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VASCULAR PLANTS of the THREE LARGEST CHICKENS (MAROTERE) ISLANDS: LADY ALICE, WHATUPUKE, COPPERMINE: NORTH-EAST NEW ZEALAND by E

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VASCULAR PLANTS of the THREE LARGEST CHICKENS (MAROTERE) ISLANDS: LADY ALICE, WHATUPUKE, COPPERMINE: NORTH-EAST NEW ZEALAND by E TANE 30,1984 VASCULAR PLANTS OF THE THREE LARGEST CHICKENS (MAROTERE) ISLANDS: LADY ALICE, WHATUPUKE, COPPERMINE: NORTH-EAST NEW ZEALAND by Ewen K. Cameron Department of Botany, University of Auckland, Private Bag, Auckland SUMMARY Although highly modified by past burning the three major Chickens Islands contain a diverse flora, though many taxa are represented by few individuals. The floristic diversity is rather surprising given the general absence of running water and the lack of varied habitats. A vouchered species list is presented containing all recorded vascular plants for the islands totalling 318 taxa, of which 245 taxa are indigenous to New Zealand. The flora of the Chickens is compared with that of nearby Hen Island (Taranga). INTRODUCTION The Chickens (Marotere) Islands (latitude 35°53'S, 174°45'E) lie 12 km (Lady Alice Island) east of Bream Head, in the Hauraki Gulf, north-east New Zealand (Fig. 1,2). This survey concerns the three main Chickens: Lady Alice, Whatupuke and Coppermine Islands. Hen Island (Taranga) and all 8 of the Chickens are collectively known as the Hen and Chickens. They are administered by the Hauraki Gulf Maritime Park Board. The three islands are rather similar in physical appearance with their rugged coastlines (Fig. 3,4), few beaches, modified vegetation and general absence of running water. In the summer there were a few trickles in otherwise dry stream beds and a small swamp at the back of West Bay, Lady Alice Island. Kanuka {Leptospermum ericoides) dominates much of the vegetation with coastal forest development generally restricted to the valleys. Lady Alice (Fig. 2) is the largest of the Chickens and covers an area of about 140 hectares, and is approximately 2 x 0.9 km in size. West Bay, the western end of Lady Alice, contains a large sandy beach; the northern coast is very steep and the high point of the island at the eastern end is approximately 150 m A.S.L. Whatupuke is the second largest Chickens Island measuring about 120 hectares; the main body of the island is nearly 1.1 x 1 km. It is steeply cliffed on the northern side; the gradient of the southern basin, facing Starfish Bay is more gradual and well-vegetated. The high point 53 Major CHICKENS ISLANDS Dolphin Bay? West Bay LADY ALICE Is COP^"^' WHATUPUKE Is Huarewa /Starfish Bay Fig. 1. Place names, localities and spot heights (m) for the three main Chickens Islands. Insets show location with respect to northern New Zealand. near the centre of the island is 236 m A.S.L. Whatupuke is about 500 m away from Lady Alice and only about 150 m from Coppermine. Coppermine is approximately 74 ha in area and is the most-easterly of all the Chickens. It measures approximately 1.7 x 0.5 km, but in most places it is less than 0.5 km wide. Coppermine is steeply cliffed, except for the western end. Huarewa is the highest point on the island, 185 m A.S.L.; at the eastern end the helipad and automatic lighthouse are situated on the local high point of 145 m A.S.L. The field work for this study was carried out during the Offshore Islands Research Group trip to the Chickens Islands, from 31 December 1981 until 7 January 1982 (Hayward and McCallum 1984). BOTANICAL HISTORY (TABLE 1) Maoris have had a long association with the islands and it appears they abandoned them in the early part of the last century (Cranwell and LADY ALICE ISLAND Dolphin Bay West Bay South Cove Location of interesting plants A Agathis australis C Cortaderia selloana G Griselinia lucida P Prumnopitys taxi folia W Weinmannia silvicola Fig. 2. Place names (informal names are in italics), localities, major streams and interesting plants for Lady Alice Island. Fig. 3. Rugged coastline of north-east Coppermine Island. Fig. 4. Rugged coastline of north-west Coppermine Island from Whatupuke. Moore 1935). Evidence of past Maori occupation is still present today, with Whatupuke having the most extensive evidence (N. Prickett pers. comm.). All the Chickens have suffered from past burning, some in European times. Percy (1956) notes that the whole of Lady Alice was swept by fire early in the 19th century and only isolated pockets of bush in the gullies survived. The area in low scrub behind West Bay was burnt again in 1908. Further, he notes that shortly after this cattle were released on the island and were present in fairly large numbers until 1924—5. Also, towards the end of last century flax was taken from the Chickens by barge to Whangarei. Whatupuke has suffered the least from past burning, as it contains the best-developed forest on the Chickens. This forest which is in the large basin on the northern side of Starfish Bay, contains good sized specimens of puriri {Vitex lucens), pohutukawa {Metrosideros excelsa), coastal maire (Nestegis apetala) and kohekohe {Dysoxylum spectabile). Coppermine's vegetation has not only suffered from fire, but also mining. In 1849 and 1896 attempts were made to mine copper, but it was found to be uneconomic. During this period vegetation was burnt, though the western end of the island escaped this and was probably last burnt early last century (Atkinson 1968). There are few early records of the vegetation of the Chickens. Reischeck (1881) noted that the larger Chickens were 'covered with bush, with the exception of a few abandoned Maori plantations, now Table 1. Major previous records of vascular plants for Chickens Islands. Author(s) Year of Lady Alice Whatupuke Coppermine Field Work #^ !Q S s 1 5 C I I 1 •3 is 1 < < Jane & Beever 1965 155 32 Atkinson 1968 • • • • 127 25 Ritchie & Ritchie 1970 • • 147 27 156 35 overgrown with flax and scrub'. Cheeseman (1890) wrote that there had been recent fires on the Chickens 'lighted by fishermen on yachting parties'. Cranwell and Moore (1935) in their botanical survey concentrating principally on Hen Island also included Lady Alice and Whatupuke, but not Coppermine. The Auckland University Field Club visited Lady Alice in 1954 and 1964. Arising from these trips are several ecological studies of the vegetation (published in Tane volumes 7,11), including a vegetation map (Percy 1956) and a list of the vascular plants (Jane and Beever 1965). Atkinson (1968) carried out an ecological survey of Coppermine in 1965 and included in his paper a vegetation map and a species list of the vascular plants. Ritchie and Ritchie (1970) carried out an ecological survey of Whatupuke in 1968 and also visited Coppermine. Their paper includes a vegetation map of Whatupuke and a species list for Whatupuke and Coppermine. Parris (1969, 1971) published additional species to the published lists from her visit in 1968 to all three islands. RESULTS Species List Three hundred and eighteen vascular plant taxa of native and adventive plants are listed below for the three main Chickens. The floral statistics are presented in Tables 2 and 3. Nomenclature of the indigenous plants follows Allan (1961), Moore and Edgar (1970), Cheeseman (1925) and many combinations of Nomina Nova I, II and III (Edgar 1971, Edgar and Connor 1978 and 1983). Adventive plants follows the checklists of Dicotyledons Naturalised in New Zealand, Nos: 4-15 (New Zealand Journal of Botany, volumes 17- 20), which covers everything except the Compositae and Gramineae which follow Tutin et al (1976 and 1980 respectively). For those names not covered by the above, either a synonym or a separate reference is given. Where specimens exist to support records, the appropriate herbarium sheet number is listed. Herbarium abbreviations follow 57 Table 2. Floral statistics of the three main Chickens, separately and combined, according to plant groupings and native or adventive status. Additional records by past workers are included and also shown separately in parentheses. Lady Alice Whatupuke Coppermine Combined 9 % > 1 G a I S > •1 1 > cS 1 cd 1 Z 1 < 55 < < Ferns & Fern Allies 42 (5) 37 (5) 36 (7) 51 Gymnosperms 3(1) - - 1 - 3 Dicotyledons 121 (11) 45 (7) 90(15) 26 (8) 100(17) 32 (9) 134 Monocotyledons 51 (6) 17 (3) 38 (8) 11 (4) 42 (7) 14 (1) 57 TOTALS 217 (23) 62 (10) 165 (28) 37(12) 179(31) 46 (10) 245 Holmgren et al (1981). Specimens collected by the following people were examined; the herbarium where the specimens are lodged is in parentheses: R.E. Beever (AKU), R.E. Beever and G. Jane (AK), E.K. Cameron (AKU), P. Hynes (AK), L.B. Moore and L.M. Cranwell (AK), B.S. Parris (AK), C.A. Percy (AKU), E.W. Pook (AKU) and A.E. Wright (AK). I.A.E. Atkinson, M.A. Ritchie and I.M. Ritchie specimens held at CHR were not examined, except a few specific specimens I asked the Botany Division staff to check. Where possible subsequent taxonomic and nomenclature changes have been incorporated when comparing the specimens of previous workers. Misidentifications are discussed under Dubious and Excluded Records. Key to symbols: Frequency Records unsubstantiated by this survey a = abundant At = Atkinson (1968) c = common CM = Cranwell and Moore (1935) f = frequent JB = Jane and Beever (1965) 0 = occasional Pa = Parris (1969) r = rare Pb = Parris (1971) 1 = locally common Pe = Percy (1956) Po = Pook (1956) RR = Ritchie and Ritchie (1970) Island L.A. = Lady Alice W = Whatupuke * = adventive species C = Coppermine t = new record e e e Alic SPECIES ' tupuk >ermin VOUCHERS Ferns & Fern Allies 1 & Adiantum aethiopicum 3- £Pa 6- AK 123222 A. cunninghamii f f f CHRW 58 $ 1 1 i & Ferns & Fern Allies hatup a VOUCHERS 6 £ O A. diaphanum o o - AK 159992 L.A.; AKU 12387 W A.
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