JAPAN STUDIES REVIEW Volume Fifteen 2011 Interdisciplinary Studies of Modern Japan Steven Heine Editor John A. Tucker Book Review Editor Editorial Board Yumiko Hulvey, University of Florida John Maraldo, Emeritus, University of North Florida Matthew Marr, Florida International University Mark Ravina, Emory University Ann Wehmeyer, University of Florida Brian Woodall, Georgia Institute of Technology Copy and Production Jennylee Diaz Maria Sol Echarren Jennifer Ann Garcia Grace Taylor JAPAN STUDIES REVIEW VOLUME FIFTEEN 2011 A publication of Florida International University and the Southern Japan Seminar CONTENTS Editor’s Introduction i Re: Subscriptions, Submissions, and Comments ii WOMEN AND POPULAR CULTURE Introduction. Manga, Maiko, Aidoru: Girl Cool in Japanese Popular Culture Jan Bardsley 3 Ema: The New Face of Jane Austen in Japan Inger Sigrun Brodey 7 Maiko Boom: The Revival of Kyoto’s Novice Geisha Jan Bardsley 35 Erokakkoii: Changing Images of Female Idols in Contemporary Japan Yuki Watanabe 61 Framing the Sensual: Japanese Sexuality in Ladies’ Comics Kinko Ito 75 Taking Girls Seriously in “Cool Japan” Ideology Laura Miller 97 ARTICLES Edward Said and the Japanese: British Representations of Japan in the Years before the Sino-Japanese War Stephen Smith 109 The Forgotten Script Reform: Language Policy in Japan’s Armed Forces Yuki Takatori 129 FEATURED ESSAYS Watsuji Tetsurō’s Mask and Persona Translated by Carl M. Johnson 147 BOOK REVIEWS The Role of Tradition in Japan’s Industrialization: Another Path to Industrialization By Masayuki Tanimoto, ed. Reviewed by Salvatore Ciriacono 159 The History of Modern Japanese Education: Constructing the National School System, 1872-1890 By Benjamin Duke Reviewed by Lucien Ellington 163 Realizing Genjōkoan: The Key to Dōgen’s Shōbōgenzō By Shohaku Okumura Reviewed by Ernesto Fernández 166 From Marco Polo Bridge to Pearl Harbor: Who was Responsible? By The Yomiuri Shimbun War Responsibility Reexamination Committee Reviewed by Katsumi Sohma 170 CONTRIBUTORS/EDITORS EDITOR’S INTRODUCTION Welcome to the fifteenth volume of the Japan Studies Review (JSR), an annual peer-reviewed journal sponsored by the joint efforts of the Institute for Asian Studies at Florida International University and the Southern Japan Seminar. JSR continues to be both an outlet for publications related to Southern Japan Seminar events and a journal that encourages submissions from a wide range of scholars in the field. This issue includes a special topics section showcasing a variety of articles on Japanese women and popular culture, as well as additional articles, essays, and book reviews covering a variety of topics in Japanese studies. This year’s journal features a special section with a brief introductory essay by Jan Bardsley, who has organized a panel for the annual Southern Japan Seminar and edited articles for this issue. Also included are two articles. “Edward Said and the Japanese: British Representations of Japan in the Years before the Sino-Japanese War” by Stephen Smith explores the extent to which the application of Edward Said’s notion of Orientalism – which juxtaposes an “irrational Japan” with a “mature, rational” Europe – provides fresh insight into Western writing on Japan in the late nineteenth century. In addition, “The Forgotten Script Reform: Language Policy in Japan’s Armed Forces” by Yuki Takatori analyzes the reform in the Japanese written language implemented by the armed forces during Imperial Japan’s transformation into a colonial power. Takatori explains why military officers were more enthusiastic supporters of such reforms than the cautious bureaucrats of the Education Ministry. There is one essay in this issue. Carl M. Johnson’s translation of Watsuji Testurō’s Mask and Persona, reflects on the importance of the face in human existence by explicating three main Japanese terms – men, kao, and gammen – which Watsuji contrasts with the Latin term persona. For the convenience of the reader, these are consistently translated throughout as “mask,” “face,” “visage,” and “persona,” respectively. Four book reviews are included. Salvatore Ciriacono reviews The Role of Tradition in Japan’s Industrialization by Masayuki Tanimoto, and Lucien Ellington reviews Benjamin Duke’s book, The History of Modern Japanese Education: Constructing the National School System, 1872-1890. Also, Ernesto Fernández reviews Realizing Genjōkoan: The Key to Dōgen’s Shōbōgenzō by Shohaku Okumura, and Katsumi Sohma reviews “From Marco Polo Bridge to Pearl Harbor: Who was Responsible?” by the Yomiuri Shimbun. Steven Heine ii Re: Submissions, Subscriptions, and Comments Submissions for publication, whether articles, essays, or book reviews, should be made in both hard copy and electronic formats, preferably Word for Windows via email attachment (please inquire about other formats). The editor and members of the editorial board will referee all submissions. Annual subscriptions are $35.00 (US). Please send a check or money order payable to Florida International University to: c/o Steven Heine, Professor of Religious Studies and History Director of the Institute for Asian Studies Florida International University Modesto A. Maidique Campus, SIPA 505 Miami, FL 33199 Professor Heine’s office number is 305-348-1914. Faxes should be sent to 305-348-6586 and emails sent to [email protected]. Visit our website at http://www.asian.fiu.edu/jsr. PDF versions of past volumes are available online. All comments and feedback on the publications appearing in Japan Studies Review are welcome. ISSN: 1550-0713 Women and Popular Culture Introduction MANGA, MAIKO, AIDORU: GIRL COOL IN JAPANESE POPULAR CULTURE Jan Bardsley The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill It is a pleasure to introduce this special section of Japan Studies Review. The articles by Jan Bardsley, Inger Sigrun Brodey, Kinko Ito, and Yuki Watanabe were originally prepared for the 2009 Southern Japan Seminar (SJS) in Miami hosted by the Institute for Asian Studies, Florida International University. We are grateful to Steven Heine, editor of Japan Studies Review and SJS President for inviting us to publish this special section, and appreciative of the several anonymous reviewers who refereed these papers. We also thank Dr. Heine for his inspired choice of discussant for our panel, Laura Miller, the Ei‟ichi Shibusawa-Seigo Arai Professor of Japanese Studies and Professor of Anthropology at University of Missouri, St. Louis, and a leader in the emerging field of Girl Studies. We are delighted that Dr. Miller permitted us to publish her commentary, too. Our exploration of popular cultural views of girls and women in contemporary Japanese culture highlights a range of images of female assertiveness, intentional innocence and sexuality, and imagined identities. Since we examine such mass-mediated phenomena as anime, manga, film, and television programs, our discussion also elucidates the commodification of fantasies of girlhood and the meanings attached to these in contemporary Japan. Articles by Bardsley, Brodey, and Watanabe train attention on diverse representations of girlhood, while Kinko Ito‟s article on ladies‟ comics discusses girls grown up and exploring adult sexuality. Miller‟s essay widens the lens to show how leaders of Japanese government and industry have exploited “girl cool” to promote tourism to Japan and consumption of Japanese popular culture, and introduces issues at the heart of Girl Studies. The disasters Japan has suffered in spring 2011 make these earlier discussions of popular culture appear to be particularly light-hearted. How will suffering on such a monumental scale affect the narratives of girlhood and womanhood produced in Japan in the next decade and beyond? How will the apparent rise in youth volunteerism and the possibility of jobs related to relief shape this generation of young Japanese? These are questions that we will follow for years to come. We can anticipate that this 4 JAN BARDSLEY newest tragedy will be processed through popular cultural forms, much as have the nuclear devastation and national traumas of the past. It will no doubt be understood as marking a sharp cultural divide in a way that resembles the Great Kantō Earthquake of 1923. In consequence, this special section stands as one of numerous strands woven into Japanese culture “before 2011.” Below, I briefly introduce the articles in the order that they will appear in this issue. Note that we follow East Asian practice in listing family names first followed by given names. We thank Jennylee Diaz and Maria Sol Echarren of Japan Studies Review for their work on this issue. Inger Sigrun Brodey‟s article, “Ema: The New Face of Jane Austen in Japan,” discovers how Jane Austen‟s famed novel Emma (1815) has been re-imagined for contemporary audiences by manga artist Mori Kaoru. Mori‟s award-winning manga series Ema, published from 2002 to 2006 in Japan, inspired an anime series that aired on Japanese television from 2006 to 2008. Brodey argues that despite differences in the narrative techniques employed by Austen and Mori, abundant connections exist between the two authors. Brodey finds that “Mori borrows plot elements from several Jane Austen novels, as well as visual images from the films of those novels” and her work, too, shows an interest in society, rank, and the concept of the gentleman. This investigation leads Brodey to consider how the Victorian setting of Ema may reveal nostalgia for Meiji Japan. She observes that Mori devises characters with the appeal of both