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Open Newsmall FULL DISS BUCKLEY ! The Pennsylvania State University The Graduate School College of Arts and Architecture CRAFTING THE IMAGE OF THE HUMAN BODY: THE DEVELOPMENT OF INTERACTIVE ANATOMICAL MODELS IN EARLY MODERN EUROPE A Dissertation in Art History by Cali Buckley © 2017 Cali Buckley Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy August!2017! ! ! ii! The dissertation of Cali Buckley was reviewed and approved* by the following: ! ! Charlotte!Houghton! Dissertation!Advisor! Associate!Professor!of!Art!History! Chair!of!Committee! ! Brian!Curran!! Professor!of!Art!History! ! Anthony!Cutler!! Evan!Pugh!Professor!of!Art!History! ! Ronnie!Po<Chia!Hsia!! Edwin!Erle!Sparks!Professor!of!History! ! Bradford!Bouley!! Assistant!Professor!of!History! ! !Craig!ZaBel! Department!Head! Professor!of!Art!History! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! *Signatures!are!on!file!in!the!Graduate!School.! ! iii! Abstract! ! ! ! This!study!explores!the!development!of!interactive!anatomical!models!in!the! early!modern!era.!The!first!chapters!explore!flapped!prints!and!ivory!manikins!and! their!impact!on!later!models!including!and!full;figure!wax!models.! The!first!chapter!provides!a!narrative!on!the!creation,!replication,!and! dissemination!of!printed!flap!anatomies!throughout!Europe.!These!were!some!of!the! earliest!anatomical!images!made!predominantly!for!a!lay!public.!Their!creator!was!a! man!originally!trained!as!a!physician!but!who!made!a!career!as!a!printer.!He! combined!his!skills!in!medicine!and!the!arts!to!create!singular!anatomical!prints! with!multiple!flaps—or!“flap!anatomies.”!Their!emergence!in!the!Reformation!era!is! not!a!coincidence—they!were!the!product!of!an!ideological!revolution!committed!to! making!knowledge!once!held!in!academic!hands!available!more!broadly!to!a!lay! public.!! Chapter!two!tells!the!story!of!ivory!manikins.!The!earliest!of!these!were! produced!by!an!ivory!turner!who!translated!his!expertise!in!minute!carved!ivories! with!fitted!parts!into!anatomical!models.!He!created!a!niche!market!that!fulfilled!the! needs!of!new!kinds!of!doctors.!Educated!male!physicians!were!making!inroads!in! women’s!medicine!and!subsequently!played!a!controversial!role!in!a!highly! gendered!field.!They!found!they!could!increase!their!authority!by!demonstrating! with!objects!crafted!ad!hoc.!These!small!models!could!be!used!to!illustrate!lectures,! but!could!not!convey!the!intricacies!of!anatomy—accentuating!the!importance!of! the!lectors’!words.!!! ! iv! Chapter!three!relates!the!afterlives!of!each!of!these!models!through!changes! in!how!they!were!seen!in!both!the!public!and!academic!realms.!Each!flowed!and! ebbed!in!popularity,!changing!from!anatomical!tools!to!curiosities,!antiques,!and! spectacles.!This!chapter!follows!each!and!also!details!the!emergence!of!newer! dissectable!models—with!an!emphasis!on!Enlightenment!era!wax!models—from! the!eighteenth!and!twentieth!centuries.! ! Exploring!the!making!of!models!and!comparing!their!historical!contexts! reveals!that!anatomical!accuracy!could!be!delivered!selectively!to!adapt!to!specific! social!climates.!The!models!I!consider!here!were!not!simple!representations!of!the! body,!but!teaching!tools,!advertisements,!and!pieces!of!art!that!were!intentionally! crafted!to!incite!curiosity!and!enhance!the!memory.!Here,!we!can!begin!to! understand!how!artists!innovated!ways!to!connect!audiences!to!knowledge!through! objects.! Table&of&Contents& & & List&of&Figures…….………………………………………………………………………………………………vi& & & Acknowledgments……………………………………………………………………………………………viii& & & Introduction………………………………………………………………………………………………………1& & & Chapter&1.&The&Rise&of&Flap&Anatomies&in&the&Reformation&Era……………………..………9& & & Chapter&2.&Ivory&Manikins&and&Women’s&Medicine……………………………………………..66& & & Chapter&3.&The&Afterlives&and&Reanimations&of&Interactive&Anatomical&Models……90& & & Conclusion………………………………………………………………………………………………………134& & & Bibliography……………………………………………………………………………………………………137& ! vi! List of Figures Chapter 1 1.1. Anonymous, Broadsheet of conjoined twins, two views, 1512……………………..42 1.2. Anonymous, Flapped print of a woman spinning, c. 1520………………………….42 1.3. Eight views of a trick woodcut, c. 1535……………………..……………………....43 1.4. Jost de Negker, Female Figure, three views, 1538…………………………...……..44 1.5. Heinrich Vogtherr the Elder, Male Figure, two views,1539………………………..45 1.6. Hans Guldenmund, after Heinrich Vogtherr, page from Auszlegung unnd beschreibung der Anathomi..., Strasbourg, 1539……………………..……………….....46 1.7. Cornelis Bos, Male Figure, c. 1539…………………………………..……………..47 1.8. Cornelis Bos, Female Figure, c. 1539………………………………..……………..47 1.9. Cornelis Bos, Male Figure, c. 1539…………………………………..……………..48 1.10. Andreas Vesalius, Fifth Muscle Figure, 1543, woodcut, from De Humani Corporis Fabrica, Basel, 1543…………………….……………………..………………………...48 1.11. Andreas Vesalius, Hand-Cut Flapped Anatomical Figure, c. 1543…………….…49 1.12. Johann Remmelin, visio prima of the Catoptrum Microcosmicum, 1613…………50 1.13. Johann Remmelin, visio prima of the Catoptrum Microcosmicum, 1619………....51 1.14. Johann Remmelin, visio secunda of the Catoptrum Microcosmicum, 1619…….…52 1.15. Johann Remmelin, visio tertia of the Catoptrum Microcosmicum, 1619………….53 1.16. Johann Remmelin, visio secunda of the Catoptrum Microcosmicum, 1619, detail. ……………………….……………………..……………………….......................…….54 1.17. Johann Remmelin, visio tertia of the Catoptrum Microcosmicum, 1619, detail..54 1.18. Johann Cristoph Storer and Bartholomäus Kilian, Thesis print entitled Die Weltmission der Gesellschaft Jesu, 17th century…………………….………….………..55 1.19. Johann Remmelin, visio prima of the Catoptrum Microcosmicum, 1619, showing orthagonals…………………….……………………..……………………….……….....56 1.20. Michael Maier, from Atalanta Fugiens, Oppenheim, 1618…………………….….56 1.21. Robert Campin, Merode Triptych, 1428, detail…………………….……………...57 1.22. Johann Remmelin, Removable pieces from the Catoptrum Microcosmicum, 1619…………………….……………………..……………………………………….....58 1.23. Johann Remmelin, uncut sheets for the Catoptrum Microcosmicum, 1613……….59 1.24. Four Seasons of Human Life, anonymous, c.1630………………...........................60 1.25. Albrecht Dürer, Proportion Studies from Vier Bücher von menschlicher Proportion, 1532…………………….……………………..……………………………………….....61 1.26. Matthaüs Merian, from Robert Fludd, Utriusque cosmi Maioris, 1617…………...61 1.27. “Winter” from Four Seasons of Human Life, anonymous, c.1630………………...62 1.28. Albrecht Dürer, Proportion Studies from Vier Bücher von menschlicher Proportion, 1532…………………….……………………..……………………………………….....62 1.29. Heinrich Vogtherr’s portrait from the frontispiece of his Kunstbuchlein, 1537…...63 1.30. Male Flap Anatomy, Wittenberg, Bartholomew Schonbornio, c. 1550-1586……..64 1.31. Image of Leonhart Thurneisser zum Thurn in the frontispiece to the Confirmatio Concertationis, 1576, and the image of a male flap anatomy within……………………65 1.32. Portrait of Robert Fludd by by Matthäus Merian the Elder, early to mid 17th century…………………….……………………..……………………………………….65 ! vii! Chapter 2 2.1. Ivory manikins, attr. Stephan Zick, c. 1700…………………………………………84 2.2. Eye models, attr. Stephan Zick, c. mid-1600s………………………………………85 2.3. Ear model, attr. Stephan Zick, c. mid-1600s…………...……………………………85 2.4. Booklet of ear, eye, and full-figure models, n.d…………………………………….86 2.5. Turned ivories made by the Zick family from J. G. Doppelmayr, Historische Nachricht bon den Nürnberger Mathematicis und Künstlern, 1730…………………….87 2.6. Title page showing turned ivories made by the Teuber family from Vollständiger Unterricht von der gemeinen und hohern Dreh-Kunst, 1740……………………………87 2.7. Illustration of the eye from Georg Bartisch, Ophthalmodouleia, 1583……………..88 2.8. Ivory manikin with a view to its underside, n.d……………………………………..88 2.9. Frontispiece, John Blunt, Man-Midwifery Dissected, 1793…………………………89 Chapter 3 3.1. External and internal views of a female flap anatomy, n.d………………….……..119 3.2. Internal view of a female flap anatomy showing restoration with the substitution of the penis and vasa spermatis attached to the vasa menstrualis…………………..…….119 3.3. Plate from George Spratt’s Obstetric Tables, 1847………………………………..120 3.4. Image and detail from Salomon Kleiner, Christophori de Pauli Pharmocopoei Camera Materialium, 1751……………………….……………………….……………121 3.5. Guiseppe Isnardi, Female Anatomical Model in Wax, c. 1786……………………122 3.6. Anonymous, Wax anatomical model of a woman, n.d. …………………………...122 3.7. Anonymous, Female anatomical figure in bronze, n.d. ……………………….…..123 3.8. Anonymous, Female anatomical figure in pearwood, n.d. ………………………..123 3.9. Ivory manikin and detail of the doll placed in its womb, n.d. …………………….124 3.10. Drawing of a wax-injected womb by Jan Swammerdam from Miraculum naturæ, sive, Uteri muliebris fabrica, 1672……………….……………….…………...….……125 3.11. Wax moulages in a private collection in New York……………...………………125 3.12. Truncated wax models and printed counterparts……………….………………...126 3.13. Clemente Susini, Wax model, c. 1790……………….……………….…………..127 3.14. Clemente Susini, Wax model, c. 1790……………….……………….…………..127 3.15. Clemente Susini, Wax model, detail, c. 1790……………….……………….…...128 3.16. Venus de Medici, 1st century……………….……………….……………………128 3.17. Ecole Lelli, Écorché showing the superficial muscles in wax, 1742-1747………129 3.18. Anna Morandi Manzolini, Self-portrait with brain in wax, 1750-1755………….129 3.19. Attributed to Claudio Valvani, Print of figure showing lymphatic system, c. 1780- 1786……………….……………….…………...….…………………….…..…………130 3.20. Advertisement for Antonio Sarti’s exhibition of
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