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Cucurbits (Cucurbitaceae; Cucumis Spp., Cucurbita Spp., Citrullus Spp.) Ales Lebeda Palacky University

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Cucurbits (Cucurbitaceae; Cucumis Spp., Cucurbita Spp., Citrullus Spp.) Ales Lebeda Palacky University NCRPIS Publications and Papers North Central Regional Plant Introduction Station 2007 Cucurbits (Cucurbitaceae; Cucumis spp., Cucurbita spp., Citrullus spp.) Ales Lebeda Palacky University M. P. Widrlechner Iowa State University, [email protected] J. Staub United States Department of Agriculture H. Ezura University of Tsukuba J. Zalapa United States Department of Agriculture SeFoe nelloxtw pa thige fors aaddndition addal aitutionhorsal works at: http://lib.dr.iastate.edu/ncrpis_pubs Part of the Agricultural Science Commons, Agriculture Commons, and the Plant Breeding and Genetics Commons The ompc lete bibliographic information for this item can be found at http://lib.dr.iastate.edu/ ncrpis_pubs/84. For information on how to cite this item, please visit http://lib.dr.iastate.edu/ howtocite.html. This Book Chapter is brought to you for free and open access by the North Central Regional Plant Introduction Station at Iowa State University Digital Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in NCRPIS Publications and Papers by an authorized administrator of Iowa State University Digital Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Authors Ales Lebeda, M. P. Widrlechner, J. Staub, H. Ezura, J. Zalapa, and E. Kristkova This book chapter is available at Iowa State University Digital Repository: http://lib.dr.iastate.edu/ncrpis_pubs/84 CHAPTER 8 Cucurbits (Cucurbitaceae; Cucumis spp., Cucurbita spp., Citrul/us spp.) Ales Lebeda, M. P. Widrlechner, J. Staub, H. Ezura, J. Zalapa, and E. Kristkova CONTENTS 8.1 Introduction ........................................................................................................................... 272 8.2 Germplasm Collection, Maintenance, Characterization, and Distribution .......................... 276 8.2.1 Gene Banks and Other Significant Germplasm Collections .................................... 276 8.2.2 Acquisition and Exploration ..................................................................................... 277 8.2.3 Collection Regeneration and Maintenance ............................................................... 278 8.2.4 Germplasm Characterization .................................................................................... 280 8.2.5 Germplasm Descriptors ............................................................................................ 285 8.2.6 Germplasm Distribution Analysis and Its Incorporation into Collection Management ............................................................................................ 286 8.3 Taxonomy........................................ .. .................................................................................... 287 8.3.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................... 287 8.3.2 Taxonomic Relationships at the Familial Level ...................................................... 288 8.3.3 General Characterization .......................................................................................... 289 8.3.4 Cucumis ............................................................................................................... ...... 289 8.3.5 Cucurbita ................................................................................................................... 293 8.3.6 Citrullus ..................................................................................................................... 297 8.3.7 Other Cultivated Genera ........................................................................................... 298 8.4 Gene Pools and Genetic Diversity............................................................................... ......... 299 8.4.1 General Characterization .......................................................................................... 299 8.4.2 Cucumis ..................................................................................................................... 299 8.4.2.1 Gene Pools of C. sativus and C. melo........................................................ 299 8.4.2.2 Genetic Diversity of C. sativus and C. melo.............................................. 300 8.4.3 Cucurbita .................................................................................................................. 305 8.4.3.1 Gene Pools of Cultivated Cucurbita Species ............................................ 305 8.4.3.2 Genetic Diversity of Cultivated Cucurbita Species .................................. 307 8.4.4 Citrullus .................................................................................................................... 308 8.5 Genetic Mapping and Genomics .......................................................................................... 309 271 272 GENETIC RESOURCES, CHROMOSOME ENGINEERING, AND CROP IMPROVEMENT 8.5.1 Introduction ........ .............................. ............ .... ... ...................................................... 309 8.5.2 Cucumis sativus .................. ...................................................................................... 309 8.5.2.1 Mapping ................................................................................................ .. .... 309 8.5.2.2 QTL Analysis........ .................................. ....... .. .... ....................................... 310 8.5.2.3 Application of Marker-Assisted Selection ............................ ... ........... ... .... 311 8.5.3 Cucumis me lo ...................... ............................................................... .. ..................... 312 8.5.3.1 Mapping of Disease and Pest Resistance .................................................. 313 8.5.3.2 Linkage Maps. ...................................................... ................... ......... .. ..... .... 313 8.5.3.3 QTL Analysis and Map Merging ............................................................... 314 8.6 Germplasm Enhancement. ................................................ ... ................................................. 315 8.6.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................... 315 8.6.2 Gene Pools: Evaluation and Utilization ................................................................... 315 8.6.2.1 Horticultural and Agronomic Characteristics ............................................ 316 8.6.2.2 Biochemical and Quality Traits. .... ................. .................... ... ..... .. .... .......... 317 8.6.2.3 Reaction to Biotic and Abiotic Stresses ................................................ .... 317 8.6.3 Cross-Compatible Breeding Strategies ..................................................................... 321 8.6.3.1 Interspecific Hybridization: Conventional Approaches ............................. 321 8.6.3.2 Developing Unique Genetic Stocks. ............... ....................... ..................... 323 8.6.3.3 Broadening Genetic Diversity .................................................................... 323 8.6.4 Cross-Incompatible Breeding Strategies .................................................................. 324 8.6.5 Biotechnological Approaches. ........................................ .. ..................................... .... 325 8.6.5.1 Haploid Technology... .... ....................... .... .. ................................................ 325 8.6.5.2 Polyploid Technology ................................................................................ 328 8.6.5.3 Embryo Rescue .......................................................................................... 329 8.6.5.4 Protoplast Culture and Somatic-Cell Fusion.............................................. 331 8.6.5.5 Somaclonal Variation ........................................................................... ...... 334 8.6.5.6 Genetic Transformation .............................................................................. 335 8.7 Conclusions ........................................................................................................................... 339 Acknowledgments ......................................................................................................................... 343 References. ..................................................................................................................................... 344 8.1 INTRODUCTION The Cucurbitaceae is a remarkable plant family, deserving of attention because of its economic, aesthetic, cultural, medicinal, and botanical significance. In the Old and New Worlds, cucurbits have been associated with human nutrition and culture for more than 12,000 years (Brothwell and Brothwell 1969; Lira-Saade 1995). Thus, the Cucurbitaceae, along with the Brassicaceae and Asteraceae, can be considered families of extraordinary importance to humans, and they follow cereals and legumes in their economic significance to human economy (Whitaker and Davis 1962; Nayar and More 1998). From a lay perspective, the fruits of cultivated cucurbits characterize the family. The remark­ able variation in size, shape, and color patterns are notable familial features. Equally impressive is the prodigious growth of the herbaceous, vining stems of some cucurbit species (Bates, Robinson, and Jeffrey 1990). The flesh of the fruits of many species is eaten as fruits or vegetables. Many cucurbits are important components of traditional medicines, and some may have modem pharma­ ceutical applications
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