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11. Geology and Soils

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11. Geology and Soils Alexandra Basin Redevelopment Project Environmental Impact Statement 11. GEOLOGY AND SOILS This Chapter of the EIS identifies, describes and assesses the impact of the proposed development on soils, geology and hydrogeology including the treatment of contaminated marine sediments within Alexander Basin West. The geological and hydrogeological regime has been established from the results of ground investigations, a review of mapping records and walkover surveys of the site. Marine sediment quality has been established through a comprehensive sampling and analysis programme developed through consultation with the Marine Institute. 11.1 ASSESSMENT METHODOLOGY Introduction In the absence of a formal methodology for assessing the extent and degree of impact that the ABR Project may have on geology and hydrogeology, the approach has been based on the document produced by the Institute of Geologists of Ireland, “Geology in Environmental Impact Statements – a guide”, September 2002. This document outlines the likely impacts and potential mitigation measures for geological issues by topic, although no importance criteria are given by which the impact can be graded. Desk Study A geological desk study was carried out for the development using the following sources of information: • Ordnance Survey of Ireland, Discovery Series, • Ordnance Survey of Ireland online historical maps and aerial photographs, For inspection purposes only. • Environmental ProtectionConsent Agency of copyright online owner mappingrequired for any www.epa.ie other use. , • Geological Survey of Ireland 1:100,000 scale bedrock series geology map Sheet 16 Geology of Kildare-Wicklow, 1994. • Geological Survey of Ireland online mapping public datasets viewer http://www.gsi.ie/Mapping.htm, • IGSL, Ground Investigation Report, Alexandra Basin Redevelopment, 2014. • Glover Site Investigations Ltd., Dublin Port Borehole and CPT Contract, Alexandra Quay East. Report No. 06-221-AQ, 2006. IBE0807/EIS01 11-1 [Final] EPA Export 31-07-2015:23:41:11 Alexandra Basin Redevelopment Project Environmental Impact Statement 11.2 EXISTING ENVIRONMENT 11.2.1 Solid Geology Regional Bedrock Geology The solid (bedrock) geology of the region (Figure 11.1) comprises a sequence of sedimentary rocks that are assigned to the Calp Formation of the Carboniferous era. These Lower Carboniferous strata range in age from Chadian to Brigantian. The Carboniferous sequence indicated by the geological map comprises dark grey fine grained limestones with interbedded, black, poorly fossiliferous shales. Limestone bed thickness, grain size, colour and proportion of shale vary widely whilst Chert is locally common. These rocks were originally deposited as sediments in a marine basin that opened during continental rifting. To the south of Dublin is located the Leinster Granite batholiths which stretches from Dun Laoghaire to New Ross. It consists of five, generally north northeast-trending plutons, which are individually aligned within the northeast-trending regional foliation in the lower Palaeozoic host rocks. The granite was intruded during the Caledonian deformation. The granites mainly form upland regions, however they are poorly exposed due to rounded contours with a blanket of peat. For inspection purposes only. Consent of copyright owner required for any other use. Figure 11.1 Geology in and around Dublin Port IBE0807/EIS01 11-2 [Final] EPA Export 31-07-2015:23:41:11 Alexandra Basin Redevelopment Project Environmental Impact Statement Local Bedrock Geology An investigation carried out by Glover Site Investigations Ltd. in 2006 within the adjacent Alexandra Quay East indicated that the bedrock underlying the local area comprised moderately strong to strong, slightly laminated, grey to dark grey, fine to medium grained LIMESTONE with layers of Shale and occasional calcite veining. Dublin Port is located entirely on made ground (fill deposits). Therefore there are no natural rock outcrops present on the site. 11.2.2 Drift Geology and Recent Deposits Drift is a general term applied to all mineral material (clay, sand, silt, boulders) transported by a glacier and deposited directly by or from the ice, or by running water emanating from the glacier. It generally applies to Pleistocene glacial deposits. The drift geology of the area principally reflects the depositional process of the last glaciation when an extensive ice sheet that extended into the Irish Sea covered the region. Typically during the ice advance boulder clays were deposited sub-glacially as lodgement till over the eroded rock head surface, whilst moraine deposits were laid down at the glacier margins. Subsequently, with the progressive retreat of the ice sheet from the region, fluvio-glacial deposits (sand, gravel and silt) were laid down by melt waters discharging from the front of the glacier. Recent deposition prior to reclamation of the site principally reflects marine erosional and depositional processes, which have modified the glacial deposits. 11.2.3 Site Specific Geology A site investigation was carried out by IGSL Ltd between December 2013 and February 2014. The investigation comprised 12 Boreholes advanced by cable percussion with follow on rotary drilling. Boreholes were advanced to a maximum depth of 25.0m below ground level (bgl). For inspection purposes only. Consent of copyright owner required for any other use. Made Ground (Fill Deposits) Made Ground deposits were encountered from 0.15m bgl to a maximum depth of 10.6m bgl. The Made Ground deposits comprised the following; • Grey, sandy, gravelly fill with steel/pipe pieces, coal, timber, cobbles and boulders; • GRAVEL with cobbles and shells; • Coarse GRAVEL fill with cobbles and boulders; • Clay, gravel, sand, large cobbles, red and yellow brick fragments, timber, steel, glass and plastic; • Rubble fill with glass and plastic; • Black, clayey, fill with metal, timber and glass; and • Sandy, gravelly fill with shell fragments, cobbles and boulders. IBE0807/EIS01 11-3 [Final] EPA Export 31-07-2015:23:41:11 Alexandra Basin Redevelopment Project Environmental Impact Statement Recent Deposits (Estuarine) The recent estuarine deposits were generally encountered below the Made Ground deposits and comprised; stiff, grey, black sandy SILT, soft to firm, black sandy SILT and stiff, brown, slightly gravelly, sandy SILT. This horizon ranged in thickness from 0.5m to 4.9m in thickness. Glacial Deposits The glacial deposits were generally encountered as fluvio-glacial sands and gravels with Clay at greater depth. The sands were encountered as; Grey silty SAND with cobbles, Loose brown/grey SAND, Medium dense, grey/brown silty SAND, Dense black, slight gravelly SAND with cobbles and Medium dense, grey SAND with cobbles. The sand horizons ranged in thickness from 0.4m to 5.5m in thickness. The gravel was encountered as; Dense, grey, slightly sandy GRAVEL with cobbles, Dense, grey angular GRAVEL, Dense, fine to coarse, grey, slightly clayey GRAVEL, Dense, fine to coarse, sandy, grey/brown GRAVEL with cobbles and occasional boulders and Medium dense, grey, sandy GRAVEL with cobbles and boulders. The gravel horizons ranged in thickness from 0.7m to 8.8m in thickness. Possible Boulder Clay was encountered within one borehole only and comprised; hard, black, sandy gravelly CLAY with occasional cobbles. The clay layer was encountered from 19.50m bgl until the end of the borehole at 24.80m bgl and is unproven beyond this depth. Bedrock Ground investigations undertaken in Alexander Basin East have shown that the Limestone rock head level in the vicinity of the Alexandra Basin Redevelopment are at circa -35m Chart Datum (CD), 25m below the design dredge level of -10m CD. For inspection purposes only. 11.2.3 Hydrogeology Consent of copyright owner required for any other use. Hydrogeology is the study of groundwater, including its origin, occurrence, movement and quality. The hydrogeology of the area has been described by the Geological Survey of Ireland as complex and very variable. The Limestone bedrock is generally considered to be indurated and hence dominated by fissure permeability (e.g. joints and faults). Such permeability is likely to be low except where coarse, clean Limestones where present, have been karstified, dolomitised or are highly fractured. The Quaternary drift is considered the principal medium for groundwater movement in the area. The infiltration capacity of the clay deposits would be limited due to their low permeability and hence groundwater movement is likely to be confined to the fluvio-glacial sand and gravel deposits that overlie the clays. The Lower Carboniferous rocks that underlie the region have been classified by the Geological Survey of Ireland as “Locally Important Aquifer, bedrock which is moderately productive only in local zones”. These locally productive zones are due to the presence of more permeable strata that are encountered in different parts of the outcrop area due to substantial faults, fractures or fissures. The limited groundwater movement within the rock tends to be restricted to the weathered horizons or to non-extensive fractured zones. These zones tend to have a limited hydraulic continuity, low storage capacity and low potential yield. IBE0807/EIS01 11-4 [Final] EPA Export 31-07-2015:23:41:11 Alexandra Basin Redevelopment Project Environmental Impact Statement The potential importance of the Quaternary drift deposits as a groundwater resource is a function of their permeability, thickness and extent. The low permeable fine grained glacial clays
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