives, The South Caroliniana Library, finally give this beautiful and historically mean- The University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC. 40 Details of Proposed Revision of Green Street, June, 12, 1975, Drawer “27, Plans by Webel,” Drawings Room, Office of Facilities, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC. 43 Waite, “Reading Campus Landscapes,” 72. 37 Construction Details showing pool, Walks, Steps, Walls, December 2, 1965, 41 Study for Road Realignment at Green Street an Sumter Street and Longstreet 44 Dale Allen Gyure, “The Heart of the University, A History of the Library as an Drawer “27, Plans by Webel,” Drawings Room, Office of Facilities, University Theater, July, 8, 1975, Drawer “27, Plans by Webel,” Drawings Room, Office of Architectural Symbol of American Higher Education.” Winterthur Portfolio 42, of South Carolina, Columbia, SC. Facilities, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC. no 2/3 (2008): p. 129. 38 For the definition of “hardscape” and “softscape,” see Waite, “Reading Campus 42 “Trustees approve master plan, changes to buildings,” Gamecock (Columbia, 45 Coulson, Roberts and Taylor, “University Planning and Architecture,” 42. Landscapes,” 72. SC), August 29, 1997. 46 Waite, “Reading Campus Landscapes,” 72.

36 Planning Greene Street A Mid-Century History 37 Larry Lane of Lyles, Bissett, Carlisle and Wolff (LBC&W) of Katharine Kneisley Columbia, SC, as the architect-engineers for the 7 library.5 The initial plan to renovate, remodel, and air condition the McKissick Library was estimated to cost between $650,000 and $750,000.6 HISTORICAL REVIEW However, after several meetings in both 1 Columbia and New York, a letter to Metcalf from Patterson suggests the librarian recommended an Thomas Cooper Library entirely new undergraduate library to be built to meet current and future space, which Patterson suggested “ultimately becoming a new general library for our institution.”7 In the same letter, Patterson identified the future location of the new library as Davis Field, a space which, at that time, INTRODUCTION was used for athletics and Reserve Officer Training Corps (ROTC) drill practice. Patterson’s letter also ment is for a remodeling of our existing library.”2 The Thomas Cooper Library is perhaps the hinted at the potential of the library construction The McKissick Library, which sat at the end of the most visible demonstration of USC’s long-term affecting Devine Street, an area owned by the city. end of USC’s Historic Horseshoe, was being used investment in providing books and other resourc- Metcalf worked closely with the Universi- as a library but also for administrative functions es to its student and faculty. Built in 1959 and later ty and provided many recommendations to the and classrooms. Russell described McKissick as expanded in 1976, the central library was created design of the future building and how best to an inefficient use of both staff and space. In the in response to its growing inventory, a challenge renovate the old library. The librarian recommend- student newspaper, the Gamecock, Dean of Admin- 2 that began with the University’s establishment in ed a new library be built as a split-level construc- istration William Patterson announced, “The new 1801. As the University’s book inventory grew, it tion with one floor below the surface, and two or library will be built to remedy the overcrowding of would be moved to progressively larger and bet- more floors above ground, with the entrance in volumes in McKissick library and also to make the ter-equipped buildings, all of which still exist on the south. The style of building would allow for book stacks available to students for self-service.”3 the main campus in Columbia.1 expansion when needed.8 Russell’s initial plan was to convert the first The decision to build a new undergraduate two floors of the McKissick Library to an open LAYING THE GROUNDWORK library considerably altered the cost estimate of stack library system based on the method in use the project to $903,500, which included the con- The initial design and location of the cur- at the Lamont undergraduate library at Harvard struction costs of $735,860 awarded to the lowest rent Thomas Cooper Library was a collaborative University. He believed it would “make the library bidder, John C. Heslep Company of Columbia, on process of several interdisciplinary professionals: one of the vital spots on our campus, attractive March 5, 1958.9 The additional costs covered fees, a USC president who wanted to provide students in every detail to the students and opening up to furnishings, and landscaping. with more hands-on access to books, the top mod- them freely the books of learning which are part of While the University may have identified ern architect-engineering firm in the city, one of a university education.”4 Davis Field as the location for the library, it still the top architects in the country, and a premiere li- With the Lamont Library as an aspirational brarian who at one time managed an entire library goal, Patterson contacted its former librarian, 5 William H. Patterson to Keyes D. Metcalf, December 1, 1955, Folder “Building Program,” Box 2, Records, Dean of Administration, University network across New York City. Keyes D. Metcalf, who had retired earlier in the Archives, The South Caroliniana Library, The University of South Caroli- na, Columbia, SC. 3 During an October 20, 1955 meeting of the same year. The University offered Keyes a con- 6 William H. Patterson to Keyes D. Metcalf, December 1, 1955, Folder Buildings and Grounds Committee of the Board of sulting job and identified the architectural firm “Building Program,” Box 2, Records, Dean of Administration, University 1. Light shines out from the library’s glass façade. Photo by Joseph W. Molitor, Archives, The South Caroliniana Library, The University of South Caroli- December 12, 1959. Trustees, President Donald Russell insisted, “The na, Columbia, SC. 7 William H. Patterson to Keyes D. Metcalf, January 24, 1956, Folder 2. An early photo of the library’s west elevation and façade show the stone 2 Minutes of October 20, 1955 Meeting, Board of Trustees, University of South “Building Program,” Box 2, Records, Dean of Administration, The South most pressing need of the University at the mo- Carolina, The South Caroliniana Library, The University of South Carolina, benches that at the lined the outside edge of the platform in the original Caroliniana Library, The University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC. building. Photo by Joseph W. Molitor, December 12, 1959. Columbia, SC. 8 Keyes D. Metcalf to William H. Patterson, January 27, 1956, Folder 3 “$700,000 Undergraduate Library Will be Built,” Gamecock (Columbia, SC), “Building Program,” Box 2, Records, Dean of Administration, The South May 10, 1957. 3. The large white marble columns of the library façade echoes past temple Caroliniana Library, The University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC. structures, while architect Edward Durell Stone’s New Formalism design 1 Kenneth E. Toombs, “History of the University of South Carolina 4 Minutes of October 20, 1955 Meeting, Board of Trustees, University of South 9 Minutes of March 5, 1958 Meeting, Board of Trustees, University of South Carolina, The South Caroliniana Library, The University of South Carolina, Carolina, The South Caroliniana Library, The University of South Carolina, also embrace modernist functionality. Photo by Joseph W. Molitor, December Libraries,” Manuscripts, The South Caroliniana Library, The University 12, 1959. of South Carolina, Columbia, SC. Columbia, SC. Columbia, SC.

38 Planning Greene Street A Mid-Century History 39 required an additional parcel of land from the city “discuss the design of our new undergraduate sprawling, spanish-moss strewn Moncks Corner and ornamental screens. of Columbia, an acquisition that would require library” with William Lyles, Louis Wolff, and plantation.16 A year later, in 1937, another Edward cutting off part of Devine Street. In a public hear- himself.12 The group assembled in New York at the Stone design settled itself into South Carolina, but INTERIORS ing on May 15, 1957, the University, the City of end of May. By June 11, 1957, LBC&W began to this time, the client was not the publisher of Time, In the spring of 1958, Dean Patterson was at Columbia, and the Chamber of Commerce officials produce preliminary sketches reflecting the May and the architect was not present for the project. work organizing a panel for the interior design of debated the land acquisition. Many were in sup- discussion, confirming Stone’s participation.13 Two In 1936, Edward Stone designed architectural the library.20 Stone very willingly agreed to con- port of the decision to deed the area identified as months later, Stone approved preliminary draw- plans for a “A Good Place to Live,” an article in sult. It makes sense that Stone would be interested the “1300 block” of Devine Street to the University. ings and LBC&W began the working plans while the magazine Collier’s. At $3.00 each, 12,000 plans in the interiors of the library, for by 1957, many of The city finally deeded the space to the University, Stone hired out Theodore Conrad to produce were sold. A Columbia resident bought the plans his projects incorporated and embraced the dec- aware that the construction of the library would a 8 ⅛” scale model, which he estimated to cost and constructed Stone’s design at 415 Harden orative arts. Anthony Paletta writes that: “Equal- require closing a section of Devine Street. In this $1,600.14 Street. In “Mass-Marketed Modernism: Edward ly important to Stone was his desire to engage meeting, Russell winsomely described how the Compared to LBC&W, Edward Stone was Durell Stone’s Collier’s House of 1936”, Christina viewers in drama and sensory delight. He insisted University had already beautified slum areas certainly a less foreseeable architect to be involved Carbone notes that “... [Stone’s] Collier’s house is on certain traditional symbols of luxury charac- adjacent to the campus, and in building the library in the USC undergraduate library. His firm was remarkable in that, while presented in a mass-mar- teristic of theater design or other opulent spaces, “where once was slums would blossom forth a not local to the University, did not exactly have keted magazine catering to middle-class tastes, the including metallic (especially gold) surfaces, white thing of beauty, contributing to the beauty of the a track record of USC projects, and in the 1950s, house is a fairly pure rendition of the International marble, dark wood, and royal-red textiles—all entire city.”10 his designs were well-known, international, and Style.” Coincidentally, Stone’s Collier’s house at very seductive and sumptuous.”21 Indeed, all four distinctive. By 1957, Stone had collaborated with 415 Harden Street is a ten-minute walk from the of these material features were implemented in LYLES, BISSETT, CARLISLE & WOLFF architect Philip L. Goodwin on the Museum of undergraduate library.17 the Thomas Cooper Library. For example, after the Modern Art and, although not yet finished in 1957, Stone’s South Carolina history -- the Mepkin One of the closest buildings to the area pro- library was opened, the State declared a “striking had already designed the United States Embassy Plantation at Monck’s Corner and the Collier’s cured for the library was the student union, which feature of the spacious interior” was the “wall- in New Delhi, India. In 1958, while the under- house at 415 Harden Street -- are both projects had been designed by LBC&W only a couple years to-wall scarlet-hued carpeting.”22 Behind the cool graduate library was being built, Stone graced the designed in the International Style. Twenty years before. This building, known as the Russell House, marble and glass façade were walls covered in cover of Time magazine.15 later, by the time Stone worked on a South Car- was one of the first of many modern buildings warm walnut panelling. In a 1957 memorandum, On the one hand, Stone’s New York location olina project again, his style had evolved and he LBC&W designed for USC. It was deemed an Louis Wolff noted that “Mr. Stone will send us and international prominence made him a some- began to wriggle out of an architectural box. immensely successful and progressive building, a sample gold color, recommended for the gold what unusual choice for USC. On the other hand, In the year prior to engaging with USC, Stone proving in 1955 that USC was willing and able to anodizing, to be used throughout for mullions, however, Stone was himself a native of the South; had designed the US Embassy in New Delhi, a incorporate modern architecture to their campus.11 grilles, and pickets.” 23 he was born in Fayetteville, Arkansas, where he New Formalist building with tall white columns, a With the recent success of the Russell House, and The library design and location were illustra- always kept an architectural presence. Throughout large glass façade, and a reflecting pool, much like with Davis Field and Devine Street cleared, Lyles, tions of the University’s metaphorically forward his career, and especially during the 1940s and Thomas Cooper Library.18 The embassy embodied Bissett, Carlisle and Wolff were free and trusted to movement, leaving the neoclassical McKissick 50s, Stone designed numerous homes, hotels, and a career shift for Stone. Reportedly inspired by conceptualize an entirely modern and distinctive Library behind on the oldest part of the campus, university buildings across the South. Although traditional Mogul design, classical monuments, building – one set back and away from the street while pushing aggressively forward with a mod- he did not have an extensive background in South and his wife’s “fine Italian hand,” Stone’s began and surrounding structures. ern design on the newest part of the campus. Carolina, it did still exist.17 to combine monumental formalism with “roman- 19 EDWARD DURRELL STONE In 1936, soon after Stone had begun to practice tic historicism.” When Stone became associate RECEPTION architecture independently, he was commissioned architect for the undergraduate library, he was Promptly, however, in the spring of 1957, a to design a residence for the illustrious maga- in the thick of this new style. It is evident in the While the library was still under construc- much less familiar voice became involved in the zine publishers, Henry and Clare Luce on their library’s symmetry, grandness, luscious materials, tion in the spring of 1959, it won the “Special undergraduate library project. Dean of Adminis- Merit Award” of the South Atlantic District of the 12 Louis M. Wolff to Keyes D. Metcalf, June 11, 1957, Folder “Building Pro- 16 “Henry R. Luce,” Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc., last modified January 13, tration William Patterson wrote architect Edward gram,” Box 3, Records, Dean of Administration, The South Caroliniana 2010, last accessed April 11, 2017, https://www.britannica.com/biography/Hen- Library, The University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC. ry-R-Luce. 20 Folder “Building Program,” Box 3, Records, Dean of Administration, Durell Stone on April 30 in hopes that they may 13 Memorandum for Files, August 14, 1957, Folder “Building Program,” Box 17 Christina Carbone, “Mass-Marketed Modernism: Edward Durell Stone’s Col- The South Caroliniana Library, The University of South Carolina, Co- 3, Records, Dean of Administration, The South Caroliniana Library, The lier’s House of 1936.” ARRIS: The Journal Of The Southeast Chapter Of The lumbia, SC. University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC. Society Of Architectural Historians 23 (2012): 48. 21 Anthony Paletta, “The Most Hated of Architects: On Edward Durell Stone,” 14 Edward Durell Stone to William H. Patterson, August 14, 1957, Folder 18 “US Embassy in New Delhi,” last modified 2017, last accessedApril 11, Los Angeles Review of Books, January 30, 2013. 10 “Council Endorses USC Request for Devine Street,” State (Columbia, SC), “Building Program,” Box 3, Records, Dean of Administration, The South 2017, http://www.docomomo-us.org/register/u-s-embassy-in-new-del- 22 “The Social Whirl,” State (Columbia, SC), September 22, 1959. May 16, 1957. Caroliniana Library, The University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC. hi. 23 LBC&W to William H. Patterson, August 27, 1957, Folder “Building Pro- 11 Henry H. Lesesne, A History of the University of South Carolina, 1940-2000 15 “Edward Durell Stone - Architect,” last accessed April 11, 2017, http://www. 19 “Edward Durell Stone - Architect,” last accessed April 11, 2017, http://www. gram,” Box 3, Records, Dean of Administration, The South Caroliniana (Columbia, SC: University of South Carolina Press, 2001), 95. edwarddurellstone.org. edwarddurellstone.org. Library, The University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC.

40 Planning Greene Street A Mid-Century History 41 American Institute of Architects. The State noted books on their own before checking them out. The that the award “...assures it a firm place among additional level below ground offered addition- the outstanding buildings of Columbia, the state al space for up to 150,000 books.28 Russell’s goal and the Southeast-and perhaps the nation.”24 On -- more books accessible to students and space September 1, 1959, the new undergraduate library prepared for campus growth -- was finally actual- finally opened. In the months that followed, the ized. The space built in for future growth was not library garnered much praise and visitation.25 planned in vain, either. Growing educational offer- Towards the end of September, the University held ings and an increased student and faculty popu- an open house, which drew librarians from across lation, both began to fuel the acquisition of more the southeast as well as the Columbia public. An books. Approximately one year later, University article in the State reported from the open house librarian Alfred Rawlinson said student use of the 5 that “...everywhere are reading tables and com- library had increased by forty-three percent from fortable chairs...and attractively furnished men’s the previous year, much of that rise in book-use and women’s smoking rooms add much to the attributed to the newer library facilities.29 inviting atmosphere of the building.”26 During the 1960s, while the new library was 4 It is unknown if USC’s undergraduate library at last in running order, three notable events inspired its rival Clemson College to plan its new occurred: the library was given the name Thomas library, but in 1959 the Clemson College Board Cooper Library, USC awarded Edward Stone an began talking about a new library. Board President honorary degree, and a reflecting pool was added R. M. Cooper said: “we recognize the inadequacy in front of the library. Shared letters between of Clemson’s present library facilities and plan Stone, Patterson and LBC&W suggest a reflecting to bend every effort towards strengthening this pool was part of the initial design, but was omit- vital adjunct of the total Clemson educational ted in the 1959 finished structure because the pool program.”27 It is possible that rivals on the football would impact on ROTC drills.30 A photograph dat- field wanted to also compete in libraries. ed 1966 from the library’s digital photo collections 7 Dedicated on October 13, 1966, Clemson’s show the reflecting pool eventually being built at 4. The split-level design included a mezzanine that overlooked the main floor Robert Muldow Cooper Library has a similar de- Davis Field, finishing the dreamed construction of lobby. Photo by Joseph W. Molitor, December 12, 1959. 6 sign to the Thomas Cooper Library. Also designed the original plan.31 5. The transition to the Undergraduate Library offered more space for students to engage with books in an openstack environment. Photo by Joseph W. by LBC&W, Clemson’s library is a New Formal- Molitor, December 12, 1959. ism structure that also features a façade of glass THOMAS COOPER LIBRARY NAMESAKE 6. The stairs leads to the mezzanine level as well as the basement level of the library. Photo by Joseph W. Molitor, December 12, 1959. with eight white columns, much like the Thomas The Thomas Cooper Library is named after 7. With the opening of the new Undergraduate Library, the university Cooper Library. The buildings could be described transferred to an open stack system where students could browse books in a the second president of the University of South hands-on relationship. Photo by Joseph W. Molitor, December 12, 1959. as sister buildings that share the same design and Carolina. While serving as president from 1820 to 8. The original entrance of the library was located at the northeast section of architects. the façade. Photo by Joseph W. Molitor, December 12, 1959. 1834, Cooper also taught classes in chemistry, min- Besides its award-winning form, the Thomas erals, and geology.32 Cooper was originally from Cooper Library, known then by the simple title of Westminster, England, where he attended Oxford “Undergraduate Library,” fulfilled its much needed function – space. It provided the room for the 28 “Building Will Cost $900,000. Plans For Library Near Completion,” Game- University’s library system to expand its inventory cock (Columbia, SC), December 6, 1957. 29 “USC Library Use Growing.” State (Columbia, SC), November 20, 1960. of books, up to 60,000 volumes in an open stack 30 Louis M. Wolff to Edward Durell Stone and William H. Patterson, July 17, 1957, Folder “Building Program,” Box 3, Records, Dean of Administra- system. Students were newly allowed to browse tion, The South Caroliniana Library, The University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC. 31 University Archives Photograph Collection, The South Caroliniana 24 “Undergraduate Library Wins Merit Award,” State (Columbia, SC), Library, The University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, last accessed April 26, 1959. April 27, 2017, http://www.sc.edu/library/digital/collections/uscb- 25 “Visitors High in Praise of New University Library,” State (Columbia, dgsgrds.html. SC), March 6, 1960. 32 “Names on the Landscape,” Slavery at South Carolina College, 1801 – 26 “The Social Whirl,” State (Columbia, SC), September 26, 1959. 1865: The Foundations of the University of South Carolina, last accessed 27 “Study Budget: Clemson Board Places Library Building as School’s Top April 9, 2017, http://library.sc.edu/digital/slaveryscc/presidents--pro- 8 Need.” State (Columbia, SC), October 22, 1959. fessors.html.

42 Planning Greene Street A Mid-Century History 43 University and despite extensive study in science, Kenneth Toombs, the director of USC’s library the library shifted to house books and provide Thomas Cooper Library remains a unique build- medicine, and law, immigrated to America in 1794 system, insisted that “the main problem was areas for study. Toombs stated that “the philoso- ing in the eclectic offerings of architecture on the without earning a degree.33 space.”39 The library needed space for books and phy behind the new construction was to provide USC campus. The New Formalist building fea- Respected as an educator and a strong advo- space for student study. Toombs initially consid- an atmosphere where a student could study with tures an interior that offers the modern function- cate for providing students with a well-stocked ered a new four-story building located directly as much privacy as possible or conduct research alist architecture from the 1950s and an exterior library, Cooper was also notorious for his support behind the library and on the open area of Gib- without being disturbed.”43 Soundproof typing of rich white marble columns that remind of the of slavery and his opposition to the Sedition Act, bes Green to replace the McKissick Library. The rooms, smoking lounges, and hundreds of study columns used in classic structures like the Parthe- an act that made it unlawful to conspire against money for any new building would have to be carrels were newly available to students.44 non in Athens, Greece. the government.34 Before joining the University, approved by the state through capital bonds. The The building took nearly six years to complete. There is no other building like the Thomas Cooper served a six-month sentence for publish- approval and funding became an obstacle when a With the building’s dedication on December 6, Cooper Library on the USC campus in its de- ing “seditious libel” in opposition to President Board of Trustees member publically mentioned 1976, the expansion increased the library’s capaci- sign and size. Raised on a brick platform and set John Adams in 1799.35 future library improvements or any potential ty to 1.5 million volumes and the seating capacity back from the campus by with a long expanse of Like many of the faculty, Cooper owned slaves improvements to academic buildings were consid- to 2,500 students, making it the largest academic a reflecting pool stretched out in front of it only while serving as the school’s president, also shar- ered equal priorities to expansion of the football structure on campus and one of the largest library highlights its individuality. The size and opulent ing his beliefs that slaves were an essential ele- stadium. Placing the two facilities, one for sport buildings in the United States at the time.45 materials used in its construction show the investment in a prosperous economy.36 It was Cooper’s and one for knowledge, infuriated a large number The expansion of the Thomas Cooper Library ment the school administration places in provid- religious beliefs that would lead him to be publicly of USC educators who were willing to resign if also impacted several other buildings across ing books to their students.48 tried before the University’s Board of Trustees on the library and other academic building improve- campus. The McKissick Library was rededicated December 8, 1832. One of his most controversial ments were not prioritized before the stadium. as the McKissick Museum and Archives build- stances was his disbelief in immortality. Cooper This internal debate was enough for Governor ing, with the book inventory transferred to the also fought the unnecessary introduction of reli- Robert McNair to freeze funding for potentially up Thomas Cooper Library.46 The McKissick Museum gion in education. Although Cooper was acquitted to five years.40 By the time the University was able also received the inventory of separate museums of charges of trying to influence students’ religious to secure the $9.2 million from the state, the board across campus to include a geology museum from perspectives, he resigned and eventually set up a had decided that Gibbes Green was too small for the LeConte College, education materials from law practice.37 a new library and that an expansion of the Under- the Wardlaw College, art from Sloan College, graduate Library – renamed the Thomas Cooper and items from the War Memorial Building.47 The 1970S EXPANSION Library in 1968 – was a better use of the money.41 consolidation of museums turned McKissick into a As early as 1970, the University announced themed building that continues to act as bridge be- To address the needs of the growing student its plans to transition Thomas Cooper Library tween the campus and Columbia community. The population and to provide more shelving for its into the University’s central library. The renova- books of several smaller campus libraries were swelling inventory, the University began to study tion and expansion would enlarge the library to also added to the Thomas Cooper Library, placing the expansion of its library system, which would three times its original size on the surface and add much of the USC inventory under one roof shared translate to more building improvements. As another four more floors below the surface.42 The by undergraduate and graduate students. USC’s main library and main research library for need for space drove the architectural plans of graduates, the McKissick Library had accumulated 1970. LBC&W once again collaborated with Stone more than 600,000 books, although only designed who served as the associate architect of the project. to hold 350,000 books. Several thousand books Stylistically, the renovation was largely a continu- were also stored as overflow inventory in the Car- BUILDING RELATIONSHIPS ation of the 1957 initial design. At a press tour in olina Coliseum.38 the spring of 1976, Toombs said that the expansion In its original design as an undergraduate

33 “Pennsylvania Center for the Book,” Pennsylvania State University, last was “designed not to interfere with the facade of library in 1959 or in its later renovation of 1976, the accessed April 9, 2017., http://pabook2.libraries.psu.edu/palitmap/ bios/Cooper__Thomas.html. the building.” With the expansion, the interior of 34 University Libraries – Thomas Cooper, last accessed April 9, 2017, 43 “New USC Library Holds the Promise of Liberation,” State (Columbia, http://library.sc.edu/p/Develop/Society/ThomasCooperSociety/his- SC), April 22, 1976. tory. 44 Ron Birnbaum, “New Library Praiseworthy,” Gamecock (Columbia, 35 Pennsylvania Center for the Book.” 39 “Space is Main Concern of Library Construction,” Gamecock (Columbia, SC), SC), September 27, 1976. 36 “Names on the Landscape.” October 30, 1970. 45 “Ceremonies Scheduled During Founders Week,” State (Columbia, SC), 37 Warren McInnis, “Whether He Likes It or Not, Cooper Still Lives.” State 40 Lesesne, A History of the University of South Carolina, 229. December 5, 1976. (Columbia, SC), December 9, 1976. 41 “Buildings Named for Educators,” State (Columbia, SC), October 10, 1968. 46 “McKissick Rededication Adds Two Museums to USC,” Gamecock (Colum- 48 Dale Allen Gyure. The Heart of the University A History of the Library as an 38 “Largest Single Project Ever: USC Library Design Approved,” State (Colum- 42 “Largest Single Project Ever: USC Library Design Approved,” State (Colum- bia, SC), December 9, 1976. Architectural Symbol of American Higher Education in Winterthur Portfolio, bia, SC), November 8, 1970. bia, SC), November 8, 1970. 47 “What of McKissick?” Gamecock (Columbia, SC), June 10, 1976. Vol. 42, No. 2/3 (Summer / Autumn 2008): 107-132.

44 Planning Greene Street A Mid-Century History 45 Matthew Cauthen 8 Madeline Marbury SITE SURVEY Wade Hampton

INTRODUCTION on the other side. The design creates a walled sen- Wade Hampton is a five-story building that sation when walking aside the building’s eastern sits on the corner of Pickens Street and Greene side down Pickens. The addition of fencing on the Street. Built in 1958, Wade Hampton was designed back side of the dorm mutes any interaction with to increase the capacity of women the University Pickens Street. of South Carolina could have on campus. Wade Hampton, Sims, and McClintock make up the EXTERIOR DESCRIPTION quad and were constructed in a neo-classical style that resembles the Horseshoe and the buildings Wade Hampton was constructed from rein- around Gibbes Green. Wade Hampton sits along forced concrete with an exterior of brick covered in Pickens Street on the eastern side of Sims and is a stucco that is painted a beige yellow. The building long building that runs north to south. Sims sits at has windows on both sides of the building that the head of the quad with McClintock ats its west. face east and west. The windows and the recent The quad itself is made up of pathways connecting exterior addition is the main element outside that the buildings and the exits of the quad. The quad gives a hint to interior organization. The addition does not have any significant green spaces, but the attaches Wade Hampton to the east wing of Sims area is dotted with trees and shrubs in between the on the interior and the exterior. The main entrance paths. to Wade Hampton faces into the quad and mirrors McClintock. CONTEXT The roof of Wade Hampton is gabled facing west and along with the rest of the building Fencing surrounds the quad in the front and mimics elements of early American architectural along the backside of Wade Hampton with three aesthetics. There is a gable vent at the top of the evenly spaced entrances dot the fencing portion at western side on the gable and a festoon above it. the front of the quad. The fencing doesn’t act as a The main entrance sits on the western face of the functioning barrier, but does communicate safe- building facing into the quad and mirrors Mc- ty and that the women who live inside are to be Clintock. The main entrance of Wade Hampton guarded. The building itself also serves as a bar- is intricate and is elevated on a patio that acts as a rier to Pickens Street and buildings not a part of platform for the front of the building. The encased the university’s campus. Wade Hampton turns its windows have a symmetrical fenestration pat- back on Pickens Street and ignores the buildings tern. There are four pilasters placed on the central

46 Planning Greene Street A Mid-Century History 47 portion of Wade Hampton on the western side of that can be seen upon entering the lobby is the modate the kitchen and lobby area. The north and the building. Wade Hampton’s use of the pilas- front desk on the north wall. There is a steel door south ends of the fourth floor end with doors that ters to grid the front of the structure brings your that leads to the north wing of student rooms just provide roof access for facilities. The most stan- eye to the main entrance. Between the pilasters beyond the front desk. Opposite the desk, on the dard layout of the bedrooms in Wade Hampton are two sets of four bay windows, and a third set south side of the room, is a small lounge area with is a bedroom with two sash windows, a single with three bay windows above the main door. The seating and a television. Directly adjacent to the sink, and pairs of beds, wardrobes, dressers, filing entire building, especially the western face of the lounge area there is a recess in the southern wall cabinets, and desks. All bedrooms in Wade Hamp- building, integrates classical and popular early where there are two water fountains. There are ton have a section of dropped ceiling that conceal american themes, for example the main door- wooden double doors leading to the community heating, ventilation, and air conditioning systems. way uses Roman Doric capitals on the pilasters, kitchen which is against the east wall, directly The standard shared bathroom in Wade Hampton mullions, the balustrade, the segmental arch with across from the main entrance to the building. The has a toilet and a shower with locking doors on 1 festoons, and crown molding to highlight the previously mentioned corridor that is connected to either side leading into each bedroom. styles of the Horseshoe. the lobby is about ten feet long and has two doors Although one may expect a high degree of The eastern facade of Wade Hampton is along the back wall which open to a maintenance uniformity in a college dormitory, many rooms in designed to look similar to the front. The windows closet and a hallway that leads to the southern Wade Hampton are unique. Depending on where are symmetrically organized. There is a gable vent wing of student rooms. the rooms are in the building, they come in many with festoons. The central structure of the building The flooring in the lobby is tan terrazzo with different shapes, sizes, and arrangements. Rooms pushes further outward than than the north and a black terrazzo grid pattern. There is a chair rail located on corners in Wade Hampton tend to have south wings of the building on both the eastern that goes all the way around the lobby. The lobby the most variance in shape and size. For example: and western sides of Wade Hampton. This is to has a dropped ceiling with recessed fluorescent corner rooms on the north wing have three win- provide space for a main floor kitchen and lobby lights. There is wood paneling affixed to the dows instead of two and some rooms are not suite and add to the interior space of the building on dropped ceiling above the front desk. There are style, but are single rooms instead and have their other floors. recessed fluorescent lights in the wood paneling own bathrooms. The most uniform arrangement as well. The doors to the two closets and elevator in Wade Hampton is the layout of rooms from the INTERIOR DESCRIPTION along the corridor towards the rear and the door first up to the third floor in the north wing. At the to the north wing of student rooms are made of north ends of the north wing of rooms there are Wade Hampton’s interior layout is difficult steel and have security pads on them that require doors with card key and code padded locks that to grasp. The building is long and goes north to card keys and/or access codes to open. open into hallways that lead to suites with three south with double loaded corridors that are lined Wade Hampton is a suite style dormitory two-person bedrooms and two bathrooms. with student bedrooms and bathrooms, common 2 building which means that every two bedrooms is The common areas in Wade Hampton have a rooms, utility closets, trash rooms, and elevator connected by a shared bathroom. These suites are high degree of variance as well. There are eigh- and stairwell entrances. It widens towards the located on either side of Wade Hampton’s double teen common rooms in Wade Hampton that are center to accommodate a lobby and a kitchen, as loaded corridors. Each bedroom door has a lock used by students for multiple purposes. In the well as more student bedrooms and bathrooms. on it that requires a security code to be entered in basement there are two common rooms, one on The rooms are not distributed in any particular addition to a card key. The standard arrangement the north end and one on the south end. On the way in terms of function, but give the feeling that has two students per bedroom, so four students first floor there is a common room at the south end they were dropped where there was room in order per suite. There are three suites on the basement of the north wing, another common room on the to maximize space during the building’s extensive floor. On the first floor there are eight suites and north end of the south wing, and a third common 2013 renovation. five rooms with their own bathroom, or single room in the south-east corner of the south wing. The main point of access to Wade Hampton rooms. On the second and third floors there are On the second and third floors the common rooms for students is the west facing entrance at the nine suites and five singles. The fourth floor has are uniform. There are two common rooms in the center of the facade. This entrance to the build- 3 four suites and four singles. There are less bed- south wing in the same configuration as the first ing leads to the lobby. The lobby is an irregularly rooms because the fourth floor does not have floor, one on the west side of the building above shaped room that is mainly rectangular but has a 1. Front Exterior north or south wings, but is only the size of the where the kitchen is on the first floor, and one on short corridor that extends south along the back 2. Main Entrance center of the building where it widens to accom- the south end of the north wing. wall and ends with an elevator. The first thing 3. Rear Exterior

48 Planning Greene Street A Mid-Century History 49 The most standard common room has trash rooms, and utility closets. The stairwells dropped ceilings, carpeted floors, and a single are bare bones. Pipes can be seen along the walls sash window with fixed casement sidelights on the and ceilings and the stairs themselves are concrete outer wall. These common rooms are used by res- with metal railings. The elevators have a more idents for studying, hall meetings, and sometimes finished appearance. The walls have wood pan- events, so the most common furniture in these eling and the ceilings and doors have a matching rooms are either armchairs and couches or chairs steel finish. The ceilings of the elevators also have at a table in the center of the room. Most common recessed fluorescent lights and security cameras. room entrances are single metal doors. While this The first core is located off the south end of 4 is the most standard layout of common rooms in the lobby on the first floor. In this core there is a Wade Hampton, there are many that are different. stairwell, an elevator shaft, and a guest restroom. For example, in the basement and on the fourth This configuration is diagonal, beginning with 5 floor where there are less bedrooms, the common the restroom which is closest to the lobby, then rooms are fewer in number and larger in size. A extending south-east there is the elevator, then specific example of one of these larger common further south-east ending with the stairwell. This rooms is in the north wing of the building on the core extends from the basement up to the second basement level. Here, there is a common room that floor. At the third floor, the restroom disappears is about twice the standard size that has double but the elevator and the stairwell continue to glass doors with a metal casing leading outside. extend up to the fourth floor. The next utility core Students are not encouraged to use these doors is located further south down the hallway and to access the building because they lock from the consists of another elevator, a trash room, and a inside when closed (for security) and lead out to utility closet, but is slightly different on almost 6 the back of the building onto a long patio that is each floor. On the fourth floor, the only part of the mainly used by facilities. core that is present is the elevator. On the first, 7 The previously mentioned kitchen in Wade second, and third floors in a clockwise rotation Hampton that is located off the lobby on the first beginning at twelve, there is the elevator, then the floor is available for use by the residents. The trash room with chutes to the basement, and a kitchen has laminate wood flooring and a dropped utilities closet. In the basement the utility closet is ceiling. There are two ovens and stoves with actually the utilities headquarters for the building counters in between them and an island counter and is a large room filled with utilities equipment. in the center of the room. There are large stainless Just outside this utility room in the basement is steel hoods above the stove tops. The counter- a walkway on the outside of the east side of the tops are made from synthetic stone. There is also building. This walkway is used for access to wade a small eating area at the east end of the kitchen hampton by facilities. 8 towards the windows. The utility patio on the eastern side of Wade There is a laundry room located in the base- Hampton has no student use beyond emergen- ment in the north wing of the building. The laun- cy situations. The space is designated for use by dry room is a long narrow room lined on one side facilities only and beside that is a loading area that 9 with washers and driers. There is also a unisex utility staff use to park utility vehicles.The patio 4. Common Room 1 restroom that can be accessed from the hallway on sits behind fencing that runs along the eastern 5. Common Room 2 each floor, presumably intended for guests in the side of Wade Hampton. The utility patio opens up 6. Lobby building. to pickens street through a series of arches with 7. Common Room 3 There are two main utility cores that run fencing in between. The center of Wade Hampton 8. Hallway through the building vertically. These cores consist is flanked by the two wings juts out over the patio 9. Kitchen of stairwells, elevator shafts, guest restrooms, acting as a overhang for the “garden level” or 10 10. Bedroom Door

50 Planning Greene Street A Mid-Century History 51 basement of the building. The utility patio has two Zack Beach gates; one facing the street and the other facing the Sadie Pickens parking area adjacent parking area. The parking 9 area is used for facilities staff to park vehicles and as a loading area for the supplies for the building. Wade Hampton has undergone an enormous SITE SURVEY amount of alterations and renovations over the years, in fact, the Wade Hampton that stands in the Women’s Quad today is not the original Russell House building. The original building was constructed in the same location in 1924 and was the University of South Carolina’s first female dormitory. In 1959 the original Wade Hampton was demolished and the current Wade Hampton was constructed to replace it. The alterations that can be seen today EXTERIOR DESCRIPTION INDIVIDUAL MASSES mainly occurred in a major gutting and modifica- The Student Union of the University of South The building can be separated into four tion that took place in 2013. Carolina, also referred to as Russell House, is identifiable masses. Each mass is distinguishable The interior of the building was completely located on the corner of Greene and Bull Streets. It by shape and footprint. The masses include the reconfigured to accommodate more students. is effectively placed in the heart of the university’s student theater, the main dining hall, utilitarian During the 2013 renovation a major focus was campus, allowing for central accessibility to all oc- office spaces and student engagement centers, updating the HVAC systems, updating amenities cupying students. Just south of Russell House sits and finally, a series of closed and open conference and features such as the kitchen, laundry rooms, the Thomson Student Health Center and Thomas rooms with a single large ballroom. These four community spaces and security. Another alteration Cooper Library, creating a super-block. Russell masses share an array of applied materials on the is where the addition has been added connect- House is set back from Greene Street by five me- exterior that cohesively work together as one, but ing the south wing of Wade Hampton to the east ters in length and is dropped below street level. differentiate stylistically. These differences allow wing of Sims Dormitory. You can see where Wade It is accessible by five separate entrances on the an individual to understand what is happening Hampton ends and this addition begins from north side of the building: an entrance decorated on the inside of the building when viewing the inside the building where there is a slight decline in signage which leads into the University Book- building from the outside. in the floor level. On the exterior, the addition store and Café (main entrance to the building); a can be seen towards the south end of the building grand stairwell connecting the University Student STUDENT THEATER where the beige yellow stucco shifts to gray and Mall (located in the basement of Russell House) to connects Wade Hampton to Sims Hall. Originally, The exterior of the student theater is clad the third level of the building; two points of entry the buildings of Women’s Quad were all separate in granolithic concrete paneling. Each panel is located behind the theater, one entering into a free standing dorms. In addition to connection mounted in an upright vertical position, allowing common area of commercial restaurants and stu- Wade Hampton Dormitory to Sims Dormitory, the a break in dimension. The base of the theater is dent dining, and another entering into the back- university also constructed a connecting corridor constructed of brick and mortar with a recessed side of the University Bookstore – both accessible between Sims Dormitory and McClintock Dor- brick inlay design. On the front side of the the- through the arcade, and finally, a ramp that leads mitory. The additions are noticeable, because of ater facing Greene Street sits a fire exit, which is to the second level of building. Russell House is their grey tone, but aesthetically blend with the positioned just below street level, allowing for composed of many materials, including granolith- buildings that are trying to be unified. They use a an emergency evacuation from the interior of the ic concrete panels for some portions of the exterior, similar fenestration pattern and they are encased theater. Framing the fire exit are two planter boxes brick inlay, glass window treatments, and cast iron similarly to increase aesthetic similarities with the that are set further from the building’s exterior framing. rest of Wade Hampton. elevation of the theater to hide fire exits. On the west side of the theater, there is a wide cantilever supported by a series of symmetrically positioned

52 Planning Greene Street A Mid-Century History 53 concrete pillars that create a covered walkway. of the west wing differentiates significantly by This walkway leads pedestrians toward secondary material applications, including window treat- entrances positioned between the north and west ments, from other elements of Russell House. This wing annexes, allowing an individual to surpass can be seen in figure 5. On the second level of the the bookstore and main entrance. These entrances exterior sits a bay window, allowing transparency on the west elevation of the student theater and into the interior from the outside, and creating an the north elevation of the dining hall can be lost inviting effect to the student leadership center. to the surrounding masses because of the location At the south end of the annex sits an alternative right on the collision point. servant stairwell allowing maintenance staff to circulate between spaces, which is backed with a DINING HALL curved brick form; one of two curved elements of 1 the entire exterior of Russell House, the second The dining hall is located at the south annex being the ramp leading to the second level. of the student union to the west of the Student Theater. This mass can be separated into two parts: CONFERENCE ROOMS & BALLROOM one half is almost completely transparent with a 2 layer of glass curtain walls, and the other half is In the east wing annex of the student union, completely hidden behind bricking and a honey- there are five separate conference rooms located comb-like concrete screening – both seemingly a on the north side of the hallway of the interior; contradiction to one another. The first half is for three of those rooms are closed and two are open. student use and is composed of two floors. It is On the south side of the hallway there is a single constructed of a series of symmetrically arranged ballroom that can be divided into three rooms window treatments that are framed with a dark for maximum utilization. When viewed from the aluminum. The glass is glazed with a dark tint and exterior of the building, one can easily distinguish is arranged in fixed, vertically-oriented casements the existing conference rooms by an arrangement mimicking qualities seen on the north end of of window treatments between the second and the union through the use of concrete paneling. third level, which are divided into five bays of In between each window stands a light-colored four vertically applied glass panels. The exterior of 4 concrete pillar that helps break up the transparent the east wing annex distinctly show three floors by 3 wall. The two levels are broken up by a concrete separated groups of bay windows on each level. catwalk, serving a purpose which allows for cir- Each elevation is cantilevered out slightly from culation around the perimeter of the second level. the one below helping to define one another. This The other half of the mass, including systems and definition helps to alleviate any misperception utilities, is wrapped in a shell of brick and concrete regarding where each level begins and ends. On providing privacy to servant areas of the kitchen the end of the annex stands an alternative stair- and other mechanical systems that are hidden case that is encased in concrete and is connected from the common eye. by a strand of windows, virtually creating a tail, and emphasizes that area specifically as a private OFFICE SPACE & STUDENT ENGAGEMENT stairwell. This area is secured on the interior by an 6 alarm system, notifying an emergency and locked Utilitarian office spaces and student engage- from the outside. 1. Ramp and entrance ment centers are located in the west wing annex 2. West annex of the student union. This annex is constructed of INTERIOR 3. Main entrance brick and concrete, and is tied together with a se- 4. South annex quence of brick curtain walls outlined with horse- Russell House serves as a large melting pot for 5. East annex with grand staircase shoe-shaped windows configurations. The exterior many events on campus. It needs to be as large as 5 6. Utility section of south annex

54 Planning Greene Street A Mid-Century History 55 it is because of its function and information that conference rooms, the Student Leadership Center, it gives to those visiting and for those who attend as well as some dining and lounging areas. The campus.The layout can be a bit confusing to one separate areas are recognizable by the materials walking in for the first time. One entrance can lead applied. The ballroom is identified by the wooden into the building that was unexpected and unin- panels that line the walls and by the double doors tentional, and another can lead to the exact spot leading to the hallway. Windowed walls surround one intended to be. Even through the confusion, the dining tables and restaurant lines. The student however, the union building is meant to be a place theater is simply recognizable because of its multi- of relaxation and fun for those attending the USC ple doors facing the dining area and for its exterior 7 campus. look by its use of the granolithic concrete as seen The five floors are not all the same size, on the exterior. Finally, the Student Leadership layered on top of each other. Much like a lopsid- Center can be spotted because of its transparent ed tiered cake, the first and second floors are the windowed walls and bright colors. largest whereas the basement and the third floor The first floor is similar to the second in its are slightly smaller. That leaves the smallerfourth size, but it does vary in shape and square footage. floor, the only “expected” sized like that of the top This floor contains the USC bookstore, a campus of the cake, for its placement. dining hall, a restaurant, and some small class- 9 Private areas can be identified by solid walls rooms. The classrooms are placed down a plain and locations away from the student-populated school-like hall way with white walls and tiled areas. These more heavily trafficked areas are floors. Each room is distinguished by a black door 8 more open with one single circulation hallway and with a simple metal door frame. The Bookstore determined by lounging areas and large bay win- is positioned below the student theater, having a dows. These are the public areas that the students pitched ceiling, which emphasizes the slope of the and guests use for public seminars. theater floor. The basement floor was originally named FLOOR BY FLOOR “The Carolina Mall” and it contains today the campus post office, a game room, and an area The interior, as seen also on the exterior, is 11 designated for Carolina ID Card services. Giving separated into four different masses that come to- it a “mall” look, the wall just across from the only gether as a collision point. The four masses are the stairwell is composed of glass blocks to suggest student theater, the ballroom or conference rooms, transparency and yet obscure the viewer’s eye- the dining spaces, and the office space or Student sight from seeing inside the mail room. The gam- Leadership Center. This main axis can be specif- ing room reflects an activity area much like the ically found on the second floor just inside the ballroom on the second floor because of its wood- double doors leading from the ramp, and behind en paneled walls and shape of the room. the student theater, in front of the ballroom/con- The fourth floor is used for one purpose: the ference area. This axis is placed particularly in the Technology Service Room. Because of serving only middle of student activities, outside meetings, and one purpose, the floor is relatively small with only dining. It contains a lounging area that has love 12 one room and one lobby-like space at the top of seats and table tops for students to eat, mingle and the only stairwell. The room is approached with 7. First floor dining to study. a wall of black, open shutters and yet is passive 8. Second floor dining Each floor does not have an identical footprint. because of the color. It is seen as a technology for 9. Grand Stairwell The difference in each floor is for the purpose of the dark coloration and only a few windows. 10. Spiral staircase what that floor is containing. The second floor 11. Central axis has the most square footage for good reason: this 10 12. Student theater entrance floor contains the student theater, the ballroom/

56 Planning Greene Street A Mid-Century History 57 STAIRWELLS AND ELEVATORS first floor. In the grand staircase, to make it trans- Alexandra Guba parent from the outside, windows illuminate the Halie Schouten Only certain floors are accessible through each area to name it as a heavy flow stairwell. Natu- stairwell. There are multiple stairwells that are 10 ral light also comes into the Student Leadership open to the public. The fire emergency stairwell Center to make the center seem inviting to the located in the the center of all four masses, reaches students who enter. from the fourth floor down to the first, not going SITE SURVEY Electrical lighting can be found in individual all the way to the basement, because this floor has rooms, such as the ballroom or the student theater. a separate emergency exit for the few that occupy These areas, since they are surrounded by walls, the space. The central stairwell is located on the McBryde have no use for the natural lighting as when show- collision point, in front of the student theater and ing presentations, the natural lighting could not the university bookstore, connecting the first and be controlled. Electrical lighting, although more second floors. The dining hall stairwell serves a expensive, also serves the purpose of indicating similar purpose, connecting the first and second to the student whether or not service they need is floors of the dining areas. Located at the base of available. For instance, the Information Center has INTRODUCTION the eating establishments on the northwest area of certain hours of operation, therefore after hours, ing elevation exemplifies the interior elevations of the building, the spiral staircase adds an emphasis In 1955, the University of South Carolina the ceiling lights will tell the student that the cen- the remaining buildings. McBryde’s interior faces of the curve of the window beside it. It is also one unveiled a new all-male residence hall named Mc- ter has closed for the day. This lighting can also be north and the building runs parallel to bustling of the few elements of Russell House that has a Bryde, after University President John McBryde, found in the fire emergency stairwell, as needed Blossom Street. The pedestrian walkway slopes curved edge versus the sharp and hard edges of who presided during the 1880s. Originally, Mc- for students to see in case of an emergency. along the back of Buildings F and G. These two the rest of the building. The grand staircase is seen Bryde opened to house the university’s fraternity structures face east and are perpendicular to A, through the outside of the building facing north men. It was colloquially known as Frat Row. While SERVED VERSUS SERVANT B, and C, creating an L-shape. The Special Col- towards Greene Street. This stairwell leads from the building is no longer organized by fraternity, lections Library protrudes south from Thomas the basement to the third floor and is intended to The utility side of the building faces south, McBryde Men’s Community is still used today Cooper Library, and intrudes into the interior of circulate heavy traffic. Wide, two-lane stairs allow towards Blossom Street. This is space reserved by the university for housing 250 male students, what remains of the quadrangle. students to walk up or down without running into for restaurant facilities, HVAC units, etc. Placed commercial spaces and university offices. one another. beside the Information Center on the second floor, At its inception, McBryde was arranged in EXTERIOR DESCRIPTION In contrast to the many stairwells, there is only one can see into a long, hospital like corridor a horseshoe formation, referred to as McBryde one elevator. Located next to the fire emergency going from the north to south, that is blocked off Quadrangle: comprised of seven buildings named In examining McBryde’s inward facing eleva- stairwell, it leads to all floors of the student union. from the public. This restricted area, reveals that alphabetically Buildings A,B,C,D,E, and G. Build- tion from Building B, one gets a complete sense This is for easy access for those who need assis- this is where the units are placed and it can be ings A-G were arranged in three groups. The two of the complex’s exterior. The materials, compo- tance. dangerous for the public to set foot in. Hence, the buildings that ran parallel to Sumter Street, Build- sition, and design of Building B’s skin are nearly double doors that are locked by an electronic key. ings D and E, were demolished in 2007 to make identical throughout Buildings A, C, F, and G. LIGHTING These spaces are used by workers and the build- way for the Special Collections Library, connected The exterior of Building B is a modernist pursuit. ing’s working systems. to the Thomas Cooper Library. Much of its influence is derived from Le Corbusi- Lighting plays a major role in determining Hallways that connect one side of the building er, a pioneer of modern architecture. Structurally, the public and private areas of the student union. to another allow the public to pass through freely SITUATIONAL CONTEXT the skeletons of the buildings are arranged in Both manmade and natural light enter the areas with no intention of hassle. These spaces are open compliance with his Dom-Ino system. The system and indicate the purpose of that area. The natural McBryde occupies about 92,000 square feet and continuous for the students to move quickly consists of narrow pilotis or columns support- lighting designates public spaces within the mass- of central campus. Each building measures three through and see where they are without a second ing floors of reinforced concrete, all connected es and the fluorescent lighting signifies utilitarian stories high, but their elevations are staggered. glance. by stairways. The Dom-Ino system’s function as spaces. Natural lighting comes in through win- McBryde is situated to the north of Blossom Street, a flexible skeleton is evident in the segmented dows that line the eating areas and the lounging west of Sumter Street, and east of the pedestrian arrangement of the buildings in relation to one areas outside of the ballroom. Skylights highlight sidewalk that runs from Green Street to Whaley another. the central axis of the building near the student Street. Keeping the original quadrangle construc- Le Corbusier’s Dom-Ino system’s use of pilotis theater, allowing light to pass through down to the tion of McBryde in mind, Building B’s interior-fac- influences McBryde’s exterior. The pilotis mimic

58 Planning Greene Street A Mid-Century History 59 the ones used in Le Corbusier’s Villa Savoye. In dows on the second and third stories and indicate McBryde, these white, reinforced, concrete col- bathrooms. However, the ground floor is absent umns support the ground level and visually lift of the pilotis and the curtain wall, and instead the front of the buildings. The pilotis run along reveals a plane of tan reinforced concrete. The thir- the planes facing the courtyards. They create a teen ground floor windows mimic the windows of free space in the inward-facing elevation of the the second and third floors. building by opening the area between the foun- Modernist style buildings tend to turn their dation and the string course of the first level. This back to street. This characteristic is true in the re- free space separates the exterior from its structural verse of McBryde. There are no entrances into the purpose and invites participants into the public building from the reverse except through the ac- 2 spaces of the ground floor. cess stairwells. The outward facing planes do not 1 McBryde’s engaging ground level is empha- engage with the streets. McBryde’s disengagement sized by the curtain wall that runs behind the with one of Columbia’s main arteries aids in com- pilotis. The curtain wall is comprised of fixed win- municating the main function as private student dows arranged vertically in a 1:2:1 ratio. The trans- living spaces. The glass block windows on the parency of the curtain wall reveals and defines the second and third stories on the southern elevation functions of the spaces occupied by the ground further distinguish these floors as student spaces. floor: the common rooms utilized by residents, the McBryde’s low pitch roof features a parapet which commercial spaces, and the university offices. The extends past the roof line, creating a semblance of curtain wall distinguishes the ground floor as a a flat roof. permeable space. Three access stairwells separate Buildings A, Moving vertically above the curtain wall of the B, and C. An access stairwell separates Buildings ground floor, the pilotis are separated by a string F and G, and two access stairwells bookend the 3 4 course that runs the entire length of each building. two buildings. In each access stairwell, windows The string course creates a physical representation surround two hollow metal doors. Each access on the exterior of separation that exists internally stairwell has three landings that allow access to between residential space in the upper two stories the three stories of each building. On both the and common space on the ground level. Above inward and outward elevation of each building the string course is brick facing that covers the the access stairwells display a set of windows reinforced tan concrete and steel exterior. This that corresponds to each staircase landing. String brick skin covers the entirety of the second and courses separate each set of windows in the access third story exterior walls. The decorative brick is stairwells and indicate the division of each floor. arranged in a five course American bond. On the Each window set is comprised of panes of fixed second and third stories of Building B’s northern windows alongside a double awning window. The 5 6 elevation, the brick skin frames a row of thirteen aggregate of windows in the access stairwells, like identical windows. Each window has four panes the curtain wall, define this as common, perme- of double sling-hung windows. On the second and able space. 1. Diagram of Buildings A, B, C, F, and G third stories, each window illuminates a single As one follows along McBryde’s buildings one 2. Outward Elevation of McBryde Buildings F and G along the Pedestrian residential dorm room. experiences a staggering of elevations and dimen- Walkway The second and third stories of Building B’s sions. However, the repeating exteriors allow the 3. Inward Elevation of McBryde Buildings F and G and Northern Elevation of Building C inward facing elevation, along Blossom Street, buildings to remain cohesive, symmetrical, and 4. Building A - Market 101 and Courtyard also feature the same five course American bond disciplined. McBryde’s five buildings are repro- 5. Courtyards of McBryde Buildings A, B, and C featuring the Special Collec- brick skin and a row of thirteen double sling hung ductions of each other stylistically and structural- tions Library to the North windows described on the inward elevation. Glass ly, but they waver in their positioning. Buildings 6. Outward Elevations of McBryde Buildings A, B, and C along Blossom Street block windows bookend the row of thirteen win- A, B, and C all run parallel to Blossom Street, but 7 7. McBryde Buildings F and G Inward Elevations

60 Planning Greene Street A Mid-Century History 61 their elevations are not aligned. Buildings A and CONDITION OF EXTERIOR others the facing has been painted or covered and C are flush with one another, but Building B is set tiled. The use of tile in the bathrooms of the first McBryde’s deterioration is evident even from a few feet back towards Blossom Street. Varying floors vary from building to building. Structural a distance. The inconsistent use of poured concrete topographic elevations disrupt the buildings. columns can be seen in the larger, open, communal and bricks in the surface of the courtyards preface Building A, near Sumter Street, is higher in eleva- areas facing the center courtyard. These columns the viewer’s expectation of the buildings’ exterior. tion than B and C. Moving east towards Building are consistent with the Dom-Ino system discussed The tan concrete is becoming discoloured and the C, each building declines in elevation and shifts its in the exterior. The first floor of Building C is used weatherstriping of the curtain wall has begun to footprint. Buildings F and G are physically sepa- solely as office space, while Building F is split peel off. McBryde’s low-pitch roof has also not rated from A, B, and C by space and also by eleva- between communal space and the administrative received the attention it deserves, and when walk- tion. Moving north perpendicularly from Building offices of Healthy Carolina. ing south towards the building the slope makes C to F and G, there is an incline, and Buildings G’s In order to access the second floors, one must the neglect visible. However, many repairs have footprint shifts a few feet east in the same manner enter through the access stairways located at the been made were without regard to the integrity B does from A and C. ends of each of the buildings; Building A is the of the original design of the building. Such as the only building without an access stairway at the mismatched doors, which vary in color: gray or COURTYARDS AND LANDSCAPE FEATURES end of the building. The use of the stairwells to black. The exteriors of Buildings F and G are also 8 access the buildings makes the quadrangle very Each of McBryde’s buildings has its own in noticeably worse condition than A, B, and C. permeable, with up to six access points for any courtyard. The common characteristics of the one building. As a result of the varying exterior courtyards are a mix of concrete, brick, and incon- COMMUNITY SPACES topography, access to the residential hallways sistent landscaping. Every courtyard functions, On the ground floor of Building A are a of each building staggers, alternating buildings on the most basic level, as a gathering space for commercial space run by the university’s dining between each flight of stairs. The access stairways McBryde’s users and residents. However, Build- services (Market and Grill 101 mentioned above), are constructed of reinforced concrete and brick ing A’s courtyard is unique in that it provides McBryde’s administrative offices, and the Game- facing, and the walls with doorways to the exterior ample seating and awnings for guests of Market cock Pantry offices. These spaces have separate -ex consist mostly of windows. The floors and struc- and Grill 101 on the first floor. Market and Grill terior entrances, and they cannot be accessed from ture of the stairs are made of concrete. The halls 101 are university dining options that feature a one to another from the interior of the building. extending off the stairs require key access, and corner-mart type food selection and outdoor grill The commercial space is newly renovated with key cards are used to access the stairwells from station. Market and Grill 101 are open to all uni- 9 consistent linoleum tiling. Most interior walls are the exterior of the building. This keycard access versity students, hence its location on the ground constructed of CMU’s, which have been painted is a new security feature added to the building in floor. The use of these spaces by all USC students off-white. The administrative office space consists the past year. Before this upgrade, non-residents creates a sense that McBryde’s courtyards along of non-structural, dry-wall dividers. Cut out holes could walk into the stairwells. In some areas the Buildings B, C, F, and G are also usable for all stu- at the ceiling of these walls allow for air circula- framing of the windows in these spaces are metal, dents. McBryde’s situation between three of USC’s tion. The floors are mainly carpeted with linoleum and in some they are wood. In both cases, lack of main arteries, Blossom Street, Sumter Street, and tiling in storage rooms, and ceramic tiling in the upkeep is evident, with visual evidence of rusting the pedestrian walkway lining Russell House, also bathrooms. Drop ceilings are seen consistently of the metal and rotting of the wood. There are make McBryde very accessible. Each courtyard’s throughout the first floor of McBryde’s five build- no elevators in any of the buildings, making the topographical elevation coincides with that of its ings. second a third floors of each building completely corresponding building, and connecting them are The first floors of Buildings B and G are solely inaccessible by wheelchair. a series of concrete stairs. The maze of stairs taking used as communal spaces for students. It is in you from one elevated flat surface area to the next these spaces one sees the most inconsistencies in LIVING SPACES is reminiscent of a multi-level garden. While the upkeep and use of materials. For example, the courtyards are interrupted by the Special Collec- The floorplan of the second and third floors communal space in Building G exhibits four dif- 10 tions Library, the staggering elevations aid in dis- are essentially identical and consistent in every ferent flooring materials. The walls are primarily tinguishing McBryde from its very large neighbor. building, with double loaded corridors and doors 8. Resident Room brick facing. In some communal rooms the walls staggered from side to side along the corridor for 9. Building G North Stair have been left in their original brick state, and in privacy. Each floor has thirteen bedrooms, meant 10. Building C Floor 3 Corridor

62 Planning Greene Street A Mid-Century History 63 to house two students each, and two communal ALTERATIONS Wendy Dollar bathrooms at either end of the hall. Doors do Helen Kampmann Other than minor cosmetic renovations to not separate the communal bathrooms from the the resident halls and the first floors, McBryde 11 hallways. The corridors are entirely carpeted, with has undergone two major alterations. In 2007, the type of carpet varying between each floor and Buildings D and E were demolished to make way building. The walls of the corridor are entirely for Thomas Cooper’s Special Collections Library. SITE SURVEY painted CMU. Protrusions from the walls in some Buildings D and E originally mirrored Buildings F corridors contain the electric wiring, while in oth- and G to form a horseshoe. The exterior and inte- ers the wiring is contained within the walls. Drop rior of D and E were consistent with the remaining Thomas Cooper Library Landscape ceilings seen in the first floors continue through McBryde Buildings. In 2013, Market and Grill 101 the corridors but do not extend to the bedrooms or were added to the first floor of Building A. Market bathrooms. 101 offers corner store types conveniences, a hot Consistently across all of McBryde’s buildings, bar, and eating space. It is connected to Grill 101 in the bedrooms measure 202 square feet. There are Building A’s courtyard by sculptural awnings. eight bedrooms on one side of the corridor and INTRODUCTION LOCATION, SCALE, AND SURROUNDINGS five on the other, situated between two bathrooms. The landscape of Thomas Cooper Library is a Thomas Cooper Library is situated in the plot They have the capacity to hold two twin beds, two noticeable part of the University of South Carolina limited by Greene Street at the north side, Sumter small chests, and two desks. Each bedroom also campus. It is situated to the south of the initial Street at the west; to the south, by its addition Er- has one window and two closets with an addition- campus, the Horseshoe, where the first college nest F. Hollings Library and then by the McBryde al storage cabinet above. The door to each bed- buildings were erected in the beginning of the Quadrangle; and by Russell House on the east. room has key access. The walls of the bedrooms nineteenth century. Although the Horseshoe and Grosso modo, the focused area is the landscaped are constructed with painted CMU and the floors the Thomas Cooper Library landscaped area are area, henceforth called just “plaza,” that begins at are vinyl tile. Air ducts and water pipes connected both open spaces with “plaza-like” characteristics, the door of Thomas Cooper Library and ends at to the ceilings are exposed but painted to match they differ enormously in regards to features and Greene Street, including three different topograph- the interior. Some electric wiring is encased out- functions. Instead of the homogeneity seen in the ic levels and a reflecting pool in the depressed side of the wall and some is embedded within the former, where a great green rectangular space ar- central space. It is organized symmetrically along wall. Every bedroom has an exposed air unit on ticulates the surrounding buildings along three of a north-south axis that goes from Greene Street to the ceiling. its sides, the Thomas Cooper Library landscaped Wheat Street, aligning Thomas Cooper Library, The bathrooms are located on the same side of area shows a systematic disposition of distinct Ernest F. Hollings Library, McBryde Quadran- the corridor at opposite ends closest to the access spaces that, welded by a strong axis, constitutes gle, Blossom Street Garage, and the South Quad stairways. In Buildings A, B and C they are located an entity per se. If the Horseshoe landscape is the building. on the south side of the corridor, and in buildings neutral space that embraces buildings from differ- To the north across Greene Street are the F and G they are located on the east side of the ent epochs and styles, the Thomas Cooper Library School of Journalism and Mass Communication corridor. Each residential bathroom has at least landscaped area seems to have been conceived and Preston Residential College buildings. There two toilets, one urinal, two showers, and three with the only purpose of serving the library and is a building under construction between Thomas sinks. Most bathrooms have laundry machines, itself, in spite of the many buildings that surround Cooper Library and Russell House, destined to those lacking in laundry facilities instead house it. The former is the stage, the latter is the protag- house the Student Health Center. To the northeast, a utility closet. The floors and walls of the bath- onist. This situation is undoubtedly the product of in the corner of Sumter and Greene Street, there is rooms are ceramic tile. Electric wiring is built into different historical and stylistic contexts. Further- Longstreet Theater and Annexure. the walls, while air and water ducts and pipes are more, it is the evidence of different purposes and The area sums approximately nine acres, left exposed. ideologies that evolved into the creation of these including the library and theater building areas. spaces. Its perimeter is almost 3,000 feet. In comparison to the Horseshoe, it is smaller and around 150 years younger. Despite that and the strong historical

64 Planning Greene Street A Mid-Century History 65 significance of the Horseshoe, the landscaped area way counts nine all-brick steps, separated by ten of the Thomas Cooper Library is very significant metal handrails sets. To the south, towards the to the university ethos. The library and the plaza Platform of Entrance, there are three parallel rows in front of it is often presented as the “postcard” of of stairs with five cast stone steps each, separat- the university. Its image illustrates events such as ed by thick brick walls. To the northeast of the the Game Day, shown on national television. library, between the Platform of Entrance and the east corner of the Contemplation Patio, there is the LAY OF THE LAND only wheel chair ramp giving access to the library in the entire area. Despite the fact that the ramp is The plaza in front of the Thomas Cooper Li- certainly an accessible element, it does not entirely brary is composed of three aligned areas that offer solve the accessibility issues that the varying levels different characteristics, as shown in the diagram. of the plaza bring. Each of them was named according to their prima- Sumter Street shows a substantial slope in ry function. Starting from Greene Street towards the north-south direction between Greene and the library, the first one is the Foyer Patio, at the Blossom Streets. Yet, each one of the three main same level of the street. It allows the first look spaces described is flat, and their different levels towards the whole area and the library building. do not follow the natural slope of the land. This The next space is the Contemplation Patio, in a fact corroborates to the perception of the axial depressed level. It hosts the reflecting pool, bench- sequence of spaces as a unique, consciously differ- es, sidewalks and flush planters. In the sequence, entiated territory, with different manmade levels. there is the Platform of Entrance at the level of the In regards to Sumter Street, the difference in levels library ground floor. The latter is the space imme- of the street and the recessed area of the Contem- diately in touch with the library interior, separated plation Patio causes a disconnection between the from it only by the glass curtain wall of its façade. two spaces. Brick walls frame the Contemplation The researched area also includes two lawned Patio to the east and west, preventing the pedestri- areas, one to the east and another to the west of an traffic in these directions. The lack of mobility the plaza, also raised in relation to the Contem- reinforces the disconnection by isolating the plaza plation Patio ground. Both of them have second- from other elements of the campus. The “brick ary relevance in terms of built features, with few frame” not only serves as a retaining wall in parts elements other than grass and narrow concrete of its extension, but it also guides the gaze towards sidewalks. Nonetheless, these secondary spaces of- the library building, bestowing monumentality to fer an important role by connecting different areas the whole ensemble of plaza and library. and buildings of the campus. Also, they provide On Greene Street, between Preston Residen- room–and perspective–from both the Longstreet tial College and the Foyer Patio, there is a gate Theater and Russell House towards the plaza and that helps to create a different environment in this the library building. Although the visual interfer- area of the campus. It significantly reduces the ence of the tall oak trees, the extent between each car traffic on Greene Street after Sumter Street by of these areas and the plaza certainly participate blocking the regular transit towards the campus’ in the creation of the special environment of the interior. Also, parking is not allowed in this por- plaza. tion of Greene Street. There are “no parking” signs The reflecting pool and its three spraying strategically placed and easily noticed by pedes- fountains mark the central axis of the space in the trians and vehicles. Nevertheless, there is slight lowest level of all the spaces cited. Two distinct traffic, due, for instance, to maintenance vehicles sets of straight stairs connect the Contemplation that need to enter the campus, and drop-ins or Patio, the Foyer and the Platform of Entrance. To drop-offs. the north, towards the Foyer Patio, a wide stair-

66 Planning Greene Street A Mid-Century History 67 In resemblance to the gate found at the en- ed plaque. The historic-style lantern metal street CONTEMPLATION PATIO the walls next to Preston Residential College or trance of the Horseshoe, it is made of black iron lamps keeps the theme. Many light posts in the the Flemish bond in the School of Journalism and In the sequence, the reflecting pool is the rods that slope and connect in the center into a same style can be found in the campus, though. Mass Media Communication. The humble brick- great eye-catcher of the Contemplation Patio and, swing style gate. The large metal gate has two col- The lamps’ bases are beveled and rounded, with work perceived in the plaza elements seems to probably, of the entire plaza. The level lowering in umns on either side, measuring twelve to fifteen a finial ornament on the very top. They measures reflect the purity searched by the Modern Move- comparison to the Foyer Patio and the Platform of feet in height. They are made of some of the same nearly twelve feet of height and are painted flat ment. Entrance, combined with the bilateral walls in the materials found in the plaza, such as concrete and black. Interestingly, the Contemplation Patio receives north-south direction on both sides of the patio, brick. However, stucco painted beige is seen on Many elements draw the view away from less of the pedestrian traffic than other thorough- are the main features that produce a cozy and the columns as well, matching other buildings the plaza: sidewalk lines, bollards and chains fares in the area. Students tend to travel around contemplative “room.” The presence of water has next to the gate, as the Preston Residential College. that frame the planters next to the curb of Greene this area via the secondary lawned spaces. Either a significant role in the ambiance by buffering the The square concrete block base is tapered into a Street, varying floor levels, brick walls along the via the adjoining Russell House sidewalk to the sounds from the surroundings. Additionally, the rectangular pillar with a running bond brickwork opposite side of Greene Street, trees, and the gate. east or the adjacent sidewalk by the theater to the spraying fountains provide their own peculiar re- apparent in the mid-section. Concrete tapered caps Even the hurry experienced by the campus com- west. The students show the strongest tendency laxing sound, and the benches all around the pool and urn planters style elements garnish the top of munity collaborates to the eventual obliviousness to travel the slightly inclined sidewalk to the east offers a moment of relaxation from the busy–and the columns. of the plaza, in spite of the heavy pedestrian traffic alongside the Russell House. sometimes stressful–activities of the campus. This Trees of different sizes are found on all of the recognized in this area. Southwest of the library, next to Sumter Street, is the place where the Thomas Cooper Library spaces. The Foyer Patio and the two secondary The first element seen while standing on is a courtyard that is surrounded with a small can be best appreciated: the space seems to invite lawned areas host the larger trees, all of them Greene Street facing the library is a concrete curb U- shaped brick wall. To the west of the library its users to its contemplation–and admiration. oaks. The Platform of Entrance has, on both sides and sidewalk separated by a four-foot, naturally toward the Longstreet Theater there are two sepa- Furthermore, the pool is a definite landmark, and of the three sets of stairways, large planters em- landscaped buffer area. The previously mentioned rate access points onto sidewalks. On the southern is the chosen meeting point for a great number of bedded in the walls that cover the level difference black bollards and chains line the sidewalk. They path, where the sidewalk begins to bend, there people from the university community. to the Contemplation Patio. These planters hosts measure two and a half feet in height. The side- are black metal bollards measuring two and a half On each side of the pool, parallel lines of ele- shrubs and two large trees symmetrically arranged walk is flanked by the twenty-five by fifteen-foot feet. They are placed in the center of the sidewalk ments organize the space and the traffic, creating on each side of the library building. Smaller crepe pavement in a brick bond in the stretcher form. to prevent vehicles from entering the area. As the two different aisles. The first one is narrower, myrtle trees decorate the ten planters of each side The flush header brick edging separates the sidewalk turns the corner south of the theater, the located between the concrete edge of the pool and of the reflecting pool in the Contemplation Patio. bricked flooring from the vegetated areas to the space becomes narrow for a short while with a the line of benches. The second is placed between east and west. The planters contains a pair of ap- six feet bricked wall on one side and large bloom- two lines of vegetated areas: one continuous plant- FOYER PATIO proximately twenty year-old oak trees. Bark mulch ing bushes on the other. As the pathway ends, it er next to the walls that enclose the Contemplation and natural tree debris cover the vegetated areas unfolds into an open area that leads across Sumter The Foyer Patio is the “room” that renders the Patio and another row of ten aligned planters, ground. A few sparse, low-lying evergreen bushes Street, with round brick planters measuring two first approach to the plaza and the library from each behind each bench. The northern planters, can also be found in this area. Large sized garnet by twelve feet. The area contain several different Greene Street. Also, it represents a transitional next to the Foyer Patio, have a L shape, “embrac- signs display the names of the vicinity buildings types of seasonal flowering plants as well as bush- space in the style shift for those who come from ing” the reflecting pool. The planters’ edging are and it details. es and smaller trees. There are also a few benches the historical Horseshoe to the Modernism that shaped with header bricks, salient two inches from Stairs make the transition between the Foyer and more of the bollards that prevent vehicular initiates with Thomas Cooper Library and contin- the ground. The soil is covered with bark mulch and the Contemplation Patio. The change in floor traffic. The floor in this space is all concrete side- ues toward the interior of the campus. Although ground, as in the Foyer Patio. Nonetheless, the levels, overcome by nine steps, brings a new scen- walk. To the northwest the sidewalk eventually revealing of a new era of the campus, this first ap- crepe myrtle trees are much smaller than the oaks ery. The approximately twenty foot wide stacked aligns with the theater and runs parallel beside the proach is timid. The nineteenth century waves its of the Foyer. In some of the planters, low-lying brick bond staircase flows out of the Foyer and theater’s group of arches. The volume of the the- last goodbye, welcoming the modern 1950s. The evergreen bushes or some smaller flowers can also enters into the Contemplation Patio, integrating ater building creates a large barrier that prevents historical highway marker sign, undoubtedly the be found. The wooden benches are supported by both spaces through the use of brick on the floors. the majority of pedestrians and drivers on Sumter most decorated in the area, reads “During Federal green decorated armrests and by bases that are Additionally, the staircase has ten sets of kokanee Street to be able to perceive the plaza from the military occupation of South Carolina 1865-1877, complimented with ornamental designs and an stainless steel picket-less handrails. street. However the arcades provide some perme- this square was part of the parade ground used by engraved stamping of the “University of South ability between the street and the research-focused United States troops. The barracks were located Carolina.” The walls range from about two to six area. on this and adjacent squares.” It is on an elevated feet in height. They are made in running stretcher To the east and west, just outside the Con- post with the lettering displayed on an ornament- bond, in contrast to the American bond seen in

68 Planning Greene Street A Mid-Century History 69 templation Patio, there are black metal bicycle entirely new design, adding a distinct flair to the ALTERATIONS hence, is an important landmark for the university racks with a wave design placed in front of the area. Slabs of cast stone frame concentric rows of community. Nevertheless, there is a segregation Some minor alterations can be perceived in brick wall. Across the sidewalk, the floor of the stretcher brickwork. In turn, the bricked flooring from the rest of the campus generated by many the researched area. New concrete sidewalks, aforementioned wheelchair ramp is made with the frames squares made of the same cast stone of elements. The walls and varying levels are cer- embracing the spontaneous pathways created on same style stretcher brick bond and is lined with the border. This grid pattern matches the marble tainly a major factor, but they can not be blamed the grass by the passers bys, mostly found in the the same style silver rails as the Foyer stairs. The library’s columns and mimics the coffers seen in as the only reasons for the plaza’s isolation. The secondary lawned areas to the east and west of the only difference is that these rails have pickets and the library ceiling. almost exclusive architectural relationship with Contemplation Patio, are some of the most evident are set inside a short brick wall that guides the Several slatted wooden benches with silver the Thomas Cooper Library building itself is the updates. Currently, there are brick pavings being user onto the Platform of Entrance. bases in a modern curve-lined exclusive design most definite reason for the segregation, especial- replaced in the immediate surroundings of the Safety features of the campus can also be are displayed around the library’s building on ly the alignment and repetition of decor motives library building in the Platform of Entrance. Ele- found in this area: the emergency post displays the Platform. There are also two and a half foot such as the concentric squares. In spite of the ments such as lighting and emergency posts, trash a flashing blue light and hold several cameras tall white bollard lamps and elegant four by four intention of integrating the plaza to the campus bins, cameras, signs, bicycle racks, and rails are facing all directions. The post also includes a call by two foot white marble planters. The planters in general, the connection with Thomas Cooper clearly posterior additions perceived in most of the button and speaker that can be used to call the contain varying bushes and flowers, as well as “no Library is stronger. The use of materials found in area. Outlets all through the walls that enclose the local campus police. To the east toward the Russell smoking” signs. Recycling bins are also located in other areas, especially the brick, is a good exam- Contemplation Patio have been included as well, House the sidewalk splits into two separate paths. the Platform. They are black and clearly marked ple. Nonetheless, the design of key elements, like probably in order to attend the power demand There is also a ten foot bricked clapping circle in with the corporate Big Belly logo and directions the walls in the Contemplation Patio, the edges of created by the use of laptops and cell phones. Ad- the same stretcher bond style of other areas of the for the user. There are two separate sides, one for the pool and, especially, the unique style found in ditionally, the Platform of Entrance is the area that plaza, made with smaller bricks. Alongside the trash and one for recyclables. Also included in the the Platform of Entrance are paramount evidences shows the majority of the last acquisitions, such as sidewalk north towards Greene Street the edge of area is a green book return box and one garnet of the Thomas Cooper Library influence. new benches, guardrails and lighting posts. the secondary lawned area is lined with the same location notification sign, as the one found in the Nevertheless, the overall aspect of the land- black bollard and chains of the Foyer. Foyer. scape indicates that the area is not a priority for PLATFORM OF ENTRANCE SECONDARY LAWNED AREAS campus maintenance, despite its powerful sym- bolism to the campus. Despite the aforementioned Finally, the third space is the Platform of En- The concrete sidewalks laid on the grass, new concrete sidewalks found in some areas, trance. It is the direct point of contact between the together with the plaza’s brick pavement create broken or cracked floors (both of brick or concrete) library building and its immediate external area. a key circuit of pedestrian traffic for the campus and dirty bricks and mortars are the usual condi- The axis initiated at Greene Street meets its grand community. Contouring the Contemplation Patio, tion of many of the elements. Drainage problems finale when users meet the library façade. The outside its walls, rows of oak trees in similar sizes can be seen both on the floors and walls. Re- components of this space have a different treat- and ages produce shade to the benches next to the garding the flooring, roots have altered the pitch ment in comparison to the other areas described pool and echo those in the Foyer Patio. Alongside towards catch basins in many places, creating above. There is a clear intention of refining floor- the outer edges of the high traffic surrounding puddles after rainy days. Furthermore, the lack ings, benches, light posts and planters, especially sidewalks in this area are the aforementioned of adequate drip edges have stained the walls in by using more sophisticated materials and pat- lantern style lamp posts. Both sidewalks meet in several spots around the area. The scarcity of veg- terns. the middle, overlapping at the end of the Contem- etation in several planters also reveal the necessity The stairs entering onto the Platform of En- plation Patio and at the beginning of the stairs that of a more careful view upon the area in order to trance show a different design from those found lead onto the Platform of Entrance. restore its prominence. between the Foyer and the Contemplation Patio. If The secondary lawned areas are a good place the latter was conceived as a simple wide stair- for recreational activities, like concerts, student CONCLUSION case, the former offers three distinct rows of stairs, sales, or just hanging in a hammock or tossing a Stylistically, the landscape of Thomas Cooper separated by thick bricked walls. The steps are frisbee around with some pals. These spaces defi- Library differs enormously from the Horseshoe made of cast stone instead of brick. The handrails, nitely get plenty of use by the students in the area. due to historical and contextual reasons. The pres- though, have a similar style metal hand rail as ence of the reflecting pool provides an environ- those joining the Foyer and Contemplation Patio. ment not seen anywhere else in the campus and, Once at the top of the stairs, the flooring shows an

70 Planning Greene Street A Mid-Century History 71 Larry Lane 12 Katharine Kneisley SITE SURVEY Thomas Cooper Library 1 2

INTRODUCTION evenly spaced white marble columns supporting a The Thomas Cooper Library is the most recent flat white concrete roof. The library consists of two addition to a lineage of libraries on the campus of stories above the ground level, visible through the the University of South Carolina. The namesake of façade’s glass, and five stories below the surface. the library, Thomas Cooper, was a teacher, as well Viewed from above, the library has a rectangu- as the second president of USC in the early part lar-shaped footprint. of the eighteenth century. Edward Durell Stone, The library faces slightly northwest and is the architect who designed the John F. Kennedy centrally located on the current campus, set back 3 Center for the Performing Arts in Washington, DC, approximately 300 feet from Greene Street, a main designed the library in collaboration with the local axis road and frequently used walking route. On architectural firm, Lyles, Bissett, Carlisle & Wolff. the other side of Greene Street are older multifunc- The library was completed as the Undergraduate tional buildings and dormitories surrounded by Library in 1959, but to accommodate the school’s 4 a red brick wall built in 1835 as part of the his- growing inventory, the building was renovated toric campus, also known as the “Horseshoe.” A and expanded in 1976 by approximately twice 200-foot long reflecting pool with several fountain its original length. This renovation provided the sprays separates the space between Greene Street room to consolidate the university’s library oper- and where the library is elevated by a platform ations and inventory across campus, placing them approximately two-feet high, encased by red brick. under one main roof, the Thomas Cooper Library, The entire reflecting pool is surrounded by a red which now satisfies the needs of nearly 50,000 brick promenade, with benches, trees, and other undergraduate and graduate students. landscape features that help transition the space 5 IMMEDIATE CONTEXT from the historic wall on Greene Street to the library façade and platform. This area is sunken 6 The library is a large New Formalist building approximately two feet below the shared ground 1. Library Facade Center with a design informed by past archaic Greek and level of Greene Street and the platform. A five-step 2. Facade Night Roman temples. The main supporting structure of flight of stairs descends from Greene Street to this 3. Facade East Elevation the library is steel and concrete sheathed by repe- area and a five-step flight of stairs ascends from 4. Western Elevation titious rectangular panels of bright, white marble. the reflecting pool to the library platform. 5. Landscaping Platform The façade is predominantly a wall of stacked, The library was built on a slope so that the 6. Southern Elevation fixed glass panes behind eight square-edged, northern elevation, the façade, faces the reflecting 7 7. Screen

72 Planning Greene Street A Mid-Century History 73 pool and Greene Street. As one travels further with the center of the building, the lines form a lions. Two sets of exit doors are located side-by- ferent architectural features. The front third of the back from the facade to the southern elevation, a one-point perspective that visually draws a viewer side at the central point of the façade. The other eastern and western elevation is part of the 1959 subsurface story can be seen below the platform. to the center of the building and to a vanishing two sets of double doors are entrances and are lo- original construction and consists of white marble A red brick wall with a perforated pattern runs point somewhere beyond the façade within the cated to the east and west of the central doors. All sheathing, six panels high and twenty-six panels below the platform’s outer edge to the base of the library. of the doors swing inward into an enclosed glass deep, a repetitious pattern that is only broken subsurface story on most of the eastern, western The dominant materials of the façade include vestibule located on the other side of the façade. In up by the expansion joints between the panels. A and southern sides. The perforated wall allows white marble used in its columns and panes of the 1959 construction, only one set of double doors gold-colored book depository door, no longer in diffused light into the windows of subsurface of- glass trimmed by gold-colored anodized alumi- that served the dual purpose of entrance and exit use, remains on the east elevation to the rear of the fice space. Loading docks and other entrances for num mullions. Eight white marble columns are were located in the northeastern corner where original construction. library facility staff are also located on the east and spread evenly across the front of the glass, forming the façade and eastern elevation meet. The 1976 The back two-thirds of the eastern and west- west sides at the subsurface level. a portico with seven bays. Each column is four-feet renovation moved these doors to the center of the ern elevations is the new construction from the The sky serves as a backdrop for the library deep by two-feet wide and approximately twen- façade and two additional sets of doors were add- 1976 renovation. The middle section of both as there are no taller buildings located directly ty-four feet tall. Each column rises up from the ed to the east and west of the central doors. elevations is recessed into the building by approx- behind the building. Located immediately to platform and ends flush at the eave. The predominant material of the platform is imately five feet. The four columns that support the northwest of the library is the classic Greek The columns support a flat, white concrete red brick similar to that used in the promenade of the eave in this area are three-feet deep by two-feet Revival building, the Longstreet Theatre for the eave that extends approximately fifteen feet from the reflecting pool. Two-foot wide stone cast slabs wide, slightly smaller than the columns of the fa- Performing Arts. No other buildings are located the northern elevation. The eave features two rows separate the platform into a grid of three rows of cade. The outer edge of each column is flush with immediately on the western side of the building of square coffers, each coffer having a pattern of nine squares. Lines of stone slabs run from the top the marble sheathing of the elevation and each and much of the area west of the library is filled three recessed squares that recede into the eave. of the library steps to each column so that leading column is partially embedded in a gold-anodized with sparse landscaping. The short cornice encircling the roof has a minimal lines connect the platform to the columns. Inside aluminum honeycomb patterned screen. The Located northeast of the building are several linear design. A small penthouse, half the width each red brick square of the platform is an inset columns define five bays of fixed glass panes that frequently used campus facilities, including the and centered above the façade, visible from the six-foot square of stone cast slabs that are aligned begin at the platform, run the height of the build- Russell House University Union, the Thomson reflection pool, helps smooth the abrupt termi- with the entrances and windows. A running bond ing and end at the eave. On the eastern, western Student Health Center, and the five-story Bull nation of the building’s flat roof against the sky red brick pattern encircles the stone slab squares. and southern elevations, the eave is approximately Street Parking Garage. Two smaller three-story while also functioning to hide elements of the air Two large landscaped sections are located in the half the depth as that of the facade and feature dormitory buildings for male students, part of the conditioning system located there. northeast and northwest corners of the platform. only one row of coffers. McBryde Quadrangle, are the nearest buildings The glass portion of the façade consists of Each landscaped section is the width of three The screens are approximately six inches deep, located on the eastern side of the library. At the rows of long curtain glass with smaller fixed squares in proportion to the other squares of the permanently affixed to the building and serve to building’s southern side, the Ernest F. Hollings panes of glass above, all trimmed in gold-colored platform. The landscaped sections include mature diffuse the sunlight that would normally stream Library built in 2010 extends the library by pro- mullions. The façade’s glass has the practical func- trees and other plants, which communicate with through the glass. The screens are attached to the viding a facility for special book collections and tion of illuminating the lateral hall with natural the landscaping that surrounds the reflecting pool. platform by sections of steel I-beam as well as bolt- conferences. There are no public parking spaces light during the day while also revealing what Located to the immediate east and west sides of ed to the soffit of the eave. The columns resemble directly outside the library, but additional concrete is within: stacks of books and students moving the platform are additional small square lawn pilasters, the rear portion of the column hidden walkways connect nearby buildings and parking between the main floor and the mezzanine by way areas with a combination of mature trees, hedges behind the screen. The final section of the eleva- garages to the building. of a stairway framed on the outside by two of the and ivy, serving to further separate the library tion is another series of marble sheathing, six rows columns. Also visible behind the glass are long from adjacent buildings while also placing the and twenty-six panels, running from the platform FAÇADE AND PLATFORM GRID PATTERN curtains made of round gold-colored anodized library in an artificial pastoral setting. to the eave and from the end of the screens to the aluminum discs with the function of diffusing southern elevation. The façade and platform were designed to- direct sunlight. Fluorescent ceiling lights within EASTERN, WESTERN, SOUTHERN ELEVATIONS The southern elevation is similar to the façade, gether on a grid plan that uses repetition, symme- the library also serve as leading lines that visually in that it consists primarily of fixed rows of curtain try and alignment to visually connect the library’s Symmetry and repetition are also used in connect the inside of the library the coffers within glass at the base and smaller glass panes above all façade to the platform. Materials or elements of the design of the eastern and western elevations the eaves as well as the lines of the bricks and cast trimmed with gold-colored mullions. Eight white the façade communicate directly through align- that nearly mirror each other in both design and stone slabs within the platform. marble columns create seven separate bays of ment with architectural elements used within the materials. Each elevation consists of three sections The façade includes four sets of double glass proportional space. The same gold-colored hon- platform. When one looks at the library from the that are approximately the same width but were doors that are also trimmed in gold-colored mul- eycomb screen used in the eastern and western top of the platform stairs while standing aligned built in different time periods or may contain dif-

74 Planning Greene Street A Mid-Century History 75 on the side that pushes inward, and wooden rod LATERAL HALL elevations also covers six of the southern elevation mark the library at night, with the light reflecting pulls on the other. bays. The screens hide the back portion of the off the structure’s white marble. While the library The vestibule is essentially a glass box within The vestibule interior walls and ceiling are columns, similar to the screens in the eastern and is the crossroads of many students, its purpose as an open lateral hall. The lateral hall is rectangular laminated glass panels framed by gold-colored western elevations. The screen of the central bay a library is more revealed at night when the lights and spacious, with a ceiling that reaches to meet anodized aluminum. These materials are repe- was removed when the Ernest F. Hollings Library shine from within the glass façade revealing its the approximate twenty-four foot height of the titions from the northern façade. Although the was created in 2010. A glass enclosed walkway bookshelves and books. façade’s columns on the other side of the glass. ceiling of the vestibule is only as high as the top and study area now extends from the southern The design, materials and placement of the Directly south of the lateral hall is the expansive of the doors, the transparency of the glass ceil- elevation across the platform and into the Hollings library demonstrate the importance the university main level with the mezzanine above it. Both ing and walls allows the space to feel relatively building. There are two emergency exit doors that places in learning. The sharp lines and angles of western and eastern spaces on either side of the unenclosed. The walls are very much the same as lead from the walkway and to the platform. the building and the grid pattern of the platform vestibule are similar in appearance and in usage. the ceiling except for the glass panels are rectangu- aesthetically announce the kind of order that On one side of the vestibule is the northwest- lar instead of square. Inside the vestibule, a wide LANDSCAPE AND OTHER EXTERIOR FEATURES might be contained within, the essential order ern corner of the building, where the northern wood handrail is attached to the wall’s aluminum required in maintaining a large collection of glass facade and the building’s western wall meet. Repetition and symmetry are also used in framing and extends across every glass panel, books. The lavish materials of white marble used This western end of the lateral hall is somewhat much of the additional exterior features. Six-foot skipping over the doors. This handrails’ wood throughout the building, its tall white columns, like a lobby. It is large and open but the furnishing by six-foot marble planters encircle the platform is finished in the same way as the door pulls. the gold-colored mullions, and long glass facade encourages human-scaled interaction. The west- on the eastern, western and southern elevations The floor is covered in one-quarter inch polished show commitment and great financial investment. ern wall is wood panelled which instills warmth and are aligned with the six-foot by six-foot stone terrazzo aggregate tiles. Dark grey carpet runners For a university, that investment is in knowledge, to space. The wood panelling is V-jointed with sections within the platform. Long wooden bench- stretch across the floor from each pair of doors much of which is contained within books. Its its edge joints butted vertically, underscoring the es and freestanding white-colored light fixtures to its pair directly opposite. Besides the carpet central platform placement with a processional space’s height. The northern façade’s long glass with power outlets are spaced between each plant- runners, the vestibule has no furnishing accesso- promenade and multiple walkways illustrate the curtain wall allows light and transparency to er to provide exterior workspace. These benches ries other than a few school magazine stands. On library as an honored place of knowledge that is the space. The curtains made of anodized gold are the same style used to line the promenade of the outside of the vestibule, the anodized gold available to all. connected aluminum discs hang from the ceiling the reflecting pool. A stainless steel balustrade aluminum framing has a deep edge reveal on each on a track. These screen-like curtains add a layer runs the length of the platform’s outside edge corner. ENTRANCE of texture and depth, as well as prevent complete on the eastern, western and southern sides. The This vestibule that exists now was built in transparency. balustrade is part of the 1976 renovation, replac- Because much of the interior is visible from 1976. When the building was first completed in There are about two-dozen low, slim, and grey ing stone cast slab benches from the original 1959 the exterior, the passage from one to the other is 1959, the vestibule was not at the center of the armchairs in arrangements of two and four. Each construction that had encircled the library but congruous. Furthermore, the sunlight from the façade, but rather at the east end of the façade, arrangement has a small, wood-colored laminate were removed when the platform was extended outdoors freely fills the expansive immediate near the interior main staircase. This earlier ves- table in the center. There are no other furnishings to accommodate the library’s increased length. A space indoors, preventing any harsh transition of tibule was square and had a coat rack and brick in this space other than the low-profile chairs and wheelchair access ramp surrounded by a stainless light. flooring with stones in the center. The flooring was tables. There is one large abstract painting which steel balustrade is built into the northeast corner of a repetition of the brick and stone pattern imme- is about six-feet tall and half the width of the west- the platform. VESTIBULE diately on the outside of the building. When the ern wood-paneled wall. One other smaller piece The library is illuminated at night by a combi- vestibule was changed during the expansion of There are eight full glass doors at the center hangs just below it. nation of lighting systems. There are small white 1976, the brick and stone paving was removed and of the northern façade. They all swing inward semicircle shaped fluorescent lights attached three replaced with concrete fill and new carpet. The into a vestibule. The vestibule exists to insulate STAIRCASE panels high on the marble sheathing and to the entrance doors were removed and replaced with a and buffer the indoors from the outdoors. Two columns on the eastern, western and southern wall to match the rest of the existing façade. On the eastern side of the vestibule, there is a pairs of doors are in the innermost center of the elevations. There are also small lights that are It is most likely that the entrance, and thus staircase and another seating area. The staircase façade and share a middle jamb. These two pairs intermittently attached above the opening of some vestibule, was moved from the side of the façade was built in 1959 and remains a potent part of face a duplicate set of pairs on the opposite wall coffers within the eave. Two black metal tradition- to the center because the expansion of 1976 was the library’s design. Because it is freestanding, of the vestibule, leading into the lateral hall of the al lampposts are also located in bushes immedi- so immense in scale and turned the library into with a visible geometric outline, the stairway acts library. A pair of doors are on either side of this ately outside the northwest and northeast corners an establishment that demanded a grander and as a sculptural box within the larger box of the center set of pairs and also each face a duplicate. of the platform. This assemblage of lighting helps symmetrical entrance. open building. It also is in-line with the exterior Each set has circular, disk-like wooden handles

76 Planning Greene Street A Mid-Century History 77 columns on the opposite side of the glass. The a lobby and more like a traditional library. Because stairway connects the basement, main floor, and the mezzanine is above, the ceiling is much lower mezzanine. It is a half landing staircase with wide, than the lateral hall and the area is mostly devot- riser-less steps. The steps all are uniform, simple ed to work tables and bookshelves. Closest to the in design, and covered in carpet. The two landings northwestern corner of lateral hall and just under have the same carpet material but are not com- the mezzanine, there are about six wood laminate pletely covered. The balusters are thin, rectan- X-shaped desk cubicles. Each cubicle is partitioned gular, and made from gold anodized aluminum. to form four desk spaces. These desks are dot- They connect the wooden handrail to the steel ted between the interior square columns that are skeleton of the staircase. As the staircase descends repeated throughout the entire first floor. These into the basement floor, it is surrounded by three columns have a gold aluminum edge reveal which 8 close, wood-paneled walls. matches the façade and are faced with stained ply- wood panels that match the wood paneled walls. SCHOLAR’S CORNER OF THE LATERAL HALL Moving directly towards the south of the 9 building, there are several long and low wood On the main level and to the side of the stair- laminate bookshelves, a reference desk, and sev- case, there is a seating area much like the one in eral small wooden computer desks. To the east of the northwestern corner of the building. This area, this area is the Circulation Desk, which has three however, is pressed into the building’s northeast- simple, rectangular wall openings that allow for ern corner. It is an enclosed but still transparent communication and service. The Circulation Desk space within the lateral hall. Half of the area is is one part of a series of connected, closed spac- 10 covered by the mezzanine. This half is partially es, which are all clustered together against the enclosed by a wood-paneled wall that has floor- eastern elevation of the library. These connected to-ceiling windows with wood mullions and one areas include the Circulation Desk, bathrooms, wood and glass door. The other half of the space 11 library offices, two elevators, and a stairwell. The not under the mezzanine is fenced in by a par- walls enclosing this space are covered in vertical, apet railing, which matches and connects to the tongue-in-groove wood paneling that match the staircase’s handrail. The space made up of these lateral hall’s wood panelled-walls. Doors leading two halves is called the Scholar’s Corner. It has into the bathrooms have blind transoms made of about four small seating arrangements, each with wood, while elevator doors along the wall have a small, laminate wood table. Two of its walls, the blind transoms made of stainless steel. building’s eastern wall and an interior wall paral- At the center of the main level is a single office lel to the façade, are covered in V-jointed, vertical space. It is somewhat like a cubicle, except that its wood panelling. These two walls that have wood walls reach from floor to ceiling. The top half of 12 panelling also are lined with connected wood the walls have glass windows encased with wood. bookshelves that are about 7-feet tall. Beyond Outside the office and underneath the windows housing books, these bookshelves warm the space are bookshelves of various heights. The door to and relate the furniture to the large walls. The this space is wood, with a glass transom above 13 floor, like most of the main level, is covered in grey it. All of the wood is stained to match the main carpet. 8. Scholars Corner level’s wood panelling. 9. Lateral Hall Beyond the center wood and glass office box MAIN LEVEL EXPANSE 10. Staircase lies the rest of the main level, which largely con- 11. Circulation Desk Beyond the lateral hall stretches the rest of the sists of tall bookshelves, and open study areas. To- 12. Vestibule expansive main level. As one moves south, deeper wards the south end of the floor, the bookshelves 13. Mezzanine into the main level, it gradually becomes less like become larger and more regularly spaced and the 14 14. Sub-Basement

78 Planning Greene Street A Mid-Century History 79 work areas become more sensible. The tables and and restrooms, and various offices. All doors along space. All spaces not dedicated to bookshelves chairs are of a more traditional arts and crafts style the hallway are stained a lighter tone of wood are placed along the perimeter of the floor. These and rather different from the furniture towards the than the prevailing wood tone of the main level spaces are separated and used as classrooms, north end of the building. However, they do have and mezzanine. The walls of the hallway are white group study rooms, and individual study carrels. a wood finish which corresponds to all other wood wallboard with thick, black rubber toe molding. The bathrooms are in the northeastern corner of finishes existing on the main level. The floor is covered in grey carpet. the building. There are three concrete stairways Although the layout seems to become more that connect the sub-basement floors. One is lo- study-focused towards the south end of the build- BASEMENT cated at the middle of the building’s eastern wall, ing, most of the work tables are still placed near one in the middle of the western wall, and one The basement is original to the 1959 construc- the large window walls, where natural light and in the northwestern corner. The drop ceilings are tion and is directly beneath the main level. It is ac- relative transparency are available. This allows for made from acoustic tiles with square fluorescent cessible by way of either the freestanding staircase, more casual, communal study. light panels. Grey-brown carpet covers most of the elevators, or a concrete staircase towards the south sub-basement floors. end of the building. The uses of this floor are var- MEZZANINE Overall, the most saturate mix of materials ied. The Center for Digital Humanities, the Center and style exists in what remains of the original The open mezzanine is another light-filled for Teaching Excellence, and the Career Center 1959 construction of the library. The gold anodized area for study. It is perched above the main floor all occupy the south end of the floor. The Cooper aluminum, deep wood paneling, and abundance and looks out through the northern façade. From Technology Lounge and Government Information of glass dissolves as the space moves backwards this space, one is keenly aware of the campus and Maps are located towards the north end of the and downwards, into the 1976 additions. Al- surrounding the library. One is also aware of the building. The bathrooms are located between these though the expansion is mostly unadorned and closeness between the mezzanine and the ceiling two ends and directly underneath the bathrooms utilitarian in appearance, it serves the university underneath the roof–the popcorn texture and on the main and mezzanine level. Various offices considerably by storing thousands of books and square fluorescent light panels are suddenly much and study rooms dot the entire floor. The hallways providing study areas for students. The expansion closer. Additionally, the relationship between the of this floor have the same general materials as the also allows the original 1959 spaces to remain ceiling underneath the roof and the exterior eave is mezzanine hallways. open, causal, and less utilitarian. amplified–the rows of square coffers and the rows In 1959, the basement contained rooms for of fluorescent light panels merge into shared lines. mechanical and elevator equipment, an elevator The open mezzanine is one large area intend- and elevator lobby, two stairways, shelving for ed for casual study. It has a combination of low books, and a tunnel running parallel to the shelv- sectional seating and high desks and chairs. There ing room. is a parapet railing along the northern side of the mezzanine, parallel to the glass façade. This railing SUB-BASEMENT connects to and matches the freestanding staircase. During the renovation of 1976, four sub-base- The mezzanine floor is carpeted entirely except for ment floors were added to the library. These several large square arrangements of marble tile. floors are mostly dedicated to storing the library’s The same wood-faced columns from the first floor physical book collection. Each sub-basement floor also exist in the open mezzanine. The east and is largely undifferentiated in layout and function. west ends of the mezzanine share the main level’s Unlike the main level and mezzanine, there is wood-paneled walls. The south wall is faced com- no natural light and no cushioned seating. The pletely with mirror panels and reflects the land- atmosphere is quiet, systematic, and studious. scape outside. This wall has a double doorway When the sub-basement floors were initially on the eastern end and is made of wood to match constructed, the layout was largely the same as it the wood-paneled walls. The doorway leads into is now, although there is now no longer a smoking a hallway containing Library Administration, the room and coat room on each floor. Each floor has Mezzanine Conference Room, the Student Success long rows of bookshelves that take up most of the Center, Equal Opportunity Programs, elevators,

80 Planning Greene Street A Mid-Century History 81 Miriam Boyd dows all of the way across. This makes it much The windows themselves fixed and cased in Josh Jackson more pronounced on the west side as the build- metal. The first twenty-four bays going from the 13 ing is built on a slope, decreasing in elevation east to west are surrounded by a single string from Sumter Street to Main Street. At the top of course on the second and third floors. The break the building there is a white cornice that wraps in windows for the entryway occurs after the first SITE SURVEY around the entirety of the building’s flat roof. seventeen window bays on the first floor and is The entryway is made up of an inset grid- four bays long, but there are three windows in ded glass curtain wall surrounded by cast stone. the three bays to the west of the entryway on the Sumwalt Though it would appear that there would be two first story that are contained in this first grouping. separate sets of doors from a distance, there is ac- Moving further west down the façade there is a tually only one double door on the west side of the single window bay with three windows that are curtain wall. In front of the doors are decorative framed by cast stone, echoing the string courses rectilinear features made of anodized aluminum that surround the other window groupings on the that touch the ground on either side of the doors, facade. There is a significant break of plain brick INTRODUCTION and again on the other side of the inset area. Sum- on either side of these windows. After that there is way behind the building and is surrounded by the walt has fourty-two window bays on its façade, a third grouping of windows with a string course Sumwalt College is a three-story academic Jones Physical Sciences Center and the Coker Life each with three windows evenly distributed around them that is seventeen bays long. building at the University of South Carolina in Co- Sciences Building. Jones and Coker are physically between the three floors, except for a break in the lumbia, South Carolina. It is one of the buildings connected and appear to envelop the southern first floor windows for the entryway. Underneath EASTERN ELEVATION serving the College of Arts and Sciences. Although part of Sumwalt, with their size contributing to the windows on the first floor there is a slate fac- it was built as the College of Engineering in 1952, Sumwalt’s east elevation is made up of five this illusion. Sumwalt fits in somewhat awkward- ing. There are three distinct pieces of slate under it is currently used by many departments includ- parts. The portion of the “T” that is recessed from ly with its surroundings because of its additions to each window with slight color variations between ing: the Arts Institute, the Center for Science Edu- the street completely has eight, evenly-distribut- and the buildings built around it, but when it was them. They also have beveled edges where they cation, the Computer Science and Engineering An- ed, unadorned window bays that have windows built it made much more of a statement stylistical- meet the bottom of the window casings, giving nex, the Interdisciplinary Mathematics Institute, on each of the three floors that punctuate a brick ly. some visual variety and dimensionality from the the Nanocenter, and the Office of Pre-Professional facing. There is also an exit-only door in the fifth street view. This slate is used around the windows Advising. It was the first building designed by window bay on the first floor counting from south NORTHERN ELEVATION throughout the façade and echoes the greyish-blue LBC&W on the campus, and marked a departure to north, and a door to a lab with ventilation above color of the field stone used for the water table, from the style traditionally used by the university. The first things that stand out about the façade it in the first bay. This wall also has a rain gutter repeating that color accent as the building goes up. As its function was as an engineering building, it are the repeating rectilinear forms and the diversi- after the third window bay and a large ventilation In between the windows on the first story there sought to be on the cutting edge for its time while ty of materials. Each of the various materials used duct after the fifth one. The windows here are the are sections of brick that act like pilasters. There still paying respect to what came before it at USC. throughout the facade exist on their own plane, same as the façade, but only have a small brick sill are cast stone string courses that go around the The brick echoes the historic buildings of the giving dimensionality to what would otherwise in place of any decoration. On the end of the south tops and sides of the windows on the first story, Horseshoe, while its strong rectilinear profile sets be a very flat building. All of the visible materials wing’s east elevation, where the stairwell is locat- but the windows on the second and third floors it apart from the other buildings on campus at the on Sumwalt’s exterior are purely aesthetic, as the ed, there is a small wall with three small windows have these string courses completely surrounding time. building is actually supported by a steel frame. arranged in a single bay. The third section of the the sections of windows. These string courses also The T-shaped building sits on Greene Street The architects wanted to make a modern building, east elevation is part of the building’s east wing act as window sills on the second and third floors. with the east and west wings stretching from but one that fit in with the style of the university at but it does not quite extend to the street. There is a Another difference on the upper story windows Sumter Street to Main Street. Originally Sumwalt the time. The materials used were a big part of that single bay of smaller windows with cast stone sills of the façade is the placement of the slate. Rather had a much smaller footprint, but has expanded cohesiveness. Sumwalt was a revolutionary, yet in the center of this face stamped out of the brick than being under the windows like the first story, over time, most notably to the west. The addition logical, progression for architecture at USC. wall. In front of this are some trees, a lamp post, the slate goes between the windows within the of the west wing is marked by an expansion joint The base of the building is defined by a water and a knee-high dividing wall at the sidewalk. rectilinear string courses. This takes the place of in the building’s facade. Now it is hard to get a table made up of bluestone rubble. This feature In the section of the east wing containing the the brick which was between the windows, acting view or to photograph the whole facade at once as wraps around the edge of the façade onto the east entrance, the field stone from the façade is repeat- as pilasters on the first floor, and gives some fur- it stretches the entire distance of the city block it wing, but cuts just short of the edge on the west ed to make up a planter just south of the door. Up ther separation to the upper floors. occupies. The south wing protrudes into an alley- side. It reaches to the base of the first floor win- against the southern edge of this wall are three

82 Planning Greene Street A Mid-Century History 83 a section of the west elevation. The western wall of window bays with windows in the second and the south wing stairs has one bay with three small third stories. These windows are separated verti- windows in offset elevation from the first two cally by slate. On the first story of the northmost floors. bay are metal double-doors that are surrounded above and to the south with five windows making SOUTHERN ELEVATION up the curtain wall. On the northern side of that door is a large stretch of blank brick followed by The southern elevation is hard to view from a singular window bay with slate panels again the street because it is surrounded by large above and below the individual windows that buildings, and is thus much less adorned than the 1 span between the floors. In these windows you other sides. That said, the entirety of this elevation 2 can see the east wing stairs. On the first floor this has planters with trees and bushes in front of the window shows off a trick often used in modern building. There are sixteen window bays on the architecture: the floating stair. There is no visible west wing and all of the windows have simple support or base under the first landing. The only cast stone sills. The windows in the fourth bay place where these stairs touch the floor is under are slightly lower and smaller than the others and the first steps. There is one last section of this ele- there is a metal door in place of a window on the vation that is recessed slightly from the corner of first story. In the place of a first floor window in Greene and Sumter Streets. It is brick with a singu- the next bay to the east is a metal double door lar vent at the top and another bluestone planter with ventilation above it. There is a small con- sitting in front of it. crete staircase leading up to the door with a metal railing. The eastmost window bay is recessed into 3 WESTERN ELEVATION the west wing of Sumwalt, and has a metal double door at the ground level. 4 The building’s western elevation is a little less The part of the south elevation on the south complicated. The face on Main Street that connects wing is made up of three parts, with a staircase to the façade contains five window bays with located in the center. This section makes up the the same slate, brick, and string courses as those bottom of the building’s “T” shape. On either side in the façade. It also utilizes the bluestone water of the staircase there is a single window bay with a table, but only in the area directly underneath brick sill surrounded by brick. These six windows the windows. It does not stretch to the edges of are the same large ones found on the facade, but the building’s face as it does in the facade. The with brick sills. The wall containing the staircase west elevation of the south wing of Sumwalt is has one bay with two of the smaller windows on 5 in the same fashion as the façade as well, which the second and third stories and a double door on is slightly unusual because it does not match the the first floor. The door has a large glass window barebones style of the wing’s west side. This is on top of it and an awning above it. This face presumably because this side is much more visible also has four large, metal pipes that run from just from the street. There are thirteen window bays above the door to the building’s roof. all contained in a single string course per floor. 7 The section of the south elevation on the east There is ventilation where the slate would nor- wing is similar to the one on the west, using large 1. Entryway Exterior mally go on the ninth and twelfth windows of the windows with simple concrete sills. This area has 2. West Elevation of South Wing first story. There is also a water drainage pipe on twelve window bays with the first four being on a 3. South Elevation of West Wing this side of the south wing just as there was on the wall that juts slightly south of the main west wing 4. West Elevation Street View eastern elevation. There is an area for motorcycles wall. Under the second and third story windows 5. South Elevation of West Wing and West Elevation of South Wing to park and a brick planter in front of this wall. of the second and third bays of this section is a 6. South Wing Stair Exterior The stairwell at the end of the south wing also has metal double door with a short metal awning 6 7. East Elevation Street View

84 Planning Greene Street A Mid-Century History 85 above it. Of the next eight bays, only the first three entrance and vestibule on Greene Street. The floor- have windows on the first floor. In the fourth and ing in this central part of the first floor lobby is ce- fifth bays there are metal doors that access labs. ramic tile laid in a decorative pattern, and carpet. There is also a small door in between the seventh Flooring in other parts of the building is primarily and eighth window bays, though it is hard to see vinyl tile. A small kitchen space is also accessed from the street due to the surrounding bushes. from the lobby and requires a key for entry. Finally the south face of the east wing stairwell is There are three main double-loaded hallways just a brick wall with a low brick-lined planter in off the lobby. Each runs down the center of the front of it. There is also a brick dividing wall that east, west and south wing with offices, laborato- juts into the sidewalk off of the east wing. This ries, or classrooms on either side of the hall. There 8 9 wall hides what is behind the building from the are also some shorter secondary halls with rooms street and separates the facade and east wing from opening off each side, which appear to be offices the less aesthetically pleasing south elevation. or storage space. This allows for rather intense use of space, and because of the open design, structur- INTERIOR ally, spaces can be reconfigured rather easily. There are few classrooms in the building, with The vestibule for the Greene Street entrance most of the space used for offices and labs. Ac- contains a floating staircase visible through the cording to the floor plans, there are approximate- glass curtain wall of the main entrance and it ly forty five large rooms for labs or classrooms accesses all three floors. Additional staircases are throughout the building, and eighty two smaller located at the east entry off Sumter Street, at the spaces for offices or storage. Labs and classrooms rear of the building in the south wing, and toward seem to be clustered in the south wing and across the south west corner of the west wing. Each stair- the south side of the building. The large first floor case is located in a vestibule and accesses all three 11 rooms in this area are science labs and have exit floors. Each has a landing midway between floors. only doors on the south side of the east wing and Double wooden doors lead from the Greene east side of the south wing. Street vestibule to the main lobby. The entry from Access to the first floor west wing is limited the vestibule to the lobby is constructed at an 10 to staff and faculty. A sign on the double wooden angle to the front of the building. The Nanocenter doors leading into that area states there are no entrance, which is in the main lobby, is at the same restrooms, classrooms, or exits; however, there is angle to the front of the building and is directly an exit on the south side of the west wing with aligned with the doorway from the vestibule, a staircase to all three floors. Fire code probably which gives it a sense of importance. Entry into requires this. I suspect it is used only as an exit for the Nanocenter is through double wooden doors emergencies. There is also an exit next to the west with a reception area, conference room, offices and wing from the southwest lobby area into the alley work area. There are large fixed glass windows on behind the building. two sides of the Nanocenter reception area that The first floor east hall exits through double look out into the lobby. wooden doors into the east vestibule, which serves The lobby is a warm, welcoming area with a 13 as an airlock and as an entrance off Sumter Street. circular recessed ceiling illuminated by a round There is a stairwell in this vestibule to all three 8. Lobby and Nanocenterr fixture in the center as well as recessed round floors. As with the main entrance, there are floor to 9. Typical Hallway lights in a drywall ceiling. There is a vending area ceiling panels of fixed glass around the doorway 10. Third Floor Stair, Front with upholstered benches placed around the wall as well as windows in the stairwell. There is a 11. Nanocenter Vestibule under windows that look onto Greene Street. They painted concrete block wall in this entrance. 12. South Wing Stair admit light, but are too high to have a view of the The south wing has two pairs of double wood- 12 13. First Floor Floating Stair, Front street. These windows are to the right of the main

86 Planning Greene Street A Mid-Century History 87 en doors. The first pair is at the back of the Nano- and have perhaps had an unintended effect. There Jessa Ross center and the second pair is at the end of the hall may not have been a master plan in effect when leading into the south vestibule. Each vestibule they were built, plus the university was experi- 14 can serve as an airlock into the building. A stair- encing a period of rapid growth and was in need case to all three floors, as well as an exterior door of rapidly expanding facilities for labs and class- that leads into the alley between Coker and Jones, rooms anywhere they could obtain land. SITE SURVEY is in the south vestibule. Some locks on doors in The second and third floors are similar to one the south wing of the building are keypads. Signs another in layout. There are small display cases warn about radiation and use of lasers. There are in the lobby areas on both floors for use of the Byrnes exit-only doors from the large rooms on the south various departments. The lobby on each floor is side of the building. off the main stairwell in the center of the building. Similar materials appear to be used in all three Restrooms for men and women are available on wings. Floors are vinyl tile and walls are drywall. both floors with ceramic tile floors and walls. The Dropped ceilings have a rather large plenum for men’s rooms are in the same location on each floor, mechanical systems including wiring, plumbing, but the women’s facilities are in various locations. INTRODUCTION HVAC, and fire suppression. There were only two women engineering students this side of the building to the neighboring Cornell The James F. Byrnes Building is located at 901 There are handicapped accessible restrooms when the building was first constructed, and per- Arms Apartments. Pilotis visibly lift the building Sumter Street, Columbia, SC. At the corner of Col- in the east hall on the first floor just off the lobby. haps women in staff positions, necessitating only off the ground on east and south elevations. They lege Street, it sits directly across from the Universi- Surfaces in these areas are ceramic tile. Also, in one restroom. As the percentage of women faculty align with – and indicate – the underlying, grid- ty of South Carolina’s historic Horseshoe. Situated the southeast part of the main lobby area, there is and students in engineering increased addition- ded steel skeleton extending upwards. Glazed at this edge of the core university campus, Byrnes a small passenger elevator that accesses all three al facilities were required and added with the brick comprises the majority of the structure’s el- appropriately straddles the town-gown border. floors. There is an audio feature in the elevator construction of the west wing. Flooring, walls, and evations. The smooth, clean facade created by this It is part of a geographic cluster of mid-century that announces floors and whether going up or ceilings seem to be similar throughout the build- material is not unlike the crisp stucco covering of projects by Lyles, Bissett, Carlisle & Wolff, which down. ing except for the first floor lobby area, Nanocen- many of the Horseshoe buildings. Other exterior includes the Cornell Arms Apartments, the Rut- Although there are numerous windows on the ter, and the restrooms. Service areas are located materials include glass, aggregate concrete, un- ledge Building, and the Edgar A. Brown Building. building’s exterior, the interior feels rather dark. throughout the building for electrical, HVAC, and glazed red brick, terracotta, anodized aluminum, Built in 1955, Byrnes was originally the city’s fed- The windows are single pane fixed glass (perhaps housekeeping. There is also a fire suppression and marble. eral building. After the construction of the Strom as a security measure). It is not possible to see into system in the ceiling. Thurmond Federal Complex, Byrnes was declared most of the interior spaces through the doors in The interior and exterior have had renova- FIRST STORY surplus and eventually acquired by the University the halls. This keeps the light from the numerous tions over the past sixty five years, most notably in 1980. The building houses a number of depart- The structure’s first story is the most complex. windows from permeating through the building. the Greene Street entrance, east wing, west wing, ments, including Philosophy, Extended Campus The walls recess on the east and south eleva- Having light-colored ceilings, walls, and floors Nanocenter, and front lobby area. Because the Services, and the University Writing Center. tions behind regularly spaced pilotis. The pilotis helps brighten the hallways on all three floors. users of the building have changed, they required support the structure’s upper stories flush with Finding ways to increase light from the abun- adaptations for their needs. Built as the School of CONTEXT the edge of the building’s primary mass. They dance of windows might enliven the interior con- Engineering in 1952, it was converted to other uses are squared and sheathed in marble. The bottom, siderably and make it feel more modern. Although in 1987 when the Swearingen Center was built for This Modernist building contrasts stylistically proud edge of the building’s primary mass is also the building style is modern, it feels rather tired the School of Engineering. Fortunately, Sumwalt’s with the neighboring buildings of the Horseshoe, sheathed in marble. It caps the first story and com- and in need of renovation. Since the main string of modern structural steel system allows for reconfig- but represents continuity in the general scale of plements the pilotis. A ribbon of fixed glass win- windows faces north, and there are larger build- uring space without changing the structure of the those structures. The structure measures seven dows wraps around this ground level. On the east ings to the east and south, incorporating light into building and may make it useful for many years stories high. Its rectangular footprint is oriented elevation, the ribbon windows extend into a full Sumwalt presents a challenge. The larger build- to come. There are numerous examples of repur- with its longer side parallel to College Street. The glass curtain wall. Anodized aluminum divisions ings to the south (Coker and Jones) were built after posing other buildings on campus, and Sumwalt southern corner of the east elevation features the partition the panes of the curtain wall. There are Sumwalt and are connected by Earth and Water is continuing to serve the ever changing needs of a building’s front entrance. An exterior stair tower is total four pilotis on the east elevation that distin- Science, which has been described as the ultimate growing university. attached to the north elevation of the structure on guish three regular bays. On the floor between the infill. These buildings are very close to Sumwalt the west corner. A large parking lot extends from pilotis and the curtain wall is a marble tile apron

88 Planning Greene Street A Mid-Century History 89 that helps to delineate the border of the building at tions. The stair tower interrupts this pattern on the pedestrian level. On the southern corner of the the north elevation, constituting one total bay. The east elevation is the front entrance, which recesses openings are operable metal casement windows. even further than the primary curtain wall. The They each consist of three rectangular panes. The entrance features two single doors with equally top and bottom panes are fixed, and the middle sized glass panes framing them, retaining the pane hinges at its top to push open outwardly transparent, curtain wall appearance. from its bottom. The south elevation measures six bays wide. The seven pilotis on the ground level divide these SEVENTH STORY bays. The two eastern-most bays continue the The building’s top story and roofline cap the recessed curtain wall on the east elevation. On 2 building by repeating patterns and materials of the 1 the these bays, a colorful tile mosaic covers the first story. Marble pilasters align with the corre- curtain wall adjacent to the front entrance. The sponding pilotis below. The windows also follow third bay from the east is a full glass curtain wall the pattern of openings on the middle stories. that is flush with the pilotis on the outermost edge At this story, two fixed glass sidelights frame the of the footprint. The three western-most bays of three-pane windows, creating a much wider open- the south elevation continue the same curtain wall ing. A proud aluminum divider separates these and pilotis, but the bottom of the wall is faced in panes. Attached to the exterior of the building is a aggregate concrete tilt-up panels. There are four metal screen that covers the windows and pre- panels per bay. The glass top of the curtain wall vents them from being opened completely. Above thus appears to be a more literal ribbon of win- this row of windows is a blank marble entablature 3 dows, stretching horizontally. and flat metal flashing. The roofline is flat and The west and north elevations continue the unadorned. visual language of the three western-most bays on 4 the south elevation. The ribbon windows and reg- STAIR TOWER ular pilotis remain, but the pilotis are embedded under a red brick facing instead of the aggregate The stair tower attached at the western corner concrete. of the north elevation incorporates different materials, openings, and style. On its northwest corner, SECOND THROUGH SIXTH STORIES it features the only curved wall on the building’s exterior. It has two entrances: one on the west The middle stories of the building are con- elevation under a metal awning and one on the sistent on each elevation. The material, which east elevation. Both require a key card for entry. dominates the building visually, is a muted, 5 The tower is sheathed in glazed terracotta tiles. seafoam, green-glazed brick. The brick is laid in The tiles are a darker, brighter seafoam green than common bond. There are evenly-distributed bays the brick of the main building. On both the west of windows on each elevation. On the east and and the north elevations, there is a narrow, verti- west elevations, six bays of windows stretch across 6 cal ribbon of semi-opaque glass blocks extending the middle third of the elevation on the second from the ground to the seventh story. 1. South elevation through sixth floors. The two thirds of the eleva- 2. West entrance to stair tower tion framing this central grouping of openings are FIRST FLOOR INTERIOR 3. Curtain wall, pilotis on south elevation blank. On the north and south elevations, the win- 4. West elevation dows stretch from edge to edge. Total, there are six The first floor includes a lobby and configura- 5. Detail on north elevation: red brick facing, ribbon windows, embedded bays, as divided by the ground-level pilotis, with tion of office space distinct from the stories above. pilotis, marble edge, and glazed brick four windows per bay. The windows are spaced Natural light illuminates the lobby through the 6. North elevation the same distance as on the east and west eleva- transparent glass of the enclosing curtain wall. 7 7. Open metal casement windows on north elevation

90 Planning Greene Street A Mid-Century History 91 Narrow, vertical strips of wood panel the interior Jessa Ross walls of the lobby. The floors feature large, rectangular terrazzo tiles arranged in alternating orien- 15 tation. It is the same arrangement and color as the exterior floor tiles, appearing to extend the marble apron seamlessly into the building. The restrooms, elevators, and staircase are located in the center of the plan, in order from west to east. The lobby Conclusion is the only public space on the floor. Although the 8 plan originally featured open office space, the current usage of the space is highly partitioned and closed off to the public.

INTERIOR SECOND THROUGH SEVENTH FLOORS The explosion of campus onto Greene Street became the Humanities wing of campus. Donald represented the first time that administrators Russell, governor at the time of Brunton’s tenure, The remaining floors repeat one basic floor dramatically reimagined the University’s built opposed the practice of speculative purchase of plan consisting of a rectangular, double-loaded environment in response to new challenges and property without intentional plans for use. He corridor looped around the center elevator bank anticipated growth. Although the specific build- and the Budget Control Board denied the motion and restrooms. On the exterior side on the corridor ings discussed in this report stood on land already from the Board of Trustees to begin buying private are individual offices, with generally one window owned by the University, their development homes in the area. In response, Brunton created a per room. The floors are carpeted. On the inte- 9 signaled the urgent need for the acquisition of new body called the Carolina Research and Develop- rior of the corridor, in the center of the plan, are property. If campus were to continue to expand, ment Foundation (CRDF) whose purpose was to larger conference and seminar rooms in addition the acquisition of new land was a certainty. Thus, enlist benefactors to purchase land speculatively to the restrooms and elevators. Male and female at the time of the construction of the Greene Street and sell it back to the University when it had the restrooms are located on each floor in the same campus, conversations were already happening re- funds.1 position as on the ground floor. garding the directions and methods of near future The 1960s and 70s presented new challenges expansion. for the University as it developed. Enrollment con- The minutes of the Board of Trustees from tinued to grow, and individual colleges expanded 1959-1964 indicate that the University was interest- to incorporate new disciplines. The construction of ed primarily in land to the south of Blossom Street the Greene Street campus equipped the adminis- 10 and to the east of Pickens Street. The suggested tration to explore ways of organizing and connect- means for acquiring this land differed depending ing spaces, which would be vital as the University on the respective neighborhoods occupying it at acquired more and more land. The approaches the time. East campus was acquired slowly and to planning other areas of campus, such as the piecemeal, rather than in large swaths like those Humanities corridor on the east, differed from the afforded by urban renewal to the south. South of planning of Greene Street, but they continued to Blossom, where mostly African-American, low-in- incorporate multiple axes of spaces relating back come families resided, urban renewal’s declara- to the center of campus. From the lessons learned tions of blight were the answer for expeditious on Greene Street, administrators recognized the property seizure. However, to the east, the admin- valuable impact of architecture and planning on 11 istration imagined a different solution to address the University’s campus. the white, middle-class property owners of the 8. Front lobby from entrance University Hill neighborhood. Dean of Adminis- 9. Elevator bank tration Harold “Hal” Brunton played an important 10. Front lobby, depicting front entrance role in the eventual acquisition of this land, which 1 Harold “Hal” Brunton Oral History Interview, March 3, 1987, William 11. Double-loaded corridor on sixth story Savage Oral History Collection, The South Caroliniana Library, The University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC.

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94 Planning Greene Street A Mid-Century History 95