Seed and Soil Dynamics in Shrubland Ecosystems: Proceedings; 2002 August 12–16; Laramie, WY
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(Hardpan) for Precision Agriculture on So
SITE - SPECIFIC CHARACTERIZATION, MODELING AND SPATIAL ANALYSIS OF SUB-SOIL COMPACTION (HARDPAN) FOR PRECISION AGRICULTURE ON SOUTHEASTERN US SOILS by MEHARI ZEWDE TEKESTE (Under the Direction of Randy L. Raper and Ernest W. Tollner) ABSTRACT Natural and machinery traffic-induced subsoil compacted layers (soil hardpans) that are found in many southeastern US soils limit root growth with detrimental effects on crop productivity and the environment. Due to the spatial variability of hardpans, tillage management systems that use site-specific depth tillage applications may reduce fuel consumption compared to the conventional uniform depth tillage. The success of site-specific tillage or variable depth tillage depends on an accurate sensing of the hardpan layers, field positioning, and controlling the application of real-time or prescribed tillage. The over arching objective of the work was to understand and advance the art and science of soil compaction analysis and prediction with an eye towards compaction management in precision farming. The specific objectives were (1) To investigate the influences of soil parameters (soil moisture and bulk density), and the soil-cone frictional property on the interpretations of cone penetrometer data in predicting the magnitude and depth of hardpans, (2) To determine spatial variability for creating hardpan maps and (3) To investigate a passive acoustic based real-time soil compaction sensing method. The soil cone penetration problems were also modeled using finite element modeling to investigate the soil deformation patterns and evaluate the capability of the finite element method to predict the magnitude and depth of the hardpan. Laboratory experiments in a soil column study indicated that the soil cone penetration resistances were affected by soil moisture, bulk density and cone material type. -
A Família Asteraceae Bercht. & J. Preslem Afloramentos Rochosos Da
Renalle Ruana Pessoa Ramos A FAMÍLIA ASTERACEAE BERCHT. & J. PRESL EM AFLORAMENTOS ROCHOSOS DA CAATINGA PARAIBANA: MORFOLOGIA, RIQUEZA E DISTRIBUIÇÃO Campina Grande – PB Fevereiro de 2011 Renalle Ruana Pessoa Ramos A FAMÍLIA ASTERACEAE BERCHT. & J. PRESL EM AFLORAMENTOS ROCHOSOS DA CAATINGA PARAIBANA: MORFOLOGIA, RIQUEZA E DISTRIBUIÇÃO Trabalho de Conclusão de Curso desenvolvido na área de Sistemática e Taxonomia de Fanerógamas apresentado à Universidade Estadual da Paraíba como exigência para a obtenção do grau de Bacharel em Ciências Biológicas. Orientador: José Iranildo Miranda de Melo Campina Grande – PB Fevereiro de 2011 F ICHA CATALOGRÁFICA ELABORADA PELA BIBLIOTECA CENTRAL – UEPB R175f Ramos, Renalle Ruana Pessoa. A Família Asteraceae Bercht. & J. Presl em afloramentos rochosos da caatinga paraibana [manuscrito]: riqueza, morfologia e distribuição. / Renalle Ruana Pessoa Ramos. – 2011. 141 f.: il. color. Digitado. Trabalho de Conclusão de Curso (Graduação em Ciências Biológicas) – Universidade Estadual da Paraíba, Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, 2011. “Orientação: Prof. Dr. José Iranildo Miranda de Melo, Departamento de Biologia”. 1. Biologia Vegetal. 2. Flora Paraibana. 3. Botânica. 4. Morfologia floral. I. Título. 21. ed. 581.7 Renalle Ruana Pessoa Ramos A Família Asteraceae Bercht. & J. Presl em Afloramentos Rochosos da Caatinga Paraibana: Morfologia, Riqueza e Distribuição Trabalho de Conclusão de Curso desenvolvido na área de Sistemática e Taxonomia de Fanerógamas apresentado à Universidade Estadual da Paraíba como -
HOW to IMPROVE SOIL DRAINAGE Charlotte Germane, Nevada County Master Gardener
GOT COMPACTION? HOW TO IMPROVE SOIL DRAINAGE Charlotte Germane, Nevada County Master Gardener From The Curious Gardener, Summer 2011 Do you suspect you might have a drainage problem in your garden? If your soil does not drain quickly enough, your plants will drown. Soils in the foothills Your soil drainage may not be as bad as you think it is. There’s so much talk in the foothills about clay soil that some gardeners assume they have poorly draining soil, and grumble about it, when they actually have pretty respectable loam. The USDA has mapped soil types and found that in the lower foothills the soil can be sandy loam over heavy sandy loam, or loam over clay loam. Above 2000 feet, it is typically loam over clay loam with cobblestones. An unusual feature of foothills soil is the serpentine outcropping. This combines poor drainage with toxic levels of magnesium. If you need to grow in a serpentine soil area, use raised beds. The serpentine soil under the beds will not provide adequate drainage. Another foothill soil issue that makes for poor drainage is “layered soil”. Soil naturally transitions from one kind to another, but layered soil means soil that changes abruptly, making it hard for water to move through easily. Layered soil occurs naturally (soil on top of rock or a clay pan) and can also be created by digging with rototillers and heavy equipment. Check for poor grading, over-irrigation, and thatched lawns Before you label your soil the culprit, walk your garden and evaluate the grading. It is possible that at the time of your home’s construction, or during a later landscaping project,the soil was graded so the water drained toward an area with no easy outlet. -
Alplains 2013 Seed Catalog P.O
ALPLAINS 2013 SEED CATALOG P.O. BOX 489, KIOWA, CO 80117-0489, U.S.A. Three ways to contact us: FAX: (303) 621-2864 (24 HRS.) email: [email protected] website: www.alplains.com Dear Growing Friends: Welcome to our 23rd annual seed catalog! The summer of 2012 was long, hot and brutal, with drought afflicting most of the U.S. Most of my botanical explorations were restricted to Idaho, Wash- ington, Oregon and northern California but even there moisture was below average. In a year like this, seeps, swales, springs, vestigial snowbanks and localized rainstorms became much more important in my search for seeding plants. On the Snake River Plains of southern Idaho and the scab- lands of eastern Washington, early bloomers such as Viola beckwithii, V. trinervata, Ranunculus glaberrimus, Ranunculus andersonii, Fritillaria pudica and Primula cusickiana put on quite a show in mid-April but many populations could not set seed. In northern Idaho, Erythronium idahoense flowered extensively, whole meadows were covered with thousands of the creamy, pendant blossoms. One of my most satisfying finds in the Hells Canyon area had to be Sedum valens. The tiny glaucous rosettes, surround- ed by a ring of red leaves, are a succulent connoisseur’s dream. Higher up, the brilliant blue spikes of Synthyris missurica punctuated the canyon walls. In southern Oregon, the brilliant red spikes of Pedicularis densiflora lit up the Siskiyou forest floor. Further north in Oregon, large populations of Erythronium elegans, Erythronium oregonum ssp. leucandrum, Erythro- nium revolutum, trilliums and sedums provided wonderful picture-taking opportunities. Eriogonum species did well despite the drought, many of them true xerics. -
Agricultural Soil Compaction: Causes and Management
October 2010 Agdex 510-1 Agricultural Soil Compaction: Causes and Management oil compaction can be a serious and unnecessary soil aggregates, which has a negative affect on soil S form of soil degradation that can result in increased aggregate structure. soil erosion and decreased crop production. Soil compaction can have a number of negative effects on Compaction of soil is the compression of soil particles into soil quality and crop production including the following: a smaller volume, which reduces the size of pore space available for air and water. Most soils are composed of • causes soil pore spaces to become smaller about 50 per cent solids (sand, silt, clay and organic • reduces water infiltration rate into soil matter) and about 50 per cent pore spaces. • decreases the rate that water will penetrate into the soil root zone and subsoil • increases the potential for surface Compaction concerns water ponding, water runoff, surface soil waterlogging and soil erosion Soil compaction can impair water Soil compaction infiltration into soil, crop emergence, • reduces the ability of a soil to hold root penetration and crop nutrient and can be a serious water and air, which are necessary for water uptake, all of which result in form of soil plant root growth and function depressed crop yield. • reduces crop emergence as a result of soil crusting Human-induced compaction of degradation. • impedes root growth and limits the agricultural soil can be the result of using volume of soil explored by roots tillage equipment during soil cultivation or result from the heavy weight of field equipment. • limits soil exploration by roots and Compacted soils can also be the result of natural soil- decreases the ability of crops to take up nutrients and forming processes. -
Chromosome Numbers in Compositae, XII: Heliantheae
SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO BOTANY 0 NCTMBER 52 Chromosome Numbers in Compositae, XII: Heliantheae Harold Robinson, A. Michael Powell, Robert M. King, andJames F. Weedin SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION PRESS City of Washington 1981 ABSTRACT Robinson, Harold, A. Michael Powell, Robert M. King, and James F. Weedin. Chromosome Numbers in Compositae, XII: Heliantheae. Smithsonian Contri- butions to Botany, number 52, 28 pages, 3 tables, 1981.-Chromosome reports are provided for 145 populations, including first reports for 33 species and three genera, Garcilassa, Riencourtia, and Helianthopsis. Chromosome numbers are arranged according to Robinson’s recently broadened concept of the Heliantheae, with citations for 212 of the ca. 265 genera and 32 of the 35 subtribes. Diverse elements, including the Ambrosieae, typical Heliantheae, most Helenieae, the Tegeteae, and genera such as Arnica from the Senecioneae, are seen to share a specialized cytological history involving polyploid ancestry. The authors disagree with one another regarding the point at which such polyploidy occurred and on whether subtribes lacking higher numbers, such as the Galinsoginae, share the polyploid ancestry. Numerous examples of aneuploid decrease, secondary polyploidy, and some secondary aneuploid decreases are cited. The Marshalliinae are considered remote from other subtribes and close to the Inuleae. Evidence from related tribes favors an ultimate base of X = 10 for the Heliantheae and at least the subfamily As teroideae. OFFICIALPUBLICATION DATE is handstamped in a limited number of initial copies and is recorded in the Institution’s annual report, Smithsonian Year. SERIESCOVER DESIGN: Leaf clearing from the katsura tree Cercidiphyllumjaponicum Siebold and Zuccarini. Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Main entry under title: Chromosome numbers in Compositae, XII. -
Biological Soil Crust Community Types Differ in Key Ecological Functions
UC Riverside UC Riverside Previously Published Works Title Biological soil crust community types differ in key ecological functions Permalink https://escholarship.org/uc/item/2cs0f55w Authors Pietrasiak, Nicole David Lam Jeffrey R. Johansen et al. Publication Date 2013-10-01 DOI 10.1016/j.soilbio.2013.05.011 Peer reviewed eScholarship.org Powered by the California Digital Library University of California Soil Biology & Biochemistry 65 (2013) 168e171 Contents lists available at SciVerse ScienceDirect Soil Biology & Biochemistry journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/soilbio Short communication Biological soil crust community types differ in key ecological functions Nicole Pietrasiak a,*, John U. Regus b, Jeffrey R. Johansen c,e, David Lam a, Joel L. Sachs b, Louis S. Santiago d a University of California, Riverside, Soil and Water Sciences Program, Department of Environmental Sciences, 2258 Geology Building, Riverside, CA 92521, USA b University of California, Riverside, Department of Biology, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA c Biology Department, John Carroll University, 1 John Carroll Blvd., University Heights, OH 44118, USA d University of California, Riverside, Botany & Plant Sciences Department, 3113 Bachelor Hall, Riverside, CA 92521, USA e Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Branisovska 31, 370 05 Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic article info abstract Article history: Soil stability, nitrogen and carbon fixation were assessed for eight biological soil crust community types Received 22 February 2013 within a Mojave Desert wilderness site. Cyanolichen crust outperformed all other crusts in multi- Received in revised form functionality whereas incipient crust had the poorest performance. A finely divided classification of 17 May 2013 biological soil crust communities improves estimation of ecosystem function and strengthens the Accepted 18 May 2013 accuracy of landscape-scale assessments. -
Soils and Soil-Forming Material Technical Information Note 04 /2017 30Th November 2017
Soils and Soil-forming Material Technical Information Note 04 /2017 30th November 2017 Contents 1. Introduction to Soils ........................................................................................................................ 2 2. Components and Properties of Soil ................................................................................................ 7 3. Describing and Categorising soils .................................................................................................. 29 4. Policy, Regulation and Roles ......................................................................................................... 34 5. Soil Surveys, Handling and Management ..................................................................................... 40 6. Recommended Soil Specifications ................................................................................................ 42 7. References .................................................................................................................................... 52 “Upon this handful of soil our survival depends. Husband it and it will grow our food, our fuel, and our shelter and surround us with beauty. Abuse it and the soil will collapse and die, taking humanity with it.” From Vedas Sanskrit Scripture – circa 1500 BC The aim of this Technical Information Note is to assist Landscape Professionals (primarily landscape architects) when considering matters in relation to soils and soil-forming material. Soil is an essential requirement for providing -
Anatomy of a Sub-Cambrian Paleosol in Wisconsin
Anatomy of a Sub-Cambrian Paleosol in Wisconsin: Mass Fluxes of Chemical Weathering and Climatic Conditions in North America during Formation of the Cambrian Great Unconformity L. Gordon Medaris Jr.,1,* Steven G. Driese,2 Gary E. Stinchcomb,3 John H. Fournelle,1 Seungyeol Lee,1,4 Huifang Xu,1,4 Lyndsay DiPietro,2 Phillip Gopon,5 and Esther K. Stewart6 1. Department of Geoscience, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA; 2. Department of Geosciences, Terrestrial Paleoclimatology Research Group, Baylor University, Waco, Texas 76798, USA; 3. Department of Geosciences and Watershed Studies Institute, Murray State University, Murray, Kentucky 42071, USA; 4. NASA Astrobiology Institute, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA; 5. Department of Earth Sciences, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3AN, United Kingdom; 6. Wisconsin Geological and Natural History Survey, Madison, Wisconsin 53705, USA ABSTRACT A paleosol beneath the Upper Cambrian Mount Simon Sandstone in Wisconsin provides an opportunity to evaluate the characteristics of Cambrian weathering in a subtropical climate, having been located at 207S paleolatitude 500 My ago. The 285-cm-thick paleosol resulted from advanced chemical weathering of a gabbroic protolith, recording a total mass loss of 50%. Weathering of hornblende and plagioclase produced a pedogenic assemblage of quartz, chlorite, kaolinite, goethite, and, in the lowest part of the profile, siderite. Despite the paucity of quartz in the protolith and 40% removal of SiO2 from the profile, quartz constitutes 11%–23% of the pedogenic mineral assemblage. Like many other Precambrian and Cambrian paleosols in the Lake Superior region, the paleosol experienced potassium metasomatism, now con- taining 10%–25% mixed-layer illite-vermiculite and 5%–44% potassium feldspar. -
Soil Crusts Structural Soil Crusts Are Relatively Thin, Dense, Somewhat Continuous Layers of Non-Aggregated Soil Particles on the Surface of Tilled and Exposed Soils
Indicator Test Function USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service P F W Soil Quality Indicators Soil Crusts Structural soil crusts are relatively thin, dense, somewhat continuous layers of non-aggregated soil particles on the surface of tilled and exposed soils. Structural crusts develop when a sealed-over soil surface dries out after rainfall or irrigation. Water droplets striking soil aggregates and water flowing across soil breaks aggregates into individual soil particles. Fine soil particles wash, settle into and block surface pores causing the soil surface to seal over and preventing water from soaking into the soil. As the muddy soil surface dries out, it crusts over. Left: Note the surface crust on this soil. The field was in tall fescue sod for 11 years. It was cleared and plowed using conventional Structural crusts range from a few tenths to as thick as two tillage methods. Photo courtesy Bobby Brock, USDA NRCS (retired). Right: Collected from a no-till field in Georgia’s Southern inches. A surface crust is much more compact, hard and Piedmont, good structure and aggregation are evident in the soil on brittle when dry than the soil immediately beneath it, the right. The same soil formed a structural crust under which may be loose and friable. Crusts can be described by conventional tillage. Note the sunlight reflectance of the crusted their strength, or air-dry rupture resistance. soil. Photo courtesy James E. Dean, USDA NRCS (retired). Soil crusting is also associated with biological and Dynamic - Management activities that deplete soil chemical factors. A biological crust is a living community organic matter and leave soil bare, smooth and exposed to of lichen, cyanobacteria, algae, and moss growing on the the direct impact of water droplets increase soil dispersion, soil surface that bind the soil together. -
Biological Soil Crust Rehabilitation in Theory and Practice: an Underexploited Opportunity Matthew A
REVIEW Biological Soil Crust Rehabilitation in Theory and Practice: An Underexploited Opportunity Matthew A. Bowker1,2 Abstract techniques; and (3) monitoring. Statistical predictive Biological soil crusts (BSCs) are ubiquitous lichen–bryo- modeling is a useful method for estimating the potential phyte microbial communities, which are critical structural BSC condition of a rehabilitation site. Various rehabilita- and functional components of many ecosystems. How- tion techniques attempt to correct, in decreasing order of ever, BSCs are rarely addressed in the restoration litera- difficulty, active soil erosion (e.g., stabilization techni- ture. The purposes of this review were to examine the ques), resource deficiencies (e.g., moisture and nutrient ecological roles BSCs play in succession models, the augmentation), or BSC propagule scarcity (e.g., inoc- backbone of restoration theory, and to discuss the prac- ulation). Success will probably be contingent on prior tical aspects of rehabilitating BSCs to disturbed eco- evaluation of site conditions and accurate identification systems. Most evidence indicates that BSCs facilitate of constraints to BSC reestablishment. Rehabilitation of succession to later seres, suggesting that assisted recovery BSCs is attainable and may be required in the recovery of of BSCs could speed up succession. Because BSCs are some ecosystems. The strong influence that BSCs exert ecosystem engineers in high abiotic stress systems, loss of on ecosystems is an underexploited opportunity for re- BSCs may be synonymous with crossing degradation storationists to return disturbed ecosystems to a desirable thresholds. However, assisted recovery of BSCs may trajectory. allow a transition from a degraded steady state to a more desired alternative steady state. In practice, BSC rehabili- Key words: aridlands, cryptobiotic soil crusts, cryptogams, tation has three major components: (1) establishment of degradation thresholds, state-and-transition models, goals; (2) selection and implementation of rehabilitation succession. -
Relações Filogenéticas Na Subtribo Ecliptinae (Asteraceae: Heliantheae)
NOTA CIENTÍFICA Relações Filogenéticas na subtribo Ecliptinae (Asteraceae: Heliantheae) Marta Dias de Moraes1, José L. Panero2 e João Semir3 Introdução Resultados De acordo com a circunscrição de Robinson [1], Análises de parcimônia máxima da matriz dos Ecliptinae tornou-se a maior e morfologicamente a dados combinados dos cpDNA resultaram em 3.600 mais diversa das subtribos de Heliantheae, contendo 66 árvores igualmente parcimoniosas, cada uma com dos aproximadamente 260 gêneros da tribo. O trabalho 1.105 passos, índice de consistência (CI) de 0,63 de Panero et al. [2] utilizando sítios de restrição do (excluindo autapomorfias) e um índice de retenção DNA de cloroplasto (cpDNA) revelou que Ecliptinae (RI) de 0,85. Para as seqüências de cpDNA, 551 dos como circunscrita por Robinson [1] não é monofilética 8.052 estados de caráter foram variáveis e 299 (3,7%) e que os membros desta subtribo encontram-se foram filogeneticamente informativos. A árvore de distribuídos entre quatro linhagens dentro de consenso obtida do bootstrap é mostrada na Fig. 1. Heliantheae. Este resultado levou a uma circunscrição mais estreita da subtribo Ecliptinae, que em sua maior Discussão parte coincide com a circunscrição de “Wedelia group” O clado Monactis: A resolução deste clado de Karis & Ryding [3] baseada em micro-caracteres e incluindo Monactis, Idipopappus e Kinganthus, todos morfologia de inflorescência. endêmicos dos Andes, como o grupo basal de Como circunscrita presentemente [2], a subtribo Ecliptinae confirma os resultados de Panero et al. [2]. Ecliptinae inclui Clibadium L e gêneros relacionados Este clado compreende espécies arborescentes com de Clibadiinae sensu Robinson [1], contendo 49 cipselas prismáticas não constritas e com carpopódio gêneros com a maioria deles restritos ao México e anular a curto-cilíndrico.