Class 7 _History Ch - 2. Emergence of New Kingdoms [700 - 1200 CE]

All the answers of the exercise...

{A}. (1) c. Rashtrakutas, Palas, Gurjara- Pratiharas (2) d. nagarams (3) c. Mahmud Ghazni (4) a. Cholas (5) b. Al-Biruni

{B}. (1) fuedatories (2) chahamanas or Chauhans (3) Mihir bhoja, Mahendrapala (4) 1025, Somnath Temple (5) Rajaraja 1, Madurai

{C}. (1) true (2) true (3) false Nagabhatta 1, the gurjara-pratihara king, defended western from Arab incursions from sindh to Rajasthan. (4) true (5) false : tripartite struggle fought to conquer kanauj in the Ganges valley.

{D}. 10-20 words answers....

(1). Prithviraj Chauhan won the first battle of tarain.

(2). Rajaraja1 and his son Rajendra1 were the two greatest rulers of the Chola dynasty.

(3). Palas, Gurjara-Pratiharas and Rashtrakutas were the three empires participated in the tripartite struggle.

(4). Brahmadeyas were tax free lands gifted to Brahmins by the elite class.

(5). Krishna1 built the kailash temple at allora.

{E}. 50-70 words answers...

(1). The village was the primary unit of society and polity. They were known as Kurrams. The village assemblies held the society together through its unique feature of autonomy and self sufficiency. The ur was an assembly of common villages where the land was held by all classes of people who were, therefore, entitled to membership in the local assembly.

(2). Mahmud Ghazni invaded India 17 times. Mahmud Ghazni came to India with the objective of looting wealth and used this wealth to create a splendid city at Ghajni.

(3). The Tripartite struggle between the Palas, Gurjara-Pratiharas and Rastrakutas held for the desire to possess the city of which was then a symbol of sovereignty. This war was also for control over the fertile regions of the gangetic valley. Another Prime reason for their conflict was their desire to have control over the riches beyond their own territories.

{F}. 80-100 word answers...

(1). In the post Gupta period, administrative officials were granted lands and also given major powers to rule these officials known as feudatories. However, feudatory chiefs were eager to free themselves whenever there was an opportunity. Some of these feudatories struggled and rose to form new kingdoms during the early mediaeval period. For example The Pala dynasty. The Pala Kingdom was founded by Gopala in 750 CE. It is believed that he was elected as the king by the nobles to end the regional anarchy. It seems that he consolidate his authority over almost the whole of and parts of . His successor Dharmpala expanded The Kingdom and was able to control Kannauj for sometime. Devapala one of the most powerful Pala ruler led raids in the north, Deccan and southern part of Indian peninsula. Ramapala the last important ruler extended control till Pragjyotishpura (Assam), parts of Odisha and parts of modern Nepal.

(2). Rajaraja1 and his son Rajendra1 were Chola Kings. The Chola dynasty was one of the most powerful dynasty in South India. It ruled over Tamilnadu and parts of Karnataka. Tanjore was its capital city. During the rule of Rajaraja 1 and his son Rajendra 1 the Cholas entered their most glorious phase. They expanded The Kingdom beyond South India to Sri Lanka, Java and Sumatra. Rajaraja 1 defeated cheras and seized Madurai. He invaded Sri Lanka and annexed Northern part which became a Chola province and named it Mummadi Cholamandalam. Rajaraja1 overran the Eastern chalukyas who eventually accepted his authority. His son Rajendra 1, annexed the whole of Sri Lanka and reasserted the Chola Supremacy over Kerala and the Pandyan country. His army marched triumphantly up to River Ganga and the dominions of the Pala King, Mahipala. He adopted the title of Gangaikonda and founded a new capital called Gangaikonda Cholapuram.

(3). The Chola Empire was divided into mandalams or provinces. These were usually govern by the princes of the royal family. The provinces where further divided into walanadu or districts and nadu or groups of villages. The village was the primary unit of society and polity. They were known as kurrams. The village assemblies held the society together through its unique feature of autonomy and self-sufficiency. There were three types of assemblies which played an important part in local administration namely the ur, sabha or mahasabha and nagaram. The ur was an assembly of common villages where the land was held by all classes of people who were, therefore, entitled to membership in the local assembly.The Sabha was an exclusively Brahman assembly of the brahmnadeya villages where all the land belonged to the Brahmins. The nagaram was an assembly of local merchants where traders and merchants were in a dominant position. The Sabha, generally, comprising the elite or learned in the community, commanded the respect of all the other assemblies in settling crucial matters of common concern.

# homework/ assignment... try to solve Q's no. G think and write in your own language.