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Funktionelle in Vitro Und in Vivo Charakterisierung Des Putativen Tumorsuppressorgens SFRP1 Im Humanen Mammakarzinom

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Funktionelle in Vitro Und in Vivo Charakterisierung Des Putativen Tumorsuppressorgens SFRP1 Im Humanen Mammakarzinom Funktionelle in vitro und in vivo Charakterisierung des putativen Tumorsuppressorgens SFRP1 im humanen Mammakarzinom Von der Fakult¨at fur¨ Mathematik, Informatik und Naturwissenschaften der RWTH Aachen University zur Erlangung des akademischen Grades einer Doktorin der Naturwissenschaften genehmigte Dissertation vorgelegt von Diplom-Biologin Laura Huth (geb. Franken) aus Julich¨ Berichter: Universit¨atsprofessor Dr. rer. nat. Edgar Dahl Universit¨atsprofessor Dr. rer. nat. Ralph Panstruga Tag der mundlichen¨ Prufung:¨ 6. August 2014 Diese Dissertation ist auf den Internetseiten der Hochschulbibliothek online verfugbar.¨ Zusammenfassung Krebserkrankungen stellen weltweit eine der h¨aufigsten Todesursachen dar. Aus diesem Grund ist die Aufkl¨arung der zugrunde liegenden Mechanismen und Ur- sachen ein essentielles Ziel der molekularen Onkologie. Die Tumorforschung der letzten Jahre hat gezeigt, dass die Entstehung solider Karzinome ein Mehrstufen- Prozess ist, bei dem neben Onkogenen auch Tumorsuppresorgene eine entschei- dende Rolle spielen. Viele der heute bekannten Gene des WNT-Signalweges wur- den bereits als Onkogene oder Tumorsuppressorgene charakterisiert. Eine Dere- gulation des WNT-Signalweges wird daher mit der Entstehung und Progression vieler humaner Tumorentit¨aten wie beispielsweise auch dem Mammakarzinom, der weltweit h¨aufigsten Krebserkrankung der Frau, assoziiert. SFRP1, ein nega- tiver Regulator der WNT-Signalkaskade, wird in Brusttumoren haupts¨achlich durch den epigenetischen Mechanismus der Promotorhypermethylierung inakti- viert. Im Rahmen dieser Arbeit wurde die Beziehung eines SFRP1-Verlustes zur molekularen Entstehung humaner Brusttumoren entschlusselt.¨ Zun¨achst kl¨arte eine detaillierte, funktionelle Charakterisierung den Einfluss von SFRP1 auf tumorassoziierte Eigenschaften von Mammakarzinomzellen auf. Voraussetzung hierfur¨ war die Etablierung von gain-of-function Modellen in jeweils zwei basalen sowie luminalen Mammakarzinomzelllinien. Fur¨ die basalen BT-20 und MDA- MB-231 Zelllinien wurde nach der SFRP1-Reexpression eine signifikant vermin- derte Proliferationsf¨ahigkeit und Kolonienbildung sowie eine erh¨ohte Adh¨asions- und Apoptoserate festgestellt. Die luminalen Mammakarzinomzelllinien MCF7 und SK-BR-3 wiesen im Gegensatz dazu nach konstitutiver SFRP1-Expression keine Unterschiede in den untersuchten tumorassoziierten Eigenschaften vergli- chen mit SFRP1 defizienten Zellen auf. Interessanterweise konnten durch ei- ne zus¨atzliche Transfektion mit WNT1 und daraus resultierender Aktivierung des kanonischen WNT-Signalweges auch in den beiden luminalen in vitro Tu- 3 Zusammenfassung mormodellen eine signifikant verminderte Kolonienbildung sowie eine erh¨ohte Adh¨asions- und Apoptoserate beobachtet werden. Ein Einfluss von SFRP1 auf die Migration konnte in keiner der vier untersuchten Mammakarzinomzelllini- en aufgezeigt werden. Weiterhin konnte durch Hinzugabe von rekombinantem SFRP1-Protein in das Kulturmedium das Kolonienwachstum in basalen Mam- makarzinomzelllinien signifikant reduziert werden. Ein in vivo Tumorgenesemo- dell belegte schließlich, dass SFRP1 exprimierende MDA-MB-231 Mammakar- zinomzellen nach Implantation in das Brustgewebe weiblicher, immunsuppri- mierter Nacktm¨ause ein signifikant reduziertes Tumorwachstum im Vergleich zur Kontrollgruppe aufwiesen. Insgesamt wurde somit eine eindeutig tumor- suppressive Funktion von SFRP1 sowohl in vitro als auch in vivo festgestellt. Anschließende Microarray Genexpressionsanalysen des basalen BT-20 sowie des luminalen SK-BR-3 Tumormodells trugen zu einem genaueren Verst¨andnis bei, welche Gene und Signalkaskaden der epithelialen Brustzelle durch einen Verlust von SFRP1 maßgeblich beeinflusst werden. Anhand von Gen-Ontologie Analysen wurde dabei neben der bereits bekannten Funktion von SFRP1 als ne- gativer Regulator des WNT-Signalweges eine Assoziation zur BMP- sowie Smoo- thened-Signalkaskade hergestellt. Zudem konnte eine Vielzahl von Genen iden- tifiziert werden, die nach SFRP1-Reexpression differenzielle Expressionsmuster aufwiesen wie beispielsweise BDNF, LY96, MMP1, ST18, BIN1 und RERGL. Das Gen BDNF ruckte¨ dabei in den Fokus der Untersuchungen als potenzi- elles Target der SFRP1-vermittelten Signaltransduktion. Eine Ko-Regulation von SFRP1 und BNDF konnte sowohl in den luminalen SK-BR-3 als auch den basalen BT-20-Zellen gezeigt werden. Eine Untersuchung der mRNA- sowie der Proteinexpression in prim¨aren Mammakarzinomen best¨atigte eine positive Korrelation der SFRP1- und BDNF-Expression. Weiterhin zeigten Patientinnen mit einer hohen SFRP1- und BDNF-Expression ein signifikant verl¨angertes Ge- samtuberleben.¨ Eine BDNF-Uberexpression¨ in humanen Mammakarzinomzellen resultierte in einer verringerten Proliferationsrate. Weitere Ver¨anderungen der tumorassoziierten Eigenschaften nach einer BDNF-Reexpression wurden nicht beobachtet. In dieser Arbeit ist es gelungen, die Funktion von SFRP1 als Tumorsup- pressor mittels unterschiedlichster funktioneller Untersuchungen herauszustellen sowie zellul¨are Signalwege und Gene zu identifizieren, die durch einen SFRP1- Verlust beeinflusst werden. 4 Summary Cancer represents a leading cause of death worldwide. The elucidation of the underlying mechanisms and causes therefore is an essential goal of molecular oncology research. Tumor research during the past few years has shown that the formation of solid cancers is a multistep process in which not only oncogenes but also tumor suppressor genes play a crucial role. Many of the currently known genes of the WNT signaling pathway have been characterized as oncogenes or tumor suppressor genes. Thus, a deregulation of the WNT signaling pathway leads to the development and progression of cancer in many human tumor types such as breast cancer, the world's most common cancer in women. SFRP1, a negative regulator of the WNT signaling pathway, is inactivated in breast tumors mainly due to the epigenetic mechanism of promoter hypermethylation. In this study the relationship between a loss of SFRP1 and the molecular pathogenesis of human breast cancer was deciphered. First, a detailed functional characterization clarified the influence of SFRP1 on tumor-associated proper- ties of breast cancer cells. This required the establishment of gain-of-function models each in two basal and luminal breast cancer cell lines. In the basal- like cell lines BT-20 and MDA-MB-231 a significantly reduced proliferation rate and colony formation capability were detectable. Furthermore an increased ad- hesion and apoptosis rate were determined after SFRP1-reexpression. By con- trast, the luminal-like breast cancer cell lines MCF7 and SK-BR-3 exhibited no differences in the examined tumor-associated properties after constitutive SFRP1-expression compared with SFRP1-deficient cells. Interestingly, an ad- ditional transfection with WNT1 and the resulting activation of the canonical WNT signaling pathway led to a significantly decreased colony formation capa- bility and increased adhesion and apoptosis rates in both luminal-like in vitro tumor models. An effect of SFRP1 on the migration behavior could not be de- tected in any of the four breast cancer cell lines. Furthermore, the colony growth 5 Summary of basal-like breast cancer cell lines was significantly reduced by the addition of recombinant SFRP1 protein into the culture medium. Finally, an in vivo tumorigenesis model documented that SFRP1-expressing MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells showed a significantly reduced tumor growth after implantation in the breast tissue of female, immunocompromised nude mice in comparison to the control group. Overall, a tight tumor suppressive function of SFRP1 was observed for both in vitro and in vivo models. Subsequently, a microarray based gene expression analysis of the basal-like BT-20 and the luminal-like SK-BR-3 tumor models contributed to a more pre- cise understanding which genes and signaling pathways of the mammary epi- thelial cells are significantly affected by the loss of SFRP1-expression. Using gene ontology analysis an association to BMP and Smoothened signaling cas- cades was identified in addition to the already known function of SFRP1 as a negative regulator of the WNT signaling pathway. Additionally, a multiplicity of genes has been identified, which showed differential expression patterns after SFRP1-reexpression such as BDNF, LY96, MMP1, ST18, BIN1 and RERGL. The BDNF gene was brought into the focus of this investigation as a potential target of the SFRP1-mediated signal transduction. A co-regulation of SFRP1 and BDNF could be identified as well within the the luminal-like SK-BR-3 as the basal-like BT-20 cells. Studying mRNA as well as protein expression in primary breast carcinomas a positive correlation of SFRP1 and BDNF-expression could be confirmed. Furthermore, patients with high SFRP1- and BDNF-expression showed a significantly extended overall survival. BDNF-overexpression in hu- man breast cancer cells resulted in a decreased proliferation rate. However, a change of other tumor-associated characteristics could not be observed after BDNF-reexpression. In this work the function of SFRP1 as a tumor suppressor was successfully highlighted on basis of different functional tests. Furthermore, cellular pathways and genes were identified that are affected by a loss of SFRP1-expression. 6 Abkurzungsverzeichnis¨ A Adenin ADH Atypische duktale Hyperplasie AMV Avian Myoblastosis Virus ATP Adenosintriphosphat BDNF brain-derived neurotrophic factor BIN1 bridging integrator 1 bp Basenpaare bzw. beziehungsweise
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