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Appendix 5 Glossary of Names

Note: The information for this appendix is derived from the following sources: A. Mikaberidze, The Russian Officer Corps in the Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars, 1792–1815 (New York, 2005); Encyclopedia Iranica; V.A. Potto, Kavkazskaia voina ve ot- delnykh ocherkakh, episodakh, legendakh i biografiiakh, Vol. I (St. Petersburg, 1885), M. Bamdad, Sharh-e hal-e rejal-e Iran, 6 vols (Tehran, 1968) and Russkii Biograficheskii Slovar, 25 volumes (St. Petersburg, 1896–1913). If birth and/or death dates are not given, they are unknown.

ʿAbbas Mirza: Born on August 20, 1789 in the village of Nava in Mazandaran. He was the second son of Fath-ʿAli Shah and, in 1798, at the age of ten, became the official heir- apparent (Nayeb al-Saltaneh) and was appointed as the beglarbeg of Azarbayjan. He was sent to Tabriz accompanied by his tutor, Soleiman Khan Qajar, his vizier, Mirza ʿIsa Farahani (Mirza Bozorg) and the military commander (sardar), Ebrahim Khan Qajar. Following the Russian conquest of Ganjeh in 1804, ʿAbbas Mirza head- ed the Iranian military response during the First and Second Russo-Iranian wars. He engaged the Russian commanders, Tsitsianov, Gudovich, Tormasov, Paulucci and Rtishchev in numerous battles during the First Russo-Iranian War and Yermolov and Paskevich during the Second Russo-Iranian War. Known as a reformer, he at- tempted to modernize the Iranian army and sent a number of Iranian students to study in Europe. He was a signatory of the Treaty of Torkamanchay, which officially acknowledged him and his progeny as the heirs to the Iranian throne. He died on October 25, 1833 in Mashhad. Following the death of Fath-ʿAli Shah in 1834, ʿAbbas Mirza’s son, Mohammad, ascended the throne. Aqa Mohammad Shah Qajar (1742–1797): Founder of the Qajar dynasty. After defeat- ing various pretenders to the Iranian throne, he invaded the South Caucasus and sacked Tiflis in 1795. He took the title of Shah in 1796 and was murdered by his ser- vants in Shushi in 1797. Captured and castrated by enemies in his youth, he named his nephew Baba Khan (the future Fath-ʿAli Shah) as his heir. Arakcheyev, Aleksei Andreyevich (1769–1834): Graduated from the Russian Artillery and Engineer Cadet Corps in 1787, Arakcheyev rose in the ranks and in 1797 became the Quartermaster General of the Russian army. During the reign of Emperor Paul, he was dismissed, forgiven and dismissed again. In 1803, Emperor Alexander I appointed him as the Inspector of All Artillery. He initiated major artillery and other military reforms. He was promoted to the rank of general in 1807 and, in 1808, was named Russian Minister of War and General Inspector of the Infantry and Artillery.

He was a member of the Imperial Council (1810–1817) and in 1815, while the Emperor focused on foreign affairs, Arakcheyev for all intents and purposes, governed the State. He made many enemies due to his arrogance and was removed from office by Emperor Nicholas I. Alexander, Prince (1780–1844): Referred to by the Iranians as Eskandar Mirza, Alexander was a son of the Georgian king, Erekle II. Unhappy with the Russian takeover of his land, he fled to Iran in 1800 and was named the vali of Georgia by Fath-ʿAli Shah. The Shah, together with ʿAbbas Mirza, provided Alexander with troops to fight the Russians and to incite the Georgians to rebel against Russian occupation. He married Marie, the daughter of Melik Shahak Aghamalean, the leader of the Armenians of Yerevan. At the conclusion of the First Russo-Iranian War, ʿAbbas Mirza granted him a part of eastern Daralagöz mahal in Nakhjavan as his toyul (fief). After the Second Russo-Iranian War, Alexander was forced to leave his fief and move to Tehran, where he died in 1844. He was buried either in the Armenian church in Tehran or that of Tabriz. Argutinskii, Iosif [Hovsep Arghutean], (1743–1801): Scion of the famed Russian- Armenian noble family the Argutinskii-Dolgorukii, Iosif was named the Prelate of the Armenians of Russia in 1773. He was responsible for founding the city of Grigoriopol in the Kherson Province (presently in the Transnistria region of Moldova) and was a close advisor of Gregory Potemkin. Argutinskii was an ardent supporter of the Russian expansion into the South Caucasus and an exponent of a Russian orientation among his people. He accompanied Zubov on his campaign in the South Caucasus in 1796. He was elected Catholicos in 1800 but died in Tiflis in 1801 on his way to Ejmiatsin, without receiving consecration. Benkendorf (Benckendorff ), Alexander Khristoporovich, von (1781–1844): Russian general who briefly served in the South Caucasus in 1803–1804. He participated in a number of battles against Napoleon. In 1826 Emperor Nicholas named him the head of the Gendarmerie Corps and the Third Section of the Emperor’s Personal Chancellery. He also served as a senator and a member of the Privy State Council. He participated in the Russo-Turkish War of 1828–1829. Bulgakov, Sergei Alekseyevich. In 1789, General Bulgakov took part in the battles of Anapa and Sukhum-Kale and together with Gudovich, captured Anapa in 1791. In 1792, he and Gudovich were in charge of the Caucasian Line and made inroads into Kabarda. In 1797 Bulgakov accompanied Zubov’s campaign in the South Caucasus. In 1806, Gudovich gave him Glazenap’s command. On October 15, 1806, Bulgakov occupied Baku and in November he took Qobbeh. Later he served on the Line and campaigned along the Kuban River. In 1811 he returned to Russia. Czartoryski, Adam Jerzy, Prince (1770–1861): Polish nobleman in the service of Russia. He was a member of the Privy Council and served as the Minister of Foreign Affairs from 1804 to 1806. In 1816 he acted as the head of the national government of Poland.

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After the Polish uprising of 1830–1831, he emigrated to Paris and was proclaimed King of Poland by Polish nationalists. He sought to restore Poland’s independence until his death in 1861. Daniel of Surmari: Armenian Patriarch of Constantinople (1800–1801). He was elected Catholicos after the death of Iosif Argutinskii, but was challenged by Archbishop David V of Yeneget, who was initially supported by Russia and who had the backing of Mohammad Khan of Yerevan. Although Russia soon reversed its decision, David, who had already been consecrated at Ejmiatsin, as well as Mohammad Khan, refused to accept Daniel, who had arrived in Bayazid. Daniel was seized by the khan and was imprisoned at Ejmiatsin, Yerevan and Maragheh for five years. His cause was taken up by Russia and Tsitsianov, who used it as an excuse to attack Yerevan in 1804. In 1807, in an effort to improve relations with Russia, Daniel was released from his confinement in Maragheh and assumed the leadership of the Armenian Church. He died in the fortress of Yerevan during the siege of that town by General Gudovich in 1808. David V of Yeneget: In 1801 David was elected Armenian Catholicos through Russian and Iranian backing; however, the uproar from the Armenian communities caused Russia to transfer her support to Daniel of Surmari. After Daniel was seized and imprisoned in Iran, David, with the approval of a number of Armenian secular and religious leaders in the Yerevan khanate, and the backing of Mohammad Khan, remained the Catholicos for the next five years. The crisis divided the Church hierarchy, damaged the prestige of the Armenian Church and provided Tsitsianov with the excuse to attack Yerevan in 1804. He was removed from his post in 1807. Ebrahim Khalil Khan Javanshir (ca. 1720–1806): The son of Panah Khan and the governor of Qarabagh, he ruled the khanate from 1761 until his murder in 1806. He, together with King Erekle II, subjugated the khanates of Ganjeh and Yerevan. Ebrahim was instrumental in the murder and exile of a number of Armenian meliks and placed his own candidate as the Catholicos of Gandzasar. On May 15, 1805, he was the first khan in the South Caucasus to submit to Tsitsianov and to place his domain under Russian protection. Following Tsitsianov’s death, the khan changed sides. He and his entourage were killed by Russian troops outside Shushi, on June 14, 1806, while on their way to join an Iranian advancing army. Ebrahim Shirazi, Hajji: The kalantar of Fars, he betrayed the Zands and became the chief minister of Aqa Mohmmad Shah. He was instrumental in the ascension of Fath-ʿAli Shah, but was removed in 1801 and killed on the Shah’s order. He was replaced by Mirza Shafiʿ. Erekle II (r. 1744–1798): King of Kakheti (1744–1762), and following the death of his father, King Teimuraz of Kartli in 1762, King of Kartli-Kakheti (eastern Georgia) until his death in 1798. Erekle had good relations with the Afshar and Zand rulers of Iran; he led a Georgian contingent in Nader’s campaign in India and surrendered Azad Khan, Karim Khan’s enemy, to the Zand ruler. He forced the khans of Yerevan and

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Ganjeh to submit to his authority by making a pact with Ebrahim Khan of Qarabagh. He helped Russia in its war with the Ottomans (1768–1774). Surrounded by Muslims and subject to raids by the Lezgis, Erekle agreed to the Treaty of Georgievsk (1783), which placed his kingdom under Russian protection. Esayi Hasan-Jalalean: Armenian Catholicos at Gandzasar from 1702 until 1728. He was one of the individuals who encouraged the Qarabaghi Armenians to petition Peter the Great to rescue them from Muslim domination and who gathered Armenian volunteers to welcome Peter’s arrival in the South Caucasus. His short history of the region is a primary source on the period. Fath-ʿAli Shah Qajar: (r. 1797–1834). Named Baba Khan at birth, he was the nephew and designated heir of Aqa Mohammad Shah. Baba Khan took the title of Fath-ʿAli Shah after the murder of his uncle. In essence, his numerous male offspring make him the true founder of the long-lived Qajar dynasty. His reign coincided with the Russian, British and French interest in Iran. Although he was unable to save the South Caucasus from being annexed by Russia, the Anglo-Russian rivalry spared Iran from the fate of India. Gardane, Claude M. (1766–1818): French envoy to Iran (1807–1809). He was sent by Napoleon following the Treaty of Finkenstein and although the Treaty of Tilsit between France and Russia negated his mission, he remained in Iran and tried his best to assure the Shah that France had not abandoned him and would intercede on Iran’s side with Russia. He succeeded in halting John Malcolm’s second mission to Iran, but following Gudovich’s attack on Yerevan, he had no choice but to leave Iran in early 1809. Ghukas of Garin: Armenian Catholicos at Ejmiatsin from 1780 to 1799. He petitioned Catherine II and Paul to protect the Armenians, but maintained good relations with the Iranian hierarchy in Yerevan. Giorgi XII: The son of Georgian King Erekle II and the last king of Kartli-Kakheti (r. 1798–1800). Surrounded by internal and external foes, Giorgi, who was ill, ap- pealed to Russian Emperor Paul to annex his domain to Russia but maintain the ruling house and the customs of Georgia. Glazenap, Gregory Ivanovich (ca. 1750/1751–1819), Russian General. Glazenap participated in the Russo-Turkish wars of 1769–1774 and 1787–1791 and, in 1801, was named chief of the Nizhnii-Novgorod Dragoon Regiment. In 1803 he was appointed cavalry inspector of the Caucasian Line and in 1802 the commander of that Line from 1804 to 1806. He pacified Kabarda and safeguarded the passes along the Georgian Military Road. He was named the acting commander-in-chief of the Caucasus following Tsitsianov’s murder and, in June 1806, captured Darband. General Ivan Gudovich, however, removed him from his post. Gudovich, Ivan Vasilyevich (1741–1820), Russian General Field-Marshal. Gudovich took part in the Russo-Turkish wars of 1769–1774 and 1787–1791 during the reign of Catherine II. He was appointed as the commander of the Caucasian Line in 1791,

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captured Anapa and built a number of forts along the Line. He was not given command of the Russian campaign against Iran in 1796 and resigned in protest. He was reinstated by Emperor Paul but dismissed soon after and spent a number of years in retirement. Following the murder of General Tsitsianov in 1806, Emperor Alexander named him the commander-in-chief of the Caucasus. Gudovich fought the Ottomans in Akhalkalaki, Akhaltsikhe and Gümri and lost one of his eyes. He was unsuccessful, however, in taking the fortress of Yerevan in 1808. He was replaced by General Alexander Tormasov in 1809, became a State Councilor and retired in 1812. Guliakov, Vasilii Semyonovich (d. 1804): Guliakov began his Russian military service in 1768 and participated in the Turkish, Polish and Swedish campaigns during the reign of Catherine the Great. He received a bullet wound in his right shoulder during in the Swedish campaign. In 1800 he was promoted to the rank of Major-general and appointed as the commander of the Kabarda Regiment, located in Georgievsk along the Caucasian Line. A few months later, on October 5, 1800, he and his regiment were sent to Tiflis. Guliakov, together with General Ivan Lazarev, defeated Umma (Omar) Khan of the Avars at the Iori River on November 19, 1800. After that he remained in the town of Telavi in Kakheti and was responsible for safeguarding Kakheti from Lezgi raids. Since the Lezgis continued their sporadic raids from Jar and Belokan into Kakheti, Tsitsianov decided to force these districts into submis- sion. On March 16, 1803 Guliakov and his troops were sent across the Alazani River, where they subdued the Lezgis. On January 27, 1804, while leading another expedi- tion against the Lezgis, he was killed in Daghestan. Hasan Khan Qajar (Sari Aslan): Hasan was the brother of Hosein Qoli Khan of Yerevan. He was the commander of the Yerevan fort and fought a number of battles against the Russians. He remained faithful to the Shah despite many offers of compensa- tion from the Russians. He was punished for this by Article XII of the Torkamanchay treaty with exile to Iran and the loss all his property in the khanate. Hosein Qoli Khan Qajar (Sardar of Yerevan): The last Iranian governor of Yerevan (1807–1827). A capable administrator, he worked well with the Armenian melik, Sahak, and Catholicos Yeprem and managed to keep the Armenians of Yerevan from openly supporting the Russians. His stubborn resistance to and his battles against the Russians earned him the wrath of the various Russian commanders in Tiflis. He, like his brother Hasan, was punished by Article XII of the Torkamanchay treaty, was exiled to Iran and lost all of his property in the khanate. He died in Iran in 1830. Italinskii, Andrei Yakovlevich (1743–1827): Russian ambassador in Constantinople from 1802 to 1812. He negotiated the Treaty of Bucharest in 1812, and served as Russian ambassador in Rome in 1817. He died in Rome in 1827. Jaʿfar Qoli Aqa Javanshir: He was the elder son of Ebrahim Khan of Qarabagh. Since he had spent some time as a hostage at the Iranian court, Russian general Gudovich did not trust his loyalty and appointed Mehdi Qoli as the new khan of Qarabagh. After

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this, Jaʿfar Qoli, who was named khan by the Shah, cooperated with the Iranians in their campaigns in Qarabagh and was named the khan of Qarabagh by the Shah. Jaʿfar Qoli Khan Donboli: Khan of Khoi. He refused to accept Fath-ʿAli Shah and sought to establish his own domain centered in Khoi and Maku, in northwest- ern Azarbayjan. ʿAbbas Mirza defeated him and his supporters and forced him to cross the border into the Kurdish region of the Ottoman Empire, from where he continued his rebellion. He joined General Tsitsianov during the latter’s invasion of Yerevan. General Gudovich, who did not trust the progeny of Hajji Chelebi (Mohammad Hasan Khan and Salim Khan), named Jaʿfar Qoli as the new khan of Shakki. On January 12, 1807, Jaʿfar Qoli and Gudovich signed a treaty which placed the khanate under Russian protection. Following Jaʿfar Qoli’s death in 1814, his son Esmaʿil was named khan, but when Esmaʿil died in 1819 without a male heir, General Aleksei Yermolov annexed the khanate to Russia. Javad Khan Ziyadoghlu Qajar: The last khan of the khanate of Ganjeh, Javad guided Aqa Mohammad Khan to Tiflis in 1795. In 1796 he submitted to General Valerian Zubov, but after the retreat of the Russians in 1797, became an ardent supporter of Iran and refused to hand his khanate to General Tsitsianov. He and one of his sons were killed during the storming of Ganjeh in 1804. One of his sons, Ughurlu Aqa, fled to Iran, while his wife and some other family members were held by the Russians in Ganjeh until 1812. Jones-Brydges, Harford (1764–1847). Englishman who entered the service of the East India Company and became its resident in Baghdad. In 1807 he was appointed as London’s envoy to Iran but delayed his arrival in Tehran until the exit of the French envoy Gardane on February 14, 1809. In March 1809, Jones negotiated the Preliminary Treaty of Alliance. After John Malcom’s arrival in 1810, the two clashed, forcing London to send Sir Gore Ouseley as its official ambassador to Iran. Kalb-ʿAli Khan Kangarlu: He was appointed as the governor of Nakhjavan in 1787. Suspected of treason, he was taken to Tehran in 1796 and blinded on Aqa Mohammad Sha’s order. Following the Shah’s murder, he returned to Nakhjavan and was named the khan by Fath-ʿAli Shah. In exchange, he provided Kangarlu tribesmen to the Shah’s forces.1 In 1809, ʿAbbas Mirza attached the khanate to his domain. He sent Kalb-ʿAli to reside in Yerevan and appointed Kalb-ʿAli’s sons, Nazar-ʿAli Beg and ʿAbbas Qoli Aqa, as his deputies in Nakhjavan. Kariagin, Paul Mikhailovich. Colonel. Commanded the 17th Jäger Regiment in the South Caucasus from 1801 to 1803. Following the murder of General Ivan Lazarev, he was named the chief of the 17th Jäger Regiment in Georgia. Colonel Kariagin took part in the storming of Ganjeh, was appointed as the commandant of Elisavetpol

1 Document dated Zihajjeh, 1218 (1804) and Safar 1221 (1806), see Iu. N. Marr, ed. Nakhichevanskie rukopisnye dokumenty XVII–XIX vv. (Tiflis, 1936), docs. 2–3.

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(Ganjeh) and received the order of St. George Fourth-Class. He and his regiment took part in a number of battles against Iranian forces in Qarabagh. Notable was the battle where he was surrounded by a large army commanded by ʿAbbas Mirza in the forts of Askeran and Shah-Bulagh, but managed to hold out. He was awarded the order of St. Vladimir Third-Class. His wounds, as well as numerous campaigns took their toll and he died from fever on May 19, 1807. Knorring, Karl Fyodorovich, Lieutenant-general. In March 1799, Knorring was named the Inspector of the Caucasian Line. He played a major part in the annexation of eastern Georgia by Alexander I and was named as the commander-in-chief of the Caucasus. His inability to bring peace and the corruption of his appointed officials resulted in his dismissal in late 1802. He died sometime after 1805. Kochubey, Victor Pavlovich, Count and Prince (1768–1834): Russian diplomat and statesman. He served in the Russian missions in Paris and London and was appointed extraordinary envoy to the Ottoman Porte (1792–1797). He was the Minister of Foreign Affairs from 1797 to 1802, Minister of Internal Affairs from 1802–1807 and again from 1819 to 1825. In 1827 he became the Chairman of the Council of Ministers, and, in 1834, the Chancellor of Russia. Kotliarevskii, Peter Semyonovich (1782–1851): Lieutenant-general Kotliarevskii joined the Russian army when he was fourteen years old. He became an officer at sev- enteen and rose up in the ranks. He participated in Zubov’s 1796 campaign in the South Caucasus. His bold manner and victories at Meghri, Aslanduz and Lankaran earned him medals and a laudatory poem from Pushkin. He was badly wounded at the storming of Lankaran and retired from service in 1813. Kovalenskii, Peter Ivanovich. Russian envoy to Georgia from 1799 to 1801 and gover- nor of Georgia from 1801–1802. He lost his first post but was returned by General Knorring. The reports of his corruption prompted Alexander to recall both him and Knorring in late 1802. He died in 1827. Lazarev, Ivan Count (1735–1801): Born in New Julfa, Iran, Lazarev belonged to the wealthy Armenian Lazarean family. The Russian branch of the family settled in Astrakhan in 1747. They moved to Moscow in 1749, where they started a silk fac- tory and jewelry business. A member of this family, Ovakim (Hovakim) founded the famed Lazarev Institute of Oriental Languages in Moscow in 1815. Ivan Lazarev be- friended Gregory Potemkin and Iosif Argutinskii and was instrumental in petition- ing Catherine to take the Armenians of the South Caucasus under her protection. Lazarev, Ivan Petrovich (1763–1803): A member of the Lazarev family, Major-general Lazarev served as the commander of the Kuban Corps during the Russo-Turkish War of 1787–1792. In 1796 King Erekle II of Georgia sent him to the Terek region to guard against raids by Caucasian mountain tribes. In 1799 he was appointed as the commander of Russian troops in Tiflis. He was stabbed to death by Queen Mariam of Georgia in 1803.

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Lisanevich, Dmitri Tikhonovich (1780–1825): Russian General who participated in Zubov’s 1796 campaign in the South Caucasus and was promoted by Tsitsianov during the First Russo-Iranian War. He was appointed as the commandant of Shushi in 1807. In 1812 he left the region to fight against Napoleon. He was rash and earned the name deli (“crazy”) from the local Muslims. He was one of the handful of Russian officers who had learned the local Turkish dialect and used it to insult the local Muslims. He returned to the Caucasus in 1824 and was killed a year later by a Chechen whom he had insulted. Malcolm, John, Sir (1769–1833): In 1783 he entered the service of the East India Company as an ensign. He served various British officials, including Lord Wellesley and was instrumental in advancing the Company’s influence in India. In 1800, Wellesley sent him on a diplomatic mission to Iran, where he succeeded in obtaining an Anglo-Iranian treaty against France. In 1808 Lord Minto, the Governor-General of the East India Company, sent Malcolm on a second mission, but the French envoy, Claude Gardane, convinced the Shah to rebuff him. Malcom was sent to Iran for a third time in 1810, but clashed with Harford Jones, who was sent from the foreign Ministry in London. Malcolm left Iran in 1811 and returned to England in 1812 and wrote his History of Persia. In 1827 he was appointed the Governor of Bombay. He returned to England in 1831 and became a Member of Parliament. Mehdi Qoli Khan Javanshir. He was appointed the khan of Qarabagh by the Russians and remained in his post from 1806 to 1822. He was the younger son of Ebrahim Khan, and after his father’s murder, was chosen as khan over his brother, Jaʿfar Qoli Aqa, the heir-designate. He tried to walk a fine line between Russia and Iran, but in general remained loyal to Russia. General Yermolov’s efforts to end the autonomous khanates, forced him to flee to Iran in 1822, after which the khanate was annexed to Russia. He returned to Qarabagh in 1836, received a pension from Russia and died in 1845. He is buried in Aghdam. Mir-Mostafa Khan of Talesh: The khan of Talesh from 1787 to 1814. He refused to bow to Aqa Mohmmad Shah, who invaded his region in 1795. His resistance to the Qajars continued during the reign of Fath-ʿAli Shah and he sought aid from the Russian commanders in Tiflis. Although in 1802 Talesh was placed under Russian protection, its location and the preoccupation of Russian troops in other fronts of the South Caucasus left Talesh at the mercy of the Iranian armies who took Lankaran and forced Mir-Mostafa and his family to seek refuge in a number of locations north of Lankaran. After Kotliarevskii took Lankaran in 1813, Mir-Mostafa retuned, but died in 1814. According to the Golestan treaty Lankaran and northern Talesh were conditionally handed to Russia. Although his son, Mir-Hasan, assumed his father’s post, he did not have any real authority. Mirza Abo’l-Hasan Khan Shirazi (1776–1845). His family connections helped him to be appointed as the Iranian envoy to London in 1809. He left for England with Harford

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Jones and James Morier. While in London, Mirza Abo’l-Hasan became friendly with Sir Gore Ouseley, became a Freemason and was enrolled as an employee of the East India Company, receiving a life-long annual salary of 1,500 tomans. Upon return to Iran, he received the title of khan from the Shah and was chosen to represent Iran in the negotiations for the Golestan treaty. In 1815 he arrived in St. Petersburg to petition Emperor Alexander to return a part of Iran’s territory but was unsuccessful and returned to Iran in 1817. In 1823 he was named Minister of Foreign Affairs. He and ʿAbbas Mirza were the signatories of the Treaty of Torkamanchay in 1828. Mirza Isa Farahani (Mirza Bozorg) (1753–1822): Mirza ʿIsa Farahani, known as Mirza Bozorg, had the title of Qa‌ʾem-Maqam or First Minister. He was appointed as the vizier of ʿAbbas Mirza, when the latter was appointed as the beglarbegi of Azarbayjan. In 1809 he became the deputy of Mirza Shafiʿ. He died in 1822 and was succeeded by his son, Mirza Abo l-Qasem Farahani, known as the second Qa‌ʾem-Maqam. Mirza Shafiʿ Mazandarani. The chief minister of Fath-ʿAli Shah, following the execu- tion of Haji Ebrahim Khan in 1800. Unlike Mirza Bozorg, Mirza Shafiʿ’s main con- cern was to maintain his post and accumulate wealth. He was willing to cooperate with the British and agreed to Sir Gore Ouseley’s compromises regarding peace with Russia. He died in 1819. His only child, a daughter, married Homayun Mirza, the Shah’s sixteenth son, who thus acquired his father-in-law’s wealth. Mohammad-ʿAli Mirza (1789–1821). Eldest son of Fath-ʿAli Shah. As son of a Georgian concubine he was ineligible to succeed his father. He was named governor of Qazvin, Gilan and the Khamseh of Hamadan. His success in the military campaigns against the Ottomans and his robust health, compared to his half-brother ʿAbbas Mirza’s weak constitution and the heir’s defeats at the hand of the Russians garnered Mohammad-ʿAli Mirza the support of some notables (as well as that of General Yermolov in 1817) as a rival to ʿAbbas Mirza. In 1809 he was made the gover- nor of the entire Irano-Ottoman frontier from Kermanshah to Khuzestan. His death from cholera resulted in the 1823 Treaty of Erzurum between Iran and the Ottoman Empire. Mohammad Khan Qajar. Governor of Yerevan khanate from 1784 to 1805. He tried to maintain his domain by submitting to Erekle II of Georgia. Although he was arrest- ed in 1796 on Aqa Mohammad Shah’s order, his Qajar lineage spared his life. Fath- ʿAli Shah sent him back to Yerevan as the governor. Not known for his bravery, he was a good politician and kept in contact with the Russians, and the Ottomans, as well as assuring Iran of his loyalty. His dealings with Russia during and after General Tsitsianov’s invasion of Yerevan convinced ʿAbbas Mirza and the Shah to remove him to Iran in 1805. Mostafa Khan of Shirvan. Mostafa Khan became the khan of Shirvan sometime around 1797. On January 6, 1806, Mostafa Khan signed a treaty with Tsitsianov which placed his khanate under Russian protection. Despite some contacts with

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Iran, he remained, overall, loyal to Russia. General Yermolov’s efforts to terminate his autonomy forced him to flee to Iran in 1820, after which the khanate was annexed to Russia. He returned to the South Caucasus after the death of Fath-ʿAli Shah and died in Elisavetpol in 1835. Nebolsin, Peter Fyodorovich. Russian Major-general. Nebolsin took part in Zubov’s 1796 campaign in the South Caucasus and rose through the ranks as the commander of the Troitskii Musketeer Regiment. He took part in a number of battles in Qarabagh, Shakki and Nakhjavan in 1806–1808, during the First Russo-Iranian War. He died in 1820. Nesvetayev, Peter Danilovich: Major-general Nesvetayev began his military career in 1773 and was wounded in a campaign in Finland in 1788. He was among the officers in Zubov’s campaign in the South Caucasus. At the beginning of 1804 he was named the commander of the Saratov Infantry Regiment on the Caucasian Line, but was unable to take part in Tsitsianov’s Yerevan campaign, due to the unrest along the Georgian Military Road. He was responsible for clearing the Georgian Military Road from rebels. In 1805, after Tsitsianov’s retreat from Yerevan, Nesvetayev occupied Ejmiatsin and annexed the Shuragöl district to Georgia. He fought in a number of battles on the Russo-Turkish border and, following Tsitsianov’s murder, commanded the Russian troops in Tiflis. He died in 1808. ʿOmar (Umma) Khan of the Avars: Together with the Lezgis, ʿOmar raided Kakheti and, with the support of a number of Georgian princes, sought to end the Russian annexation of Georgia. He and his allies were defeated by Lazarev in 1803. He died from his wounds shortly after. He was the brother-in-law of Ebrahim Khan of Qarabagh. Ouseley, Gore Sir (1770–1844). Ouseley moved to India in 1787 and establish a textile fac- tory in Bengal. He studied Persian, Sanskrit and Arabic. He worked for Lord Richard Wellesley, the Governor-General of India. He returned to England in 1805, received a title and was appointed the mehmandar of Abo’l-Hasan Khan, the Iranian envoy to London. In 1810 he accompanied Abo’l-Hasan as Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary to the Qajar court. He met Fath-ʿAli Shah in November 1811 and, in March 1812, concluded the Definitive Anglo-Iranian Treaty. His pro-Russian role in the Russo-Iranian treaty of Golestan (1813) angered the Shah and he left Iran in 1814. Upon arrival in St. Petersburg he was presented with the grand Cordon of the Order of Alexander Nevskii and returned to England in 1815. Panah Khan Javanshir (1747–1761). Khan of Qarabagh. Following Nader’s death, Panah Khan returned from Khorasan and with the help of the Javanshir and other clans, established the khanate of Qarabagh by building the Shah-Bulagh [Tarnavut] fort. He allied with the Armenian melik, Shahnazar of Varanda, who had quarreled with the other four Armenian meliks and constructed the fort of Shushi as his main cita- del. He extended his authority across the Aras and minted his own coins.

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Parnavaz: Son of Erekle II and Queen Darejan of Georgia, Parnavaz, together with his brothers Yulon and Wakhtang rose against the Russians in the summer of 1800, but was defeated by Generals Lazarev and Guliakov on November 19, 1800 near the Iori and Alazani rivers and sought refuge in Imereti. He was captured in 1804 during the rebellion by the Ossets along the Georgian Military Road and sent to Russia. Paulucci, Filipp (Filippo) Osipovich (1779–1849), General and Marquis Paulucci was an Italian who had entered into Russian service in 1807. In 1808–1809 was an active participant in the Russo-Swedish War in 1808–1809 and in 1809–1810, in the Russo-Turkish war. His victory at Akhalkalaki in 1810 earned him the rank of Lieutenant-general. He was named the chief quartermaster of the Caucasian Line and from 1811 to 1812 he was the commander-in-chief of the Caucasus. He was re- called in 1812 to face the upcoming conflict with Napoleon and took part in the 1812 campaign. He retired in 1829 and returned to Italy. Portniagin, Semyon Andreyevich. Russian Major-general. He participated in the Russo-Turkish War of 1787–1792. He was the commander of the Nizhnii-Novgorod Dragoon Regiment in 1800 and Chief of the Narva Dragoon Regiment in 1801. From 1803 Portniagin served in the South Caucasus and for the next ten years participated in a number of battles against the Ottoman and Iranian forces. He retired for some years but was brought back to the Caucasus by Yermolov. Potemkin, Gregory (1739–1791). General Field Marshall, Grand Admiral and Prince. Potemkin was a favorite of Empress Catherine. He was responsible for Russian victories against the Ottomans and the annexation of the Crimea. He founded and colonized a number of towns in South Russia and formed the Black Sea Fleet. He viewed the Christians of the South Caucasus as the natural allies of Russia and, together with Archbishop Argutinskii, encouraged them to rise against the Muslims. Rimskii-Korsakov, Alexander Mikhailovich (1753–1840). Russian General. He participated in the Russo-Turkish War of 1787–1791. In 1796, he participated in Zubov’s campaign in the South Caucasus and distinguished himself in Darband and Ganjeh, for which he received the order of St. Anne, First-Class and the order of Alexander Nevskii. He returned to Russia in 1797 and was promoted and assigned to various posts by emperors Paul and Alexander. Rozen (Rosen), Ivan Karlovich (1753–1817). Russian Major-general. Rozen participated in the Russo-Turkish War of 1787–1791 and rose in the ranks, serving under Gudovich in 1799. Gudovich summoned him to Georgia in 1806, where he served as the Military Governor of Tiflis. In 1810, he helped Tormasov to defeat and capture King Solomon II of Imereti, but after the latter’s escape from prison, he lost his post and was transferred to Poland. Rtishchev, Nicholas Fyodorovich (1754–1835). Russian General. Rtishchev served in a number of military posts during the reign of Catherine II. In 1798 he was named the commandant of Astrakhan but was relieved from duty by Emperor Paul. He

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remained inactive for some years and was returned to duty in 1806 during the Russo-Turkish War. In 1811 he was named the Commander of the Caucasian Line and in 1812, after Paulucci’s recall to St. Petersburg, he became the commander-in- chief of the Caucasus, suppressed the uprisings in Kakheti and led the campaigns against Iran in 1812–1813. His negotiations with Iran and the British envoy, Sir Gore Ouseley, resulted in the signing of the Golestan treaty in 1813. He retired in 1816 and was replaced by General Yermolov. He became a senator in 1817 and remained in that post until his death. Rumiantsev Nicholas Petrovich (1754–1826). Count Rumiantsev was the Foreign Minister of Russia from 1808–1812. He was in favor of the Franco-Russian alliance. He was also Minister of Commerce (1802–1811) and President of the State Council (1811–1812). He lost Emperor Alexander’s confidence after Napoleon invaded Russia in 1812. Salim Khan of Shakki: Salim was confirmed as the khan of Shakki during Zubov’s campaign in 1797. During Aqa Mohammad Shah’s invasion of the South Caucasus, Salim fled and was replaced by his blind brother Mohammad Hasan Khan. His sister was married to Ebrahim Khan of Qarabagh and after the latter’s treaty with General Tsitsianov in 1805, Salim came to terms with Tsitsianov and replaced Mohammad Hasan Khan as the khan of Shakki. Following Tsitsianov’s murder, Salim abandoned his Russian alliance and expelled the Russian garrison from Nukha. This action gave General Gudovich the excuse to replace him with Jaʿfar Qoli Khan Donboli. Simonovich,2 Fyodor Filippovich, General. Simonovich began his military career in 1793 and fought the Lezgis in 1801 and 1802. He prepared a detailed map of the Caucasus and took part in a number of battles during the First Russo-Iranian War. In 1810 he was appointed as the governor of Imereti and in 1813 was named as the Military Governor of Georgia. He died in 1815. Talyzin, Fyodor Ivanovich (1773–1844), Lieutenant-general. He began his service as a sergeant in 1789 and rose in the ranks to become the chief of the Sevastopol Musketeer Regiment. In 1804 he was stationed in Tiflis and fought the rebels in Ananuri along the Georgian Military Road. He was wounded during a battle in Aparan, retired in November 1804, but returned during the 1812 campaign against Napoleon. Tamara (Tomara), Vasilii Stepanovich. Following the signing of the Georgievsk treaty, Gregory Potemkin sent Tamara to Tiflis to exchange the ratification of the treaty. He served as the Russian envoy to the court of King Solomon of Imereti and, from 1798 to 1802, served as the Russian ambassador to Constantinople, where he was instrumental in pressuring the Sublime Porte to support the candidate approved by Russia as the Armenian Catholicos at Ejmiatsin.

2 Some sources refer to him as Simanovich.

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Teimuraz II: Son of King Erekle II and Queen Darejan of Georgia, he fled to Iran in 1803, where he joined his brother Alexander in encouraging their supporters to rebel against the Russian occupation. He voluntarily returned in 1810 and joined the other Georgian notables in Russian service. Tormasov, Alexander Petrovich (1752–1819). Russian General. Tormasov participated in the Russo-Turkish War of 1787–1791, where he commanded a cavalry brigade. After that, he served in Poland. He was discharged by Emperor Paul in 1799 but reinstated in 1800. He became the Military Governor of Kiev in 1803 but retired due to ill health in 1806. After recuperating, he was named the Military Governor of Riga but retired, again, due to ill health. He was appointed as the commander- in-chief of the Caucasus from 1808 until 1811. He fought a number of battles against the Ottomans and Iranians and earned victories in Meghri, Poti and Akhaltsikhe. He also brought Imereti and the rest of western Georgia under Russian control. He returned to Russia and took part in the 1812 campaign. He became the Military Governor of Moscow in 1814 and received the title of Count. Tsitsianov, Paul Dmitryevich (1754–1806): General and Prince Tsitsianov was a member of the Russified Georgian noble family, the Tsitsinishvili. He entered the Preobrazhenskii Regiment in 1761. He rose in the ranks and became the commander of the St. Petersburg Grenadier Regiment in 1786. He took part in the Russo-Turkish War of 1797–1791. He participated in Zubov’s 1796 campaign in the South Caucasus and for a time was the commandant of Baku. Like many others, he was forced to retire during the reign of Paul. He was reinstated by Alexander I in 1801 and, in 1802, was appointed as the commander-in-chief of the Caucasus, Georgia and Military Governor of Astrakhan. He pacified Georgia and constructed the Alexandrovsk fort at the Alazani River. He was brave but brash and ambitious. He was responsible for initiating the First Russo-Iranian War and had a very low opinion of the Iranians. After taking Ganjeh, he brought Qarabagh, Shakki and Shirvan into the Russian sphere. His campaign against Yerevan, however, was a total failure. On February 20, 1806, he was treacherously killed outside the walls of Baku.3 Tuchkov, Sergei Alekseyevich (1767–1839), Lieutenant-general. Tuchkov began his career in 1783 as a sergeant. He was quickly promoted during the Russo-Swedish War 1788–1790 and, in 1794, in Poland. He participated in Zubov’s 1796 campaign in the South Caucasus, fighting in Darband. In 1798 he was made the chief of the Caucasian Grenadier Regiment and remained in the South Caucasus until 1804. He served under Tsitsianov during the Yerevan campaign, but disapproved of Tsitsianov’s rash

3 See also Chapters 2–5.

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decisions and left the South Caucasus. He retired in November 1804 but returned to active duty in 1806 and served in the army of the Danube in 1811–1812.4 Voinovich, Marko, Count. A Montenegrin who entered Russian service in 1770. After his Caspian service, he was transferred to the Black Sea Fleet and soon after received the rank of Rear-Admiral. He was promoted to the rank of Admiral in 1801 and died in 1807. Wakhtang VI: Regent of Kartli from 1709–1711, during King Kai-Khosrow’s absence in Afghanistan. After the death of the latter in Afghanistan, Wakhtang was named king and, in 1712, went to Esfahan to be invested as the new vali. Shah Soltan Hosein, however, insisted that Wakhtang convert to Islam and kept the king under house arrest for some years. In 1714, the Shah appointed Wakhtang’s brother Iese, who had converted and taken the name of ʿAli Qoli Khan, as the new vali. In 1717 Wakhtang’s son, Bakar became the ruler of Kartli. Finally, in 1719 Wakhtang feigned conversion to Islam and was reinstated as Hosein Qoli Khan. He contacted Peter the Great and refused to send forces to help against the Afghan invasion. Together with the Armenian Catholicos of Qarabagh, Esayi of Gandzasar, Wakhtang gathered an army and waited for Peter’s arrival in Shamakhi. After Peter’s agreement with the Ottomans in 1724, Wakhtang, along with his family and a group of Georgian notables, sought refuge in Russia. Yeprem of Dzoragegh (1808–1830); Armenian Catholicos at Ejmiatsin. He managed to work well with Hosein Qoli Khan of Yerevan and was trusted by the Iranian hierarchy. He succeeded in playing the role of a mediator between Yerevan, Tabriz and Tiflis. Yermolov, Aleksei Petrovich (1772–1861). Russian General. Yermolov participated in Zubov’s 1796 campaign in the South Caucasus. He spent two years in exile during the reign of Emperor Paul and was reinstated by Emperor Alexander. He rose in the ranks during the Napoleonic wars and in 1816 was named Plenipotentiary Envoy to Iran and the commander-in-chief of the Caucasus. He spent many years fighting the Chechens and ended the autonomy of the khans of Shakki, Shirvan and Qarabagh. He was replaced in 1827 by Paskevich. Yulon: Son of Erekle II and Queen Darejan of Georgia, Yulon, together with his brothers Parnavaz and Wakhtang rose against the Russians in the summer of 1800, but was defeated by Generals Lazarev and Guliakov on November 19, 1800 at the Iori and Alazani rivers and sought refuge in Imereti. He was captured in 1804 during the rebellion by the Ossets along the Georgian Military Road and sent to Russia. Zubov Valerian (1771–1804): Count Zubov, owned his advance to his brother Platon Zubov. In 1789 Valerian already had the rank of Lieutenant-colonel in the Pskov

4 See also Chapter 4.

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Dragoons Regiment. He was made Major-General during the Russian campaign in Poland and lost a leg in 1794. In 1797 he was appointed as the commander of the Russian campaign in the South Caucasus and had reached the Moghan, when Empress Catherine’s death ended his and his brother’s career until the reign of Emperor Alexander I. Zubov died on July 3, 1804.5

5 See Chapter 1.

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