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Vol 2 2010 Fixed.Pdf Foreword Copyright © 2007 Yahya Kamalipour Introduction Copyright © 2007 Tomasz Pludowski Chapter 1 Copyright © 2007 Brian McNair / Chapter 2 Copyright © 2007 Maria B. Marron Chapter 3 Copyright © 2007 Gwen Bouvier / Chapter 4 Copyright © 2007 Jacques Portes Chapter 5 Copyright © 2007 Anne Koenen & Brigitte Georgi-Findlay Chapter 6 Copyright © 2007 Maria Teresa Laporte Alfaro & Teresa Sadaba Chapter 7 Copyright © 2007 Rune Ottosen & Tine Ustad Figenshou Chapter 8 Copyright © 2007 Tomasz Pludowski Chapter 9 Copyright © 2007 Ksenija H. Vidmar & Denis Manceviè Chapter 10 Copyright © 2007 Dmitry Ruschin Chapter 11 Copyright © 2007 M. Zenaida Sarabia-Panol Chapter 12 Copyright © 2007 Mobo C. F. Gao, with Ming Liang Chapter 13 Copyright © 2007 Yoichi Shimatsu / Chapter 14 Copyright © 2007 Janet Fine Chapter 15 Copyright © 2007 Ralph D. Berenger Chapter 16 Copyright © 2007 Qustandi Shomali Chapter 17 Copyright © 2007 Birol Akgün & Orhan Gökçe Chapter 18 Copyright © 2007 Scott Poynting & Greg Noble Chapter 19 Copyright © 2007 Nicolene Botha & Arnold S. De Beer Chapter 20 Copyright © 2007 Kirsten Mogensen Chapter 21 Copyright © 2007 Ross Perigoe Chapter 22 Copyright © 2007 Sallie Hughes & Jesus Arroyave Afterword Copyright © 2007 Cees J. Hamelink All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, microfilming, recording, or otherwise, without permission of the publisher or authors. Printed in the United States of America Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data How the world's news media reacted to 9/11 : essays from around the globe / edited by Tomasz Pludowski. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN-13: 978-0-922993-66-6 (pbk. : alk. paper) ISBN-10: 0-922993-66-1 (pbk. : alk. paper) ISBN-13: 978-0-922993-73-4 (hardcover : alk. paper) ISBN-10: 0-922993-73-4 (hardcover : alk. paper) 1. September 11 Terrorist Attacks, 2001--Press coverage. 2. Terrorism--Press coverage. 3. Terrorism in mass media. I. Pludowski, Tomasz. HV6432.7.H69 2007 070.4'49973931--dc22 2007000100 Marquette Books LLC 3107 East 62nd Avenue Spokane, Washington 99223 509-443-7057 (voice) / 509-448-2191 (fax) [email protected] / www.MarquetteBooks.com SPECIAL ISSUE HOW THE WORLD’S NEWS MEDIA REACTED TO 9/11: ESSAYS FROM AROUND THE WORLD ABOUT THE AUTHORS 9 FOREWORD 17 Yahya Kamalipour INTRODUCTION AND ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 21 Tomasz Pludowski PART I — EUROPEAN MEDIA 1. UK MEDIA COVERAGE OF SEPTEMBER 11 29 Brian McNair 2. ELITE BRITISH AND IRISH NEWSPAPERS REFLECT IDEOLOGY 38 IN FRAMING THE 9/11 CATASTROPHE Maria B. Marron 3. “BREAKING NEWS”: THE FIRST HOURS OF BBC COVERAGE 51 OF 9/11 AS A MEDIA EVENT Gwen Bouvier 4. “WE CANNOT ALL BE AMERICANS”: FRENCH MEDIA 84 RECEPTION OF 9/11 Jacques Portes 5. REACTIONS TO 9/11 IN THE GERMAN MEDIA 93 Anne Koenen & Brigitte Georgi-Findlay 6. SEPTEMBER 11 IN THE SPANISH PRESS: WAR OR 104 TERRORISM FRAME? Maria Teresa La Porte Alfaro & Teresa Sadaba 7. SEPTEMBER 11 IN NORWEGIAN MEDIA: IMAGES OF THE 122 LOCAL THREAT Rune Ottosen & Tine Ustad Figenshou 8. SEPTEMBER 11 IN POLAND: AMERICA’S MOST 138 ENTHUSIASTIC ALLY IN EUROPE Tomasz Pludowski 9. GLOBAL NEWS, LOCAL VIEWS: SLOVENE MEDIA 145 REPORTING OF 9/11 Ksenija H. Vidmar & Denis Manceviè 10. SEPTEMBER 11 IN RUSSIAN MEDIA 164 Dmitry Ruschin PART II — ASIAN MEDIA 11. THE 9/11 TERRORIST ATTACKS ON AMERICA: 169 MEDIA FRAMES FROM THE FAR EAST M. Zenaida Sarabia-Panol 12. CHINESE PRINT MEDIA COVERAGE OF 9/11 SINCE 2001 186 Mobo C. F. Gao, with Ming Liang 13. OFF THE AXIS: MEDIA IN JAPAN AND CHINA 206 Yoichi Shimatsu 14. ALTERNATIVE VIEWPOINTS: THE INDIAN MEDIA 217 PERSPECTIVE ON THE 9/11 ATTACKS Janet Fine PART III — ARAB/MIDDLE EASTERN MEDIA 15. IMPACT OF 9/11 ON THE MIDDLE EAST: 227 PERSONAL REFLECTIONS Ralph D. Berenger 16. A SEMIOTIC ANALYSIS OF 9/11 IN THE PALESTINIAN PRESS 241 Qustandi Shomali 17. SEPTEMBER 11 IN THE TURKISH MEDIA 254 Birol Akgün & Orhan Gökçe PART IV — AUSTRALIAN & AFRICAN MEDIA 18. MUSLIMS AND ARABS IN AUSTRALIAN MEDIA SINCE 9/11 261 Scott Poynting & Greg Noble 19. BETWEEN SCYLLA AND CHARYBDIS: 9/11 IN 277 SOUTH AFRICAN MEDIA Nicolene Botha & Arnold S. De Beer PART V — NORTH & SOUTH AMERICAN MEDIA 20. HOW U.S. TV JOURNALISTS TALK ABOUT OBJECTIVITY 301 IN 9/11 COVERAGE Kirsten Mogensen 21. SEPTEMBER 11 IN CANADA: REPRESENTATION OF MUSLIMS 319 IN THE GAZETTE Ross Perigoe 22. SEPTEMBER 11 AND THE U.S. IMAGE IN 341 LATIN AMERICAN MEDIA Sallie Hughes & Jesus Arroyave AFTERWORD 363 Cees J. Hamelink NAME INDEX 367 SUBJECT INDEX 371 ABOUT THE AUTHORS Birol Akgün is an associate professor of political science at Selcuk University, Turkey. He earned a Ph.D. from Case Western Reserve University. Currently he is teaching courses on comparative politics, political sociology, political violance and terrorosism, American foreign policy, and human rights. His publications have focused on democratization, political behavior and terrorism. Jesus Arroyave is a doctoral candidate in the School of Communication at the University of Miami. He earned a master’s degree in communication and information studies at Rutgers, where he also was a Fulbright Scholar from Colombia. He also holds a master’s degree in education from Universidad Javeriana-Norte in Colombia. He currently is an assistant professor at the Universidad del Norte (Barranquilla, Colombia). His research interests include Latin American media and journalism, communication and development, and communication and health. Ralph D. Berenger is an assistant professor of journalism and mass communication at the American University in Cairo. He also is review editor and contributing editor to the Transnational Broadcasting Journal and guest editor of Journal of Computer Mediated Communication. He has published dozens of scholarly articles and edited Global Media Go to War (Marquette Books, 2004). He has lived and worked in the United states, Bolivia, St. Lucia, Kenya, and Egypt. Nicolene Botha is a Ph.D. candidate in the Department of Journalism, Stellenbosch University, South Africa. She has co-published internationally on media coverage of war, and her present research deals with the American invasion of Iraq. Gwen Bouvier earned her Ph.D. in broadcast journalism from the University of Wales, Aberystwyth. Her doctoral research involved “A Comparative Analysis of the Representation of 9/11 in BCC and VRT Television News.” She is currently a member of the editorial board of Media, War & Conflict and is editorial administrator of the online journal Journal of Media Sociology, Volume 2, Numbers 1-4 (1010) 9 Particip@tions. She has taught courses at Metropolitan University, London, and has presented guest lectures at the University of Wales and at RITS, College of Audiovisual Media, Brussels. She also published a paper in Journal for Crime, Conflict and Media Culture. Arnold S. De Beer is a professor extraordinary in the Department of Journalism, Stellenbosch University, South Africa. He is publisher and founding editor of Ecquid Novi, and an editorial board memer of inter alia Journalism Studies. His publications include Global Journalism (edited with John C. Merrilll, Pearson, 2004). De Beer is the research director of the Institute for Media Analysis in South Africa (iMasa). Tine Ustad Figenschou is a research fellow at the Department of Media and Communication, University of Oslo. She is currently working on her thesis on Al-Jazeera International. She is a co-editor of Babylon Magazine and has worked as a journalist for various Norwegian publications. She lived in New York during the fall of 2001 and covered the terror attacks as a freelancer for Norwegian daily newspaper Dagbladet. Mobo Gao works at the School of Asian Languages & Studies of the University of Tasmania. Gao has published widely on rural China and interpretation and reinterpretation of China’s Cultural Revolution. Gao Village: Modern Life in Rural China is one of his numerous publications. In recent years, Mobo Gao has concentrated his research on media studies, particularly Western media reporting of China since 1989. Brigitte Georgi-Findlay is professor of North American Studies at the University of Technology, Dresden. Her major areas of research include cultural history of the American West (Native Americans, women, urban West), travel writing, American photography, more recently also trans- Atlantic relations. She is the author of The Frontiers of Women’s Writing: Women’s Narratives and the Rhetoric of Westward Expansion (Tucson: University of Arizona Press, 1996). Orhan Gökçe is professor of political communication at Selcuk University, Turkey. He is teaching courses on political communication, media and public opinion, and research methods in social sciences. He earned his Ph.D. in communication at Germany’s Giessen University. In 2004, he published a book titled The Images of the Terror (in Turkish). His Web page can be found at http://www.iibf.selcuk.edu.tr/yayinlar.asp?bolumu=kamu&kim=15 10 Journal of Media Sociology, Volume 2, Numbers 1-4 (2010) Janet Fine is a journalist and author of five books. She has written extensively for Indian, Egyptian and international publications, specializing in writing on TV and film. After receiving her master’s degree from the Columbia School of Journalism, she worked as a journalist and editor and has set up her own publishing company in Indian, Classex Books. Some publications she corresponds for include Video Age Int., Variety Newspaper, TBS, Elan Magazine and The Economic Times. Cees J. Hamelink studied philosophy and psychology in Amsterdam and received his Ph.D. degree from the University of Amsterdam. He is professor emeritus of international communication (University of Amsterdam) and is currently professor of human rights and public health at the Vrije Universteit in Amsterdam. He is editor-in-chief of The International Communication Gazette and honorary president of the International Association for Media and Communication Research.
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