Diversity of Non-native Terrestrial in Newfoundland & Labrador

David Langor & Laura DeHaas Natural Resources Canada, Canadian Forest Service, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada DEFINITION

•Invasive Alien Species

Isthmus of Panama

Asian longhorn beetle Brown Spruce longhorned beetle

Emerald ash borer Pine shoot beetle To date, >1850 non-native terrestrial arthropods have been recorded from Canada. It is expected that this list will grow to > 2000.

Distribution of Exotic Species in Canada (n = 1833) 1200 1000 800 600 400

Number of Species of Number 200 0 YK NT BC AB SK MB ON QC NB NS PE NF LB Province or Territory

Nfld. & Labrador has 456 species, including 44 species in Labrador

NOTE: Ray Morris tallied ca. 250 species in 1983 Examples

•European earwigs • carpenters/ sowbugs • ‘hard-shells’ carabid beetles • many common household pests: spider beetles, carpet beetles, strawberry root weevil, cockroaches • most common lady bugs • striped flea beetle, clover leaf weevil, imported cabbage worm • birch leafminers, larch and birch casebearers, balsam woolly adelgid, mountain ash sawfly, larch sawfly • granary beetles =3.1 % of total species (est. 64,000) 6.1% of total arthropods (ca. 7500 spp.) 15% of carabid beetles (172 spp.) 30% of weevils (117 spp.) 19% of staphylinid beetles (216 spp.) 57% of latridiid beetles (14 spp.) Exotic Arthropod Species in Canada (n = 1833) 5% 3% 4% Coleoptera 11% 32% Diptera Hemiptera Lepidoptera Other 18% Arachnids 5% Other Arthropods

22% Exotic Arthropod Species in Newfoundland (n=456) 8% 0%

6%

3% Coleoptera Diptera Hemiptera 9% 42% Hymenoptera Lepidoptera Other Insects Arachnids 11% Other Arthropods Siphonaptera

17% 4% Hemiptera (76 spp.) Miridae Other Heteroptera 26% Aphids & relatives 35% leaf hoppers

9% 30% Coleoptera (197 spp.) Carabidae Chrysomelidae Coccinellidae 17% 14% Curculionidae 5% Dermestidae 3% Hydrophilidae 23% Nitidulidae 18% Ptinidae 4% Scarabaeidae 4% 3% 4% 5% Staphylinidae Others Hymenoptera (48 spp.) sawflies bees parasitic wasps

44% 54%

2% Lepidoptera (41 spp.)

Gelechoidea

10% Geometroidea 27% 7% Noctuoidea Tortricoidea others

24%

32% Origin of Exotic Arthropod Species in Canada (n = 1833)

900 815 800 722 700 600 500 400 300 213 200 69 NumberofSpecies 100 7 7 0 Unknown Africa Asia Europe Eurasia South America Origin

Origin of non-native species in NL

300 250 200 150 100 No. species 50 0 Africa Asia Europe Eurasia Orient South America Points of entry into Canada for non-native species in NL (270 spp.)

90 80 70 60 50 40 30

No. species 20 10 0 BC Prairies + ON QC Maritimes NF + LB North

St. John’s most important port of entry 60 species are currently limited to Nfld. Introduction of Exotic Arthropod Species into North America (n = 949)

200 188 180 155 160 143 148 140 120 105 100 88 80 58 60 40 22 13 10 20 2 1 1 2 8 5 NumberofSpecies 0

9 9 9 9 9 9 49 19 39 19 99 6 8 sent -169 -174 -1799 -18 -185 -187 -19 -193 -195 -19 0 0 0 0 0 0 re 650 820 900 980 1500-15991600-1 1 170 175 1800-1 1 184 186 1880-18991 192 194 1960-19791 2000-p Year Year of earliest record in North America and Canada for non-native species in NL

70 60 50 40 North America 30 Canada 20

No. species 10 0

9 9 9 9 t 9 4 19 39 59 79 99 1 3 59 79 99 n 00 8 9 9 9 16 16 18 18 18 18 19 19 ese < - - 17 - 1799 - 1 ------1 - 1 - 1 r 0 0 0 0 0 0 00 00 50 60 80 00 20 - p 6 7 7 80 82 84 8 8 9 9 94 96 98 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 00 2 1500s – Apis mellifera (Hymenoptera: Apidae) mid 1500s – Hemisarcoptes malus (Acari: Hemisarcoptidae)

1635 – Cydia pomonella (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) – coddling moth

1675-1700 – Phyllotreta striolata (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) – striped flea beetle

1700s – Stomoxys calcitrans (Diptera: Muscidae) – stable fly

1700s – Philonthus umbratilis (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae) Exotic Arthropod Species in Canada Introduced Directly into Canada and the USA (n = 1833)

26%

Canada 46% USA Canada and USA Unknown

23% 5% Trophic Roles of Exotic Arthropod Species in Canada (N = 1833)

3% 8%

4% Phytophagous Predator 17% 48% Parasitoid Fungivore Scavenger Other + Unknown 20%

Trophic roles of non-native arthropods in NL Phytophagous Predator 3% 14% Parasitoid

4% Fungivore 41% Detriivore/scavenger 8% Unknow n

30% Biocontrol agents released against forest insects *denotes successful biocontrol *Larch casebearer 2 *Satin moth 1 European pine shoot moth 1 *Birch casebearer 1 *European spruce sawfly 1 *Birch leafminer 1 *Introduced pine sawfly 2 *Mountain ash sawfly 1 Spruce budworm 2 *Larch sawfly 1 Hemlock looper 1 (fly) Balsam Wooley adelgid 3 (lady bugs) Biocontrol agents released against other insects

Green peach aphid 1 Delia spp. 1 European Earwig 1 Biocontrol agents released against weeds

Knapweed (Centaurea) 1 fly Nodding thistle (Carduus) 1 beetle ONGOING WORK

Forest IAS Website http://www.exoticpests.gc.ca/default_eng.asp

Databasing information from specimen labels 80,000 georeferenced records Dispersal of bipunctatus (Hymenoptera: ) from 1935 (date of introduction) to 1994 Acknowledgements

Canadian Forest Service Federal Biodiversity Information Partnership Biological Survey of Canada Many taxonomists…..