Journal of Earth Science and Engineering 4 (2014) 597-604 doi: 10.17265/2159-581X/2014.10.002 D DAVID PUBLISHING

Analysis of Aquifer Characteristics and Groundwater Quality in Southwest Punjab, India

Rajinder Pal Singh Chopra1 and Gopal Krishan2, 3 1. Hydro-geological and Hydro-chemical Division, Punjab Water Resources and Environment Directorate, Chandigarh 160017, India 2. Hydrological Investigations Division, National Institute of Hydrology, Roorkee 247667, Uttarakhand, India 3. IGB-Groundwater Resilience Project, British Geological Survey, NERC, Nottingham NG12 5GG, UK

Received: August 10, 2014 / Accepted: September 20, 2014 / Published: October 25, 2014.

Abstract: A study was conducted in eight districts, viz., Faridkot, Moga, Ferozepur, Muktsar, Bathinda, Mansa, Barnala and Sangrur in south-western part of the Punjab, India to characterize aquifer strata by preparing a fence diagram depicting sub-surface strata and distribution of groundwater quality. The sub-surface lithology drilled upto a depth of 60 m reveal the presence of top most layer of impervious strata comprising of clay upto the depth of 2 m to 5 m which impedes the percolation of surface runoff into the soil leading to surface flooding and water logging even in areas having saturated zone beyond the depth of 5 m. Thick pervious strata of 45 m to 50 m thickness is encountered in central and south-sentral part of the study area comprising of Bathinda, Muktsar and Mansa districts which at certain places are separated by one or two thin layers of impervious or semi-pervious strata comprising of clay and sand occasionally associated with “kankar” of thickness ranging between 2 m to 5 m. The northern, western and eastern parts, however, exhibit three to four layered pervious zones ranging in thickness from 5 m to 25 m separated by thin layers of impervious and semi pervious strata. The groundwater quality in about 6% of the study area in eight districts is fit, 18% is marginal and 76% is unfit for irrigation purpose.

Key words: Groundwater, aquifer characteristics, quality, depth, southwest Punjab.

1. Introduction extraction of groundwater to cater the needs of ever increasing human and livestock population has Groundwater resources in semi-arid areas are highly resulted in decline of water table in more than 80% of susceptible to salinity problems as a result of the state and subsequently deterioration in the unplanned and non-scientific development of ground groundwater quality [2-12]. On the other hand, water resources which has led to an increasing stress substantial rise in groundwater cause waterlogging on the available resources in the form of long-term and salinity/alkalinity problems in south-western part decline of ground water levels, de-saturation of of the state where ground water extraction is limited aquifer zones, increased energy consumption for due to brackish/saline/alkaline quality [1, 2, 13]. lifting water from progressively deeper levels and Various authors have proved that the groundwater quality deterioration due to salinity. The canal quality is controlled by various factors such as soil command areas suffer from problems of water logging characteristics, climate, topography, interaction with and soil salinity due to the gradual rise in ground aquifer minerals, or internal mixing among different water levels [1]. groundwater along flow paths in the subsurface In Punjab, during the past 3-4 decades, excessive [14-18].

Corresponding author: Gopal Krishan, doctor, research In the present study, a fence diagram depicting fields: isotope hydrology, hydro-geochemistry, remote sensing sub-surface strata and distribution of groundwater and GIS. E-mail: [email protected]. 598 Analysis of Aquifer Characteristics and Groundwater Quality in Southwest Punjab, India quality in eight districts, viz., Faridkot, Moga, 3. Methodology Ferozepur, Muktsar, Bathinda, Mansa, Barnala and For preparing the fence diagram, lithological Sangrur in south-western part of the Punjab, India was samples were taken during the drilling of bores at preparing to characterize aquifer strata and every one meter depth and visually examined. distribution of groundwater quality. Samples of sand were subjected to mechanical 2. Study Area analysis for their grain size. Fence diagram was prepared depicting sub-surface lithological set up and State of Punjab has been classified into five ground water quality at respective depth. agro-climatic zones on the basis of homogeneity, The representative groundwater samples were rainfall pattern and distribution, temperature, soil collected from 17 m sites upto a depth of 60 m (Table 1) texture and cropping pattern (Fig. 1). Out of the five during development of each observation well and agro-climatic zones Barnala, Sangrur and a part of subjected to chemical analysis for its quality for Faridkot, Moga, Ferozepur district come under the irrigation use. EC (electrical conductivity) of each Central Plain zone which is characterized by semi-arid sample has been determined in the laboratory by (sub-moist) and less hot zone. Annual average conductivity meter through direct reading. Prior to temperature ranges from 23 C to 24 C and mean determining EC (in micro mhos/cm at 25 C), the annual rainfall varies from 600 mm to 900 mm. instrument was calibrated through standard solution. Bathinda, Mansa and a part of Faridkot, Ferozepur and RSC (residual sodium carbonate) was determined by Muktsar districts fall under Western Plain zone, which the following formula: is characterized by semi-arid (dry to sub-moist) zone. 2- - 2+ 2+ RSC = (CO3 + HCO3 )  (Ca + Mg ). Annual average temperature ranges from 24 C to 25 The above ions were determined volumetrically in C and mean annual rainfall varies from 400 mm to the laboratory using titration method. Ground water 600 mm. A part of Ferozepur and Muktsar districts quality was categorised as fit, marginal and unfit on also falls under Western zone, which is characterized the basis of criteria of EC and RSC values as by arid (dry) and hot zone. Average annual mentioned below [19]: temperature ranges from 25 C to 26 C and mean (1) EC values (µmhos/cm at 25 C): annual rainfall varies from 200 mm to 400 mm. (a) upto 2,000 fresh/fit; Depth to water level in the area ranges from 1.5 m (b) 2,000-4,000 marginal; to 31 m below ground level (mbgl). Water table is at (c) above 4,000 unfit. shallow depth at several areas of Muktsar, Ferozepur, (2) RSC values (meq/L): Bathinda and Mansa districts where it ranges from 1.5 (a) upto 2.5 fresh/fit; mbgl to 7.5 mbgl causing waterlogging at many places. (b) 2.5 to 5.0 marginal; The bores drilled in the area upto 60 m depth reveal (c) above 5.0 unfit. the presence of predominance of fine sand occasionally associated with “kankar” and comprise of 4. Results and Discussion two main aquifer zones each ranging in thickness from 4.1 Aquifer Characteristics 4 m to 25 m separated by clay layers of 3 m to 5 m thickness. Water table has been rising in the area The sub-surface lithology drilled upto a depth of 60 m comprising blocks of Muktsar, Lambi, Kot Bhai, reveal the presence of top most layer of impervious Khuiyan sarwar, Abohar and Fazilka creating water strata comprising of clay upto the depth of 2 m to 5 m logging at many places. which impedes the percolation of surface runoff into

Analysis of Aquifer Characteristics and Groundwater Quality in Southwest Punjab, India 599

Fig. 1 Agro-climatic zones of Punjab. the soil leading to surface flooding and water logging are separated by one or two thin layers of impervious even in areas having saturated zone beyond the depth or semi-pervious strata comprising of clay and sand of 5 m (Fig. 2). Thick pervious strata of 45 m to 50 m occasionally associated with “kankar” of thickness thickness is encountered in central and south-central ranging between 2 m to 5 m. The northern, western part of the study area comprising of Bathinda, and eastern parts, however, exhibit three to four Muktsar and Mansa districts which at certain places layered pervious zones ranging in thickness from 5 m

600 Analysis of Aquifer Characteristics and Groundwater Quality in Southwest Punjab, India

Table 1 Groundwater quality in south-western part of Punjab upto 60 m depth. Sample Water level Aquifer depth Depth tapped EC (µmhos/cm) RSC Site District Quality No. (mbgl) range (m) (m) at 25 C (meq/L) 1 Khokri Kalan Moga 26.5 49-58 51.0-54.0 985 3.16 Marginal 2 Daulatpur Niwan Moga 25.0 52-60 54.0-57.0 2,065 6.40 Unfit 3 Kauni Faridkot 4.8 43-60 53.5-56.5 1,489 5.44 Unfit 4 Jalalabad Ferozepur 14.8 56-60 51.6-54.6 1,765 6.08 Unfit 5 Asafwala Ferozepur 6.6 50-60 50.5-56.5 1,410 6.32 Unfit 6 Sherewala Ferozepur 9.9 27-52 45.6-49.6 9,200 −ve Unfit 7 Chak Tamkot Muktsar 1.5 47-60 50.5-54.5 22,100 −ve Unfit 8 Chotian Muktsar 6.9 27-55 50.5-53.5 4,010 −ve Unfit 9 Killianwali Muktsar 6.6 3-42 36.6-39.6 17,090 −ve Unfit 10 Mahima Bhagwana Bathinda 10.0 7-49 44.5-47.5 8,740 −ve Unfit 11 Kalyan Sukha Bathinda 17.7 2-60 53.5-56.5 1,565 2.28 Fit 12 Dulewal Bathinda 23.9 30-60 54.0-57.0 1,245 7.80 Unfit 13 Kot Baghtu Bathinda 5.5 27-60 53.5-56.5 6,350 −ve Unfit 14 Behniwala Mansa 7.6 47-55 49.0-52.0 13,430 −ve Unfit 15 Hariau Sangrur 13.2 24-52 47.5-50.5 3,370 3.52 Marginal 16 Rupaheri Sangrur 23.1 42-60 53.5-56.5 1,460 5.92 Unfit 17 Kurar Barnala 31 46-59 54.0-57.0 1,030 3.28 Marginal −ve: When electrical conductivity is very high then RSC comes negative. to 25 m separated by thin layers of impervious and Barnala districts while in the remaining 13 sites in the semi-pervious strata. districts of Faridkot, Ferozepur, Muktsar and Mansa, groundwater quality is unfit for irrigation purpose and 4.2 Water Quality in terms of percentage only 6% of the study area in The suitability of ground water for irrigation has eight districts is fit, 18% is marginal and 76% is unfit been assessed in terms of salinity and alkalinity for irrigation purpose. Aquifer data related to water content and accordingly classified as “fit”, “marginal” table, depth range, depth tapped and water quality at and “unfit”. The district wise results are summarised all the 17 sites in these districts are given in Table 1. in Table 1. The perusals of the results reveal that The only fit site in terms of groundwater quality at groundwater is almost entirely unfit in Muktsar and Kalyan Sukha in Nathana block of Bathinda district is Mansa districts due to high salinity. Salinity has tapping the aquifer zone from 53.5 m to 56.5 m and negligible effect while alkalinity is more pronounced has the pervious strata throughout from the depth of 2 m in groundwater in Moga, Barnala and Sangrur districts onwards up to the drilled depth of 60 m. rendering the groundwater marginally fit or unfit. For validating the results, in another study carried Groundwater is also mostly unfit in Bathinda and out by Krishan et al. [1], 22 random groundwater Faridkot districts when combined effect of salinity and samples were collected from selected tube wells/hand alkalinity is taken into consideration. In seven places pumps to represent different geological formations as alkalinity/sodicity (high electrical conductivity) is well as land use pattern and different depths of the very high and RSC is marked negative, hence the aquifer in the entire seven blocks of the Bathinda water is unfit. district using standard protocol. The samples were - - - Out of 17 sites in all the eight districts in study area, analysed for major anions F , Cl , NO3 and cations groundwater quality is fit at one site in Bathinda Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+, K+ using Dionex Ion Chromatograph district, marginal at three sites in Moga, Sangrur and ICS-5000 and stable isotope (18O) was measured using

Analysis of Aquifer Characteristics and Groundwater Quality in Southwest Punjab, India 601

Fig. 2 Fence diagram of south-western Punjab.

DI-IRMS at Nuclear Hydrology Laboratory, National irrigation leaving only five sampling locations (four in Institute of Hydrology, Rookree. doubtful and one in unfit categories) unsuitable for It was observed that the total hardness varied from irrigation. Adsorption of sodium on clay by its exchange 151 mg·L-1 to 1,468 mg·L-1 and the water belongs to with Mg2+ and Ca2+ takes place when sodium is high. the category of very hard water (Table 2). High sodium content in soils destroys the soil structure, 4.2.1 Percent Sodium soils become compact and the results in poor The Na (%) in groundwater indicated that three permeability and drainage of soil, leading to restricted samples were excellent, seven samples were good, air and water circulation in it [20-24]. The areas with seven samples belonged to permissible criterion high value (doubtful) of Na (%) in groundwater are leaving four samples of groundwater in doubtful Burjmahema, Jhumba, Ablu and Jalal. category (Table 3) and only sample taken from 4.2.2 SAR (sodium absorption ratio) Ramgarh in unsuitable category. Thus, water from 17 SAR is used to measure alkali/sodium hazard to groundwater samples (three in excellent; seven each in crops. The excessive sodium content relative to the good and permissible categories) can be used for calcium and magnesium reduces the soil permeability

602 Analysis of Aquifer Characteristics and Groundwater Quality in Southwest Punjab, India

Table 2 Water quality parameters. Ion concentration (ppm) Sampling location + + 2+ 2+ - - - 2- Na K Mg Ca F Cl NO3 SO4 Hardness Mehma Surja 22.80 8.80 24.40 62.50 0.00 86.00 3.10 27.10 257.0 Burjmahema 199.0 21.60 39.30 41.00 1.50 210.0 30.10 289.0 264.0 Balluana 178.0 75.80 241.0 152.0 2.60 300.0 217.0 359.0 1,371.0 Phul 124.0 20.20 57.00 41.90 1.10 134.0 17.00 106.0 339.0 Mehta 168.0 30.00 218.0 229.0 4.40 337.0 69.50 529.0 1,468.0 Phul-300 127.0 20.10 98.40 120.0 0.60 152.0 55.10 164.0 705.0 Bhairupa 88.50 15.90 45.20 52.0 0.90 87.50 11.20 161.0 316.0 Bhatinda 154.0 42.00 79.60 116.0 1.10 205.0 166.0 228.0 618.0 Rama 10.20 105.0 135.0 116.0 2.20 22.40 62.00 51.40 842.0 Rampura 123.0 27.50 77.20 70.90 1.80 149.0 0.00 123.0 495.0 Jhumba 142.0 16.40 21.30 25.30 3.60 37.30 16.90 153.0 151.0 Khemuana 85.30 19.40 90.40 77.40 1.80 51.00 12.00 146.0 565.0 Ablu 127.0 105.0 89.30 52.00 0.80 167.0 113.0 229.0 497.0 Bagha 129.0 34.20 97.10 107.0 0.60 176.0 32.00 321.0 665.0 Jalal 20.00 199.0 37.10 41.50 2.00 7.30 7.20 47.80 257.0 Banawala 61.00 52.40 60.80 68.00 0.80 66.40 17.40 85.70 420.0 Bhikianwalai 23.60 8.20 43.90 37.00 0.70 62.30 46.60 69.40 272.0 Burj gill 129.0 9.80 0.00 18.00 3.30 33.60 10.80 70.60 0.00 Ramgarh 509.0 61.30 62.50 58.60 2.10 502.0 79.90 784.0 403.0 Maur 146.0 17.60 0.00 33.60 3.80 29.60 21.20 124.0 0.00 Sheikhpura 74.80 23.90 77.30 101.0 1.70 59.20 2.70 119.0 571.0 Bhagi banda 4.70 9.90 33.80 87.40 0.80 22.90 5.40 45.10 358.0 Minimum 4.70 8.20 21.30 17.50 0.60 7.30 2.70 27.10 151.0 Maximum 509.0 199.0 241.0 229.0 4.40 502.0 217.0 784.0 1,468.0 Mean 120.0 42.00 81.40 77.60 1.80 132.0 47.40 192.0 542.0 Range 504.4 191.1 219.6 212.0 3.80 494.3 213.8 257.0 391.0 Standard deviation 104.1 45.3 58.3 49.1 1.1 122.7 56.5 180.0 349.0 Source: Krishan et al., 2013 [1].

Table 3 Classification of groundwater on sodium percentage Na (%) Water class No. of samples Samples (%) <20 Excellent 3 13.64 20-40 Good 7 31.82 40-60 Permissible 7 31.82 60-80 Doubtful 4 18.18 >80 Unsuitable 1 4.55 Source: Krishan et al., 2013 [1].

Table 4 Classification of groundwater based on SAR values SAR Water class No. of samples Samples (%) <10 Excellent 15 68.18 10-18 Good 4 18.18 18-26 Doubtful 3 13.64 >26 Unsuitable - - Source: Krishan et al., 2013 [1].

Analysis of Aquifer Characteristics and Groundwater Quality in Southwest Punjab, India 603

and thus inhibits the supply of water needed for the water should also be undertaken [26]. crops. It is an important parameter to determine the For validating the results obtained by EC and suitability of groundwater for irrigation. The excess residual sodium carbonate percentage with the total sodium or limited calcium and magnesium are hardness, percent sodium and SAR in a separate study evaluated by SAR [25]. carried out by Krishan et al. [1] in Bathinda district. SAR = Na+/√(Ca2++Mg2+)/2 Similarity in the results has been found and it has been The SAR values for the samples are shown in Table expected to get similar results from the water logged 4. The SAR value’s indicated that only three samples and saline areas of other districts of the south-west of groundwater taken from Burj Mahema, Jhumba and Punjab. Ramgarh belong to doubtful (SAR = 18-26 m) However, the results are based on the one time category. sampling, a pilot level study is required in this area similar to that done in Bist-Doab [27] area of Punjab. 5. Conclusions Acknowledgement The sub-surface lithology drilled upto a depth of 60 m reveal the presence of top most layer of impervious Authors thank Mr. Ram Paul Aeri and Mr. Pramod strata comprising of clay upto the depth of 2 m to 5 m Kumar, Punjab Water Resources Environment which impedes the percolation of surface runoff into Directorate, Chandigarh for their help. The funding the soil leading to surface flooding and water logging received from Purpose Driven Studies at PWRED, even in areas having saturated zone beyond the depth Chandigarh under HP-II is duly acknowledged. Dr. of 5 m. Thick pervious strata of 45 m to 50 m Gopal Krishan thanks Director, National Institute of thickness is encountered in central and south-central Hydrology, Roorkee, Dr. Alan MacDonald, Dr. Dan part of the study area comprising of Bathinda, Lapworth and Dr. Helen Bonsor (BGS, UK) for their Muktsar and Mansa districts which at certain places support and encouragement. are separated by one or two thin layers of impervious References or semi-pervious strata comprising of clay and sand occasionally associated with “kankar” of thickness [1] Krishan, G., Rao, M. S., Kumar, C. P., and Semwal, P. 2013. “Identifying Salinization Using Isotopes and ranging between 2 m to 5 m. The northern, western Ionchemistry in Semi-arid Region of Punjab, India.” and eastern parts, however, exhibit three to four Journal of Geology and Geosciences 2: 4. layered pervious zones ranging in thickness from 5 m [2] CGWB. 2007. Ground Information Booklet Bhatinda to 25 m separated by thin layers of impervious and District, Punjab. Chandigarh: Central Ground Water Board North Western Region. semi-pervious strata. [3] Chopra, R. P. S., and Krishan, G. 2014. “Assessment of The groundwater quality in about 6% of the study Groundwater Quality in Punjab.” Journal of Earth area in eight districts is fit, 18% is marginal and 76% Science and Climate Change 5 (10): 243. is unfit for irrigation purpose which is a serious [4] Krishan, G., Rao, M. S., Loyal, R. S., Lohani, A. K., Tuli, N. K., Takshi, K. S., Kumar, C. P., Semwal, P., and concern. Therefore, following management practices Sandeep, K. 2014. “Groundwater Level Analyses of are suggested: (1) An integrated and holistic approach Punjab, India: A Quantitative Approach.” Octa Journal of are required for conserving water and preventing soil Environmental Research 2 (3): 221-6. salinization and water logging; (2) implementation of [5] Krishan, G., Lohani, A., Rao, M. S., Takshi, K. S., Kumar, C. P., and Semwal, P. 2014. “Quantitative more efficient irrigation systems and practices should Analysis of Groundwater Monitoring Data in Malwa be undertaken; (3) For lowering of water table, Region of Punjab.” In Proc. of National Conference on conjunctive use of saline groundwater and surface Emerging Technology Trends in Agricultural

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