77 Comparative Studies on Physicochemical
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ISSN: 2406-7334 G E-ISSN: 2406-7342 IJSTAS Vol. 1, 2014, No. 1, 77-92~ 77 COMPARATIVE STUDIES ON PHYSICOCHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF THE MINERAL SOILS IN THE MAJOR SAGO-PALM (METROXYLON SAGU ROTTB.)-GROWING AREAS OF EASTERN INDONESIA Fransiscus Suramas Rembon 1*), Yulius Barra Pasolon1) ,Yoshinori Yamamoto2) and Tetsushi Yoshida2) 1) Faculty of Agriculture, Haluoleo University, Kendari, Southeast Sulawesi 93232, Indonesia 2)Faculty of Agriculture, Kochi University, Nankoku, Kochi 783-8502, Japan Abstract Physicochemical properties of the mineral soils, under major sago-palm-growing areas in the eastern Indonesia around Sentani near Jayapura, Papua Province (hereafter Jayapura); Kairatu, Seram Island, Maluku Province (Seram); Kendari, Southeast Sulawesi Province (Kendari); were studied and compared. The soil samples of 0-15 cm and 15-30 cm depth were collected from every site, respectively, from September 2005 to January 2008. The results revealed that the average of physicochemical properties of the soils from 0-30 cm depth in the sago-palm-growing areas varied depending on the site. Soil bulk densities were averagely higher in Seram (1.35 g cm-3) than those in Kendari (0.98 g cm-3) and Jayapura (0.89 g cm-3). Soil textures around Jayapura were dominated by silty loam. While in Seram soil texture was dominated by silty loam and loam, and around Kendari it was dominated by sandy loam, loam and silty clay. The averages of soil pHs were slightly acid (6.4) in Jayapura, acid in both Seram (5.5) and Kendari (4.9). Total carbons (total-C) in Kendari were higher (30.5 g kg-1) than those in Jayapura (27.2 g kg-1) and Seram (9.9 g kg-1). Based on the averages of nutrient contents including the CEC and the total-C, the sago-palm-growing areas showed the same trend in the order of Kendari > Jayapura > Seram in the CEC, total-N and total-C. On the other hand, the exchangeable-K, and the available-P were showed the trend in the order of Jayapura > Seram > Kendari. Variations of soil fertility such as the exchangeable-K, CEC, and total-N among the soils collected sites in each area are higher in the order of Kendari > Jayapura > Seram. And also we tried to discuss about the relation between the soil physicochemical properties and the reported growth parameters or starch productivity of sago palms grown on the same researched areas. ------------------------------------ Keywords: Eastern Indonesia, soil physicochemical property, sago palm, mineral soil. *) Correspondence: E-mail: [email protected] INTRODUCTION South, Central and North Sulawesi, and About more than 1.0 million West and Central Kalimantan (Mashud et hectares of sago palms are grown in al., 2008). Sago palms scattered along Indonesia. Of this, about 96 % is in the the swampy areas of every island in eastern archipelagos region, mainly Papua, Maluku, Kalimantan, Sulawesi found around Papua, West Papua, and Western region of Sumatera (Flach, Moluccas, North Moluccas, Southeast, 1983). Sago palm grows well on mineral ISSN: 2406-7334 G E-ISSN: 2406-7342 IJSTAS Vol. 1, 2014, No. 1, 77-92~ 78 than on peat soil (Flach and Schuiling, In order to establish the appropriate 1989). Moreover, main soil type found in soil management for improving the sago-palm-growing areas classified in growth and starch productivity of sago two groups, a mineral soil and an organic palm, clarification of the soil properties or a peat soil, but mineral soil was more in the major sago-palm-growing areas, dominant. According to Mulyanto and especially in the eastern Indonesia is very Suwardi (2000), possible soil types in important. Therefore, this research was sago-palm-growing areas include 3 conducted to clarify and to compare the important Orders, namely Entisols, differences in the physicochemical Histosols and Inceptisols. Further, sago- properties of the mineral soil in the major palm-growing areas commonly found on sago-palm-growing areas of the eastern a typical soils that are classified into: Indonesia and tried to discuss about the tropaquent (riped soil developed under relation between the soil waterlogged condition); fluvaquent physicochemical properties and the (riped soil developed under river growth parameters or starch productivity seasonal flooding); hydraquent (unriped of sago palms grown on the same soil develop under waterlogged researched areas. condition); tropaquept (soil developed under high water content condition which MATERIALS AND METHODS has a developed profile); dystropept Research was conducted in the (similar with tropaquept but developed eastern part Indonesia from 2005-2008 at without waterlogged condition); several villages around Lake Sentani near ° ° tropohemist (riped peat soil); and Jayapura (2 33' 0'' S and 140 37' 0'' E) of troposaprist (half riped peat soil) Papua Province (hereafter Jayapura), ° ° (Shimoda and Power, 1985, Tie et al., Kairatu (3 21' 0'' S and 128 22' 0'' E) of 1991). Seram Island in Maluku Province ° The soil physicochemical (Seram), and around Kendari (3 57' 59'' ° properties on the sago-palm-growing S and 122 26' 59'' E) of Southeast areas around Kendari have been reported Sulawesi Province (Kendari) (Fig.1). (Rembon et al., 2010). However, detailed Sago-palm-growing areas around Sentani descriptions of the soil physicochemical are spreading around lakeside on the properties, especially around the main flood plain under Mount Cyclops valley. sago-palm-growing areas were still In Seram spreading on the upland poorly documented. Furthermore, some swampy flood plain between foot hill, reports on the variation of sago palm and in Kendari scattered along the river production in the eastern archipelago of bank and or flood plain of back swampy Indonesia were closely related to the between foot hill. natural soil fertility (Ehara et al., 1995; Soil samples were collected using a Ehara et al., 2000). soil auger, 2 samples were taken for each site from the two depths (0-15 and 15-30 cm depth from the soil surface) of soils ISSN: 2406-7334 G E-ISSN: 2406-7342 IJSTAS Vol. 1, 2014, No. 1, 77-92~ 79 from each selected sago-palm-growing The air-dried soils for chemical field in the areas. The amount of soil analyses were prepared from 300 g of composite samples taken from each site field fresh soils taken from each site were as follows: (Jayapura, Seram, and which were homogenized and screened Kendari were 18, 10, and 12 samples, passing through 2 mm opening sieving respectively). net, and then analyzed for physicochemical properties such as pH, total-N, total-C, available-P and exchangeable-K, Ca, Mg, and cation exchangeable capacity (CEC). The pH values for H2O and KCl were measured with pH meter after suspension in distilled water and in 1 M KCl with a ratios of 1 to 2.5 and 1 to 5 (w/v) for the mineral soil, respectively. Organic-C was determined with Walkey and Blackmore The samples were collected from method (Nelson and Sommers, 1982). 18, 10, and 12 points, respectively based The total-N and available-P were on the variation of soil that shown in the determined with Kjeldhal method and color changes and physical appearance in Bray-2 procedure, respectively. The the field. Some village has a replication, exchangeable-K was determined by such as in Jayapura (Yabaso village 5 chemical method by precipitating of K as replications, Yahim village has 2 K2NaCo (NO2) 6H2O in a dilute solution replications), and in Haturapa, Seram 2 of 1.0 N HNO3 titrated with 0.05 N replications. Soil physicochemical KMnO4 (Knudsen et al., 1985). Soil properties were determined in the soil cation exchangeable capacity (CEC) was test Laboratory, Faculty of Agriculture, determined by the measurement of the Haluoleo University in Kendari. The soil ammonium retained by the negative texture was determined following the charges on soil particles after the soil pipette method (Gee and Bauder, 1986) saturated with the ammonium acetate and was then classified based on the solution (pH 7.0). No replication of textural triangle (Brady and Weil, 1996), measurement applied for all parameters and the bulk density (BD) was as all measured collected samples taken determined following the soil core using a composite one. method (Blake and Hartge, 1986) using a Criteria used for each element were cylindrical metal ring sampler with 7.5 then classified into 5 categories cm long by 5.5 cm diameter. The following Hardjowigeno (1987): (very groundwater levels in each site were low =VL, low = L, medium = M, high = directly measured in the field using a H and very high = VH). While the pH mater tape. values were classified into: very acid = ISSN: 2406-7334 G E-ISSN: 2406-7342 IJSTAS Vol. 1, 2014, No. 1, 77-92~ 80 VA, acid = A, slightly acid = SA, neutral a. Groundwater level = N and slightly alkaline = Sal. The Groundwater levels among the followings are the details of five major sago-palm-growing areas in the categories of the elements: The pH (VA researched sites at sampling date varied from 10 cm to lower than 60 cm (below < 4.5, A = 4.5-5.5, SA = 5.6-6.5, N = the soil surface) (Table 1). 6.6-7.5, Sal > 7.5); the total-N (VL < 1.0 The groundwater was slightly varied -1 -1 g kg , L = 1.0-2.0 g kg , M = 2.1-5.0 g from 10 cm to lower than 60 cm in -1 -1 kg , H = 5.1-8.0 g kg and VH > 8.0 g Jayapura, from 15 cm to 60 cm in Seram, -1 -1 kg ); the total-C (VL < 10.0 g kg , L = and from 10 to 30 cm in Kendari. These -1 -1 10.0-20 g kg , M = 20.1-30.0 g kg , H = depended on the given rainfall and the -1 -1 30.1-50.0 g kg and VH > 50.0 g kg ); landform of the each site.