WOODS MILL, GLOSSOP
HERITAGE APPRAISAL
Kathryn Sather & Associates Heritage Conservation Consultants
August 2015
Land at Woods Mill: Heritage Appraisal
Contact Addresses
Heritage Conservation Consultants: Kathryn Sather & Associates Heritage Conservation Consultants 87 Oldfield Road Altrincham, Cheshire WA14 4BL Tel: 0161 941 1414 [email protected]
Planning Consultants: Chris Smith Plan A
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Land at Woods Mill: Heritage Appraisal
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Section 1 Introduction ...... 5 Section 2 Description of the Site and Structures ...... 6 2.1 Location ...... 6 2.2 The Site ...... 6 2.3 The Former Woods Mill ...... 6 2.3.1 Plan and Form ...... 6 2.3.2 Exterior ...... 7 2.3.3 Plan and Form ...... 10 2.3.4 Exterior ...... 10 Section 3 History ...... 12 3.1 History and Development of Glossop ...... 12 3.2 History of the Woods Mill Site ...... 15 3.2.1 The Development of the Proposal Site ...... 16 Section 4 Significance of the Buildings...... 21 4.1 Significance of the Woods Mill Site ...... 21 4.1.1 Historical: Illustrative Value ...... 21 4.1.2 Historical: Associative Value ...... 21 4.1.3 Evidential Value ...... 21 4.1.4 Communal: Social Value ...... 22 4.1.5 Aesthetic: Design Value ...... 22 4.1.6 Summary ...... 22 Section 5 Archaeological Potential of the Site ...... 23 Section 6 Description of the Howard Town Conservation Area ...... 24 Section 7 Assessment of the Special Interest of the Conservation Area ...... 26 7.1 Location and Setting ...... 26 7.2 Historic Development ...... 28 7.3 Architectural Quality and Built Form ...... 29 7.4 Open Spaces ...... 31 7.5 Positive Contributors (Key Buildings) ...... 32 7.6 Locally Important Buildings ...... 32 7.7 Contribution of Elements of the Proposed Development Site to the Special Interest of the Conservation Area ...... 32 Section 8 Proposed Demolition Works and the Effects of the Demolition on the Special Interest of the Conservation Area ...... 34 8.1 Description of Proposed Demolition Works ...... 34 8.2 National Guidance ...... 34 With regards to dealing with conservation areas, the English Heritage commentary on the National Planning Policy Framework states: ...... 34 8.3 Effect of the Demolition on the Location and Setting of the Conservation Area ...... 34 8.4 The Effect of the Demolition on the Historic Significance of the Conservation Area .. 35 8.5 The Effect of the Demolition on the Architectural Quality and Built Form of the Conservation Area ...... 35 8.6 The Effect of the Demolition on Positive Contributors and Key Buildings within the Conservation Area ...... 35 8.7 Heritage Impact Assessment Table ...... 36
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Land at Woods Mill: Heritage Appraisal
Section 9 Conclusions ...... 37 9.1 History, Development and Usage ...... 37 9.2 Significance of the Existing Buildings ...... 37 9.3 The Special Interest of the Conservation Area ...... 37 9.4 The Proposed Demolition Works ...... 38 9.5 Heritage Asset Considerations ...... 38 9.5.1 National Planning Policy Framework Guidance ...... 38 9.5.2 Demolition of Historic Structures ...... 38 9.5.3 The Effect of the Proposed Demolition on the Special Interest of the Conservation Area Overall ...... 39 Section 10 Sources ...... 40
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Land at Woods Mill: Heritage Appraisal
Section 1 Introduction
This Heritage Appraisal accompanies the Section 80 notice and planning application for the demolition of Woods Mill, Glossop, Derbyshire. The former mill is situated within the Howard Town Conservation Area. It is proposed that Woods Mill and the Ancillary Structures to Woods Mill be demolished. The buildings proposed for demolition are in a very poor condition, some have already been partly demolished previously. Woods Mill has been assessed as a dangerous building. The poor condition of the historic buildings diminishes the level of contribution that these structures make to the special interest of the Howard Town Conservation Area. This Heritage Statement should be read in conjunction with the Method Statement prepared by Network Demolition Services and the structural survey prepared by Rhodes & Partners.
This Heritage Appraisal has been prepared in accordance with the NPPF. It has been prepared by Kathryn Sather & Associates, Heritage Conservation Consultants. This Heritage Appraisal aims to provide sufficient information specific to the proposal site and its immediate surroundings. To this end the statement provides a summary of the history and development of the town, the history of the site and a description of the Woods Mill buildings. It assess the significance of the historic structures proposed for demolition, the special interest of the Howard Town Conservation Area and the contribution that the buildings proposed for demolition make to this special interest. The Appraisal also describes the proposed demolition works, sets out the desirability of the proposed demolition works and assesses the impact of the demolition upon the special interest of the Conservation Area.
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Land at Woods Mill: Heritage Appraisal
Section 2 Description of the Site and Structures
Existing Site Plan with Buildings Proposed for Demolition
2.1 Location
The site is located in the Howard Town Conservation Area, Glossop. Glossop is situated in the on the western flanks of the Pennines, within the north-west corner of Derbyshire. The town is located on the A57, the main road between Manchester and Sheffield. It is approximately 13 miles to the south east of Manchester. The Howard Town Conservation Area is situated in the southeast corner of the town, to the east of Victoria Street and the south of the A57 (High Street East). The site is bounded by High Street (A57) to the north, Glossop Brook to the south and east and to the west is the Howard Town Mill development. None of the structures on the site are listed, but all structures are within the Howard Town Conservation Area.
2.2 The Site
The site forms part of the Howard Town Mill complex. The site consists of the Woods Mill buildings to the east. The site is accessed from the north via Milltown or Mill Street. There is a coursed Millstone grit boundary wall running along the west side of Mill Street and along the northern boundary of the site, along the southern side of Mill Street. There is a similar boundary to the east boundary of the site, along the west side of Milltown. To the rear of the site, running along Glossop Brook the boundary is formed by the southern elevation of one of the Woods Mill ancillary buildings, and sections of Millstone grit walls.
2.3 The Former Woods Mill Woods Mill is a former Mill building referred to as the main spinning complex, dating to the early 1820s. It is comprised of three separate buildings, the main body of the mill structure, a later engine house and a modern corrugated iron single story extension to the west side of the main structure.
2.3.1 Plan and Form Woods Mill is comprised of three structures and is sub-rectangular in plan form. It rises to five storeys, and is of twenty bays in length and six in width. There is a single storey square building to the far west end of the structure. It is aligned on an east-west axis. There is a triple span pitched roof, obscured by a raised parapet.
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2.3.2 Exterior
Materials The structure is comprised of dressed sandstone blocks with sandstone sills to windows. There is a corrugated iron extension to the west side of the main structure.
North Elevation The north elevation rises to five storeys and is twenty bays in length. There are windows to all five storeys, they vary in style, some being four light mullion and transom windows, others are of six lights. Those to the top storey are smaller in scale. There is an arched opening to the northwest corner of the main structure with stone soldier course. This elevation is partially screened by mature planting.
North Elevation of Woods Mill
The West Elevation The west elevation rises to five storeys and is six bays wide. This is a blind elevation with evidence of four blocked up windows, one at upper ground floor level to the north side of the elevation and one at fifth, fourth and third floor level to the south side. Projecting corbels for guttering remain at fifth floor level. Little detail is visible due to the single storey corrugated iron extension. The extension extends from the western elevation and presents a gable end to the west. The entire structure is of corrugated iron, with former windows and entrances in the west elevation. There are also former doorways in the north and south elevations of the extension.
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The West Elevation of Woods Mill
South Elevation The south elevation has a three storey extension to the east end of the elevation, which connects building one to building two to the south. The southern elevation of the extension is of red brick and building two abuts this section of the elevation with a lean to roof. The four westernmost bays of building one comprise a later extension to the building. This formerly housed an engine, which was later removed and the space was remodelled to accommodate a lift shaft. There are windows from first to fifth floor levels. These vary in style, some are rectangular, some square with a mixture of four and six lights, although the majority have slightly sloped sandstone sills and flat sandstone lintels. Those to the ground floor are currently boarded over. The third bay from the west contains a large two storey window with fanlight and dressed rusticated quoins. There is a hoist at third floor level in the bay to the west of the two storey window. There are taking in doors at second and ground floor level.
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Land at Woods Mill: Heritage Appraisal
Southern Elevation of Woods Mill with Extension to the East
Southern Elevation of Woods Mill
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Land at Woods Mill: Heritage Appraisal
The East Elevation The eastern elevation is asymmetrical, rising to three floors in some areas and five in others. It is angled at the northern end, sloping towards the west. In the penultimate bay to the north end of the elevation are sets of taking in doors at second, third and fourth floor levels. To the south of the elevation there are two projecting towers, one formerly containing the toilet facilities, the other contained a stairway. There are windows to all three sections of the elevation, varying in size and style. There is a mixture of three, four and six light windows, all with sandstone sills and lintels.
The East Elevation of Woods Mill
The Woods Mill Ancillary Structures is comprised of a range of buildings that run parallel to the brook and the Mill building. These were formerly an office building to the east end of the range that connects to Woods Mill. To the west of this is a range of single storey shed buildings with lean to roof. To the far west is a two storey, five bay building which projects from the line of the range of sheds.
2.3.3 Plan and Form The Woods Mill Ancillary Structures is sub-rectangular in plan, with projecting bays to the east and west ends. It rises to three storeys at the east end, with a southern elevation of red brick.
2.3.4 Exterior
Materials The structure is comprised of dressed sandstone blocks with sandstone sills to windows; there is a section of red brick in English Garden Wall Bond to the south elevation.
North Elevation To the west end of the north elevation is the two storey structure. There are four windows to ground floor level with sandstone sills and lintels, all currently boarded over. There is a single timber doorway in the fourth bay from the west. The remnant of an arched opening exists in the east Kathryn Sather & Associates Page 10
Land at Woods Mill: Heritage Appraisal elevation of the building, blocked by a later phase of construction of the range of sheds. The range of former shed buildings to the east of this rises to one and a half storeys. These structures are built of roughly coursed sandstone with an east-west aligned pitched roof. The range of sheds appears to be of numerous phases of construction. The central section is without windows, but there is a blocked doorway to the west, next to the two storey building. The six bays to the east of the range have dressed stones to the base of the walls and again appear to be a different phase of construction. This may have replaced the southern wing of the former office building.
The North Elevation of the Ancillary Structures
South Elevation The south elevation of the three storey structure is blind, of red brick in English Garden Wall Bond. To the west, the single storey range and two storey structure form the southern boundary of the mill, running parallel to the brook. There are windows to the southern elevation, varying in size and style, but all with stone lintels and sills.
East Elevation In the east there is a timber door at ground floor level with chamfered sandstone surround. To the north of this there is a large doorway with metal roller shutter. There is a gangway for ducting that leads from the southern section of the elevation across the street to another mill building to the east.
West Elevation The west elevation of the structure is the gable end; it is of coursed sandstone and contains no windows or doorways. To the end of the range is a former office building that joins the single storey range in the south to the Mill building to the north, running on a north-south axis, with gable end to the south. It rises to three storeys and is three bays wide and two deep. In the western elevation there is a large carriage entrance to the north side of the elevation and windows at first, second and third floor level.
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Section 3 History
3.1 History and Development of Glossop
Prehistoric The area surrounding Glossop is rich in surface scatters of flint, which suggest human activity in the area dating to the Mesolithic period. Chert and flint microliths have been recovered to the north of Glossop around Smallden Clough (SMR 3623, 3624, 3625). At Cock Hill a Mesolithic scraper and two microliths were recovered (SMR 3666) and two leaf shaped arrowheads were found in 1962 (SMR 3620, 3621), as were Mesolithic and Neolithic flints from Glossop Low (SMR 3622). To the northwest of Glossop further flint finds including blades, microliths, scrapers and waste flakes were recovered. From Whiteley Nab to the south-west of Glossop Flint artefacts ranging in date from the Neolithic to the Bronze Age have been recovered, and to the east of the town on Lordship Hill in 1972 a curved flint knife of possible Bronze Age date was found with two waste flakes (SMR 3642). Further evidence of human occupation during the prehistoric period includes several prehistoric burials recovered in the area. In 1958, during the development of a bungalow to the eastern side of the town, an inverted collared urn was recovered containing the cremated remains of a female (SMR 3617). To the north of the town, at Mouselow, there is said to have been a barrow where a male skeleton and a possible beaker were discovered at some point before 1908 (SMR 6167). To the south-west, on Coombes Edge there is a badly disturbed gritstone cairn with a fragmentary retaining circle (SMR 3605).1
Roman There is no evidence of Roman settlement within the town of Glossop itself. However, there was occupation within the area during the Roman period; the town lies within a couple of miles to the southeast of the Roman fort of Ardotalia also known as Melandra (SMR 6102; SAM 8). This fort was situated on elevated ground at the confluence of the Glossop Brook and the River Etherow. The fort guarded the roads from Manchester, Brough and Buxton. The Fort was founded in the late 70s AD and was rebuilt in the early second century before being abandoned in 140AD. Not surprisingly, a number of Roman artefacts have been discovered in close proximity to the Fort. Closer to Glossop itself, around the Mouselow Castle and Padfield area, several Roman finds have been recovered. These include a small black glass bead found in the late 1970s by the junction of North Road and Cemetery Road (SMR 6165), a Roman terret was recovered at Bettenhill Farm (SMR 6166) and a spearhead (of possible Roma date) was unearthed in a ploughed field in the Mouselow Castle area (SMR 6164). At the easternmost edge of Glossop, near Shire Hill, a coin of Constantine II was found in 1958 during the laying of a lawn close to the Bronze Age burial noted above, but not associated with it (SMR 3618). In addition to the above material, some seventeen or more stone heads are entered on the SMR as having been recovered from the town and the surrounding area. Some, at least, are thought to be of Roman date, some are Celtic in style and yet others of probable medieval date. These finds may indicate that there was some form of cult centre or Romano-British shrine somewhere in the area.2 Historic maps of the
Anglo Saxon Period There are no sites or monuments recorded in the HER dating to the Anglo Saxon Period. The existence of the settlement at the time of the Domesday Survey indicates that there were settlements at both Glossop and Whitfield prior to the conquest. In the Domesday Survey, Glossop and Whitfield are two of the 12 manors listed under Longdendale:
“M. In Longdendale and ‘Thornsett’ Ligulf had 4 b. of land taxable; in Ludworth Brown 4 b. of land; in Charlesworth and Chisworth Swein 1 c. of land; Chunal Aelmer 4 b. of land; in Hadfield 4 b; in Padfield Leofing 1 c. of land; in Dinting Leofnoth 2 b. of land; in GLOSSOP Leofing 4 b. of land; in
1 Stroud, G. Derbyshire Extensive Urban Survey Report Archaeological Assessment (2001). 2 Stroud, G. Derbyshire Extensive Urban Survey Report Archaeological Assessment (2001). Kathryn Sather & Associates Page 12
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WHITFIELD 4 b. of land; in Hayfield Aelmer 4 b. of land; in Kinder Goric 2 b of land. Between them, 6 c. of land taxable and 12 manors. All Longdendale is waste; woodland, unpastured, fit for hunting. The whole 8 leagues long and 4 leagues wide. [Value] before 1066, 40s. (Domesday Book, Phillimore ed.)”3
The Medieval Period At the time of the Domesday Survey, Glossop formed part of Longdendale, which belonged to the crown. The settlement was originally one kilometre to the northeast of the present day town. Glossop was granted to William Peverel, by Henry I but it reverted to the crown in 1154. Three years later Henry II gave it to the Abbey of Basingwerk, in Flintshire. Longdendale formed part of the Peak Forest and as such was governed by Forest Law. New areas were being cleared and used for agricultural purposes by the 13th century, and a list of assarts (cleared areas) for 1253 included 30 acres in Glossop. The land was used for both pasture and arable and it has been suggested that traces of an open field system survive around some of the villages in the Glossop area. Whether Glossop itself ever had an open field system is not known. The abbot and convent of Basingwerk were granted a market charter for Glossop on May 9 1290, the market day to be Wednesday and the annual fair between June 10 and June 12. These dates were later changed and after a short time it is though that the fair was moved to Charlesworth. In a document that records the markets and fairs that were lawfully claimed (the Placita de Quo Warranto) Charlesworth is named as a market, but Glossop is not. Other than agricultural pursuits it is thought that the area of Glossopdale may have been occupied in the woollen industry, as this was one of the industries of the Cistercian order, to whom the area was granted. This may have been an instigating factor in the development of a domestic woollen industry in Glossopdale, which was present from at least the 15th century.
The Post-medieval Period (c. 1500-1780) The manor of Glossop was granted to Francis, Earl of Shrewsbury at the time of the dissolution of the monasteries. It was not until the early 17th century that it passed by marriage to the Howards, Earls of Arundel, later Dukes of Norfolk. Enclosure that converted land into sheep pasture was taking place in Glossop in the mid 16th century. The Hearth Tax Assessment of 1670 for Glossop village lists forty-nine households as eligible for tax. Most of these were within the village, although some entries may represent outlying farms. The information contained within the Hearth Tax Assessment can be used to paint a picture of the economic stature of those living in the village. An excerpt from the Extensive Urban Survey for the Glossop area provides the following data analysis:
Edwards (1982) suggested that the hearth tax data could be used to provide a very rough classification of economic status or social structure as follows: 1 hearth = husbandmen, poorer families and individuals 2-3 hearths = most craftsmen, tradesmen, yeomen 4-7 hearths = wealthier craftsmen, tradesmen, yeomen + merchants 8+ hearths = gentry and nobility. At Glossop, 29 of the 49 chargeable entries (59%) were taxed for a single hearth, twelve (24%) for 2 hearths, four (8%) for 3 hearths and four (8%) for 4-7 hearths (Edwards 1982). Single hearth buildings included Glossop mill and the vicarage. Overall the figures for Glossop appear reasonably well balanced, although there are no very large houses. Edwards (1982) looked at the proportion of Derbyshire households in the 4-7 hearth category and found not only considerable differences from settlement to settlement but also between hundreds. In High Peak hundred, the overall average was 4.5%. Glossop, therefore, can be seen to have a higher than average number of hearths in that category, although not too much can be inferred from this in terms of status, given that only four households are concerned.4
In 1729 Ralph Standish Howard began work on the original Glossop Hall, generally referred to as Royle Hall. Sadly, both he and his son died before they could occupy the house. Glossop Hall was used instead as an occasional shooting lodge and later as a residence by the Duke of Norfolk’s agents.
3 3 Stroud, G. Derbyshire Extensive Urban Survey Report Archaeological Assessment (2001). 4 4 Stroud, G. Derbyshire Extensive Urban Survey Report Archaeological Assessment (2001). Kathryn Sather & Associates Page 13
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It would seem that Glossop remained without a market or fair thought the 17th and 18th centuries. According to Lawrance, the nearest market by the 17th century was at Tideswell and Glossop is also not listed as having either a market or a fair in William Owen’s Book of Fairs of 1770. By the mid 17th century a school was in existence in Glossop, evidenced by an appeal for continued payment of a schoolmaster made to the Earl of Arundel in 1651. It is thought that it was housed at the church, as there is no evidence of a purpose built school within the village.
For much of this period it is likely that the main occupation of the inhabitants of Glossop and the surrounding area would have been based predominantly upon agriculture. Within the village itself, a number of related trades and crafts would have been carried out, providing a service for the more dispersed farms and hamlets, such as stone quarrying at Glossop Low Quarry (SMR 3638) which was carried out from the 1760s. The domestic woollen industry also expanded in the 17th century. Numerous people worked for ‘putters-out’ from Manchester. These were people who sent out the raw materials and gathered in the final product.
1800s-1900s During 1780 the beginnings of a water-powered textile industry began to develop around the numerous streams of Glossop. There was a fulling mill in the valley to the south of the village built at Bridge End, in 1780. Then Cross Cliffe mill was built further east near to Shelf Brook and Hurst Brook in 1782-3. Next was Shepley cotton mill, constructed on Glossop Brook in 1784. Closer to the village itself, Shepley Mill, Warth Mill, and Rolfe’s Mill were built in 1784-5. Thread Mill was built at the end of the 18th century. Pilkington writing in 1789 noted that:
The inhabitants of the parish of Glossop are supported by the manufacture of cotton and wool. In that part of it which borders upon Yorkshire, a considerable quantity of fine woollen cloth is manufactured. But in the southern and western side of the parish the principal employment is spinning and weaving cotton.
With the establishment of the cotton industry in Glossopdale, Glossop itself began to expand. Initially growth was around the old village, associated with the development of several mills in this area. By 1820 there were 26 Mills in and around Glossop. Not all of the Mills were financially successful and many changed hands frequently as unsuccessful ventures failed. From around 1815, however, several mills came into the hands of highly competent mill owners. Two families became particularly prominent within the trade, the Wood and Sumner families. John Wood acquired several of the mills near Old Glossop in 1815. He then acquired the Bridge End mill in 1819 which was the start of his Howard Town Mills complex. Francis Sumner developed the Wren Nest Mills complex, having inherited the first Wren Nest mill in 1829.5
Due to the establishment of more mills along Glossop Brook and the turnpiking of the Sheffield to Manchester Road, the focus of the settlement began to shift in the 1820s. This lead to increased settlement around the north-south and east-west turnpike roads. The Duke of Norfolk built a new Town Hall in this new town in 1838 at which time this became the administrative centre. Expansion in the area was rapid, new roads were laid out in the 1840s and Glossop was described in 1842 as being “of great manufacturing consequence”. Markets were established in the new town in 1845 and from 1848 onwards Glossop became a post town. In 1852 the new town was provided with a piped supply of drinking water from waterworks at Swineshaw.
In 1851 a member of the Howard family built Glossop Hall on the site of the earlier Royle Hall. Further investment in the town came from Mill owners, who financed public and religious buildings as well as provided housing for their workforces. During the cotton famine of the mid 19th century public works were funded, such as laying new roads and extending the waterworks, to create employment. This financial support and alternative employment helped to lessen the effects of the cotton famine of the 1860s, although the population of Glossop did decline during the 1860s as a result of the reduction in employment.
5 5 Stroud, G. Derbyshire Extensive Urban Survey Report Archaeological Assessment (2001). Kathryn Sather & Associates Page 14
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In 1866 Glossop was granted a charter of incorporation, the new borough being divided into three wards. In this the town was also described thus:
It is now a great centre of the cotton trade ... The town has an excellent market, a commodious Town-Hall and Market-House, a Temperance Hall, a Savings’ Bank, Gas and Water Works, Grammar School, Mechanics’ Institution and every other requisite public building for a large and rapidly increasing commercial community ...
The 20th Century Glossop’s growth slowed in the early 20th century and no substantial development took place until around 1920. A brief period of economic expansion in 1920 was followed by a general slump and as almost 80% of those working in Glossop were involved in the textile industry, the town was greatly affected. Unemployment rose and by 1931 55.6% were unemployed, this lead to 16% of the population moving away between 1929 and 1939.
There was a brief period of improvement during the Second World War, as people were required to move into the area to keep the Mills running, but decline followed both in terms of the textile industry and population. Glossop was identified as a potential commuter town in the 1960s, a location for housing the overspill from Manchester. Glossop is now largely a commuter town, with people commuting mainly to the west.6
3.2 History of the Woods Mill Site
The development of the Howard Town site relates to the expansion of the local textile industry. As previously noted, this had been a domestic industry in Glossop and the surrounding area from approximately the 15th century onwards. By the mid 18th century there were power-driven textile mills in the area and in 1781-2 the Bridge End fulling mill was erected at the western end of the Howard Town complex. By 1820 there were eleven mills along Hurst and Shelf Brooks.
The Howard Town Mill Complex was developed by John Wood (1785-1854), a Yorkshire man born in Marsden. He came to Glossop at the age of 30, in 1815. His first venture into the textile industry in this area was to rent Thread Mill and Lower Water Mill (later Waterloo Mill) on Shelf Brook in Old Glossop. Within two months he expanded his business and went on to rent Higher Water (or Barrack) Mill. In 1819 he took over the Bridge End fulling mill at what was to become the Howard Town site. It was bought at auction for £1,900. Robert Hamnett states “When Mr Wood bought the Howardtown Mill, which was the name given to it after the sale, he was working three mills at Old Glossop, and also the Charlesworth Mills. The mill was known officially as the Bridge End Mill.”
Whilst living at Old Glossop with his wife and two older children, Mrs Wood gave birth to three children, Daniel (1817), Samuel (1819) and Alice (1821). John Wood ensured that his sons were given an education with emphasis on the textile industry and cotton manufacturing. As each son became of an appropriate age they were given responsibility for running a specific department of the company.
With the expansion of his business Wood soon found it necessary to provide accommodation for his workforce. In 1824 he acquired land totalling over 11,000 square yards bounded by the Chapel-en- le-Frith turnpike road (Smithy Fold) to the west and his mill to the south. Further acquisition of land in 1835 and 1840 extended Wood’s occupation of the area where he built his new home, named Howardtown House. By the early 1840s the Wood’s empire employed over 1200 workers in mills ranging from Bridge End to Cross Cliffe. In 1846 he once again extended Howard Town to the east, acquiring most of the land up to Milltown Lane. His decision to bring gas to his mills required that he extend to the south across Glossop Brook. This appears to be have been the last lease that he undertook. John Wood retired in 1850, leaving the company in the hands of his sons. He passed away four years later.
6 6 Stroud, G. Derbyshire Extensive Urban Survey Report Archaeological Assessment (2001). Kathryn Sather & Associates Page 15
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The company continued to thrive under the management of his sons, and they became influential men in their own right. In 1875 John Wood and Brothers became a limited company expanding to a 2,000-strong workforce, 4,000 looms and 221,000 spindles. Towards the end of the 19th century, the deaths of both Daniel and Samuel (1888), a declining economy and lack of interest by younger generations of the family led to the gradual decline of the company. Eventually, in 1921, the Woods sold the company. The remaining member of the family left Glossop and moved to London, ending the influence of the Woods family in Glossop.
3.2.1 The Development of the Proposal Site
There are no entries in the HER to indicate that there was settlement on the site during the Prehistoric, Roman, or Anglo Saxon periods.
The earliest map of the site reviewed for this assessment is Burdett’s map of 1763-67. This does not show any structures on the Howard Town site. The closest structure detailed is to the north of Glossop Brook, at Bridge End, to the west side of the bridge.
The first Industrial structure on the site was the Bridge End fulling mill built in 1781-82. The lease for the Bridge End Mill was originally held by Robert Fielding and it is thought that he was probably responsible for the building of the mill. The site was described as covering an area of forty-two perches situated in ‘Bottoms’, built on land to the north of Glossop Brook and was bounded on the west and north-west by what was to become the north to south Chapel-en-le-Frith turnpike road with Smithy Fold to the north. A plan dating to 1781 show the proposed mill building as a three-storey, three-bay structure with a central entrance, powered by a waterwheel fed by a leat from the east. By 1800 the mill had been acquired by George Burgess, a woollen manufacturer. Research by Hamnett states that Burgess sold the mill to John Wood in 1819, after proving unsuccessful as a cotton manufacturer, implying that Burgess was the first to convert the site from wool to cotton; this is supported by further claims that the fulling mill at Bridge End was replaced by a cotton-spinning mill by 1811.7
In 1824 John Wood bought land bounded “on the east by the Far Meadow, on the west by the Chapel-en-le-Frith turnpike road which at that time came up Smithy Fold and Ellison Street, on the north by land and houses of Samuel Collier, nos. 16-26 High Street; on the south by a cotton mill, occupied by Mr Wood.” Between 1824 and 1840 Wood also leased areas of land in other parts of Howard Town, in order to build houses, factories and a new house for himself. The land leased by Wood in 1824 apparently contained a stone built smithy and a row of five stone built dwellings. While the dwellings may have been an addition by Wood, the smithy is thought to be older and could possibly have given its name to Smithy Fold. These were located in the northwest corner of the site. In approximately 1830, Wood constructed Long Mill (now demolished). This is shown on a sketch used as a decorative letter head dating to the 1830s. It is depicted as a five storey mill of thirty-five bays with an engine house and boiler house at its eastern end. It was located to the northwest side of the site. The expansion of the mill also included the construction of the Gatehouses at either side of the entrance to the site on Victoria Street.8
A map of the town dating to 1838 shows that Woods Mill was in situ, although it was considerably longer at this time, and extended to adjoin another mill building to the west. The mill building to the west was rectangular in plan form with boiler house and associated structures to the north. To the east side of the Mill the projecting towers and curved north end of the façade are visible. The Woods Mill Ancillary Structures were partially extant at this time; the block adjoining Woods Mill is visible on the map, a further section running parallel to the mill and a small individual structure to the west are also present. To the north of the site, along High Street, Mill Street and Milltown there are
7 UMAU. Howard Town Mill, Glossop. A Desk-Based Archaeological Assessment of the Site and Archaeological Appraisal of the Standing Buildings (June 2005). 8 UMAU. Howard Town Mill, Glossop. A Desk-Based Archaeological Assessment of the Site and Archaeological Appraisal of the Standing Buildings (June 2005). Kathryn Sather & Associates Page 16
Land at Woods Mill: Heritage Appraisal rows of terraced housing. The range of mill buildings to the east of Milltown are not visible, although there does appear to be a pond in the later location of the Millpond, to the north east corner of the site.9
The OS map of 1881 shows that the Ancillary Structures had been extended with the addition of a long rectangular structure. This extended as far as the bridge over the brook to the west. Woods Mill remains unchanged, but to the north east of the site, to the east of Milltown, the complex of mill buildings is now visible.
The site remained mainly unchanged throughout the turn of the 20th century. A few minor alterations included an extension to the north of the boiler house structure associated with structure 4 by 1897. By 1938 the terraced housing along Yorkshire Street to the north west of the site had been demolished and the mill buildings extended in their place. Yorkshire Street ceased to exist at this time. The site remained in the same configuration until the late 20th century. Between 1951 and 2014 the western section of Woods Mill was demolished, as were the associated structures to the north. The western section of structure two was also demolished. The terraced housing along south side of Mill Street was demolished and the Glossop Community Transport offices were erected. Just outside of the proposal site, along High Street, a leisure centre, garage and petrol station replace the mill buildings.10
Sequential Development of the Site
1838 OS Map
9 UMAU. Howard Town Mill, Glossop. A Desk-Based Archaeological Assessment of the Site and Archaeological Appraisal of the Standing Buildings (June 2005).
10 UMAU. Howard Town Mill, Glossop. A Desk-Based Archaeological Assessment of the Site and Archaeological Appraisal of the Standing Buildings (June 2005). Kathryn Sather & Associates Page 17
Land at Woods Mill: Heritage Appraisal
1857, Poor Law Map of Glossop
1881 OS Map of Glossop
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Land at Woods Mill: Heritage Appraisal
1898 OS Map of Glossop
1921 OS Map of Glossop
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Land at Woods Mill: Heritage Appraisal
1938 OS Map of Glossop
1951 OS Map of Glossop
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Land at Woods Mill: Heritage Appraisal
Section 4 Significance of the Buildings
This section contains a statement of significance which addresses the significance of the historic buildings proposed for demolition on the Woods Mill Site. The site is situated within the Conservation Area, and is identified in the most recent Conservation Area Appraisal as making a positive contribution to the character of the conservation area. This section has been compiled using the values outlined in English Heritage’s Conservation Principles, Polices and Guidance for the Sustainable Management of the Historic Environment. These values are evidential value, historic value, aesthetic value and communal value.
The buildings are not listed structures, but it is registered on the National Monuments Record (NMR SK 09 SW 25). Below is a copy of the NMR description, which covers an area larger than the proposal site:
An unusually large 19th-early 20th century integrated cotton mill occupying a large part of the town centre. Spinning mills at the east and west ends, with weaving sheds in the centre and at the east end of the site. The Howard Town Mills of John Wood and Brothers Limited was the largest textile mill site in north-west Derbyshire and at its peak was one of the largest integrated cotton mills in the country. The 9 ½ acre complex of steam-powered spinning mills and weaving sheds occupied a large proportion of Glossop town centre in a roughly rectangular site bordered by High Street to the north and Glossop Brook to the south. The establishment of this site, and of Wren Nest Mills to the west, largely determined the location of Glossop's new town centre (Howard Town), which was developed from the early 19th century.
4.1 Significance of the Woods Mill Site
4.1.1 Historical: Illustrative Value The site as a whole, in its setting surrounded by examples of terraced housing, is illustrative of how industry shaped the expansion of small mill towns in the 19th century.
The setting of the site is illustrative of the relationship between mill owner and worker, as much of the terraced housing was built by the mill owners.
4.1.2 Historical: Associative Value The mill is associated with an important local family, the Wood family. They remained in Glossop for three generations and had a large impact on the local community.
4.1.3 Evidential Value The site provides, inclusive of buildings and former millponds, provides evidence of the technological methods of textile production.
The site provides evidence of technological and economic changes in the textile production industry.
The site is a good example of early textile mill utilitarian design due to the size and scale of the buildings.
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Land at Woods Mill: Heritage Appraisal
4.1.4 Communal: Social Value Many local people have worked at the site in the past; it has had an important impact on the local community and so may hold a level of significance of the local community.
The site, as part of the wider Howard Town, symbolises the industry that lead to the re- location and expansion of the town. For this reason it may have a level of importance for those who live in the area.
4.1.5 Aesthetic: Design Value Despite the effect of large amounts of demolition, certain elements of utilitarian architectural details remain, such as the scale and massing of the remaining mill buildings and details such as dressed stone lintels and sills to window and door openings.
4.1.6 Summary
The significance of the buildings lies in their evidential and illustrative value. The site provides evidence of the technological methods and advancements of the textile industry, as well as illustrating the importance of that particular industry to the town of Glossop. The local community may feel a sense of communal pride, as many generations of local people have worked at the Woods Mills.
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Land at Woods Mill: Heritage Appraisal
Section 5 Archaeological Potential of the Site
The historic environment record does not indicate that there is a high level of archaeological potential for subsurface remains dating to the prehistoric, Roman, Anglo Saxon periods on the site. Despite this, the existence of below ground remains dating to these periods cannot be discounted. Some historic maps of the area indicate a small section of remains of a Roman Road to the south of Glossop Brook, which may have extended into the proposal area (1838 OS Map,1880 OS Map,1881 OS Map, 1898 OS Map,1921 OS Map, 1938 OS Map). This has not been substantiated by other sources such as the English Heritage Heritage Gateway search which consults the Derbyshire HER. As stated in the 2005 UMAU report the potential for the survival of any early remains in the area is low due to the later industrial uses and level of disturbance to the site.
As indicated on the historic maps of the site and recognised in the archaeological report by Oxford Archaeology North, the most likely archaeological resource will be the subsurface remains of formerly extant structures linked to the industrial activity on the site. Excavations to the western half of the Howard Town site and across comparable sites in Derbyshire have yielded well preserved remains of industrial activity at shallow depths. These remains have the potential to provide further information on industrial processes and complex development. The potential for archaeological remains will be discussed in detail in the Desk Based Assessment complete by the Centre for Applied Archaeology.
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Land at Woods Mill: Heritage Appraisal
Section 6 Description of the Howard Town Conservation Area
In general the character of the Howard Town Conservation Area is defined by its relationship to the cotton industry, which developed in from the late 18th century onwards. Today, the extant 19th century workers cottages, 19th century industrial mills and attractive public buildings are evidence of expansion of the town during a period when the local economy was dominated by the textile industry.
The centre of Glossop is more specifically characterised by a range of commercial and residential buildings focussed around the crossroads. Interspersed between these structures are two and three storey administrative and public buildings. Residential areas are located around the commercial core and at the edges of the High Street. The character of the streets and the mix of building styles have led the Borough Council to designate four separate conservation areas covering the town centre. These include the Norfolk Square, Howard Town Mill, Wren Nest Mill and St James Conservation Areas. The proposed development site investigated in this report forms part of the Howard Town Conservation Area, which was designated in 2003. There is one Conservation Area Appraisal which covers all four conservation areas. With reference to the architectural quality of all of the Conservation Areas in the centre of Glossop, the appraisal states that:
The Key characteristic of Glossop as a mill town is a network of densely developed streets with terraces of workers housing sitting alongside large industrial complexes with a thriving retail centre at its core... In what remains of the mill complexes their contribution is in the sheer scale of the architectural statement.11
The appraisal also states that the mill complexes are typical of the period and the locality, using locally sourced materials such as gritstone from nearby quarries. Due to the scale of the structures, their elevations display a strong rhythmical quality created by the pattern of window openings.
The Howard Town Conservation Area
11 High Peak Borough Council. Glossop Conservation Area Character Appraisal Supplementary Planning Document LDF 3 (March 2006) p13. Kathryn Sather & Associates Page 24
Land at Woods Mill: Heritage Appraisal
The Howard Town Conservation Area is comprised of the Howard Town Mill Complex to the south of the designated area with areas of terraced workers housing to the north. The Howard Town Mill complex in its entirety covers 9 ½ acres and structures on the site today range in date from the mid 19th – 21st century. Much of the original mill complex has been demolished. The surviving late 19th century five- storied spinning mill to the west of the Conservation Area is a prominent building in the townscape of the town centre. This area has been redeveloped for commercial purposes. At the far eastern end of the complex are the Woods Mill and former VC works sites. These cover approximately 5 acres. Today many of the buildings have been demolished, leaving only three of the larger Mill buildings and some smaller associated single storey buildings, some of which date to the late 20th century. Due to lack of use, the majority of these buildings are now in a state of disrepair. Only one of the former mill ponds survives.
To the north of the Mill Complex, is a section of the A57 (High Street), the main road through the town. To the south side of this there are a few commercial premises such as an automobile repair garage and petrol station. There is also a leisure centre. Also along High Street and Mill Street are examples of the former mill-workers cottages; these are two storey terrace cottages simple in character and style. They directly front onto the pavement. The architectural detailing focuses around decorative stonework to doorways, which range from simple dressed gritstone to elaborately carved door cornices and pilasters.12 An interesting feature on some residential properties (and commercial buildings) is a curved elevation at the turn of the street.
12 High Peak Borough Council. Glossop Conservation Area Character Appraisal Supplementary Planning Document LDF 3 (March 2006) p18. Kathryn Sather & Associates Page 25
Land at Woods Mill: Heritage Appraisal
Section 7 Assessment of the Special Interest of the Conservation Area
None of the buildings proposed for demolition within the application site are listed or of listable quality and are not designated heritage assets. It is the Howard Town Conservation Area which is the designated heritage asset, the buildings on the Woods Mill site are undesignated structures located within a designated heritage asset. Accordingly, it is the impact of the loss of these structures on the overall significance or special interest of the designated heritage asset (the Conservation Area) which is the key consideration in planning terms.
The English Heritage document, Understanding Place: Conservation Area Designation, Appraisal and Management, outlines the key elements that define special interest (significance) within a Conservation Area. These are as follows: Location and Setting Historic Development Architectural Quality and Built Form Open Spaces, Parks, Gardens and Trees Positive Contributors (sometimes referred to as key buildings) Locally Important Buildings
The following assessment establishes the special interest of the Howard Town Conservation Area using the above assessment criteria.
7.1 Location and Setting
The general character of the Howard Town Conservation Area is defined by three features; the remains of the former Mill complex and associated housing which occupy the majority of the area; the new commercial area to the west end of the mill complex and the countryside to the south. Although to look at a map of the area, the former mill complex appears to dominate the Conservation Area, the character of the complex has changed over time due to modern additions and, as stated in the Conservation Area Appraisal, much of the Woods Mill complex has been demolished. The addition of the new commercial area to the west has changed the overall character of the conservation area, from one that was once predominantly focussed on industry, to a mixed use area.
The location of the Howard Town Conservation Area, removed from the polite public architecture of Norfolk Square, clearly defines the area as one of industry. The setting of the Conservation Area is bounded to the south by the rising countryside and Glossop Brook. The Brook is an important landscape feature of the setting and it is described in the Interim Planning Statement of 2009 in the following terms,
Although the area alongside Glossop Brook has an industrial past, it has a strong sense of connection with the countryside through views of the rising countryside to the south, the presence of water and dense tree planting. Near the brook this area feels enclosed and tranquil. The brook marks the boundary between the urban core of the town and open countryside with little impact from adjacent suburban development.13
Important views within a conservation area should be considered when assessing location and setting. The Conservation Area Appraisal identifies that views are, ‘an intrinsic element of the
13 High Peak Borough Council. Woods Mill Interim Statement Planning Statement (January 2009).
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Land at Woods Mill: Heritage Appraisal sensory experience of the townscape in Glossop’.14 The grid iron street pattern is greatly affected by views of the open countryside which lessen the enclosed feeling usually created by such a uniform plan. With specific regards to important views within the Howard Town Conservation Area the Appraisal identifies the following two comments, ‘The south side of the valley provides a key backdrop to the Howard Town Mill complex at Cross Cliffe.15 ‘From the higher land the views to the north over the mill buildings to the countryside in the middle and far distance dwarfs their massive industrial scale.’16
Other attractive views not identified in the Appraisal include the view from High Street southwards along Mill Street, which gives a view of the countryside to the south and a sense of the rising topography of the town. These are identified as important characteristics of Glossop within the Appraisal. Another attractive view occurs along Milltown. The high structures to each side of the slender lane create the sense of walking in a valley or canyon. The historic mill architecture to each side of the road is not easily visible, due to the close proximity of the pedestrian to the structures. The effect of this view lies in the overwhelming scale of the structures and the resulting feeling of enclosure.
The View Along Milltown
14 High Peak Borough Council. Glossop Conservation Area Character Appraisal Supplementary Planning Document LDF 3 (March 2006) p27. 15 High Peak Borough Council. Glossop Conservation Area Character Appraisal Supplementary Planning Document LDF 3 (March 2006) p26. 16 High Peak Borough Council. Glossop Conservation Area Character Appraisal Supplementary Planning Document LDF 3 (March 2006) p26 Kathryn Sather & Associates Page 27
Land at Woods Mill: Heritage Appraisal
7.2 Historic Development
The early settlement of Glossop, referred to as Old Glossop was situated a mile to the east of the present day town. This was a small agricultural settlement, which developed as a medieval market town. Expansion in Glossopdale due to the establishment of the cotton industry was primarily around the old settlement. The Wood family, prominent mill owners in the area, acquired the Bridge End Mill on Glossop Brook in 1819. This was the start of the Howard Town Mill Complex. John Wood developed the complex with further industrial buildings and extended the site to the south and east. He also acquired land surrounding the site to build accommodation to house his workforce. On John Wood’s retirement in 1850 the business passed to his sons, who continued the success of the company. By 1875 it had become John Woods and Brothers, a Limited company, which was the largest textile mill site in northwest Derbyshire and at its peak was one of the largest integrated cotton mills in the country.
With regards to historic significance the special interest of a conservation area lies in the survival of historic elements which have determined the form of the conservation area today, as well as historic associations.17 The evolution of the cotton industry defines the character of the wider town and the Howard Town Conservation Area today. The special interest lies in the evidence of this relationship. The Conservation Area Appraisal which referring to Glossop generally, not just the Howard Town Conservation Area states:
The origin of Glossop as a centre for the cotton industry defines its character in the modern day. A range of 19th century workers cottages, 19th century industrial mills and publicly donated fine buildings are the surviving evidence of Glossop's development during a period where the textile industry dominated the local economy.18
The surviving mill workers housing and industrial buildings also represent the important historic associations of the Howard Town Complex with the Woods family, a prominent local family who increased industrial activity in the area which affected the evolution of the town.
The plan form of a Conservation Area is an element that should be assessed when considering remaining evidence of the evolution of the settlement. The plan form of Glossop is defined in the Conservation Area Appraisal as follows,
The grain of Glossop is expressed through its grid iron street pattern which characterises its origins as a Victorian urban settlement. Such a pattern typically introduces a level of uniformity throughout the area and a feeling of containment. However, in the case of Glossop, the sloping topography and the opportunity for views of the surrounding countryside reduce this impact.19
Specifically within the Howard Town Conservation Area the plan is a combination of an open industrial complex with sporadic buildings, a newly developed commercial area and small areas of terraced housing set along a grid iron pattern. There are also streets to the south of the Mill Complex that the conservation area appraisal identifies as more agricultural in nature reflecting the area’s past.
Around the Howard Town Mill complex at Lower Bank and Cross Cliffe the organic nature of the street layout is more reminiscent of the area’s early agricultural origins with narrow winding roads bound by high retaining walls.20
17 English Heritage. Understanding Place, Conservation Area Designation, Appraisal and Management (March, 2011) p11. 18 High Peak Borough Council. Glossop Conservation Area Character Appraisal Supplementary Planning Document LDF 3 (March 2006) p4. 19 High Peak Borough Council. Glossop Conservation Area Character Appraisal Supplementary Planning Document LDF 3 (March 2006) p19. 20 High Peak Borough Council. Glossop Conservation Area Character Appraisal Supplementary Planning Document LDF 3 (March 2006) p20. Kathryn Sather & Associates Page 28
Land at Woods Mill: Heritage Appraisal
Within the Howard Town Conservation Area the plan of the streets are illustrative of the evolution of the area and the relationship between mill owner and worker, as much of the terraced housing surrounding the proposal site was built by the mill owners to house workers. The historic plan form of the larger Mill Complex has been eroded both by the demolition of many of the structures and modern development to the west side of the site.
EH guidance recognises that archaeological remains often contribute to the sense of place evident in the present day area. Some historic maps indicate a small section of Roman Road may be present to the south of Glossop Brook, to the southwest of the proposal site. The HER does not indicate the potential for remains of early periods. There is a high level of archaeological potential within the conservation area for remains dating to the 19th century industrial activities of Woods Mill.
7.3 Architectural Quality and Built Form
Within the Howard Town Conservation Area there are two dominant historic architectural styles, the terraced workers housing and the industrial buildings associated with the Woods Mill Complex and former VC Works site. There are also examples of a variety of 20th century buildings interspersed amongst the historic structures as well as a new commercial complex that was created to the west side of the conservation area after 2006.
With regards to the architectural quality of residential housing in all of the Glossop Conservation Areas the Conservation Area Appraisal states:
The majority of residential buildings are of a vernacular style; their contribution to the character of the area is subtle in that it is found in the repetition of simple details or in the decorative elements of a small number of key buildings.21
The terraced workers housing that line sections of High Street and Mill Street are built of gritstone. They are two storey, simple in style and front directly onto the pavement. The only decorative elements to those along Mill Street and the south side of High Street are deep gritstone lintels, sills and door surrounds, some with very basic chamfer detailing. Those along the north side of High Street have a slightly higher level of decorative detail, with pilasters and pediments to some door surrounds. The subtle differences in detail may reflect the social standing of those who inhabited the dwellings, as was common in Victorian domestic architecture. Along High Street, a main thoroughfare through the Conservation Area, there are also examples of modern buildings, such as the leisure centre, Kwick Fit and a petrol station with forecourt.
With regards to the mill complexes in the wider area of Glossop (both Wrens Nest Mill and Woods Mill complexes) the Appraisal states that, ‘their contribution is in the sheer scale of the architectural statement.’22 The Conservation Area Appraisal then describes the Howard Town Mill Complex and Woods Mill. With regards to the Howard Town Mill Complex the Appraisal notes that at the time of assessment a third of the structures had been demolished, but even so they still formed the largest surviving component of Glossop’s industrial heritage and gave a distinctive character to the area. The description of the Woods Mill site in the Conservation Area Appraisal places emphasis on the loss the site has suffered, rather than the significance of the building. The Appraisal states:
Woods Mill is located at the far eastern end of the complex, farthest away from Glossop’s town centre. The site forms approximately 5 acres and consists of just three of the surviving mill components; the surviving half of a mid 19th century double mill 21 bays in length of 5 storey; the engine house with single storey buildings on the south side of courtyard and a multi storey and
21 High Peak Borough Council. Glossop Conservation Area Character Appraisal Supplementary Planning Document LDF 3 (March 2006) p13. 22 High Peak Borough Council. Glossop Conservation Area Character Appraisal Supplementary Planning Document LDF 3 (March 2006) p13. Kathryn Sather & Associates Page 29
Land at Woods Mill: Heritage Appraisal
single storey bleaching and dyeing buildings. Only a small part of the complex has recently been used and as a result the condition of the buildings has deteriorated. Only one of the two mill ponds survives.23
Since this time further industrial structures within the Conservation Area have been demolished. Around the boundary of the site there is a stone wall, which is an historic feature of the area. There are no remaining historic surfaces or examples of historic street furniture within the Howard Town Conservation Area or proposal site.
Surviving historic industrial buildings do contribute to the character of the area today, but encroachment of modern commercial development together with substantial demolition of important components of the former mill complex has substantially changed the overall character of the area. Currently there are not enough physical remains to define the areas as a distinctive mill complex.
The Terraced Houses to the South (Right) are The Terraced Housing and Modern Garage Along Included in the Conservation Area High Street
Terraced Workers Housing Along Mill Street Marks and Spencer in the New Commercial Area to the West Side of the Conservation Area
The new commercial area to the west side of the site occupies a substantial section of the overall Howard Town Complex. It has retained the listed west spinning mill, which has been converted for mixed residential and commercial use since 2006. To the east of the mill building is a new structure, rising to two storeys but on a grand scale to reflect the overall scale and massing of the mill building. This houses a variety of shops. Adjacent to the mill building is the new Marks and Spencer food
23 High Peak Borough Council. Glossop Conservation Area Character Appraisal Supplementary Planning Document LDF 3 (March 2006) p15. Kathryn Sather & Associates Page 30
Land at Woods Mill: Heritage Appraisal store. A small row of single storey shops in rather poor condition occupies the east end of the commercial centre, situated in the west elevation of Structure Four. Structure Five extends from the northwest corner of Structure Five. This is a modern two storey terrace of stone effect concrete blocks. There are retail units to the ground floor with offices above. There is no historic street furniture or surfaces remaining in this area. The central car park detracts from the character of the site as a former unified industrial complex.
Listed Mill Building Converted for Mixed Modern Structure to the East of the Listed Mill Commercial and Residential Use
Within the Conservation Area today the prevalent historic building type is the Victorian terraced workers housing. This building type lines High Street, part of Mill Street and the smaller roads extending from the north and south of the main thoroughfare. This building type is evidence of the historic development of the area and today it forms part of the views of the conservation area regularly experienced by the general public along the A57. The listed mill building to the west has an effect on the character of the area in terms of scale, and it forms part of views of the Conservation Area from High Street looking south. In terms of the Howard Town Complex overall, less than two thirds of the early industrial structures remain on the complex today, so although a significant building type, it cannot be considered prevalent. The loss of historic surfaces and boundary treatments to the site overall also detracts from the architectural quality of the Conservation Area.
7.4 Open Spaces
The Conservation Area Appraisal identifies formal (planned) and informal (open and unplanned) spaces within the Glossop Conservation Area as follows,
There are five significant spaces in the town; the formal Norfolk Square at its heart, the open area to the rear of the Municipal Buildings, Fauval Road Playing Fields, Harehills Park at the southern edge of the town centre and the informal natural space provided by the course of Glossop Brook, which runs east/west through the town.24
The only informal spaces identified in the Howard Town Conservation Area are the small areas of informal natural space along the course of Glossop Brook. One such space is to the south of Glossop Brook, to the south of the Howard Town commercial area. This is an informal open space, but not currently accessible to members of the general public. There is a further informal open space to the southeast of the development, to the north of the brook. This is currently inaccessible and heavily planted. The planting in these areas ads to the informal and rural element of the character of this section of the Conservation Area.
24 High Peak Borough Council. Glossop Conservation Area Character Appraisal Supplementary Planning Document LDF 3 (March 2006) p21. Kathryn Sather & Associates Page 31
Land at Woods Mill: Heritage Appraisal
7.5 Positive Contributors (Key Buildings)
When assessing structures that make a positive contribution to the significance of a Conservation Area English Heritage guidance offers the following advice,
Most of the buildings in a conservation area will help to shape its character. The extent to which their contribution is considered as positive depends not just on their street elevations, but also on their integrity as historic structures and the impact they have in three dimensions, perhaps in an interesting roofscape, or skyline. Back elevations can be important, as can side views from alleys and yards. It will be helpful to identify those key unlisted buildings that make an important contribution to the character of the conservation area, as well as those which clearly detract from it and could be replaced.25
The exterior of the structure and retention of architectural details is a material concern when assessing positive contribution, as is the historic integrity of the element. The buildings on the Woods Mill site are currently in a state of dilapidation. Half of Woods Mill has been demolished and what remains is decaying due to water ingress, vandalism and infestation. A recent structural survey stated that Woods Mill was a dangerous structure and assessed that demolition was the only way to safely remove the threat. Approximately half of the Ancillary Structures have also been demolished. A recent structural survey of the Ancillary Structures concluded that these buildings are in a partial state of collapse and should be demolished. English Heritage guidance provides a check list of criteria that should be used in the assessment of individual elements of a Conservation Area to determine the special interest of that element. English Heritage Guidance states that all of these criteria only apply to elements if their ‘historic form and values have not been eroded’.26 Loss and erosion have affected structures within the Conservation Area, in particular half of Woods Mill and half of the Ancillary Structures have been demolished, as stated in the Conservation Area Appraisal. The partial demolition of these structures has clearly eroded their historic form.
The Glossop Conservation Area Appraisal identifies key buildings, but does not contain a defined list of structures that make a positive contribution to the significance of the Conservation Area. The buildings on the Woods Mill site are not identified as key buildings in the Glossop Conservation Area Appraisal. Given that all of the buildings on the Woods Mill site have suffered considerable losses, the historic values and forms of these structures have been eroded. According to English Heritage guidance this precludes them from being considered as positive contributors.
7.6 Locally Important Buildings High Peak Borough Council does not have a Local List. The current Conservation Area Appraisal does not provide a list of proposed buildings to add into a local list, or provide local criteria for identifying important unlisted buildings.
7.7 Contribution of Elements of the Proposed Development Site to the Special Interest of the Conservation Area
Each component proposed for demolition has been assessed against the EH criteria for elements that define special interest within a Conservation Area. Each component has been assigned a level of contribution to the special interest of the conservation area. The levels used are:
25 English Heritage. Understanding Place, Conservation Area Designation, Appraisal and Management (March, 2011) p14. 26 English Heritage. Understanding Place, Conservation Area Designation, Appraisal and Management (March, 2011) p15. Kathryn Sather & Associates Page 32
Land at Woods Mill: Heritage Appraisal
High Level of Positive Contribution The element is relatively intact with a high level of integrity, has a high level of special interest, and makes an important contribution to the wider significance of the Conservation Area. Buildings or structures at this level are likely to be listed buildings or scheduled ancient monuments.
Medium Level of Positive Contribution The element may have been slightly altered but retains its integrity, may have less special interest, and its contribution to the wider significance of the area is less important than listed buildings or monuments.
Low Level of Positive Contribution The element may have been significantly altered, have a low level of integrity, the special interest may have been lost and it makes a low level of contribution to the wider significance of the area.
Neutral Level of Contribution The element has some potential to contribute to the character of the Conservation Area, or has a neutral impact on the character of the Conservation Area.
Negative Contribution The element has no significance, and makes a negative impact on the character of the Conservation Area.
Building/ Site Contribution Reasons Element Woods Mill Low Positive The scale and massing of the mill building and the use of local stone are architectural features of the Conservation Area.
The historic uses of the structure provide a low level of historic special interest in relation to the evolution of the site and the historic association with the Woods Family.
However half of the structure has been demolished, which erodes the historic form of the structure.
Extension to Negative This is a 20th century extension of corrugated iron, of a very Woods Mill low quality.
Ancillary Low Positive The use of local stone is an architectural feature of the Structures to Conservation Area. Woods Mill The historic uses of the structure provide a low level of historic special interest in relation to the evolution of the site and historic association with the Woods family.
Today the building is derelict and half of the structure has been demolished, which erodes the historic form of the structure.
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Land at Woods Mill: Heritage Appraisal
Section 8 Proposed Demolition Works and the Effects of the Demolition on the Special Interest of the Conservation Area
8.1 Description of Proposed Demolition Works
Woods Mill has suffered from repeated thefts and vandalism, with recent collapses of a roof truss leading to loose stonework at eaves level. A structural survey prepared by Rodes & Partners in February 2015 concluded that: To prevent this mill progressing from a building that is just locally dangerous to a building that is dangerous to the public beyond the boundaries of the site the recommended solution would be to demolish the entire building. This demolition should be carried out as soon as possible as otherwise the closure of Milltown Street is likely to be required in the next 12 months under the Dangerous Structures Act to prevent the public being affected by falling masonry.
In May 2015, the structural engineers stated: “I would advise that the temporary propping of external walls to this building for safety and remedial work to ensure long term stability would not be structurally feasible. I would therefore conclude that the only safe way to deal with this building is by controlled demolition with operatives at a safe distance.”
Network Demolition Services have prepared a Health, Safety and Environmental Plan, together with a Method Statement for the demolition of the structures. It is intended that useful stone from the demolished walls and buildings will be reused in future repairs to walls and for building new walls.
8.2 National Guidance With regards to dealing with conservation areas, the English Heritage commentary on the National Planning Policy Framework states: Loss of a building or other element that makes a positive contribution (such as a designed square) requires clear and convincing justification and may amount to substantial or less than substantial harm, depending on the degree of contribution to the significance of the conservation area overall.27
The below assessment establishes if the proposed demolition constitutes substantial or less than substantial harm to the significance of the Conservation Area. This is achieved by considering the effects of the proposals on the elements that constitute special interest within the Conservation Area.
8.3 Effect of the Demolition on the Location and Setting of the Conservation Area
The proposed demolition will not affect the setting of the Brook as the stone walls either side will remain. The mill buildings are significant when considering the development of the town and the architecture of all mill buildings is a key element of the character of the Glossop Conservation Areas. The industrial heritage of the area may have been the initial reason for the designation of the Howard Town Conservation Area. However, there are other features that contribute to the character of the area today, such as the view of the rising countryside, the area along Glossop Brook and the large modern commercial complex. The demolition of the historic Woods Mill structures is necessary due to the lack of structural integrity. This will cause less than substantial harm to the plan form of the site, as the historic plan form of the mill complex has long since been
27 English Heritage. English Heritage Commentary on the National Planning Policy Framework (27th March 2012) Kathryn Sather & Associates Page 34
Land at Woods Mill: Heritage Appraisal lost. The loss of the Woods Mill and the Ancillary Structures will not have a highly detrimental effect on the special interest of the conservation area overall.
The proposed demolition will cause less than substantial harm to the significant views within the Conservation Area. The view southwards along Mill Street, incorporating Glossop Brook and the countryside beyond, which are mentioned in the Conservation Area Appraisal as key characteristics of the Conservation Area, will be unaffected. The proposed demolition will affect the canyon like view along Milltown, with the removal of Woods Mill to the west. The negative effects of the proposed demolition on this view will be mitigated as the mill building to the east is retained, the high stone wall to the west will also be retained. The retained mill building to the east and other stone walls will retain the canyon like atmosphere currently experienced in this area.
8.4 The Effect of the Demolition on the Historic Significance of the Conservation Area
The historic special interest of the Howard Town Conservation Area is reflected both by the remaining mill buildings, the mill pond, the former workers accommodation, the road layout to the south of Glossop Brook and Glossop Brook. Due to large scale demolitions, the plan form of the mill complex has lost its special interest; and no longer reflects the historic uses of the site.
The extent to which Woods Mill and the Ancillary Structures reflect the historic significance of the conservation area has been diminished due to the alterations to the buildings and the loss of half of both structures. The loss of the historic form of these buildings diminishes the amount of evidence they provide about historic uses, technology and process flow. There are two other examples of large mill buildings in the Conservation Area. The removal of the remains of one large mill building will not remove all traces of industrial architecture from the Conservation Area and so will cause less than substantial harm to the historic special interest of the Conservation Area overall. Other elements of the special interest of the conservation area, the workers housing, the remaining millpond and Glossop Brook, will not be affected.
8.5 The Effect of the Demolition on the Architectural Quality and Built Form of the Conservation Area
The proposed demolition will not affect the prevalent historic building type, the terraced workers housing. The current quality of structures on the Woods Mill site is very poor and dangerous, and all elevations have suffered loss of architectural details that contribute to architectural quality. The remains of Woods Mill and the Ancillary Structures are not the only examples of historic industrial architecture in the Conservation Area or the wider area of Glossop. There are currently three large mill buildings remaining in the Conservation Area, the listed Howard Town Mill, Woods Mill and the Mill building to the east on a the former VC Works site. The mill building on the VC Works site will be retained and restored in a separate development, retaining two of the three examples of this form of historic architecture in the Conservation Area. As such, the removal of one dilapidated and dangerous example of this building type will cause less then substantial harm to the overall architectural quality of the Conservation Area.
8.6 The Effect of the Demolition on Positive Contributors and Key Buildings within the Conservation Area
There is no defined list of buildings which make a positive contribution to the Howard Town Conservation Area. The proposed demolition of Woods Mill and the Ancillary Structures to Woods Mill do not remove all of the remaining historic structures of the entire historic Woods Mill site as the mill on the VC Works site across Milltown will remain. According to the English Heritage criteria, Woods Mill and the Ancillary Structures to Woods Mill would not qualify as positive contributors. The substantial loss suffered by these buildings has eroded their historic form and values, rendering the EH criteria inapplicable. Kathryn Sather & Associates Page 35
Land at Woods Mill: Heritage Appraisal
8.7 Heritage Impact Assessment Table The following table sets out the proposed works, identifying the potential impact on the character of the Conservation Area and proposed mitigation.
PROPOSED WORK CONDITION OF FABRIC CONTRIBUTION OF THE POTENTIAL IMPACT OF WORK & AFFECTED EFFECTED ELEMENT TO THE PROPOSED MITIGATION SPECIAL INTEREST OF THE CONSERVATION AREA Demolition of Woods Mill and Very Poor and Dangerous: Low Positive: Low Negative Impact: the Ancillary Structures to These structures have partial The historic uses of the structure Woods Mill collapses of roof structures, provide a level of historic special These buildings have been previously serious deterioration of elements interest in relation to the evolution well documented in an Archaeological and cracks in the walls. Neither of the site. Building Assessment prepared by Oxford structure is capable of beneficial The structures provide a level of Archaeology North. Any further re-use. historic special interest with programme of building recording regards to the historic association undertaken prior to the demolition of with the Woods family. these structures may need to be a The structures are in very poor photographic survey taken from the condition and have suffered from exterior only due to the dangerous substantial alterations which have condition of these structures. eroded the historic form. The modern extensions are of a very low quality. Demolition of 20th century Poor to Fair Negative and Neutral Positive Impact: Extension to Woods Mill This building has a negative impact on the character of the conservation area. All sandstone from Mostly good Medium Positive: Positive Impact: demolished buildings capable The majority of the buildings were Re-use of the historic building materials of re-use will be salvaged, constructed from sandstone and in future repairs to the stone boundary stored and protected. slate. walls and in new stone walls provides a link with the demolished former mill buildings.
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Land at Woods Mill: Heritage Appraisal
Section 9 Conclusions
9.1 History, Development and Usage
The development of the Howard Town site relates to the expansion of the local textile industry. The first structure to be erected on the site was the Bridge End fulling mill, erected at the western end of the Howard Town complex in 1781-2. The Howard Town Mill Complex was developed by John Wood (1785-1854). In 1819 he took over the Bridge End fulling mill, his business expanded and by 1824 he acquired land totalling over 11,000 square yards bounded by the Chapel-en-le-Frith turnpike road (Smithy Fold) to the west and his mill to the south. By the early 1840s the Wood’s empire employed over 1200 workers in mills ranging from Bridge End to Cross Cliffe. In 1846 Wood once again extended Howard Town to the east, acquiring most of the land up to Milltown Lane. His decision to bring gas to his mills required that he extend to the south across Glossop Brook. This appears to have been the last lease undertaken by the company. The company continued to thrive and in 1875 John Wood and Brothers became a limited company expanding to a 2,000-strong workforce, 4,000 looms and 221,000 spindles. Towards the end of the 19th century, the deaths of members of the Woods family, a declining economy and lack of interest by younger generations of the family led to the gradual decline of the company. Eventually, in 1921, the Woods sold the company and the last remaining members of the family moved away. The site remained in the same configuration until the late 20th century. Between 1951 and 2014 the western section of the former mill building was demolished, as were the associated structures to the north. The western section of the buildings to the south was also demolished. The terraced housing along the south side of Mill Street was demolished and the Glossop Community Transport offices were erected. The boiler house and associated buildings to the northwest of the site were demolished and today a modern industrial unit is located in this position. Along High Street, a leisure centre, garage and petrol station replaced the mill buildings.
9.2 Significance of the Existing Buildings
None of the buildings are listed structures, but the site is registered on the National Monuments Record (NMR SK 09 SW 25). The site is located within the Howard Town Conservation Area. Essentially Glossop is a mill town, and the mill complexes are a significant component of the historic landscape. The specific significance of the Wood’s Mill buildings lies in their evidential and illustrative value. The older structures provide evidence of the technological methods and advancements of the Textile industry, as well as illustrating the importance of that particular industry to the town of Glossop. The local community may feel a sense of communal pride, as many generations of local people have worked at the Mills. The limited palette of local building materials enhances the character of the Conservation Area.
9.3 The Special Interest of the Conservation Area
High Peak Borough Council have produced a Conservation Area Appraisal that covers the four Town Centre Conservation Areas that constitute the Glossop Conservation Area. This document identifies the special interest of the Howard Town Conservation Area. The special interest of the Conservation Area was assessed using the Character Appraisal and the criteria for elements that define special interest in conservation areas, as outlined in English Heritage Guidance. Below is a summary of the special interest of the Howard Town Conservation Area:
The location and setting of the Conservation Area, in close proximity to Glossop Brook, is evidence of the important relationship between water power and industrial process. The location of the Conservation Area, separate from the polite architecture of the Norfolk Square, defines the area as a formerly industrial area.
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Land at Woods Mill: Heritage Appraisal
Glossop Brook is an important landscape feature that provides a strong sense of connection to the countryside. Attractive views in the Conservation Area enhance both the industrial nature of the area’s past as well as the connection to the countryside to the south. Views looking southwards along Mill Street incorporate the former workers housing, areas of stone boundary wall and views of the countryside beyond, enhancing the relationship between the town and the countryside to the south. Views southwards along Milltown include the stone walls from the former industrial sites that document the former industrial nature of the site. The surviving mill workers housing and industrial buildings represent elements that historically defined the form of Glossop and the Howard Town Conservation Area. The mill workers housing and industrial buildings represent an association with the Woods family, a prominent local family. Streets to the south of Glossop Brook reflect the area’s agricultural past. There is a high level of potential for archaeological remains dating to the 19th century industrial activity in the Howard Town Conservation Area. There are two dominant historic architectural styles remaining in the Howard Town Conservation Area, the terraced workers housing and the former industrial buildings. The open spaces along Glossop Brook are indentified as significant open spaces in the Conservation Area Appraisal.
9.4 The Proposed Demolition Works The proposed demolition works involve the demolition of Woods Mill and the Ancillary Structures to Woods Mill. These former mill buildings make a low positive contribution to the character of the Conservation Area and the 20th century extension to Woods Mill makes a negative contribution. The former mill buildings have been significantly altered, are derelict, in very poor condition and are not capable of beneficial re-use.
9.5 Heritage Asset Considerations
9.5.1 National Planning Policy Framework Guidance The National Planning Policy Framework states that in determining applications, Local Planning Authorities should take account of: the desirability of sustaining and enhancing the significance of heritage assets and putting them to viable uses consistent with their conservation; the positive contribution that conservation of heritage assets can make to sustainable communities including their economic vitality; and the desirability of new development making a positive contribution to local character and distinctiveness.28
9.5.2 Demolition of Historic Structures
None of the buildings within the application site are listed or of listable quality and are not designated heritage assets. All of the structures within the proposal site are located within a Conservation Area. It needs to be stressed that it is the Conservation Area which is a designated heritage asset, not Woods Mill. Woods Mill is an undesignated structure located within a designated heritage asset.
The English Heritage commentary on NPPF (27th March 2012) states; “Loss of a building or other element that makes a positive contribution (such as a designed square) requires clear and
28 Department for Communities and Local Government, National Planning Policy Framework (London: Department for Communities and Local Government, 2012) 31. Kathryn Sather & Associates Page 38
Land at Woods Mill: Heritage Appraisal convincing justification and may amount to substantial or less than substantial harm, depending on the degree of contribution to the significance of the conservation area overall”.
When assessing the special interest of a conservation area (its overall significance) there are several elements that need to be taken into account, including an assessment of the condition of the area. With regards to condition, English Heritage guidance states that the loss of traditional architectural features and fenestration erodes special character.29 Woods Mill and the Ancillary Structures are identified as making a Low Positive contribution to the character of the Conservation Area, with the extension to Woods Mill identified as a Negative feature. This is due to the fact that the historic form and architectural features of Woods Mill and the Ancillary Structures have been severely eroded, half of the structures have been demolished, and both structures have areas of collapse, loss of original features including fenestration and doors. These losses significantly erode the degree of contribution the structures make to the special interest of the Conservation Area overall. Therefore, English Heritage Guidance and the assessment of the buildings in the Conservation Area Appraisal both confirm that Woods Mill and the Ancillary Structures make a low degree of contribution to the significance of the Conservation Area overall. Due to the low degree of contribution the structures make to the significance of the Conservation Area overall and their relationship to other mill structures in the vicinity, the loss of the 5-storey former mill building will not result in ‘substantial harm’ to the Conservation Area, but will cause less than substantial harm.
9.5.3 The Effect of the Proposed Demolition on the Special Interest of the Conservation Area Overall
The historic special interest of the Howard Town Conservation Area is reflected by the remaining mill buildings, the mill pond, the former workers accommodation, the road layout to the south of Glossop Brook and Glossop Brook. The proposed demolition will cause less than substantial harm to the historic special interest of the area. The workers housing will not be affected, neither will the remaining millpond or Glossop Brook. Woods Mill and the Ancillary Structures do not make a highly significant contribution to the historic special interest of the Conservation Area and so their removal will constitute less than substantial harm.
The proposed development will cause less than substantial harm to the location and setting of the conservation area. The setting of the Brook will be unharmed by the proposed demolition. The historic plan form of the mill site no longer remains.
The proposed demolition will cause less than substantial harm to the architectural quality and built form of the Howard Town Conservation Area. The proposals do not affect the prevalent historic building type, the terraced workers housing. The current quality of structures on the Woods Mill site is very poor; all elevations have suffered loss of windows and architectural details that contribute to architectural quality. The Conservation Area currently accommodates three mill buildings, only one of which is listed (Howard Town Mill). The two remaining mill buildings form part of the former Woods Mill and VC Works sites. Whilst the mill building located to the west of Milltown is proposed for demolition, the building to the east of Milltown (referred to as VC Works) is the subject of a current planning application that seeks consent to convert the building to residential use. Accordingly, two mill buildings will remain in the Conservation Area and, therefore, the (partial) loss of Woods Mill will not remove the historic focus of the Conservation Area or cause substantial harm to the architectural quality of the Conservation Area overall.
29 English Heritage. Understanding Place, Conservation Area Designation, Appraisal and Management (March, 2011) 15. Kathryn Sather & Associates Page 39
Land at Woods Mill: Heritage Appraisal
Section 10 Sources
Published Works Department for Communities and Local Government. National Planning Policy Framework. London: Department for Communities and Local Government, 2012. English Heritage. Conservation Principles: Policies and Guidance For The Sustainable Management of the Historic Environment. London: English Heritage, 2008. English Heritage. Understanding Place, Conservation Area Designation, Appraisal and Management. London: English Heritage, 2011. High Peak Borough Council. Glossop Conservation Area Character Appraisal Supplementary Planning Document LDF 3. March 2006. High Peak Borough Council. Woods Mill Interim Statement Planning Statement. January 2009. High Peak Borough Council. Glossop Design and Place Making Strategy. Design Brief for the Woods Mill Area. June 2011. Oxford Archaeology North. Milltown, Glossop Derbyshire. Archaeological Building Assessment. March 2007. Stroud, G. Derbyshire Extensive Urban Survey Archaeological Assessment Report; Glossop. 2001 University of Manchester Archaeology Unit. Howard Town Mill, Glossop. A Desk-Based Archaeological Assessment of the Site and Archaeological Appraisal of the Standing Buildings. June 2005.
Maps and Plans 1838 Ordnance Survey Map of Glossop Town Centre. 1:63,360 1857, Poor Law Map of Glossop (II.12) 1881 Ordnance Survey Map of Glossop. 1: 2,500 (II.12) 1898 Ordnance Survey Map of Glossop. Second Edition. 1:2,500 (II.12) 1921 Ordnance Survey Map of Glossop. Third Edition. 1:2,500 (II.12) 1938 Ordnance Survey Map of Glossop. 1: 10, 560 (Sheet II.SE) 1951 Ordnance Survey Map of Glossop. 1: 10, 560 (Sheet SK09SW)
Archives, Libraries and Databases Consulted
Glossop Local Studies Library Archaeology Data Service Derbyshire Archive Service National Heritage List for England National Monument Record Excavation Index
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