A Grammar Revision
• to show that the person/thing is unique. (the sun, the 1 Articles earth, the moon, the sea, the sky, the equator; the Pope, the King, the Queen) The indefinite article The Pope has declared Mother Teresa of Calcutta a saint. • when there is only one thing of its kind in a place. The indefinite articles are a and an. Ross, can I borrow the bicycle? [= the bicycle that belongs We use a: to the family] • before words starting with a consonant. a book • in front of a singular noun which represents a class of • before u-, eu- with the sound /iu:/ and before o- with the animals/things. sound /wö/. a university, a European, a one-day trip The kangaroo lives in Australia. • before a semivowel. a yard, a wonderful experience • in sentences where you define a particular person/object with a phrase or a clause. We use an: The woman who wrote that book is very famous. • before words starting with a vowel. an apple The world’s population is growing rapidly. • before a silent h-. an hour, an honour, an heir, • before superlatives and ordinal numbers. an honest man Mont Blanc is the highest mountain in Italy. This is the third time I’ve sent him an email. Uses • in front of nationalities to indicate ‘all the people’. The English love talking about the weather. We use a(n): • with names of rivers, seas, oceans, mountain ranges, • to talk about a thing in general. groups of islands, and countries that include the words I need a phone. [= any phone, not a specific one] ‘Republic’, ‘Kingdom’ or ‘State’. • to talk about something/someone for the first time. The Thames is the second longest river in the United Once upon a time there was a queen. Kingdom. • to describe a job. Our ship crossed the Aegean Sea in seven days. Joe is a manager. • with the name of families. • to show surprise in exclamations. We are spending the weekend with the Clarks. What a beautiful film! • before musical instruments after the verb play. What a pity! John plays the guitar very well. • to talk about frequency. ‘How often do you go to the cinema?’ ‘Once a week.’ We do NOT use the: • to talk about quantities. • to talk about something/someone in general (before a hundred trees, a thousand/million pounds plural nouns or an uncountable noun). Do you like sunflowers? The definite article Water is good for your health. • before possessive adjectives. The definite article the is invariable. My daughter lives in Milan. • before proper names of people, countries, cities Uses and places. We use the: Mr Falk is from Denmark. • to talk about something that has already been introduced. Times Square is in New York. I have a dog. The dog is white and brown. • before dates, hours and seasons. • before nouns with a specific meaning. Let’s meet at five. The green backpack is yours. [= There is more than one • before names of meals. backpack in the room. The green one is a specific one.] We usually have lunch at midday.
1 WRITE the correct indefinite article. 1 cup 7 ugly woman 2 horse 8 wall 3 orange 9 uniform 4 flower 10 umbrella 5 honest man 11 hostess 6 European school 12 year
2 5 WRITE sentences using the prompts below and the article the whenever necessary. 1 Edith / was / born / in / 2000. 2 Brontë sisters / were / famous / Victorian / writers. 3 Do / you / prefer / lemon / or / milk / in / your / tea? 4 Have / you / seen / ice creams / on / that / tray? 5 Have / you / ever / tried / sushi / at / Nobu’s? 6 Both / Scots / and / Irish / have / Celtic origins.
6 READ the sentences and correct the mistakes. 1 David is the good tennis player. 2 COMPLETE the sentences using a or an. 2 British Isles are group of islands which include the Great 1 Excuse me, is there hostel Britain, the Ireland and the thousand small islands. nearby? 3 Smiths went to sea during the their Easter holiday. 2 What good idea! 4 Can you tell me how to get to bank? 3 My brothers wear uniform 5 The milk is good for the bones. at school. 6 I can’t believe I failed a yesterday’s test! 4 Peter is American journalist. 7 Albany is capital of the New York State. 5 It is horrible situation! 8 Please give me agenda that is on my desk. 6 We left hour ago. 7 That is one-way road. 7 COMPLETE the text using the, a(n) or – (no article). 8 This is enormous box.
3 COMPLETE the sentences using the or – (no article). Today, (1) cities and towns are at the heart of 1 Have you already had supper? (2) fast changing global economy. (3) 2 Steven plays drums. world’s cities are growing because (4) people are 3 The Potters had a cruise in increasingly moving from rural areas in search of job opportunities Mediterranean Sea last summer. to improve (5) their lives. 4 Do you prefer sparkling water This is the first time in human history that (6) majority or still water? of (7) world’s population has lived in (8) cities. Today more than (9) three billion people live in 5 We moved there in December (10) urban context. Two-thirds of all (11) 2012. people on earth will probably live in (12) city by 2050, 6 Mrs Page is never on time. which is (13) enormous amount if you consider that 7 That’s our new car, do you it accounted for only 2% in (14) 1800. Nearly 180,000 like it? people move into cities each day, and over the next 15 to 20 years a 8 I don’t like any of books lot of cities in (15) Asia and Africa will double in size. on offer.
4 COMPLETE the sentences using the, a(n) or – (no article). 1 I’m from Milan, but I live in flat in London. 2 disco over there is called ‘Sparkles’. 3 Her best friends live with English family in Kensington. 4 Here’s my business card with address of my office. 5 There were thousand people at concert last night. 6 our father isn’t doctor; he works in acting company.
3 A Grammar Revision
2 Nouns Uncountable nouns Uncountable nouns are things that cannot be counted, which means they have no plural form. They can be used with determiners like Countable nouns some, no or a lot of but cannot be used with a(n). some information, Countable nouns have a singular and a plural form. a lot of food, no water In the singular they refer to a single person or Uncountable nouns are often: thing. a table, a man, a thought • substances. food, wood In the plural they refer to more than one person • feelings and emotions. anger, sadness or thing. tables, men, thoughts • qualities. honesty, intelligence • activities. work, running • abstract concepts. beauty, love, knowledge WATCH OUT!
Countable nouns in the singular are the only nouns WATCH OUT! that take the indefinite article a(n). Some common nouns are countable in Italian but are uncountable The plural of countable nouns in English. accommodation, advice, furniture, hair, homework, fun, information, luggage, money, news, spaghetti Most countable nouns add -s to form the plural. idea ideas Uncountable nouns can be made ‘countable’ by adding expressions However, there are some exceptions: like a piece of, a bit of, a cup of, a glass of, an item of. a glass of water, • nouns ending in -s, -ss, -ch, -sh, -x, -z add -es. a piece of advice, a bit of cheese, an item of news bus buses, miss misses, church churches, dish dishes, fox foxes, buzz buzzes Proper nouns • some nouns ending in -o add -es instead of -s. Proper nouns require a capital letter and refer to the names of people, tomato tomatoes, hero heroes • nouns ending in -y preceded by a consonant countries, nationalities, specific places and organisations. Chris change -y to -i and add -es. baby babies, Martin, the Empire State Building, the European Union study studies Proper nouns also include: If -y is preceded by a vowel, -y remains and -s • the months of the year and the days of the week. April, Thursday is added. toy toys, valley valleys • celebrations and festivals. Christmas, Easter, Ramadan • nouns ending in -f or -fe form the plural with • titles when they refer to an individual and not to the role. -ves. wolf wolves, knife knives William asked for a meeting with the President. BUT William would like • irregular nouns. man men, child children, to become the president of a big company. tooth teeth, foot feet, person people • the words in the titles of films, books and paintings except for • invariable nouns which are the same in the prepositions, articles and conjunctions. Gone with the Wind, singular and the plural. sheep, fish, means, Harry Potter and the Philosopher’s Stone, The Picture of Dorian Gray, dice the Mona Lisa
1 WRITE the plural of the words from the box under the corresponding picture.
gentleman • superhero box • person trolley • chair 1 2 3
4 5 6
4 2 CHOOSE the correct option 4 COMPLETE the sentences using the expressions from the box. to complete the sentences. 1 Jessica took her (a) piece of (X2) • a bit of • item of grandchilds / grandchildren cup of • a glass of • bits of • a lot of to the zoo yesterday to see the monkeys / monkies. 1 Oh no! You’ve broken my favourite vase and there are glass everywhere! 2 In our town there are two churches / churchs and 2 Would you like orange juice with your breakfast? three schools / schooles. 3 Tell James he can have my birthday cake. 3 The last item of newses / 4 The first news this evening was about the news was about the terrible earthquake. weekend football matches / 5 There is accommodation available in most matchs. seaside towns. 4 Thomas, can you please fix 6 The first coffee in the morning is always the shelves / shelfs in the the best! kitchen tomorrow? 7 Look, there’s paper stuck in the printer. 5 How many foots / feet do 8 That is the best advice anyone has ever ducks / duckes have? given me.
3 COMPLETE the sentences 5 READ Charlie’s email and correct the 8 mistakes. using the correct plural form of the nouns in brackets under From: [email protected] each sentence. To: [email protected] 1 Brown live in the near our Subject: Barbecue . (fox, valley, city) Hi Avril, 2 Josh, can you see the What about organising a barbecue on Saturday? We could invite a few person from standing near the village but no children, men or lady – just teens like us. We could ask others to the football ? bring dish and drinks and maybe a few extra table and chairs. A good piece of advices (person, pitch) is to keep thing simple. What do you think? It could be great funs and if you want, we can finish with a general 3 We have extra knowledges quiz. at the end of Charlie today. (homework, class) 4 Our are in the balance, everything depends on a throw of the . (life, dice) 5 Can you wash these for me, please? (potato) 6 We are looking for for three- year-old who don’t want . (present, boy, toy) 7 The tourists had to use all 6 REWRITE the sentences using capital letters whenever necessary. the at their disposal. 1 Agatha christie was a famous detective writer and one of her plays, (means) ‘the mousetrap’, is still showing in london. th 8 with sore 2 My little brother was born on monday 17 april and my father put need to see an announcement in the local newspaper. a dentist. 3 Our french teacher moved here from paris, france, in winter last year. (child, tooth) 4 I have just finished reading ‘one hundred years of solitude’ by gabriel garcía márquez just in time to take it back to the library on tuesday. 5 On christmas day there is a special broadcast by the queen to all the british.
5 A Grammar Revision
3 Adjectives and pronouns
The position of adjectives Adjectives give us extra information about the nouns they • when they come after a verb such as be, seem, become or describe. In English, they are invariable and can be generally look, they are called predicative. We are hungry. They used in two different positions: looked tired after the match. • when they come before the noun they describe, they are called attributive. A young boy asked me information about the campus. The order of adjectives Yesterday we met three nice girls from Cardiff. When two or more adjectives refer to the same noun, they follow a precise order. The most general adjective comes first, while the most precise one goes before the noun.
Opinion Dimension* Weight Age Shape Colour Origin Material Specific Noun features gorgeous short red silk skirt nice tall young American boy small light round flower vase * Adjectives of size and length (small, big, short, tall, etc.) usually go before adjectives of width and shape (slim, wide, round, thin, etc.). Adjectives used as nouns Adjectives can be used as nouns combined with the definite There are two possible word orders: article the. These adjectives always take a plural verb. 1 person + thing. The rich should help the poor. Give the teacher your homework. 2 thing + to + person. Subject and object pronouns Give your homework to the teacher. Subject pronouns Object pronouns We use: • word order 1 when the person is an object pronoun. I me Write me an email. you you Tell us the truth. he/she/it him/her/it Word order 2 (Write an email to me.) would also be possible, but it is only used when we want to give we us importance to the person. [= Write an email to me, you you not to others.] • word order 2 when the thing is an object pronoun. they them Give it to John. We use pronouns in place of specific people or things to avoid Give it to him. the repetition of the same name/noun. • word order 2 with some verbs such as describe, dictate, Brian was late, so he began to run. explain, introduce, repeat, say. Cathy turned 16 years old yesterday. We met her at the park. Explain the rule to me. Describe them to us. It is generally used for things and animals, but he/she can also be used if we know whether the animal is male or female. Possessive adjectives and pronouns Look at that cat. It is climbing a tree! Subject pronouns Possessive Possessive This dog is Chloe. She is three years old. adjectives pronouns She is also used for ships. I my mine My ship is a fine vessel. She is very comfortable. you your yours The double object construction (DOC) he/she/it his/her/its his/hers/– Some verbs in English, such as bring, give, promise, read, we our ours send and tell, can be followed by two objects: the direct you your yours object, which is usually a thing, and the indirect object, they their theirs which is usually a person.
6 Possessive adjectives and pronouns show possession. This/That, these/those They depend on: • number: singular or plural. my/mine, our/ours… We use this/that and these/those as demonstrative: • adjectives • person: 1st, 2nd or 3rd person. my/our and mine/ours, when they come before the noun they refer to. your and yours… That man is my dad. • pronouns • gender: male or female. his/his, her/hers when they replace a noun. This is my sister. Those are my books. In particular, possessive adjectives: • always go before the noun and any other adjective One/Ones referring to that noun. my cousins, my beautiful sisters One ones avoid the (singular) and (plural) are used to • never use articles (the, a, an). my brother NOT the my unnecessary repetition of countable nouns. brother ‘How many pens are there?’ ‘A blue one and three red ones.’ • are invariable and thus have only one form. my book, my books One and ones can often be found after Which… ? in questions. You can rent a bicycle. Which one do you want?
1 REORDER the prompts to make sentences. 3 CHOOSE the correct sequence of 1 diary / pink / this / green, / is / 4 town / is / a / Florence / historic. adjectives (A, B or C) to complete the sentences. violet / and. 5 armchair / this / is / a / 2 an / that / old / seems / bicycle. comfortable? 1 My golf outfit consists of white trousers, white shoes and a … 3 got / you / shirt / a / have / 6 loves / Dave / with / old / T-shirt. white? working / the. A white tight cotton 2 WRITE the adjectives from the box under the correct heading. Then choose B cotton tight white some of the adjectives, add a noun and write a sentence. C tight white cotton polo
curly • rectangular • French • heavy • silver • huge • boring • grey 2 Her parents gave her a … cat high • football • glamorous • Egyptian • old • attractive as a present for her birthday. interesting • square • leather • brown • short • cotton A little cute eight-week-old light • trendy • Dutch • big • middle-aged • pink • gold • wavy black B black cute eight-week-old and little Opinion: Weight: C cute little eight-week-old black
3 We’re going to an antique shop to look for a … chest Dimension: of drawers. A small wooden Italian old B small old Italian wooden C wooden small Italian old Age: Colour:
4 Please put the biscuits into that … box. A old round blue tin Shape: B round tin old blue C tin old blue round
5 Do you like this ... film? Origin: Specific features: A French adventure long B adventure long French C long French adventure Material:
7 A Grammar Revision
4 PUT the words in the correct 5 COMPLETE the sentences using the correct subject pronoun. order. 1 The Thompsons are not at home. are at the seaside. 2 am really interested in what you are saying. 3 Mary, Tommy, are hungry? 4 Chiara is Scottish. is from Edinburgh. 5 Peter is not here. is not very well. 6 This roast beef is very good but costs too much. 7 How long have been waiting, Bob? 8 Do you like our new cups? found them at the corner shop.
6 MATCH the sentences in the first column with those in the second column. 1 Where is Janet? A Really? I don’t like it very much. 2 I like reading. B Perhaps it is because she is 1 slim tall English beautiful 3 Don’t phone us this afternoon, hungry. model please. C Yes, I have them. 4 What a pleasure to see you! D Would you like to come with us? 5 Have you got my email address E We have an appointment. and my telephone number? F She will certainly like it. 2 designer 6 Dave recommended this recipe G He still lives with his parents. to Susan. talented H I can’t find her anywhere. Japanese 7 That baby girl always cries I How are you? short young at midday. J They always bite their friends. 8 They have two terrible dogs. 9 We are going to the theatre. 10 Don’t you know?
7 WRITE sentences using the prompts below and the preposition to whenever necessary. 1 She / always / writes / long emails / him. 2 Why / don’t / you / ask / these questions / them? 3 Our / parents / always / give / us / some / money / at the weekend. 3 comfortable 4 The / teacher / explains / boots plastic skating light rules / her / students. 5 I / often / write / postcards / them. 6 They / sometimes / 4 coat woollen long warm winter lend / us / their / car. 7 Can / you / introduce / that / girl / me? 8 Did / she / give / her / present / Tom?
8 8 COMPLETE the sentences using the words in brackets 11 TURN the sentences into the singular or plural. in the correct order. Add to whenever necessary. 1 That is a cute little dog. 1 I promised to send (an invitation / them). 2 This car is brand new. 2 We will write (John / a letter). 3 Keep (her / the place). 3 Those women aren’t very smart. 4 They bought a new flat last year. They’ll give (their daughter / it). 4 Are these handbags expensive? 5 Show (it / me). 6 I can lend (him / my jacket). 5 ‘What’s this?’ ‘It’s a pencil case.’
6 9 COMPLETE the sentences using the correct possessive Where are those girls from? adjective. 1 We’re hungry, can we eat sandwiches? 12 COMPLETE the sentences using this/that, these/those 2 Ann is very pretty, but sister is not. or one/ones. 3 Those airline pilots are not wearing 1 I’ve found downstairs. Is it yours? uniforms. 2 There are a lot of pencils on the desk. Which 4 I am Italian, but father is Scottish. is yours? 5 Jimmy is fifteen and brother is twenty. 3 Are your earphones over there? 6 Hurry up, children, breakfast is ready! 4 Martina, are my new neighbours Jane 7 Rome is famous for ancient ruins and and Alex. monuments. 5 Have one of those chocolates. They are my favourite . 6 Look at the insect over there. What’s ? 7 I like the silk dress, but I don’t like the cotton . 8 We never buy green apples, we prefer the red .
13 CHOOSE the correct option to complete the sentences. 1 There are two houses near the station; my grandfather lives in the white one / ones. 2 Which car would you like to test? The red one / ones or the blue one / ones? 3 ‘I’d like some apples.’ ‘Which one / ones would you like?’ ‘The red one / ones.’ 4 ‘What kind of posters do you have?’ ‘I’ve got a lot of large one / ones.’ 5 ‘Which is your dog?’ ‘It’s the one / ones with the black spots on the tail.’ 10 COMPLETE the sentences using the correct possessive 6 ‘What sort of job do you want?’ ‘A well-paid one / adjective or pronoun, according to the prompt given at ones.’ the end of each sentence. 7 ‘Do you like this belt?’ ‘No, I prefer the other one / 1 What is favourite TV series? (you) ones.’ 2 ‘Is this Marta’s boyfriend?’ ‘No, he is not 8 I like eating cookies, especially the chocolate-chip .’ (she) one / ones. 3 Our tablet is broken. Can we borrow ? (they) 4 ‘Where are Hamish’s grandparents?’ ‘ grandparents are in Edinburgh.’ (he) 5 bedroom is in a terrible mess. (I) 6 ‘Are these rugby cups?’ ‘No, they aren’t .’ (you, we) 7 ‘Who is he?’ ‘He is uncle.’ (she) 8 Those photographs are not . (I)
9 A Grammar Revision
4 Adverbs WATCH OUT!
Adverbs can be used to modify: There are also some irregular adverbs: • verbs. • The adverb of the adjective good is well. My favourite team played well last Sunday. • Other irregular adverbs are the same as • adjectives. their adjective form: It was an extremely hard test. fast fast, hard hard (‘hardly’ means • other adverbs. a malapena), late late, early early The pianist played rather badly during the performance. • quantities. Adverbs of degree very, rather, nearly… There were quite a lot of spectators at the theatre. Adverbs of frequency often, usually, • sentences. sometimes… Unfortunately, the concert of the famous band was cancelled. Adverbs of time now, today, yesterday… Adverbs of place here, nowhere, outside/ Types of adverbs inside… Adverbs of manner Comment and viewpoint adverbs unfortunately, naturally, seriously, perhaps… Most adverbs are formed by adding the suffix -ly to an adjective. impatient impatiently quick quickly The position of adverbs slow slowly Adverbs are normally placed in these three bad badly different positions in a sentence: Adverbs of manner are usually placed at the end of the sentence, 1. initial position (before the subject): adverbs after the verb and the object. of time, comment and viewpoint adverbs. They were driving their car fast. Initially they were not optimistic, but later the Martin plays the piano well. situation improved. Read the instructions carefully. 2. mid position (between the subject and the verb or after be as a main verb): adverbs of frequency and degree. WATCH OUT! My husband often travels on business. I almost finished reading the book last night. Spelling rules: -ly Do you usually go to bed late? We are always happy to see you. • ily Adjectives ending in -y: change -y to -i and add -ly. happy happ , 3. end position (at the end of the clause): ily easy eas adverbs of time, manner and place. • ally Adjectives ending in -ic: add -ally. specific specific He is eating the food slowly to taste it better. • ly Adjectives ending in -le: take off -e and add -y. gentle gent For further details, see p. 16.
1 COMPLETE the table Manner 2 REORDER the prompts to make sentences. by putting the adverbs 1 school / seldom / we / late / for / are. from the box next to the 2 favourite / wants / grandma / to / her / correct heading. Degree watch / sit-com / always / my. hardly ever • now 3 very / is / cheerful / usually / Barbara. almost • never • probably Frequency 4 quietly / they / chance / have / the / quickly • nearby • quite never / speak / to. 5 the / sometimes / Mum / cake / in / awfully • frankly Time southwards • carefully makes / afternoon / a. once • totally 6 cold / is / outside / very / it. honestly • seldom Place 7 you / do / your / quarrel / with / sister / often? 8 on / Bob / ever / time / hardly / is. Comment/ Viewpoint
10 3 COMPLETE the sentences using the adjectives 4 REWRITE the sentences using a suitable adverb. Make or adverbs from the box. all the necessary changes. 1 Is he a good volleyball player? hard • hardly • absolutely • nearly • extreme extremely • angry • angrily • heavy • heavily 2 She is a very slow driver. 1 The film was so boring that I fell asleep. 3 We had an early wake up. 2 Their girlfriends found hiking tiring. 4 My husband is a terrible singer. 3 Why are you so ? Look on the bright side! 5 Was it easy for you to win the tennis match? 4 ‘What was the weather like in the mountains?’ ‘It was raining .’ 6 My friend is a really fast runner. 5 I don’t believe you! That’s incredible. 6 This is a job. I’m going to apply for a different one. 5 READ the text and correct the position of the adverbs 7 He lost his temper and replied . underlined. One adverb is in the correct position. 8 Why are they speaking so fast? I can understand what they are saying. 9 Do you like sports like parachuting? 10 This bag is very . Let me help you.
I go typically to bed with the determination to early get up, meditate, write and have a good breakfast. Hardly ever I do any of those things. The truth is, usually I wake up breathless. I don’t peacefully sleep and I don’t quietly get up. This morning I had cereal and three cups of coffee and immediately forgave myself for not doing any of the careful things I had planned. I might not do yoga, but I am kind to myself exceptionally, multiple times a day. During the day I speak to myself: there lies my strength, I suppose. (Adapted from www.forbes.com)
11 A Grammar Revision
Other common prepositions of movement include: 5 Prepositions • along (the length of). We walked slowly along the riverside. Prepositions of place • towards (in the direction of). When you arrive at the station, start walking towards We use in: the town centre. • when things/people are in an enclosed space. • over, under. The students are in the classroom. The girl cycled over the bridge with the railway under it. • for towns and countries. Nick is in London/England. • into, out of (the inside of a place). • with the names of streets. Our house is in Cranberry Street. The students go into school at 8.30 a.m. and come out • with north, east, west, south. My town is in the south of of school at 4 p.m. England. We turned right into Donald Street. • with newspapers, magazines and books. There is an interesting article in this magazine. There is / There are We use at: We use there is and there are to say that someone or • when we talk about a precise position. There are three something exists or is present in a certain place. people at the bus stop. There is a bus stop near my school. • with front, back, end. My house is at the end of this street. There are lots of fruit trees in your garden. • with home, work, school. The students are at school now. Other common prepositions of place include: Prepositions of time on su, sopra (con contatto) The basic prepositions of time in English are at, on and in. over su, sopra (senza contatto) at • times at nine o’clock above al di sopra di, sopra (senza contatto) • specific periods of time at weekends, under sotto at midday, at midnight, at lunchtime, at sunset, below al di sotto, sotto at dawn, at the beginning/end of • festivities at Christmas near vicino (a) • age at twenty next to accanto a, di fianco a • night at night in front of davanti a (NON di fronte a) on • days and parts of the day on Monday, on Saturday afternoon, on Christmas Day, opposite di fronte a, dirimpetto a on my birthday behind dietro (a) • dates on 3rd February between fra/tra (due cose) • holiday on holiday in • other parts of the day in the morning, Prepositions of movement in the afternoon, in the evening • months in April These prepositions are used to show movement to or from • seasons in spring a place. Here are some of the most common: • years, centuries in 2013, in the 20th century to • shows movement to a specific destination. They went to Spain for their holiday. The children are not here, they’ve gone to school. WATCH OUT! from • shows movement from a place and The days are used in the plural form to translate every, all. describes the origin. I play football on Saturdays [= every Saturday]. She came back from Ireland yesterday. Other common prepositions of time include: This car comes from Germany. • before. through • shows movement from one end or side Before lunch I have to go to the corner shop. of a place to another. • after. The wind swept through the town. We can go home after our tennis match. • between… and… . across • shows movement from one side to the other The doctor can see you between 10 and 12 tomorrow of something that has clear limits. morning. You must never run across the road when • during. the light is red. She felt ill during the lesson.
12 1 LOOK at the picture and complete the text using the 3 COMPLETE the sentences using the correct preposition prepositions of place or there is / there are. of time. 1 What are you planning to do Christmas? 2 There are too many people at the sea August, so we usually go September. 3 ‘When is your birthday?’ ‘It’s 15th October.’ 4 I always feel sleepy Monday mornings. The worst time is breakfast and 10 a.m. 5 My brother learnt to play the guitar fifteen, but he knew how to play the piano twelve. 6 The company opened 1999 and closed ten years later 2009. 7 According to the weather forecast, it will rain the morning and there will be thunderstorms night. 8 Our friends met midnight summer 21st June to celebrate the Tony has a lovely room but (1) too many things. summer solstice. Look at it now! You can see a tennis racquet (2) the bed, a bicycle (3) the window and the desk, a backpack (4) the television and a mobile 4 1 LISTEN to the dialogue and answer the phone (5) the chair. The computer and the questions using the prepositions of time. mp3 player are both (6) the desk and a mirror 1 What sign of the zodiac is Anne? Why? is (7) them all. The chair is (8) 2 When was she born? the desk instead of (9) it. (10) even a guitar (11) the chair and no carpet 3 What time and day was Sophie born? (12) the floor. The bed is (13) 4 What year was she born? the desk and look, (14) a brown cat sleeping 5 What is her sign? Why? (15) the pillow! 6 Which sign comes after it? 2 LOOK at the map and complete the street directions to go from inside the greengrocer’s to the post office using 5 WRITE an email to a friend giving your time and date of the prepositions of movement. birth and asking for theirs. Remember to also mention your zodiac sign.
6 CHOOSE the correct option to complete the sentences. 1 Rachel leaves the office on / at three on / in the afternoon to / on Fridays because she goes to collect her son at / into school. 2 The Science Museum is situated behind / above the park and in front of / over the town hall. 3 Walk slowly between / towards me and smile, I’m trying to get you through / in the picture. 4 The accident happened in / at the junction just over / through the bridge, at / between Nottingham and Lowdham. 5 We walked on / along the river and went through / over the woods. What lovely scenery! 6 ‘Can you see my phone anywhere?’ ‘You left it on / over the table in / at the hall.’ Come (1) the greengrocer’s and turn right (2) Heron Lane. At the corner turn left 7 Have you seen the film ‘100 Degrees under / below (3) Bloom Street and continue (4) Zero’? this street until you reach a crossroads. 8 I live between / in a street next to / on the railway Don’t cross (5) here, but turn left station, so I can meet you there in / at any time. When (6) Chester Road. Continue (7) you come under / out of the station, go across / into this road (8) City Road. You will see the post the road. I’ll wait for you along / in front of the bakery. office on your right. Let me know what time you prefer.
13 A Grammar Revision
6 Possessive case Whose Whose asks about possession with the sentence structure: In English we use ’s or ’ to express possession: Whose + object + verb? name of the possessor + ’s (or ’) + the thing possessed ‘Whose uncle is he?’ ‘He’s Sam and Lilly’s (uncle).’ ‘Whose eyes are green?’ ‘John’s and Mary’s eyes are green.’ Uses We use ’s: WATCH OUT! • after singular nouns/names. my daughter’s baby son, the actress’s role, Charles’s house Remember that the possessive ’s is used only when • after irregular plural nouns (that is, plural nouns which the possessor is a person, an animal, a country or an do not end in -s). the children’s toys organisation. When the possessor is an inanimate object, • to express the relationship between people. Tim’s son of we use . the cat’s name, the teachers’ book, Britain’s • with time expressions. a day’s work, today’s/yesterday’s parliament BUT the title of the book paper, in a year’s time • with shops, restaurants, colleges, churches, hospitals and doctor or dentist surgeries. Double genitive Let’s go to Paul’s for lunch! [= to Paul’s house] Double genitive is a construction in English in which There is a greengrocer’s near the bus stop. possession is indicated by the preposition of and a noun or pronoun (either possessive ’s or possessive pronoun). We use We use ’: this construction when a noun is preceded by: • after classical or religious proper names ending in -s. • an indefinite article. a friend of mine, an old friend Cornelius’ rhetoric, Jesus’ disciples of Peter’s • after regular plural nouns (that is, plural nouns which end • a quantifier (some, any, few, little, no…). some friends in -s). the players’ ball of mine, any friend of James’s • a number. three friends of mine, two friends of Malcolm’s We can use ’s or ’ without the name of the thing possessed • a demonstrative (this/that, these/those). that friend of when the meaning of the sentence is clear. mine, those friends of Laurence’s My car is blue, Rachel’s (car) is white. When the noun is preceded either by a quantifier or a number, When two or more people have something or someone in we can also use this construction: common, we add ’s or ’ only after the last noun. Pete and quantifier/number + of + possessive adjective or possessive ’s + Robbie’s father [= Pete and Robbie are brothers] noun. one of my friends, some of John’s friends
1 LOOK at the pictures. Then ask and answer questions using the names given as in the example. A Whose dress is this? B It is Sarah’s.
4 Maurice 2 Emma
1 James Andrew
14 2 COMPLETE the sentences using the words from 5 WRITE suitable questions for these answers. Use whose the box. whenever necessary.
doctor’s • butcher’s • Susan’s Nero Café’s • St Paul’s 1 This is John’s briefcase. 1 Let’s go to for a cup of coffee. 2 There is no meat. Can you go to the ? 3 I have a terrible cold. I must go to the . 4 Ann and Tom’s wedding is at next 2 week. Jack is Susan’s husband. 5 We have lunch at every Saturday.
3 COMPLETE the second sentence using ’s or ’ so that it has a similar meaning to the first sentence. 3 1 Margaret and Paul have two daughters, Chiara It’s my bike. and Sara. Chiara and Sara . 2 Judd is with his girlfriend at her house. Judd is . 4 No, it is not hers; it is 3 These skis belong to Lucas. Marta’s. These are . 4 The students have got good results in their tests. The are good. 5 I’m exhausted, can we stop here for thirty 5 No, they are not ours; minutes? they are Myles’s. I’m exhausted, can we have break? 6 The clothes for women in that shop are expensive. are expensive. 7 Jennifer and Sophia are friends and they live next 6 to their mothers. Our children’s names are live next to their daughters. Peter and Mary. 8 The summer holidays of English students last six weeks. English students have in summer. 6 WRITE sentences using the possessive case and the 9 Let’s go to the mountains. The trip lasts only one prompts below in the correct order. hour. 1 I don’t know about / the extension / his office. Let’s go to the mountains. It’s only 2 The surname / my friend / is Cooper. drive. 3 What is / the website / the hotel / called? 10 This paper is not new, I bought it yesterday. This is . 4 Please, send us / the mobile number / Sarah and Vivian. 5 What is / the name / Tim / headmaster? 4 COMPLETE the sentences using ’s, ’ or of and 6 Is this / the address / the company? the words in brackets. 1 This is . (the book / 7 REWRITE the sentences using the double genitive. my sister) 1 John has lots of friends. Meg is one of them. 2 Here is Christopher’s proposal. What is ? (the proposal / Judd) 2 Fred has nice neighbours. I am one of them. 3 is orange. (the colour / your lip gloss) 3 Francis has several colleagues. Flavio is one of them. 4 Look, there is still plenty of food in . (the bowl / the cat) 4 My boss has employees. Pamela is one of them. 5 Please write down your name at . (the bottom / the page) 5 Mrs Layton has students. Luke and Paul are two of them. 6 Circe turned into animals. (the companions / Ulysses) 6 Dave has teachers. Mr Bloom and Mrs Spencer are 7 is too light. (the colour / some of them. the skirt / Sara)
15 A Grammar Revision
7 The English sentence
Word order Affirmative sentences
Subject Verb Object Manner Place Time We met him unexpectedly at the station yesterday. We can place the expressions of manner, place or time either at the beginning or at the end of the sentence, according to which concept we want to emphasise. In this region of Italy there are often earthquakes. Quickly they ran out of the office. For further details about the position of adverbs, see p. 10.
WATCH OUT!
In English nothing usually comes between the subject and the verb or between the verb and the object. However, there are a few exceptions, such as the adverbs of frequency and indirect objects without to. The boy always wrote his friend emails.
Negative sentences The word order in negative sentences is the same as in affirmative sentences but we usually need an auxiliary or modal verb. Subject Auxiliary (or Main verb Object Manner Place Time modal) + not/n’t I didn’t/couldn’t study the lesson well at home two days ago.
WATCH OUT!
Remember that in English it is not possible to use two negatives in the same sentence. We don’t have no time. We don’t have any time. / We have no time.
Interrogative sentences 1 Yes/No questions
Auxiliary Subject Main verb Object Manner Place Time (or modal) Did / Could you see the match on television last night? Has he played tennis enthusiastically in the tournament? Do they talk loudly all the time?
WATCH OUT!
• Negative interrogative sentences are rarely used and normally imply surprise. Didn’t you see the match on television last night? (How strange!) • The verb be has no auxiliary; therefore, the subject and the main verb change places to form the interrogative. Are you French? Were they late for the concert?
16 2 Question words
Question word Auxiliary verb Subject Main verb Object (direct Manner Place Time or indirect) Who does she know in this town? What has the school arranged efficiently recently? When did Tom arrive happily at work? Where will you go on holiday next year? Why do you like this book? How did they get to the museum? Which dress did Marta choose at the shop? How many apples would you like for Mary? How much did they pay for the tickets last week? Who and what may also function as the subject of the question:
Subject Main verb Object Manner Place Time Who watched that film yesterday? What happened noisily over there?
3 Question tags Question tags are formed using the auxiliary/modal verb (n’t) + subject pronoun. The basic structure is: affirmative sentence, negative tag? You’re Italian, aren’t you? negative sentence, affirmative tag? This isn’t new, is it? Question tags are very common in English, especially in spoken conversation. We use them at the end of statements when: • we are unsure about what we are saying and we want confirmation about whether it is right or wrong. • we are certain or quite sure about something and we expect the other person to agree with us.
WATCH OUT!
The question tag for phrases with I am is aren’t I? I’m late, aren’t I? With the imperative, the question tags use will and shall. Open that window, will you? Let’s go inside, shall we?
Answering questions WATCH OUT! Short answers A short answer is a response to a yes/no question made up of We use the contracted form of the verb only in negative yes/no + comma + personal pronoun subject + auxiliary or answers. ‘Is Peter reading a book?’ ‘No, he isn’t.’ modal verb. The verb in a short answer is in the same tense as the Think, suppose, hope, expect auxiliary or modal verb in the question. The verb in the short When answering yes/no questions, we can use the verbs answer agrees in person and number with the subject. think, suppose, hope and expect to express our feelings Question Short answer towards the response we give. • When the answer is yes, we add so. Yes No ‘Can you finish the book by tomorrow?’ ‘I think/hope/ Do you speak French? Yes, I do. No, I don’t. suppose/expect so.’ • When the answer is no, we say ‘I don’t think/suppose/ Are you calling Tom? Yes, I am. No, I’m not. expect so.’ BUT ‘I hope not.’ Did you see Michael? Yes, I did. No, I didn’t. ‘Will Mary come with us?’ ‘I don’t think so.’ ‘Is it going to rain tomorrow?’ ‘I hope not.’ Were you singing? Yes, I was. No, I wasn’t. Useful words and phrases Have you read this? Yes, I have. No, I haven’t. Another way to answer yes/no questions is to use these Can you swim? Yes, I can. No, I can’t. words or short phrases: Absolutely (not)! Certainly (not)! Definitely (not)! Not really is a gentle way to say no. ‘Are you happy?’ ‘Not really.’
17 A Grammar Revision
1 REORDER the prompts to make affirmative or negative 3 MATCH a beginning (1-8) with a suitable ending (A-H). sentences. 1 Are their new neighbours 1 my / dinner / in the evening / father / makes / always. 2 When will 2 their / met / last night / they / at the cinema / friends. 3 How many times 3 spent / all week / he / in hospital. 4 Which is 4 likes / the / she / very much / playing / piano. 5 How much sugar 5 morning / must / at six o’clock / leave / my brother / 6 Were you at home the house / every. 7 Who is 6 can’t / here / week / for / stay / a / they. 8 Where does your aunt 7 usually / from / does / not / come / before / Steven / back / work / seven. A Jenny’s favourite scarf? 8 he / icy / did / drive / on / road / not / the / carefully. B when the earthquake happened? 9 Andy / not / watching / does / football / like / on TV, / C the elections be? he / playing / prefers / it. D do you need for this cake? 10 kitchen / moment / Tom and I / the / having / breakfast / in / at / not / the / are. E the man over there? F very nice people? 2 UNDERLINE the correct alternative to complete G work as a nurse? the sentences. H have you tried to win the lottery? 1 We sometimes go / go sometimes to the swimming pool. 4 WRITE questions for which the words in italics provide 2 My lazy brother didn’t do his homework quickly / a suitable answer. quickly his homework. 1 Martha and Jim are going to see a romantic comedy 3 I forgot stupidly my book / my book stupidly on the this evening. tube. 2 The Hungarian violinist played his instrument very 4 There aren’t many people at her lectures usually / passionately. usually many people at her lectures. 3 My favourite colour is definitely blue. 5 Our friends eat every Thursday Chinese food / 4 The dogs were playing in the garden. Chinese food every Thursday. 5 There are four new girls in our yoga class this year. 6 My aunt is moving to a new house next month. 7 Steven and Rose are going to Greece for the first time next month. 8 The meeting will be at 10 o’clock tomorrow morning.
5 READ the interrogative sentences and correct the mistakes. 1 Who is over there the young man standing? 2 How much times have you been to the dentist’s this month? 3 What is it true that pandas are no longer an endangered species? 4 What did you stay when you went to the mountains? 5 Which many people were there in the stadium last Sunday? 6 Will they us tell the results of the drive test soon? 7 Who episode of Outlander do you like best? 8 There aren’t any biscuits left in the tin?
18 6 WRITE suitable questions for these answers using question words. 9 CHOOSE the correct short 1 Mary has lost her handbag. answer to each question. 1 Does he play the violin well? 2 I don’t know that person who is crossing the road. A Yes, he do. B Yes, he does. 3 It is difficult to decide the time to leave the party. C Yes, he plays.
4 There are a lot of chocolates but you can only have one. 2 Have you met Camilla at school? A No, I didn’t meet. 7 COMPLETE the sentences using the correct question tag. B No, I didn’t. 1 Pablo is from Brazil, ? C No, I haven’t. 2 I am late, ? 3 She’s not thirsty, ? 3 Did it rain when you were 4 Brian’s sisters live in New York, ? at the seaside? 5 Sue and I are spending too much, ? A No, it didn’t. 6 You didn’t phone him, ? B No, it wasn’t. 7 You will wait for me, ? C No, it was. 8 Tom has changed job, ? 4 Can you remember the name 9 Steven can’t ski, ? of this actor? 10 Stop crying, ? A No, I don’t. B Yes, I remember. 8 ANSWER the questions using the correct short answer. C Yes, I can. 1 ‘Are they taking a rest at the moment?’ ‘No, .’ 2 ‘Did Silvia go to the roof restaurant last night?’ ‘Yes, .’ 5 Do you think Jane will be 3 ‘Do they use their smartphones to take photos?’ ‘Yes, .’ on time? 4 ‘Is it going to rain heavily?’ ‘No, .’ A We hope so. 5 ‘Can we change this shirt?’ ‘No, .’ B We hope to. 6 ‘Have you locked your car?’ ‘Yes, .’ C We think. 7 ‘Does she speak German?’ ‘No, .’ 8 ‘Has Karen met her friends in front of the cinema?’ ‘Yes, .’ 10 MATCH the questions (1-8) 9 ‘Do you like jogging, Jennifer?’ ‘Yes, .’ with the corresponding answers (A-H). 1 Do you know Sean? 2 Can I borrow your snowboard? 3 Does Philip work in Edinburgh? 4 Are you joking? 5 Did you hear what I was saying? 6 Can you come tomorrow? 7 Is Warsaw the capital of Poland? 8 Have you met Camilla lately?
A Not really, I was reading my emails on the tablet. B Certainly! C No, I haven’t. D I don’t think so. E I hope so. F Of course I am! G I think so. H No, we don’t.
19 Review
1 CHOOSE the correct option. 4 CHOOSE the correct option about the position of adjectives 1 We use the indefinite article before nouns and complete the sentences using the correct possessive/ that are countable / uncountable. demonstrative adjective or pronoun, according to the prompt in brackets. 2 The is not used before adjectives / possessive adjectives. 1 Do you see that tall handsome / handsome tall boy over there? He’s (I) cousin. 3 Uncountable nouns take a singular / plural verb. 2 (I) is the red heavy / heavy red suitcase on the counter. 4 Proper nouns require a title / capital letter. 3 You need a long woollen / woollen long coat for the winter like 5 Adjectives can be used as nouns / adverbs. (he). 6 In the order of adjectives, opinion comes 4 before / after origin. Is this gorgeous little / little gorgeous dog (you)? 7 Usually is an adverb of frequency / degree. 5 (that) flowers arrived in a blue glass / glass blue vase. 8 Adverbs of frequency normally go after / before the verb. 6 Where are (they) tickets for the American new / new American musical? 9 The preposition on can be used with times / a specific day. 7 (this) boys are the young nicest / nicest young people I know. 10 The double genitive construction is used in expressions like a friend of my sister / 8 Is this large brown / brown large bag (she)? a friend of my sister’s. 9 We found a small round silk / silk round small purse in 11 Expressions of place or time can come at (we) pockets. the beginning or the end / the beginning of a sentence. 5 CHOOSE the correct answer (A, B or C). 12 Negative interrogative sentences are often / 1 My alarm went off … early this morning. rarely used. A very B totally C hardly
2 CHOOSE the correct option to complete 2 William … ever comes here. the sentences. A hard B perhaps C hardly 1 The / A / – moon goes round the / an / – earth every 28 days. 3 Be careful what you say to him, he’s … angry. 2 Which is the / – / a largest desert in – / the / A extremely B seriously C totally a world? 3 The / A / – modern life is stressful. 4 Our team lost again yesterday. We just didn’t play … enough. 4 What is a / – / the capital of your country? A good B well C nice 5 My father is an / the / – engineer. 5 I’m afraid it’s … late, we must leave. 6 She lives in the / – / an Ohio, which is part of – / the / a USA. A rather B honestly C absolutely 7 What a / – / the funny experience I had 6 … , I can’t recognise him. yesterday! A Rather B Unfortunately C Nearly 8 The / – / A boy in blue on the red carpet is a / – / the our favourite actor. 6 REORDER the prompts to make sentences. 3 READ the email and correct the 9 mistakes. 1 near the river, / The new hospital / the old station / it’s / and / the swimming pool. / between / is not. From: [email protected] 2 on / my phone / my desk. / I’ve left / either / the drawer / or / To: [email protected] there / It’s / in. Hi there sophie, 3 along / Walk / the town centre / the river / towards. How are you? i’m writing to invite you on 4 you’ll find / the car park / on / and / the cinema / Go through / a day trip to Lake como. Pete and Jane are your right. coming and will bring a food for everyone. Perhaps you could bring a water and teas. 5 the morning / was born / Christmas Day / 4 o’clock / My niece / It will be a great fun but one piece of advices – in / on / at. don’t forget to bring some boot in case it 6 at / the mountains / your parents / often / go / Easter / to / Do? rains! 7 the road / the station / There are / along / lots of newsagents / Henry towards.
20 7 COMPLETE the dialogue using the words from 10 CHOOSE the correct option (A, B, C or D). the box. It was a (1) day and Mary was (2) the garden picking flowers for her mother. Suddenly she saw mine • ladies’ • whose • Donna’s • yours • his (3) ring shining in the earth (4) John’s • dentist’s her. It was a (5) ring with diamonds and blue stones. (6) ring could this be? (7) Maisie: (1) book is this lying on the lunchtime she showed it to her mother. Her mother cried table? with emotion because the ring was Mary’s (8) Anna: I think it’s (2) . He has just left. engagement ring. ‘She lost it and she didn’t know where to Maisie: Who is he? look for it. Thank you Mary!’ Anna: He’s a really good friend of (3) . I first met him at the (4) two or three 1 A sunny beautiful B beautiful sunny years ago. C beautiful sun D sun beautiful Maisie: That’s a strange place to meet. Anna: I know, but the dentist is (5) 2 A at B on father. C in D over Maisie: Wait, I think I know him too. Isn’t he (6) brother? 3 A a B the Anna: Yes, he is, and his mother is a famous golfer. C an D – She won the (7) cup last summer. Maisie: He sounds like a really good person to have 4 A over B below as a friend. C on D above Anna: He certainly is, and any friend of mine is a friend of (8) too! 5 A gold pretty B pretty gold C small nice D light small
8 REORDER the prompts to make sentences. 6 A Who B How 1 we don’t / unfortunately, / have enough time / C Whom D Whose this evening / to eat out. 7 A On B At 2 what / did / time / they / at the airport / yesterday / C In D Between arrive? 8 A grandmother’s B grandmother’ C grandmother D grandmother of 3 how / spoonfuls / of / many / sugar / do / put / in your coffee / you / usually? 11 TRANSLATE the sentences into English. 4 normally / does he / tennis / play / on / mornings / 1 Mio fratello ha un bel gatto grande e bianco. Saturday? 2 Abbiamo lezione di inglese al mattino il lunedì, e al 5 well / feel / they didn’t / yesterday, / so / in bed / pomeriggio il mercoledì. they stayed / all day. 3 Stamattina la nostra insegnante era arrabbiatissima all’inizio della lezione, ma di solito è molto paziente e 9 CHOOSE the correct option to complete the gentile. sentences. 4 “Dov’è Tom?” “È alla stazione, perché c’è un’edicola 1 You have met / Have you met our new tennis nuova fra la stazione e il parco e vuole comprare il coach? giornale.” 2 ‘Will it be sunny tomorrow?’ ‘I certainly want / hope so.’ 5 “Di chi sono queste scarpe? Sono tue?” “No, sono di 3 ‘Jasmine, are you busy at the moment?’ James.” ‘Yes, I ’m / am.’ 4 ‘Do you like Justin Bieber’s new CD?’ ‘No, 6 Guarda la luna! È davvero raro vedere un cielo limpido definitely not / no.’ a Natale. 5 ‘Will your brother come to the race on Saturday?’ ‘I don’t hope / think so.’ 7 “Il lavoro di quell’uomo è molto difficile, sei d’accordo?” 6 ‘Does your cousin speak French?’ ‘No, he does / “Assolutamente no!” doesn’t.’
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