Comoros Island Chain and Adjacent Reef Banks IMMA Summary The area of the Comoros (Grande Comore, Mohéli, Anjouan), Mayotte and other reef banks under French jurisdiction (Zélée/Geyser complex and the Glorieuses) includes submarine canyons and a large Area Size number of seamounts located between the main 65,900km2 islands. Small resident populations of coastal occur around Mayotte, particularly Indo-Pacific Qualifying Species and Criteria bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops aduncus) and Humpback – Megaptera novaeangliae. endangered Indian humpback dolphins (Sousa Criterion A; B (ii); C (i, iii) plumbea). Throughout the archipelago, high densities

Blue whale – musculus. of oceanic delphinids have been recorded, Criterion A; B (ii); C (iii) particularly spinner dolphins, pantropical spotted dolphins and -headed (Peponocephala – Physeter macrocephalus. electra). Other common species include dwarf sperm Criterion A; B (ii) whales, Blainville’s beaked whales, sperm whales, Melon-headed whale – Peponocephala electra. short-finned pilot whales, and false killer whales. The Criterion B (ii) density of migrating humpback whales is particularly high off the south coast of Moheli, in the coastal Short-finned – Globicephala macrorhynchus. Criterion B (ii) waters of Grande Comore and on the Geyser/Zélée complex. Finally, dugongs still occur in small numbers Spinner – longirostris. in the lagoon of Mayotte, in the Moheli Marine Park Criterion B (ii) (south coast), but this population has declined greatly

Indo-Pacific – Tursiops over the past four decades. aduncus. Criterion B (i)

Indian Ocean – Sousa Description plumbea. Criterion A; B (i) The Comoros archipelago is located in the northern Mozambique Channel, in the southwest tropical Indian Pantropical spotted dolphins – Stenella Ocean. The Union of the Comoros consists of four attenuata. Criterion B (ii) main islands, and many surrounding small islets. The

False – crassidens islands of Mohéli, Anjouan, and Grande Comore Criterion B (ii) constitute volcanic islands. Anjouan and Grande Comore feature deep oceanic waters in close Dugong – Dugong dugon. Criterion A; B (i) Marine Diversity Criterion D (ii) Physeter macrocephalus, Megaptera novaeangliae, Balaenoptera musculus, Tursiops aduncus, Tursiops truncatus, Stenella longirostris, Stenella attenuata, Sousa plumbea, Peponocephala electra, Globicephala macrorhynchus, Pseudorca crassidens, Grampus griseus, Feresa attenuata, Lagenodelphis hosei, orca, Indopacetus pacificus, Ziphius cavirostris, Mesoplodon densirostris, Figure 1- inside the Comoros Island breviceps, Kogia sima, Dugong dugon, Stenella Chain and adjcaent reef banks IMMA. Photo Credit: coeruleoalba, Steno bredanensis Jerermy Kiszka proximity to the coastline. In contrast, Mohéli has a distribution of sperm whales in this region remain large reef complex in the south of the island, with scarce, but multiple sightings between Mayotte and shallow waters, including fringing reefs and pinnacles, Anjouan suggest the presence of an aggregation as well as smaller islands extending to the 100m (Van Canneyt et al. 2010). Dugongs still occur in the isobath (around 404 km²). Comoros, especially in the Mohéli Marine Park, but in small numbers (WWF EAME 2004; Muir & Kiszka Mayotte (45o10’E, 12o50’S) is located in the north- 2012). They also occur in small numbers in the eastern Mozambique Channel, and is part of the lagoon of Mayotte although this species has Comoros archipelago. The island is surrounded by a declined since the early 80’s due to hunting and as 197 km long barrier reef, with a second double-barrier in several fisheries. Probably less than 10 in the southwest and the immerged reef complex of individuals are present throughout the lagoon Iris Bank in the northwest. The lagoon and (Kiszka et al. 2007b, Pusineri et al. 2013). Blue whales surrounding reef complexes are 1,500 km² with an (Balaenoptera musculus) have been recorded on average depth of 20 m and a maximum depth of 80 m several occasions all year round, particularly off found in the western, older, region of the lagoon. The Mayotte (Kiszka et al. 2007a, J. Kiszka, unpublished insular slope on the exterior of the barrier reef is very data). steep and contains many submarine canyons and volcanoes. Iris Bank (44o 59’ E, 12o 34’ S) is adjacent to Criterion B: Distribution and the northern extent of the 437 n.m.2 lagoon surrounding Mayotte. Iris Bank covers an area of Abundance approximately 65 n.m.2 with a mean depth of 30 m Sub-criterion Bi: Small and Resident (max 80m). Populations Geyser Reef and Zélée Bank (46o 25’ E, 12o 24’ S), form an isolated complex 80 n.m. northeast of the Small resident populations of coastal dolphins occur island of Mayotte. This complex sits atop what is in the IMMA, particularly the Indo-Pacific bottlenose presumed to be a seamount of volcanic origin, and is dolphin (Tursiops aduncus) and the Endangered composed of two distinct areas separated by a 4.5 Indian Ocean humpback dolphin (Sousa plumbea) n.m. wide channel that exceeds 600 m in depth. around Mayotte (Kiszka et al., 2010b, 2012). Using Geyser Reef is approximately 120 n.m.2 in area while photo-identification data, from 2004 to 2008, it was Zélée Bank is smaller, covering approximately 70 estimated that annual abundances of Indo-pacific n.m.2. Depths on this complex, range from one meter bottlenose dolphins ranged from 47 ±18 to 98 ±50 near the reef crest to 40 m in the interior regions. The edge of the complex is characterized by near vertical individuals (estimated population home range is 978 walls that rapidly drop to depths over 1,000 m within km², Pusineri et al. 2014). as little as 500 m of their shallowest points. The complex remains completely submerged at low tide, Indian Ocean humpback dolphins only occur in the with the exception of a partially emergent western rim lagoon of Mayotte, and less than 5 individuals of the Geyser Reef. currently remain in the area (J. Kiszka unpublished data). Some evidence suggests that spinner Glorieuses is a 17 km long coral bank and covering dolphins occurring around some islands are 165 km² with two main coral islands, Grande Glorieuse resident, particularly around Mayotte (Viricel et al. (7 km²) and Lys island (600 m long). It is located east 2016). However, more work is required to improve of the Comoros archipelagos about 250 km from Mayotte and 200 km from Madagascar. Mayotte and our knowledge on the residency and movements of Glorieuses waters were declared as a marine this species. Finally the area supports a small, protected area in 2010 and 2012 respectively. resident and isolated population of dugongs, dependent upon seagrass beds for foraging, Criterion A – Species or Population particularly around Mayotte and in Mohéli (Muir and Vulnerability Kiszka 2012).

This region is a critical habitat for several threatened Sub-criterion Bii: Aggregations species (particularly the sperm whale, the Indian Ocean humpback dolphin and the Throughout the IMMA, high densities of oceanic dugong), and a migratory corridor for blue whales (Kiszka et al. 2007a, 2007b, 2010a, 2010b, Pusineri et delphinids have been recorded, particularly the al. 2013). Information on the movements and (Stenella longirostris), the pantropical (Stenella attenuata) and the melon-headed whale (Peponocephala electra) Moheli, in the coastal waters of Grande Comore and (Kiszka et al., 2010a, 2010b, Laran et al. 2017). Other on the Geyser/Zélée complex (Kiszka et al. 2010a, common species include the sperm whale (Physeter Ersts et al. 2011). Reef banks off north and north- macrocephalus), the short-finned pilot whale eastern Mayotte (Iris, Zélée and Geyser banks) have (Globicephala macrorhynchus) and the false killer been surveyed in 2002 and 2003, especially to whale (Pseudorca crassidens) (Kiszka et al. 2010a, evaluate the density and group composition of 2010b). During aerial surveys conducted in 2009-2010 wintering humpback whales. The densities of in the region, a relatively dense patch of sightings of humpback whales ranged from 0.027 to 0.618 sperm whales was recorded between the islands of whales/nm2 across three reef banks. Females with Anjouan and Mayotte (off-effort sighting data, Van calves were the most frequently encountered group Canneyt et al. 2010). type. Encounter rates ranged from 0.98 to 2.36 groups per hour of search effort. Presumably all other species described as being present year-round Criterion C: Key Life Cycle Activities also reproduce in the area. Sub-criterion Ci: Reproductive Areas Sub-criterion Ciii: Migration Routes This region is a migratory destination for humpback whales (Megaptera novaeangliae) between July and The region is a known breeding ground for October (austral winter), where the majority of humpback whales during the austral winter, but also encountered groups are mother-calf pairs (Kiszka et a potential migratory corridor for other baleen al. 2010a, Ersts et al. 2011). The high proportion of whales and male sperm whales. Sightings of blue mother-calf pairs suggests that the surrounding whales in August 2016 and April 2007 (Kiszka et al. waters of Mayotte constitute a nursing ground for this 2007) suggest that pygmy blue whales (B. m. species in the region (Ersts et al. 2011), like around the brevicauda) and possibly Antarctic blue whales (B. m. other Comorian islands (Kiszka et al. 2010a) and intermedia) migrate through the Comoros Glorieuses (Globice, 2005). Density of humpback archipelago. whales is particularly high off the south coast of

Figure 3 - Map showing the location of marine mammal sightings made by the REMMOA surveys around the Comoros Island China and adjacent reef banks IMMA Criterion D: Special Attributes KISZKA, J., ERSTS, P.J. & RIDOUX, V., 2007a. Cetacean Sub-criterion Dii: Diversity diversity around the Mozambique Channel island of Mayotte (Comoros archipelago). Journal of Cetacean The diversity of species present in the IMMA is Research and Management, 9(2): 105-109. sustained by a high variation of ocean, coastal, reef and lagoon habitats, with 22 species of cetaceans KISZKA, J., ERSTS, P.J. & RIDOUX, V., 2010b. Structure of recorded and the dugong (Kiszka et al. 2010a, 2010b, a toothed cetacean community around a tropical island Laran et al. 2017). These cetacean species include (Mayotte, Mozambique Channel). African Journal of sperm whale (Physeter macrocephalus), humpback Marine Science, 32(3): 543-551. whale (Megaptera novaeangliae), (Balaenoptera musculus), indo-Pacific and common KISZKA, J., MUIR, C. & JAMON, A., 2007b. Status of a bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops aduncus, Tursiops marginal dugong (Dugong dugon) population in the truncates), spinner dolphin (Stenella longirostris), lagoon of Mayotte (Mozambique Channel), in the pantropical spotted dolphin (Stenella attenuata), western Indian Ocean. Western Indian Ocean Journal of Indian Ocean humpback dolphin (Sousa plumbea), Marine Science, 6(1): 111-116. melon-headed whale (Peponocephala electra), short-finned pilot whale (Globicephala KISZKA, J., SIMON-BOUHET, B., GASTEBOIS, C., PUSINERI, macrorhynchus), false killer whale (Pseudorca C. & RIDOUX, V., 2012. Habitat partitioning and fine crassidens), Risso’s dolphin (Grampus griseus), scale population structure among insular bottlenose (Feresa attenuata), Fraser’s dolphins (Tursiops aduncus) in a tropical lagoon. dolphin (Lagenodelphis hosei), killer whale (Orcinus Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, orca), Longman’s (Indopacetus 416-417: 176-184. pacificus), Cuvier’s beaked whale (Ziphius cavirostris), Blainville’s beaked whale (Mesoplodon densirostris), KISZKA, J., VELY, M. & BREYSSE, O., 2010a. A preliminary (Kogia breviceps), dwarf sperm account of cetacean diversity and whale (Kogia sima), dugong (Dugong dugon), striped (Megaptera novaeangliae) group characteristics around dolphin (Stenella coeruleoalba), and rough-toothed the Union of the Comoros (Mozambique Channel). dolphin (Steno bredanensis). Mammalia, 74: 51-56.

Supporting Information LARAN, S., AUTHIER, M., VAN CANNEYT, O., DORÉMUS, G., WATREMEZ, P. & RIDOUX, V., 2017. A Comprehensive Survey of Pelagic Megafauna: Their Distribution, ERSTS, P.J., KISZKA, J., VELY, M. & ROSENBAUM, H.C., 2011. Densities, and Taxonomic Richness in the Tropical Density, group composition, and encounter rates of Southwest Indian Ocean. Frontiers in Marine Science, 4, humpback whales (Megaptera novaeangliae) in the p.139. eastern Comoros archipelago [C2]. Journal of Cetacean Research and Management, 3 (special issue): 175-182. PUSINERI, C., BARBRAUD, C., KISZKA, J., CACERES, S. FOSSETTE, S., HEIDE-JØRGENSEN, M.P., VILLUM JENSEN, MOUGNOT, J., DAUDIN, G. & RIDOUX, V., 2014. Capture- M., KISZKA, J., BERUBE, M., BERTRAND, N. & VELY, M., mark-recapture modelling suggests an endangered 2014. Humpback whale (Megaptera novaeangliae) post status for the Mayotte Island (eastern Africa) population breeding dispersal and southward migration in the of Indo-Pacific bottlenose dolphins. Endangered Species western Indian Ocean. Journal of Experimental Marine Research, 23: 33-43. Biology and Ecology, 450: 6-14. VAN CANNEYT, O., DORÉMUS, G., LARAN, S., RIDOUX, V., GLOBICE, 2005. Compte rendu de mission « mammifères WATREMEZ, P. 2010. Distribution et abondance de la marins » des îles Glorieuses, 9-16 aout 2005. 12pp. mégafaune marine dans le sud-ouest de l'océan Indien. Marine Mammal Research Centre, AAMP. 70pp. KISZKA, J., 2015. Marine : a review of status, distribution and interaction with fisheries in the Southwest Indian Ocean. Chapter 8: 303-323. In: Van der Elst RP and VIRICEL, A., SIMON-BOUHET, B., CEYRAC, L., DULAU- Everett BI. 2015. (eds). Offshore fisheries of the Southwest DROUOT, V., BERGGREN, P., AMIR, O.A., JIDDAWI, N., Indian Ocean: their status and the impact on vulnerable MONGIN, P. & KISZKA, J., 2016. Habitat availability and species. Oceanographic Research Institute, Special geographic isolation as potential drivers of the genetic Publication, 10. 448pp. population structure in an in the southwest Indian Ocean. Marine Biology, 163: 219. Aknowledgements

The participants of the 2019 IMMA Regional Expert Workshop held in Salalah, Oman for the Identification of IMMAs in the Western Indian Ocean and Arabian . . Funding for the identification of this IMMA was provided to the Global Ocean Biodiversity Initiative by the International Climate Initiative (IKI). The German Federal Ministry for the Environment, Nature Conservation and Nuclear Safety (BMU) supports this initiative on the basis of a decision adopted by the German Bundestag. Support was also provided by Whale and Dolphin Conservation and the Tethys Research Institute.

Suggested Citation: IUCN-MMPATF (2020). Comoros Atoll IMMA Factsheet. IUCN Joint SSC/WCPA Marine Mammal Protected Areas Task Force, 2020.

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