The new horizon of spreading research
An International Research Journal for Biology
May 2013 Volume 3 Issue 2
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Managing and Executive Editor: Abiya Chelliah [Molecular Biology] Dr. Afreenish Hassan [Microbiology] Publisher, Journal of Research in Biology. Department of Pathology, Army Medical College, Rawalpindi, Pakistan.
Editorial Board Members: Gurjit Singh [Soil Science] Ciccarese [Molecular Biology] Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Amritsar, Punjab, India. Universita di Bari, Italy. Dr. Marcela Pagano [Mycology]
Sathishkumar [Plant Biotechnologist] Universidade Federal de São João del-Rei, Brazil. Bharathiar University. Dr.Amit Baran Sharangi [Horticulture]
SUGANTHY [Entomologist] BCKV (Agri University), West Bengal, INDIA. TNAU, Coimbatore. Dr. Bhargava [Melittopalynology]
Elanchezhyan [Agriculture, Entomology] School of Chemical & Biotechnology, Sastra University, Tamilnadu, INDIA. TNAU, Tirunelveli. Dr. Sri Lakshmi Sunitha Merla [Plant Biotechnology]
Syed Mohsen Hosseini [Forestry & Ecology] Jawaharlal Technological University, Hyderabad. Tarbiat Modares University (TMU), Iran. Dr. Mrs. Kaiser Jamil [Biotechnology]
Dr. Ramesh. C. K [Plant Tissue Culture] Bhagwan Mahavir Medical Research Centre, Hyderabad, India. Sahyadri Science College, Karnataka. Ahmed Mohammed El Naim [Agronomy]
Kamal Prasad Acharya [Conservation Biology] University of Kordofan, Elobeid-SUDAN. Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Norway. Dr. Zohair Rahemo [Parasitology]
Dr. Ajay Singh [Zoology] University of Mosul, Mosul,Iraq. Gorakhpur University, Gorakhpur Dr. Birendra Kumar [Breeding and Genetic improvement]
Dr. T. P. Mall [Ethnobotany and Plant pathoilogy] Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Lucknow, India. Kisan PG College, BAHRAICH Dr. Sanjay M. Dave [Ornithology and Ecology]
Ramesh Chandra [Hydrobiology, Zoology] Hem. North Gujarat University, Patan. S.S.(P.G.)College, Shahjahanpur, India. Dr. Nand Lal [Micropropagation Technology Development]
Adarsh Pandey [Mycology and Plant Pathology] C.S.J.M. University, India. SS P.G.College, Shahjahanpur, India Fábio M. da Costa [Biotechnology: Integrated pest control, genetics]
Hanan El-Sayed Mohamed Abd El-All Osman [Plant Ecology] Federal University of Rondônia, Brazil. Al-Azhar university, Egypt Marcel Avramiuc [Biologist]
Ganga suresh [Microbiology] Stefan cel Mare University of Suceava, Romania. Sri Ram Nallamani Yadava College of Arts & Sciences, Tenkasi, India. Dr. Meera Srivastava [Hematology , Entomology]
T.P. Mall [Ethnobotany, Plant pathology] Govt. Dungar College, Bikaner. Kisan PG College,BAHRAICH, India. P. Gurusaravanan [Plant Biology ,Plant Biotechnology and Plant Science]
Mirza Hasanuzzaman [Agronomy, Weeds, Plant] School of Life Sciences, Bharathidasan University, India. Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University, Bangladesh Dr. Mrs Kavita Sharma [Botany]
Mukesh Kumar Chaubey [Immunology, Zoology] Arts and commerce girl’s college Raipur (C.G.), India. Mahatma Gandhi Post Graduate College, Gorakhpur, India. Suwattana Pruksasri [Enzyme technology, Biochemical Engineering]
N.K. Patel [Plant physiology & Ethno Botany] Silpakorn University, Thailand. Sheth M.N.Science College, Patan, India. Dr.Vishwas Balasaheb Sakhare [Reservoir Fisheries]
Kumudben Babulal Patel [Bird, Ecology] Yogeshwari Mahavidyalaya, Ambajogai, India. Gujarat, India.
CHANDRAMOHAN [Biochemist] Dr. Pankaj Sah [Environmental Science, Plant Ecology] College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University. Higher College of Technology (HCT), Al-Khuwair.
B.C. Behera [Natural product and their Bioprospecting] Dr. Erkan Kalipci [Environmental Engineering] Agharkar Research Institute, Pune, INDIA. Selcuk University, Turkey.
Kuvalekar Aniket Arun [Biotechnology] Dr Gajendra Pandurang Jagtap [Plant Pathology] Lecturer, Pune. College of Agriculture, India.
Mohd. Kamil Usmani [Entomology, Insect taxonomy] Dr. Arun M. Chilke [Biochemistry, Enzymology, Histochemistry] Aligarh Muslim university, Aligarh, india. Shree Shivaji Arts, Commerce & Science College, India.
Dr. Lachhman Das Singla [Veterinary Parasitology] Dr. AC. Tangavelou [Biodiversity, Plant Taxonomy] Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Ludhiana, India. Bio-Science Research Foundation, India.
Vaclav Vetvicka [Immunomodulators and Breast Cancer] Nasroallah Moradi Kor [Animal Science] University of Louisville, Kentucky. Razi University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Iran
José F. González-Maya [Conservation Biology] T. Badal Singh [plant tissue culture] Laboratorio de ecología y conservación de fauna Silvestre, Panjab University, India Instituto de Ecología, UNAM, México.
Dr. Kalyan Chakraborti [Agriculture, Pomology, horticulture] Dr. Satish Ambadas Bhalerao [Environmental Botany] AICRP on Sub-Tropical Fruits, Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya, Wilson College, Mumbai Kalyani, Nadia, West Bengal, India. Rafael Gomez Kosky [Plant Biotechnology] Dr. Monanjali Bandyopadhyay [Farmlore, Traditional and indigenous Instituto de Biotecnología de las Plantas, Universidad Central de Las Villas practices, Ethno botany] V. C., Vidyasagar University, Midnapore. Eudriano Costa [Aquatic Bioecology] IOUSP - Instituto Oceanográfico da Universidade de São Paulo, Brasil
M.Sugumaran [Phytochemistry] Adhiparasakthi College of Pharmacy, Melmaruvathur, Kancheepuram District. M. Bubesh Guptha [Wildlife Biologist] Wildlife Management Circle (WLMC), India
Prashanth N S [Public health, Medicine] Institute of Public Health, Bangalore. Rajib Roychowdhury [Plant science] Centre for biotechnology visva-bharati, India.
Tariq Aftab Department of Botany, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India. Dr. S.M.Gopinath [Environmental Biotechnology] Acharya Institute of Technology, Bangalore.
Manzoor Ahmad Shah Department of Botany, University of Kashmir, Srinagar, India. Dr. U.S. Mahadeva Rao [Bio Chemistry] Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin, Malaysia.
Syampungani Stephen School of Natural Resources, Copperbelt University, Kitwe, Zambia. Hérida Regina Nunes Salgado [Pharmacist] Unesp - Universidade Estadual Paulista, Brazil
Iheanyi Omezuruike OKONKO Department of Biochemistry & Microbiology, Lead City University, Mandava Venkata Basaveswara Rao [Chemistry] Ibadan, Nigeria. Krishna University, India.
Sharangouda Patil Dr. Mostafa Mohamed Rady [Agricultural Sciences] Toxicology Laboratory, Bioenergetics & Environmental Sciences Division, Fayoum University, Egypt. National Institue of Animal Nutrition and Physiology (NIANP, ICAR), Adugodi, Bangalore. Dr. Hazim Jabbar Shah Ali [Poultry Science] College of Agriculture, University of Baghdad , Iraq.
Jayapal Nandyal, Kurnool, Andrapradesh, India. Danial Kahrizi [Plant Biotechnology, Plant Breeding,Genetics] Agronomy and Plant Breeding Dept., Razi University, Iran
T.S. Pathan [Aquatic toxicology and Fish biology] Department of Zoology, Kalikadevi Senior College, Shirur, India. Dr. Houhun LI [Systematics of Microlepidoptera, Zoogeography, Coevolution, Forest protection]
Aparna Sarkar [Physiology and biochemistry] College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, China. Amity Institute of Physiotherapy, Amity campus, Noida, INDIA. María de la Concepción García Aguilar [Biology] Dr. Amit Bandyopadhyay [Sports & Exercise Physiology] Center for Scientific Research and Higher Education of Ensenada, B. C., Mexico Department of Physiology, University of Calcutta, Kolkata, INDIA . Fernando Reboredo [Archaeobotany, Forestry, Ecophysiology]
Maruthi [Plant Biotechnology] New University of Lisbon, Caparica, Portugal Dept of Biotechnology, SDM College (Autonomous), Ujire Dakshina Kannada, India. Dr. Pritam Chattopadhyay [Agricultural Biotech, Food Biotech, Plant Biotech] Visva-Bharati (a Central University), India
Veeranna [Biotechnology] Dept of Biotechnology, SDM College (Autonomous), Ujire Dakshina Kannada, India.
RAVI [Biotechnology & Bioinformatics] Department of Botany, Government Arts College, Coimbatore, India.
Sadanand Mallappa Yamakanamardi [Zoology] Department of Zoology, University of Mysore, Mysore, India.
Anoop Das [Ornithologist] Research Department of Zoology, MES Mampad College, Kerala, India.
Table of Contents (Volume 3 - Issue 2)
Serial No Accession No Title of the article Page No
1 RA0335 Checklist of land birds in Tenkasi and Ambasamudram 797-808 Taluk, Tirunelveli District: at the Foot Hills of Southern Western Ghats.
Sudhakaran MR, Valliselvam K, Esakkiammal M and Jayanthi A.
2 RA0298 Heavy metal accumulation by Amaranthus hybridus L . 809-817 Grown on waste dumpsites in South-Eastern Nigeria.
Uka UN, Chukwuka KS and Okorie N.
3 RA0322 Treatment of digestive tract ailments in cattle with 818-827 herbal folk-medicines: A preliminary study in Ganjam District.
Dibakar Mishra.
4 RA0330 An assessment of Floristic Diversity of Daroji Sloth bear 828-839 Sanctuary, Hospet, Bellary District, Karnataka, India.
Harisha MN and Hosetti BB.
5 RA0331 Butterfly fauna of Daroji Sloth Bear Sanctuary, Hospet, 840-846 Bellary District, Karnataka, India.
Harisha MN and Hosetti BB.
6 RA0334 Toxicity of copper to tropical freshwater snail 847-851 (Pila ovata).
Ariole CN and Anokwuru B.
Journal of Research in Biology documents/RA0335.pdf. http://jresearchbiology.com/ Address:Web [email protected] Email: SudhakaranMR. Correspondingauthor: AlwarkurichiIndia.412 627 SriCollege,Paramakalyani ofDepartmentZoology, Institution: A. Jayanthi and EsakkiammalM Valliselvam K, SudhakaranMR, Authors: Researchof in Journal Biology Checklist ofland birds in TenkasiTirunelveli Ambasamudram and Taluk, JournalofResearch in Biology ScientificResearch Journal
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breeds during rainy season and granivores breeds during harvest season which which season harvest during breeds granivores and supports ‘food availability season rainy during breeds Insectivores time. harvesting during periods breeding their had birds the of 50% and season rainy during periods breeding their had birds the of 30% out. carried also was pattern breeding pattern, nesting on Study families. 48 and orders 36 to belongs that documented were birds land of species 100 of total A out. carried was study present lacuna, this fulfill To ecosystem. aquatic towards confine been had it reasons various on Studies to due Ghats. but years yester Westernthe from recorded been Southern have part this in of birds of distribution foothills the at is state Tamilnadu district, Tirunelveli of region (8.7°N77.47°E) Ambasumudram and 77.3°E) (8.97°N Tenkasiarea ABSTRACT: iessb/.) wih ie priso fr netitd s, non use, unrestricted reproduction inprovided allisproperly original medium, work the cited. for permission gives which licenses/by/2.0), (http://creativecommons.org/ License Attribution Commons Creative the by governed is article This Journal in Biology3(2):Researchof 797 (2013) Footof HillsWestern Southern Ghats. Checklist landofbirds in TenkasiTirunelveli Taluk, Ambasamudram and District: at the MR, ValliselvamSudhakaran K, JayanthiM and Esakkiammal A. ArticleCitation: Keywords: Dates:
Received:
Birds present everywhere and are important ecological indicators. The study study The indicators. ecological important are and everywhere present Birds Land ambasamudram, birds, diversity.
07 2013 Feb
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Accepted: www.jresearchbiology.com
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Sudhakaran et al., 2013
INTRODUCTION area, an extensive survey was made to document the land Diversity studies have assumed a greater bird distribution with a note on their habitat and breeding urgency, partially as a result of incorporating habitat and in Ambasumudram and Tenkasi Taluk of Southern demographic information towards conservation. Birds Tamilnadu. use diverse habitat and select their own habitat for successful living. Out of more than 9,000 bird species of MATERIALS AND METHODS the world, Indian subcontinent contains 1,300 species or Study Area over 13% of the world’s bird species (Grimmet et al., Tenkasi (8.97°N 77.3°E; Elevation 554 feet) and 1999). The study area Tenkasi and Ambasamudram Ambasumuram (8.7°N 77.47°E; Elevation 229 feet) region of Tirunelveli district, Tamilnadu state is at the taluk are regions of Tirunelveli district of Tamilnadu foothill of Southern Western Ghats. This area has part of (map) described as a microcosm of the state, owing to its Kalakad Mundunthurai Tiger Reserve (KMTR) and mosaic and diverse geographical and physical features Courtallam hills, got a rich amount of flora and fauna such as lofty mountains and low plains, thorn scrub and a good vegetation that give food and nest resources jungles, rivers and cascades, thick inland forest, sandy for birds. Nearly 160 species of birds were observed to soils and fertile alluvium, a variety of flora, fauna, and present in KMTR (Joshua and Johnsingh, 1988). An protected wild life. The mean daily maximum annotated check list of the birds of Tamilnadu is not temperature is 32.1ºC. The weather is quite hot in available, but more than 450 species are likely to occur May and June and the maximum temperature some (Rathinam, 2002). Studies on distribution of birds in this times reaches 43ºC. This region enjoys winter part have been recorded from early 1945 (Webb-Pelope, (December to March), Summer (April-June), Southwest 1945), but the studies had limited towards wet-land monsoon (June to September and North east monsoon birds. It is mainly due to the climatic condition prevails (October to November). The month of November is in this area. This region enjoys both the north east and generally with maximum rainfall. The average rainfall in south west monsoon, with good wetland ecosystem that the district is 814.8 mm per annum. provides habitat for aquatic birds. Koonthankulam bird sanctuary is present in this region that inhabits more than 100 species of wetland birds. Hence most of the studies on birds (Johnson,1971; Wilkinson, 1961; Subramaninan, 2003; Johnsingh, 2001) were restricted towards wetland birds and their conservation. As birds are observed to be an ideal bioindicator and a useful tool for studying a variety of environmental problems, the habitat ecology of bird community should be evaluated for their conservation (Kattan and Franco, 2004). The Indian bird population has been declining due to habitat loss, fragmentation, anthropogenic disturbances that necessitates documentation, monitoring and conservation. Map: Study Area In order to bring forth the avian diversity in this 798 Journal of Research in Biology (2013) 3(2): 797-808 Sudhakaran et al., 2013
Survey RESULT AND DISCUSION This study on survey of land bird was conducted A total of 100 species of birds that belongs to from January 2012 to December 2012 for a period of one 16 orders and 36 families were recorded during the year. Weekly field observations were made throughout study, of which order Passeriformes was observed to the study period, a total of 52 observations were done have 19 families with 48 species (Table 1). Family during the study and birds in the study area Sylviinae of order Passeriformes have a maximum were documented. Survey was done in the nesting sites, number of 8 species of total 100 species observed. and information were gathered from local peoples and Passeriformies are group of birds that inhabit in a villagers. With high precise birds were monitored during vegetative rich area, that provide nesting and feeding morning (06 00 to 10 00 hrs) and evening areas (Balachandran et al., 2005). Study area was (15 00 to 18 30 hrs). Binoculars and monoculars were observed to provide a good resource for the bird used for observation. Nest sites were surveyed there by community. Of the 100 species observed, 75 were getting information from local villagers. Birds were observed to be residents and 16 were observed to identified using key reference books of birds of India migrants, and 9 were both resident and migrant. Migrants (Salim Ali, 2002) and Tamilnadu (Rathinam, 2002). were observed to be from the western ghats region. Diveristy Indices Study on species richness revealed that Species richness was calculated by using Passeriformes shows a higher species richness. Margalef’s index and species dominance was calculated Passer domesticus (Dmg: 1.598) Pirnia socialis by using Berger-Parker index. They were calculated by (Dmg: 1.497), Acrocephalus agricola (Dmg: 1.401), using the formulae given below, Orthotomus subtorius (Dmg: 1.401), Corvus splendens Margalef’s index (Dmg: 1.400), Dendrocitta vagabunda (Dmg: 1.399), Species richness measures provide an instantly Corvus macrorhynchos (Dmg: 1.387), Ardeola grayii comprehensible expression of diversity. It is calculated (Dmg: 1.350), Egretta grazetta (Dmg: 1.351), using the formula, Cosmerodius albus (Dmg: 1.320) were observed to have Dmg = (S – 1)/ In N a higher species richness. Species richness depends on Where, the habitat, climatic condition, food resource and S = Number of species present in each taluk evolutionary history of the area (Jayson, 1994). On N = Number of individuals estimating the dominance of species Corvus splendons Berger-Parker diversity index (d=0.393), Acridotherse tristis (d=0.390) had a greater Berger-Parker index is employed to determine dominance. Dominance and richness of the species whether there is any change in the dominance of species depends mostly on the resource availability (Recher and in each taluk. It expresses the proportional importance to Davis, 2002). the most abundant species. The formula for calculating Considering the feeding habit of bats 37 were the Berger-Parker index is insectivorous, 22 were omnivores, 13 were granivore, d = N max/N 4 were piscivores, 4 were frugivores, 7 were carnivores, Where, 3 were predators, 1 was nectarivore, 3 were insectivore N = the total number of individuals and piscivore, 2 were insectivore and frugivore, 1 was Nmax = Number of individuals in the most abundant carnivore and frugivore, 1 was predator and insectivore, species. and 2 were insectivore and nectarivore. Insectivore and
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Table 1. Check list of birds in the study area VERNACULAR FEEDING S.NO COMMON NAME SCIENTIFIC NAME STATUS NAME HABIT Order:Ciconiiformes Family:Ardeidae 1 Indian pond-heron Ardeola grayii Curuttu kokku IN, P R 2 Little egret Egretta garzetta Chinna kokku IN, P R 3 Large egret Casmerodius albus Paria kokku IN, P RM Order:Gruiformes Family:Rallidae 4 White-breasted waterhen Amaurornis phoenicurus Kampul koli IN R Order:Falconiformes Family:Accipitridae 5 Black kite Milvus migrans Kalla parunthu C R 6 Brahminy kite Haliastur indus Semparunthu C R 7 Pallied harrier Circus macrourus Punai parunthu C M 8 Black eagle Ictinaetus malayensis Karumparunthu C R 9 Shikra Accipiter badius Valluru PR R Order:Galliformes Family:Phasianidae Francolinus R 10 Grey francolin Cowthari GR pondicerianus 11 Common quail Coturnix coturnix Katai GR R 12 Indian pea fowl Pavo cristatus Nila myil OM R Chesnut-bellied sand R 13 Pterocles exustus Kalcowthari GR grouse 14 Painted francolin Francolinus pictus Varna Kowthari GR R 15 Indian Roller Coracias benghalensis Panagkatai IN R Order:Charadriiformes Family:Charadriidae Chivappumuku R 16 Red-wattled lapuing Vanellus indicus CR alkatti Order:Columbiformes Family:Columbidae 17 Blue-rock pigeon Columba livia Madapura GR R 18 Spotted dove Streptopelia chinensis Pullipura GR R Streptopelia R 19 Red collared dove Thavittupura GR tranquebarica YellowLegged Green- R 20 Treron phoenicoptera Pachaipura GR Pigeon 21 Eurasian collared Dove Streptopelia decaocto Kallipura GR R Order:Psittaciformes Family:Psittacidae 22 Rose-ringed parakeet Psittacula krameri Senthar pynkili FR R Order:Cuculiformes Family:Cuculidae 23 Brainfever bird Hierococcyx varius Akka Kuyil IN R 24 Indian cuckoo Cuculus micropterus Kuyil IN R 25 Drongo cuckoo Surniculus lugubris Karisaan Kuyil IN,FR R 26 Asian koel Eudynamys scolopaceus Kokilum CR,FR R 27 Greater coucal Centropus sinensis Senbagam PR R 800 Journal of Research in Biology (2013) 3(2): 797-808 Sudhakaran et al., 2013
Order:Strigiformes Family:Strigidae 28 Eurasian eagle owl Bubo bubo Compan anthai CR R 29 Motted wood owl Strix ocellata Poripulli owl PR R 30 Spotted owlet Athene brama Pulli anthai OM R Family:Tytonidae 31 Barn owl Tyto alba Cukai anthai OM R Order:Apodiformes Family:Apodidae 32 Indian edible-nest swiftlet Collocalia unicolor China ulavaran IN R 33 House-swift Apus affinis Nattu ulavaran IN RM 34 Asian plam swift Cypsiurus balasiensis Panai ulavaran IN R Family:Hemiprocnidae 35 Creasted tree swift Hemiprocne coronata Kontai ulavaran IN R Order:Coraciiformes Family:Alcedinidae 36 Small blue kingfisher Alcedo atthis Ciral menkoththi P RM 37 Oriental dwarf kingfisher Ceyx erithaca Ciru menkoththi P R 38 White-breasted kingfisher Halcyon smyrnensis Wenmarbu menkoththi P R 39 Wood lane Jeannine miesle Menkoththi P M Family:Meropidae 40 Small bee-eater Merops orientalis Chinna panchurutan IN R 41 Blue tailed bee-eater Merops philippinus Nilaval panchurutan IN M 42 Chesnut-heated bee-eater Merops leschenaulti Chanthalai pancurutan IN R Family:Upupidae 43 Hoopoe Upupa epops Saval kuruvi IN,PR RM Order:Piciformes Family:Capitonidae 44 White-checked barbet Megalaima viridis China kukkuruvan FR R R 45 Brown-headed barbet Megalaimia zeylanica Kattu pachai Kukkuruvan FR
Family:Picidae Small yellow-napal R 46 Picus chlorolophus Marangkothi IN,FR woodpecker Golden backed R 47 Dinopium javanense Marangkothi CR woodpecker Greater golden-backed R 48 Chrysocolaptes lucidus Marangkothi IN woodpecker 49 Heart-spotted woodpecker Hemicircus canente Marangkothi IN R Brown-capped pygmy M 50 Dendrocopos nanus Marangkothi IN woodpecker Order:Passeriformes Family:Pittidae 51 Indian pitta Pitta brachyura Arumani kuruvi IN M Family:Hirundinidae 52 Common swallow Hirundo rustica Thagaivilan IN RM 53 Wire-tailed swallow Hirundo smithii Kampi-valThagaivilan IN RM
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Family:Motacillidae 54 Large-pied wagtail Motacilla maderaspatensis Karuppuvalati IN R M 55 Grey wagtail Motacilla cinerea Karum sampal valati IN
Family:Campephagidae 56 Large cuckoo-Shrike Coracina macei Kuyil kisaan IN R 57 Common-woodshrike Tephrodornis pondiorianus Kassappakaram IN R Family:Pycnonotidae 58 Red-whiskered bulbul Pycnonotus jocosus Chivappu mesai cinnan OM R 59 Red-vented bulbul Pycnonotus cafer Kondai kuruvi OM R 60 Black-crested bulbul Pycnonotus melanicterus Karungontai cinnan OM R 61 Black bulbul Hypsipetes leucocephalus Karun cinnan OM R Family:Irenidae 62 Gold-fronted chloropsis Chloropsis aurifrons Pachai cittu OM R M 63 Asianfairy-bluebird Irena puella Vannachittu OM
Family:Turdinae 64 Malabar whisting-thrush Myiophonus horsfieldii Pung kuruvi OM M 65 White-rumbed shama Copsychus malabaricus Shama OM R 66 Indian robin Saxicoloides fulicata Carkuruvi IN R 67 Pied bushchat Saxicola caprata kathirkuruvi IN R Family:Timaliidae 68 Large gray babbler Turdoides malcolmi Chilampan OM R 69 Jungle babbler Turdoides striatus Chilampan OM R 70 White-heated babbler Turdoides affinis Chilampan OM R Family:Sylviinae 71 Jungle prinia Prinia sylvatica Kattukathir kuruvi IN R 72 Ashy prinia Prinia socialis Sampal kathirkuruvi IN R 73 Plain prinia Prinia inornata kathirkuruvi OM M 74 Paddyfied warbler Acrocephalus agricola vayelKathirkuruvi IN RM 75 Indian greatreed warbler Acrocephalus stentoreus Nanal kathir kuruvi IN M 76 Common tailer bird Orthotomus sutorius Thyal cittu IN R 77 Red-throated flycatcher Ficedula parva Epedippan IN M 78 Nilgiri flycatcher Eumyias albicaudatus Epedippan IN M Family:Monarchinae 79 Asian paradise-flycatcher Terpsiphone paradisi Arasaval kuruvi IN RM Family:Muscicapidae 80 Kashmir flycatcher Ficedula subrubra Epedippan IN M
802 Journal of Research in Biology (2013) 3(2): 797-808 Sudhakaran et al., 2013
Family:Dicaeidae 81 Tickell’s flower pecker Dicaeum erythrorhynchos Pakku chittu FR R Family:Nectariniidae 82 Purple-rumbed sunbird Nectarinia zeylonica Manjal thenchittu NR R 83 Small sunbird Nectarinia minima China thencittu IN,NR M 84 Purple sunbird Nectarinia asiatica Uthathenchittu IN R Family:Estrildidae 85 White-throated munia Lonchura malabarica Thiinai kuruvi GR R 86 Black-headed munia Lonchura malacca Thinaii kuruvi GR R Family:Passerinae 87 House sparrow Passer domesticus Chittu kuruvi GR R Family: ploceinae 88 Baya weaver Ploceus philippinus thuknanagkuruvi GR R Family:Sturnidae 89 Grey-headed starling Sturnus malabaricus Sampal thalai myna OM R 90 Commom myna Acridotheres tristis Narathan kuruvi OM R Family:Oriolidae 91 Black-headed oriole Oriolus xanthornus Mangkuyil OM R Family:Dicruridae 92 Black Drongo Dicrurus macrocercus Karuvatuvalli IN R 93 Ashy Drongo Dicrurus leucophaeus Karisaan IN M 94 White-bellied Drongo Dicrurus caerulescens Vellai-vaittu Karisaan IN R 95 Spangled Drongo Dicrurus hottentottus Kontai karisaan IN,NR R 96 Bronzed Drongo Dicrurus aeneus Karumpachai karichan IN M Family:Corvidae 97 Indian treepie Dendrocitta vagabunda Valkakkai OM R 98 White-bellied treepie Dendrocitta leucogastra White valaivaettukakai OM M 99 House crow Corvus splendens Manikagam OM R 100 Jungle crow Corvus macrorhynchos Andakagam OM R IN-Insetivore, P-Piscivore, CR-Carnivore, GR-Granivore, OM-Omnivore, FR-Frugivore, PR-Predators, NR-Nectarivore. ; R – Resident; M – Migrant.
granivore was observed to be greater in number in this Study on breeding period of avifauna in the study area due to the availability of food resources. area revealed that 28 bird species had their breeding Study on nesting pattern of birds showed that period during June to November, 24 birds had their they were found to have a various pattern of nest. Birds breeding periods during December to March, and 17 build cup nest (25 species), hole nest (24 species), birds had their breeding periods during April to June, and platform nest (15 species), pendent nest (5 species), bell 6 birds had breeding period without any specificity shaped nest (3 species), ground nests (2 species) and depending only on food and climatic conditions. 30% of oyster shaped nest (1 species). Birds were observed to birds had their breeding periods during the rainy season use variety of materials for nest construction (Table 2). and 50% of birds had their breeding periods during
Journal of Research in Biology (2013) 3(2): 797-808 803
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Table 2. Nesting details of birds in the study area COMMON NAME AND BREEDING NEST SITE NEST TYPE NEST MATERIALS SCIENTIFIC NAME TIME
Egretta garzetta Trees around lake Platform nest Twigs Nov-Feb Little Egret area Casmerodius albus Trees around lake Platform nest Twigs Nov-Feb Large egret area Ardeola grayii Trees around lake Platform nest Twigs, small stems Nov-Apr Indian Pond-Heron area Milvus migrans Tree canopy Platform nest Twigs, cloth, paper Sep-Apr Black kite Haliastur indus Trees in water area Platform nest Twigs, cloth, jute, coir Dec-Apr Brahminy kite Ictinaetus malayensis Trees in hilly area Platform nest Twigs, stems, Rootlets Nov-Mar Black eagle Francolinus pictus Ground Cup nest Dry Grass, leaves Jun-Sep Painted francolin Coturnix coturnix Ground Cup nest Dry Grass, twigs Mar-Jul Common Quail
Pavo cristatus Bushes Platform nest Grass, twigs Jan-May Indian Peafowl Amaurornis phoenicurus Twigs, leaves, small Bushes Cup nest Apr-Oct White-breasted water hen stems Vanellus indicus Ground Ground nest Mud, twigs, grass Mar-Sep Red-wattled Lapwing Pterocles exustus Chestnut-bellied sand Ground Ground nest Mud, twigs, grass Jan-Apr grouse Columba livia Temple towers/ Platform nest Small sticks, fibres Annual Blue Rock pigeon stone buidings Streptopelia tranquebarica Bushes,Small trees Platform nest Twigs, small sticks Annual Red collared-Dove Treron phoenicoptera Bushes,small trees Platform nest Twigs, Small stems Mar-Jun Yellow-legged Green-pigeon Psittacula krameri Tree holes Hole nest - Jan-Apr Rose-ringed parakeet Tyto alba Temple towers/ Hole nest - Annual Barn Owl Tree holes Bubo bubo Sandy riverbanks Hole nest - Nov-May Eurasian Eagle Owl
Strix ocellata Tree holes/ Hole nest Twigs, feathers Jan-Mar Mottled Wood-Owl Cavities Athene brama Tree holes/ Hole nest Fibrers Nov-Mar Spotted Owlet Cavities 804 Journal of Research in Biology (2013) 3(2): 797-808
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Collocalia unicolor Saliva, grass, fibres, Building towers (Sirpi) shape Mar-Jun Indian Edible-nest Swiftlet alga Cypsiurus balasiensis Annual Trees (Palm trees) Cup nest Soft flower, feathers Asian Palm Swift Not in winter Apus affinis Temple towers/ Feathers, paddy leaves Annual Cup nest House Swift Bridges Not in winter Alcedo atthis Sandy river banks Hole nest - Feb-Sep Small Blue kingfisher Ceyx erithaca Sandy river banks Hole nest - July-Sep Oriental Dwarf kingfisher Halcyon smyrnensis Sandy river banks Hole nest - Jan-Jul White-breasted kingfisher Nyctyornis athertoni River banks Hole nest - Feb-Aug Blue-beared Bee-eater Merops orientalis Sandy road side Hole nest - Feb-Jun Small Bee-eater Merops leschenaulti Sandy river banks Hole nest - Feb-Jun Chestnut-headed Bee-eater Coracias benghalensis Tree holes Hole nest Grasses, straw, cloth Jan-Apr Indian Roller Tree holes, Upupa epops cavities, building Hole nest - Jan-Apr Hoo poe towers Megalaima zeylanica Tree holes Hole nest - Feb-May Brown-headed barbet Megalaima viridis Tree holes Hole nest - Dec-Jun White-checked Barbet
Dendrocopos nanus Brown-capped pygmy Tree holes Hole nest - Feb-Jul Woodpecker
Picus chlorolophus Small yellow-naped Tree holes Hole nest - Jan-May Woodpecker
Dinopium javanense Tree holes Golenden backed Hole nest - Feb-Jul
Wood Pecker
Chrysocolaptes lucidus Greater Golden-backed Tree holes Hole nest - Dec-Mar Wood pecker
Hemicircus canente Tree holes Hole nest - Nov-Apr Heart-Spotted Wood pecker Motacilla maderaspatensis Water source Root, grasses, Cup nest Dec-Jun Large Pied Wagtail Near threads, jute Tephrodornis pondicerianus Trees Cup nest Barks, fibres Feb-Jul Common Wood Shrike
Journal of Research in Biology (2013) 3(2): 797-808 805 Sudhakaran et al., 2013
Pycnonotus melanicterus Grasses, Twigs, spider Small trees Cup nest Jan-Aug Black-crested Bulbul threads, leaves Pycnonotus jocosus Twigs,leaves,spider Bushes, house roof Cup nest Dec-Jun Red-whiskkered Bulbul threads, root lets Pycnonotus cafer Trees Cup nest Fibres, twigs Feb-Nov Red-vented Bulbul
Grasses, dry leaves, Hypsipetes leucocephalus Trees Cup nest wood Alga, wood Mar-Jun Balck Bulbul mushrooms
Chloropsis aurifrons Tree canopy Cup nest Fibres Jan-Feb Gold-fronted cholropsis Irena puella Forest-trees Platform nest Twigs, stems Jan-Jun Asian Fairy-Blue bird Myiophonus horsfieldii Opportunistic Cup nest None Apr-Sep Malabar whistling-thrush Copsychus malabaricus Tree holes Hole nest None Apr-Jun White-rumped Shama Saxicoloides fulicata Cavities, wall tree Hole nest Grasses, feathers, straw Feb-Jul Indian Robin Holes
Saxicola caprata Bushes, wall, Hole nest Grasses feathers ,straw Feb-May Pied bushchat tree holes Turdoides malcolmi Grasses, fibres, rootlets, Bushes, small trees Cup nest Mar-Sep Large Gray Babbbler twigs Turdoides striatus Bushes, small trees Cup nest Grasses, roots, twigs Mar-Oct Jungle Babbbler
Turdoides affinis Bushes, small trees Cup nest Grasses, roots, twigs Mar-Oct White-headed Babbler Prinia sylvatica Ball shapped Bushes Grasses Mar-Oct Jungle prinia Nest Prinia Socialis Bushes Cup nest Fibres, small sticks Apr-Aug Ashy prinia Orthotomus sutorius Fibres, leaves, cotton Trees Cup nest Apr-Dec Common Tailor bird wool Eumyias albicaudata Green tree’s Alga, Tree holes Cup nest Feb-Jun Nilgiri Flycatcher Rootlets
Terpsiphone paradisi Fibres, twigs, rootlets, Trees Cup nest May-Jul Asian Paradise-Flycatch leaves
Dicaeum erythrorhynchos Fibres, grasses, rootlets, Trees Pendant nest Jan-Jun Tickell’s Flower pecker Spider thread
Nectarinia zcylonica Grasses, fibres, spider Bushes, small trees Pendant nest Feb-Apr Purple-rumped sunbird Threads Nectarinia minima Grasses, papers, spider Small trees Pendant nest Dec-Apr Small sunbird Threads, fibres
806 Journal of Research in Biology (2013) 3(2): 797-808 Sudhakaran et al., 2013
Nectarinia asiatica Grasses, leaves, fibres, Small trees Pendant nest Jan-Jun Purple Sunbird Spiderthread Lonchura malabarica Ball shaped Bushes, small trees Feathers, cotton wool Dec-May White-throated Munia nest Lonchura Malacca Small trees Ball shaped Grasses, fibres, straw Oct-May Black-headed Munia Passer domesticus Building roof, Grasses, straw, cotton, Cup nest Annual House sparrow Holes, avities many waste material Ploceus philippinus Depending Trees Pendant nest Paddy leaves, grasses Baya Weaver Rainy season Sturnus malabaricus Tree holes Hole nest - Apr-Jul Grey-headed starling Acridotheres trists Treeholes, Twigs, roots, leaves, Cup nest Mar-Sep Common Myna Building cavities Polythene, feathers Dicrurus macrocercus Trees Cup nest Fibres, twigs Mar-Jul Black Drongo Dicrurus caerulescens Trees Cup nest Twigs, fibres Mar-Jun White-bellied Drongo Dicrurus hottentottus Trees Paltform nest Twigs, grasses, rootlets Mar-Apr Spangled Drongo Dendrocitta vaga bunda Twigs, fibres, coir, fine Trees Platform nest Mar-May Indian Treepie cloth Dendrocitta leucogastra Trees Cup nest Leaves, twigs, rootlets Feb-Apr White-bellied Treepie Corvus splendens Trees, lamp post, Twigs, fine cloth, coir, Platform nest Mar-Aug House Crow House towers fibres Corvus macrorhynchos Leaves, twigs, fine Trees Platform nest Feb-May Jungle Crow cloth, coir, fibres
harvesting periods. Two harvesting season prevails in the sumptuous amount of food, similarly birds that breed study area, first during the month of February to March during harvesting season were granivores, where they and second during the month of November. 24 birds had got food at a greater amount to feed their young ones. their breeding during first harvesting season and another Food is believed to be one of the most critical resources 24 during the second harvesting season. An interesting for the survival and reproduction of animals. A fact was observed that the bird species which had their wellknown theory in ecology known as the ‘food breeding periods during rainy season were observed to availability-breeding time’, most birds breed at the time be insectivores and omnivores, and bird species that had when plenty of food is available for their chicks. Habitat their breeding period during harvesting periods were selection in birds is an account for their reproductive insectivores, granivores and omnivores. They had their success (Danchin et al., 1998). chance of survival to a maximum by adapting a successful feeding strategy. During the rainy season CONCLUSION insect population will be more, hence insectivore breeds Due to habitat loss, fragmentation and during this time and they can feed their young one with urbanization a vast land area that provide roost resource
Journal of Research in Biology (2013) 3(2): 797-808 807 Sudhakaran et al., 2013
for birds starts depleting at a greater rate. Hence study on Joshua J and Johnsingh AJT. 1988. Observations on the diversity and habitat is a need of the hour in order to birds on Mundanthurai Plateau, Tamil Nadu. J. Bombay make conservation priorities. This study generated a base Nat. Hist.Soc. 85:565-577. line data on the avifauna of this region, which may Kattan GH and Franco P. 2004. Bird diversity along enlighten for further studies. elevational gradients in the Andes of Colombia: Area
and mass effects. Global Ecology and Biogeography ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 13:451-458. We acknowledge Dr. A. J. A. Ranjit singh, Dr.
K. R. Narayanan, and Mr. P.Parvathiraj., Department of Rathinam K. 2002. Birds of Tamilnadu. (Tamilnattu Zoology, Sri Paramakalyani College, for their help in Paravaigal in Tamil) Meiappan pathipagam. identification of bird species. Recher HF and Davis WE. 2002. Foraging profile of a
Salmon Gum woodland avifana in western Australia. REFERENCE Jour. Of Royal society of western Australia. Balachandran S, Rahmani AR, Ezhilarasi N, Babu S, 85(2):103-111. Chakravarthy JPP and Ramesh T. 2005. Revaluation
of bird community structure of Palni Hills with special Salim Ali. 2002. The book of Indian birds, Thirteenth reference to threatened and endemic species. Final Revised Edition, Bombay Natural History Society Report. Bombay Natural History Society, Mumbai. 105. Oxford University Press, Mumbai.
Danchin E, Boulinier T and Massot M. 1998. Subramaninan KS. 2003. Koonthakulam.Swagat 21 Conspecific reproductive success and breeding habitat (3):50-51. selection: Implications for the study of coloniality. Webb-Pelope CG. 1945. Notes on a few birds from Ecology 79:2415-2428. south of the Tinnevelly district. J.Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc.
Grimmet R, Carol I, Tim I. 1999. A pictorial guide to 45:425-426. the birds of the indian subcontinent. Oxford university Wilkinson ME. 1961. Pelicanry at Kundakulam, press, Mumbai. Tirunelveli district. J.Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 58(2):514-
Jayson EA. 1994. Synecology and behavioural studies 515. on the forest birds of Kerala. PhD Thesis, University of Calicut, Calicut. 314.
Johnsingh AJT. 2001. The Kalakad-Mundanthurai Submit your articles online at www.jresearchbiology.com
Tiger Reserve: A global heritage of biological Advantages Easy online submission diversity. Current Science.; 80 (3): 378-388. Complete Peer review Affordable Charges Johnson JM. 1971. The heronry at Koonthakulam, Quick processing Tirunelveli district, Tamilnadu. Newsletter for Extensive indexing You retain your copyright Birdwatchers 11(8):1-4. [email protected]
www.jresearchbiology.com/Submit.php.
808 Journal of Research in Biology (2013) 3(2): 797-808 Journal of Research in Biology documents/RA0298.pdf. http://jresearchbiology.com/ Address:Web [email protected] Email: ChukwukaKS. Correspondingauthor: Uturu AbiaState University, ScienceBiotechnology, and Department 3. of Plant Ibadan Universityof Ibadan, Nigeria. University,Abakaliki Biology,Ebonyi State 1.Departmentof Applied Institution: andOkorie N UN Uka Authors: inBiology Research of Journal 2.Department of Botany, Journal of Research inofBiology Journal Research Scientific ResearchScientificJournal - Nigeria. -
Nigeria. An International
Heavy metal accumulationby 1 ,Chukwuka KS
1
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wastedumpsites in South 2, 2, 3
discouragedfrom cultivating their crops on these waste dump sites. studied the in plant, up ended sites dump waste the at soils in metals heavy that showed in take up Zn in Zn and Amaranthushybridus in TLF The shoots. the of to them translocate and soil from metals these sequester and leaves that showing Cd, theand Zn Cu, Pb, for >2 was in value obtained values toxicsiteBCFwhiletheseThe1the2sitevalue metals. Cdandwasinforin BCF>2 Pb the all consume Although was value. Zn 2 hybridus Amaranthus site lowest while in Zn while standard, the value highest the stipulated showed has Zn and Cu the 2, Site above in leaves; plant the were in Pb of level siteshigh haddumpsites two The soil. the in dump standardstipulated the within two the in Pb and Cu Cd, that indicate results Thespectrophotometer. absorption atomic using SouthAbakalikimetropolis,within sites dump waste two ABSTRACT: UkaUN, Chukwuka KS and Okorie N. ArticleCitation: Keywords: iessb/.) wih ie priso fr netitd s, non use, unrestricted work cited. is properly original the provided allmedium, in reproduction for permission gives which licenses/by/2.0), (http://creativecommons.org/ License Attribution Commons Creative the by governed is article This Journalof ResearchinBiology (2013) 3(2): 809 Wastedumpsites inSouth Heavy metalaccumulation by Dates: Received:
mrnhs hybridus Amaranthus The accumulation of some heavy metals by metals heavy some of accumulation The Heavy metal, Amaranthushybridus Amaranthushybridus
mrnhs hybridus Amaranthus 31 Oct2012
OriginalResearch were within recommended limits, but it may be dangerous to dangerous be may it but limits, recommended within were Amaranthus hybridus indicatefollowing:Cdtheof Iyiudeleratethein stream 1) (Site Amaranthus hybridus Amaranthus - EasternNigeria.
cliae o sc ln. hrfr fres hud be should farmers Therefore land. such on cultivated , Amaranthushybridus Accepted: grown on dump sites since it can accumulate most of accumulatemost can it sincesites dump on grown up take is >1 and in site 2 the rate of Pb, Cd, Cu, and Cu, Cd, Pb, of rate the 2 site in and >1 is take up - EasternNigeria. www.jresearchbiology.com
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809 14Nov 2012
,accumulation, pollution, Safety risk. - 817|JRB |2013 |Vol 3 |No 2 An International Scientific Research Journal Research Scientific An International - 817
Amaranthus hybridus Amaranthus L.grown on Amaranthus hybridus Amaranthus
- Published: Eastern Nigeria was studied wasNigeria Eastern
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Uka et al., 2013
INTRODUCTION sites and analyzed for the concentrations of the Vegetables constitute important functional food two metals using an Atomic Absorption components by contributing protein, vitamins, iron and Spectrophotometer. The results showed that levels calcium which have marked health effects in all of Lead and Copper in the two vegetables were found to organisms (Arai, 2002). Vegetables, especially leafy be below the maximum permissible levels recommended vegetables, grown in heavy metal contaminated soils, by FAO/WHO for the two metals in the vegetables. accumulate higher amounts of metals than those grown In Abakaliki, South-eastern Nigeria, there is an in uncontaminated soils (Al Jassir et al., 2005). Heavy indiscriminate and inappropriate waste disposal. This metals are important contaminants and are found in the implies that the concentration of heavy metals in both surface and tissues of vegetables in environments with plant and soil is expected to be high. In this study, such contaminants. The quest for urbanisation and Amaranthus hybridus was chosen for phytoremediation industrialization has resulted to the contamination of soil study as well as heavy metal contamination because and metal accumulation in soils and crops, resulting to it is a vegetable crop, rich in proteins, vitamins and metal contamination exceeding the maximum minerals. Its yield, ability to grow in hot weather permissible level. Plant species have a variety of conditions, high nutritive value and their pleasant taste capacities in removing and accumulating heavy metals, and the fact that they grow all year round, makes it a so there are reports indicating that some species may popular vegetable. (Grubben, 1976). This study was accumulate specific heavy metals, causing serious health undertaken to determine: risk to human health when plant based food stuff are the status of heavy metal (Pb, Cu, Zn and Cd) consumed (Wenzel and Jackwer, 1999). contamination in the selected waste dump soil in Odai et al., (2008) studied the concentration Abakaliki Urban. levels of heavy metals in vegetables grown on urban heavy metal concentrations in Amaranthus hybridus waste dump sites. This study was carried out on three from these waste dump sites and compare the levels waste dump sites in Kumasi where vegetables cultivation with WHO/FAO permissible levels. (cabbage, lettuce and spring onions) are practiced. Crops the extent of heavy metal uptake from these sites and soil samples were collected and analyzed for the using transfer factor presence of four heavy metals: Cadmium, lead, copper and zinc. The levels of the two most toxic heavy metals MATERIALS AND METHODS were far higher in the vegetables than the WHO/FAO The study was carried out during the month of recommended values and the transfer factors of these October, 2011 which is part of the rainy season two metals were also the highest suggesting that in the area under investigation. Samples of consumption of vegetables grown on such sites could Amaranthus hybridus and soils were collected from 2 be dangerous to human health. Chove et al., dump sites located at Iyiudele street and Abakaliki- (2006) carried out a study to determine the levels of Enugu Expressway located within Abakaliki Urban, two heavy metals, Lead (Pb) and Copper (Cu), in two Ebonyi State. Ebonyi State lies within the Cross River popular leafy vegetables grown around Morogoro plain, approximately between 7°30’ N and 8°30’ N Municipality in Tanzania. Vegetable samples of latitude and 5°40’E and 6°45’E longitude Pumpkin leaves (Cucurbita moschata) and Chinese (Nnamani et al, 2009). A total of 12 plants and soil cabbage (Brassica chinensis) were collected from three samples were collected from the two dump sites (six per 810 Journal of Research in Biology (2013) 3(2): 809-817 Uka et al., 2013
Table 1 Heavy metal variations (Mg/g) in soil sample from some waste dumpsites in Abakaliki Urban. Sample Location Pb Cu Zn Cd Site 1 0.12±0.01 0.24±0.01 0.01±0.00 0.05±0.01 Site 2 0.07±0.01 0.06±0.01 0.01±0.00 0.08±0.01
dump site). The plants were washed with tap water to were absorbed by the plant from the soil (Ghosh and remove sand from the leaves, stem and roots. The plants Singh, 2005a) and is calculated using the formula: were put into separate polythene bags, labelled and taken to the laboratory. In the laboratory the plants were BCF = Metal Concentration in whole plant further washed with distilled water. Concentration of metal in soil Identification of plants To evaluate the potential of plants for The selected plant was collected in triplicate. phytoextraction the translocation factor (TF) was used, The identification and taxonomic characterization was according to Marchiol et al., (2000) and is calculated as performed at the herbarium facility of the Ebonyi State follows: University, Abakaliki through botanical keys where the vouchers were deposited. TF = Metal Concentration (Stem + leaves) Sample preparation and analysis Metal concentration (roots) The plants were separated into leaves, stem and root and air dried for 21 days to remove moisture. Soil RESULTS samples were air dried for 21 days, then sieved through The mean concentration of the four heavy metals 2 mm mesh. 0.5 g dried, grinded and sieved plant and (Pb, Cu, Zn and Cd) in soil samples from the waste dump soil samples were analysed according to methods of sites in Abakaliki Urban are presented in Table 1. The Umoren and Onianwa (2005). Concentrations of Pb, Cu, mean concentration of Pb ranged from 0.07±0.01 in site Zn and Cd were determined using atomic absorption 2 to 0.12±0.01 Mg/g in site 1 (Table 1and Fig 1). Mean spectrophotometer model sp-9 (Pye Unicam). The mean concentration of Cu ranged from 0.06± 0.01 Mg/g in site values of three determinations per composite sample 2 to 0.24±0.01 Mg/g in site 1. These differences were were recorded. significant (P<0.05). The mean concentration of Zn The Bioconcentration Factor (BCF) of metals (0.01±0.00) in both sites were similar, while the highest
was used to determine the quantity of heavy metals that mean concentration of Cd (0.08±0.01) was found in
ConcentrationMg/Kg ConcentrationMg/Kg
Site 1 Site 2 Figure 1 Concentration of metals in soil samples from the waste dump soil samples
Journal of Research in Biology (2013) 3(2): 809-817 811
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Table 2 Heavy metal contamination of Amaranthus hybridus (Plant parts) (Mg/kg) at waste dumpsites in Abakaliki Urban. Site 1 Site 2 Metal/Plant Part Root Stem Leaf Root Stem Leaf *WHO/FAO Pb 0.01±0.00 0.33±0.08 0.5±0.11 0.2±0.06 0.04±0.01 0.6± 0.12 0.30 Cu 0.12±0.01 0.07±0.01 ND 0.08±0.01 0.05±0.01 0.08±0.02 73.30 Zn ND ND 0.01±0.00 0.03±0.01 0.04±0.01 0.09±0.01 99.40 Cd 0.02±0.01 0.43±0.01 ND 0.05±0.01 0.38±0.01 0.15±0.01 0.20 WHO/FAO = Guideline for heavy metal concentration in leafy vegetables
site 2 compared to ‘site 1’ (0.05± 0.01). However, the Table 2). The concentration of Pb in leaf and stem in site differences were not significant (P >0.05). 1 were above the WHO/FAO limit for vegetables, while The comparison of the maximum levels of the Cu and Zn were within the acceptable standard. Cd various heavy metals in the dump site soil from site 1 concentration in stem was also above WHO/FAO Limit. and site 2 to acceptable standards is as shown in Table 2. Amaranthus hybridus from old Kpirikpiri ranged Cd, Cu and Pb were above the stipulated standard. Zn as follows: Pb-0.2 mg/g for root,0.04 for stem and was within the acceptable standard. 0.6 mg/g for leaf. Cu ranged from 0.08 mg/g-root, The accumulation of metals in the 0.05 mg/g - stem, 0.08 mg/g for leaf. Zn ranging from Amaranthus hybridus parts from Iyiudele stream were 0.03 mg/g-root, 0.04 mg/g-stem and 0.09mg/g leaf and varied with Pb ranging from 0.01 mg/g- root, 0.33 mg/g- Cd ranging from 0.05 mg/g- root, 0.38 mg/g- stem and stem and 0.5 mg/g leaf, Cu ranged from 0.12 mg/g- 0.15 mg/g - leaf (Figure 1, Table 2). Pb concentration in root,0.07 mg/g stem and leaf (not detected); Zn ranging leaf at site 2 was above the recommended dietary from 0.01 mg/g for leaf, while it was detected in root and allowance. The concentration of Cd in stem was above stem. Cd ranged from 0.02 mg/g for root, 0.43 mg/g the WHO/FAO allowance.
for stem, while in leaf it was not detected (Figure 1,
Pb Concentration Pb Mg/Kg
Cu Concentration Cu Mg/Kg
Zn Concentration Zn Mg/Kg Cd Concentration Cd Mg/Kg
Figure 2 Comparison of metal content in soil from the study sites 812 Journal of Research in Biology (2013) 3(2): 809-817 Uka et al., 2013
Table 2 Mean concentration (Mg/g) found in the from the studied sites were above the stipulated standard, dumpsite soil and maximum permissible while zinc was within the acceptable standard (Table 2). metal content in soil The high levels of heavy metals in the dump site could This Study Maximum Standards Pb 0.13 0.0066 be attributed to huge amount of waste products disposed Cu 0.26 0.0066 of at the dump site (Ebong et al., 2007). The high levels Zn 0.02 0.05 Cd 0.08 0.07 of these metals present the sites as potentially hazardous Source: Kabata-Pendias and Pendias 1992; and highly inimical to the food chain and biological life Determination of the movement of metals from soil to and a clean environment. Al Jassir et al., (2005) reported plant that leafy vegetables grown in heavy metals The Bioconcentration factor (BCF) represented contaminated soils, accumulate higher amount of metals in Table 4 showed the ability of Amarathus hybridus to than those grown in uncontaminated soils because of the extract heavy metals from the soil. BCF Value at the site fact that they absorb these metals through their leaves. 1 was highest for Cd followed by Pb, Zn and Cu. At site Pb is a chemical pollutant in the environment and 2, the BCF index was highest for Zn followed by Pb, Cd an element that is toxic to plants. (Sasmaz et al., 2008). and Cu. Kabata-Pendias and Pendias (2001) reported that Translocation Factor Pb contents of plants grown in uncontaminated areas Metals that are accumulated by plants and mostly varied between 0.05 and 3.0 mg/kg. Carranza- Alvarez et stored in the roots of plants are indicated by TF values al., (2008) also reported that Pb concentration ranged <1. Values >1 indicate translocation to the aerial parts of from 10 to 25 Mg/kg. In this study, Pb accumulation was plant. These are represented in Table 5. Values <1 were higher in the leaves of Amaranthus hybridus in the two found for Cu and Zn in site 1, while values >1 were sites. According to Zurera-Cosano et al., (1989), found for Pb and Cd in site 1. TF values were >1 in vegetables take up metals by absorbing them from site 2. contaminated as well as from deposits on different parts of vegetables exposed to the air from polluted DISCUSSIONS environment. A study of Pb, Cu, Zn and Cd in soils and The ranges of Cu obtained in all the plant parts naturally growing Amaranthus hybridus from selected in both dump sites are lower than 11.50±2.16, 2.50, waste dump sites in Abakaliki urban was carried out. The 0.923 mg kg-1 as reported in different types of vegetables
results show that Cd, Cu and Pb concentration in the soil by Farooq et al., (2008). In site 1 there was no trace of
ConcentrationMg/Kg ConcentrationMg/Kg
Figure 3 Heavy metal content (Pb,Cu, Zn and Cd ) of Amaranthus hybridus at the study sites
Journal of Research in Biology (2013) 3(2): 809-817 813
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0.7
0.6
0.5 0.4
0.3
leaf Mg/Kg leaf
leaf Mg/Kg leaf 0.2 0.1
0
Cu Concentration Cu inroot, stem and
Pb Concentration Pb inroot, stem and
leaf Mg/Kg leaf Mg/Kg leaf
Zn Concentration Zn inroot, stem and Cd Concentration Cd inroot, stem and
Figure 4 Mean concentration of Pb,Cu,Zn and Cd in roots, stem and leaf of Amaranthus hybridus from the two respective sites
Cu in the leaf of Amaranthus hybridus, it could be that 0.43±0.01 and leaf was below detection limit. Cd in the the metal is within the root and stem, thus it has not been stem of Amaranthus hybridus in site 1 was higher when translocated to the leaf. Despites the presence of Cu in compared to the ranges of Cd obtained from other the other parts of Amaranthus hybridus, it was within the vegetables as reported by Maleki and Zarasvard (2008) recommended limit. but lower than 0.667-0.933 as reported in other In site 1 there were no trace of Zn in the root and vegetables (Abdullahi et al., 2009). However, the level stem but present in the leaf with low value, the absence of Cd in the stem is within the recommended limit. of Zn in the root and stem of Amaranthus hybridus in Comparing the two dump sites, stem had a higher site 1 may be that it has been volatilized or that it is not heavy metal, it could be that Amaranthus hybridus had essential for plant growth, the presence of Zn in the leaf taken these metals up and stored mostly in the stem. The may be due to emissions from the environment. In site 2, BCF signifies the amount of heavy metals in the soil that there were presence of Zn in the root, stem and leaf of ended up in the vegetable crop. The BCF values were >2 Amaranthus hybridus although the leaf had higher heavy for Pb and Cd at site 1 whereas in site 2 BCF values was metal but they were all within recommended standard. >2 for Pb, Cu, Zn and Cd. This implies that the degree of However, since the leaf of this vegetable is the edible transportability of these metals is site dependent and part, continuous intake of this vegetable from the dump could be due to different forms in which these metal ions sites may be toxic and lethal to the health of the are available at these sites. These results enable us to consumers. conclude that Amaranthus hybridus can tolerate and The ranges of Cd obtained from sequester these metals from the soil and translocate it to Amaranthus hybridus in Site 1 are, root 0.02±0.01, stem, the shoots, thus making Amaranthus hybridus cultivated 814 Journal of Research in Biology (2013) 3(2): 809-817 Uka et al., 2013
Table 5 Translocation factor of the studied heavy metals by the action of phytochelatins and metals at the dumpsite soil in Abakaliki Urban metallothioneins, forming complexes with heavy metals Translocation Factor and translocate them into vacuoles (Suresh and Site 1 Site 2 Pb 83* 3.20* Ravishankar, 2004). Cu 0.53 1.63* The results obtained from this study have shown Zn 0.01 4.33* Cd 21.50 10.60* that heavy metals in soils at the waste dump sites ended Values > 1 are regarded as high values up in the studied plant, Amaranthus hybridus, cultivated Table 4 Bioconcentration factor (BCF) of each on such land. The Four heavy metals Lead, Cadmium, metal at the dumpsite soil in Abakaliki Urban Copper and Zinc were present in the studied sites. The Bioconcentration Factor concentration of lead and Cadmium that ended up in this Site 1 Site 2 vegetable far exceeded the WHO/FAO dietary Pb 7 12 Cu 0.8 3.5 allowance. Therefore farmers should be discouraged Zn 1 16 from cultivating their crops on these waste dump sites. Cd 9 7.3 BCF values > 2 will be regarded as high values REFERENCES on these waste dump sites unfit for human consumption. Abdullahi MSA, Uzairu and Okunota OJ. 2009. The translocation factor can be used to estimate Quantitative determination of Heavy metal plants potential for phytoremediation purposes. Metals concentrations in onion leaves. Int. J. Environ. Res., that are accumulated by plants and mostly stored in the 3:271-274. roots of plants are indicated by TLF values greater than Al-Jassir MSA Shaker and Khaliq MA. 2005. 1. The translocation ability of Amaranthus hybridus for Depositin of heavy metals on green leafy vegetables sold these heavy metals were in these order Pb (83) >Cd on roadsides of Riyadh city, Saudi Arabia. Bull. Environ. (21.50), while in site 2, Cd (10.60) >Zn (4.33) >Pb (3.20) Contam. Toxicol., 75:1020-1027.
>Cu (1.63). This is an indication of efficient way of transportation of these metals from root and its Arai S. 2002. Global view on functional foods: Asian accumulation in shoot. Baker (1981) and Zu et al., Perspectives. Brit J.Nutr.88: S139 - S143. (2005) reported that TLFs higher than 1.0 were Baker AJM. 1981. Accumulators and Excluders determined in metal accumulator species, whereas TLFs strategies in the response of plants to heavy metals. was typically lower than 1.0 in metal excluder species. Journal of Plant Nutrition 3:643-654.
The TLFs higher than 1.0 indicated an efficient ability to transport metal from root to leaf, most likely due to Carranza-Alvarez C, Alonso-Castro AJ, Alfaro-De efficient metal transporter system of plants (Zhao et al., La Torre, MC, Gareia-De La Cruz RF. 2008. 2002), and probably sequestration of metals in leaf Accumulation and distribution of heavy metals in vacuoles and apoplast (Lasat et al., 2002). The vacuole is Scirpus americanus and Typha latifolia from an artificial generally considered to be the main storage site for lagoon in San Luis Potos, Mexico.Water Air Soil metals in yeast and plant cells, and there is evidence that Pollution 188:279-309. phytochelatin-metal complexes are pumped into the Chove BE, Ballegu WR and Chove LM. 2006. Copper vacuole (Gratăo et al., 2005). It was reported that plants and lead levels in two popular leafy vegetables grown also have the ability to hyperaccumulate various heavy
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River, Estuary, Nigeria. Global J. Pure Applied sic., 1: 247-256. Nnamani CV, Oselebe HO and Agbatutu A. 2009. Assessment of nutritional values of three underutilized Farooq M, Anwar F and Rashid U. 2008. Appraisal of indigenous leafy vegetables of Ebonyi State,Nigeria. Heavy metals grown in the vicinity of an industrial area. African Journal of Biotechnology 8(9):2321-2324.
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Health. World Health Organization, Geneva. Maleki A and Zarasvand MA. 2008. Heavy metals in Zhao FJ, Hamon RE, Lombi E, McLaughlin MJ and selected edible vegetables and estimation of their daily McGrath SP. 2002. Characteristics of cadmium uptake intak in Sanandaj, Iran. South East Asian. J. Trop Med. in two contrasting ecotypes of the hyperaccumulator Public Health. 39:335-340.
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Journal of Research in Biology (2013) 3(2): 809-817 817 Journal of Research in Biology documents/RA0322.pdf. http://jresearchbiology.com/ Address:Web (+91)9778098432 Tel: [email protected] Email: Dibakar Mishra. Correspondingauthor: Odisha,761 105 India. Polasara,District: Ganjam, PolasaraScience College, Departmentof Zoology, Institution: Dibakar Mishra Authors: inBiology Research of Journal Journal of Research inofBiology Journal Research An International Scientific An International
ResearchJournal
herbalfolk
Treatment of digestivetract ailmentsin cattle with
- medicines:A preliminary studyinGanjam District. imns f oetc ate cniun wt te ua fl o te td ae, still area, study the of folk rural remainedunnoticed and theundocumented. with continuing cattle, domestic of ailments tract digestiveagainst used medicinestraditional/folk Such nature.seasonal their to theseherbalvalidationof medicinesavailability lessofandmedicinal someplants due for support of lack include:farmers the by identifiedProblems visits. subsequent the distributed61generain was recorded. Efficacytheseofpreparations wasexamined in especiallythe village headsand older persons. totalA of 66 speciesplant of 40families preparationthese offor herbal medicines were withlocaldone peoplehelpthetheof adoptedmethods the ofidentification,refinements their and species plantsample of Collectiontreatment. of traditionalmethod the of studypreliminary a make to made were etc. attained results administration, their and medicines herbal pre of preparation with interviews and Personal cows mainly buffaloes. cattle, domestic the of ailments tract digestive common the cure to farmers and healerstraditional rural by usedpreparations successful different out originatedcattleailmentsAnattemptthehasinlistto washistory. backmade longin ABSTRACT: DibakarMishra. ArticleCitation: Abbreviations: knowledge. Keywords: iessb/.) wih ie priso fr netitd s, non use, unrestricted work cited. is properly original the provided allmedium, in reproduction for permission gives which licenses/by/2.0), (http://creativecommons.org/ License Attribution Commons Creative the by governed is article This Journalof ResearchinBiology (2013) 3(2): 818 preliminaryA study inGanjam District. Treatmentof digestive tract ailments incattle withherbal folk Dates:
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818 10Feb 2013 - tutrd usinar, bevto of observation questionnaire, structured An International Scientific Research Journal Scientific Research An International - 827|JRB |2013 |Vol 3 |No 2 - 827
Published: - commercial, distribution and and distribution commercial,
- medicines:
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INTRODUCTION the study area. Apart from different cattle ailments, India has a vast knowledge of herbal preparations digestive disorders were observed frequently which for treatment of different ailments both of human and of make the animals sick, thus affecting the economy of the animals. Major part of this art of healing has either been owners and thus it was selected for the present study. vanished or been ignored. Still it is found with some people living in the remote corners, who are either MATERIALS AND METHODS farmers or animal owners. Their system of treatment The study area, Ganjam district extends between varies greatly either due to geographical gap or due to 19.4oN to 20.17oN latitude and 84.7oE to 85.12oE climatic differences. It has also been observed that these longitude and occupies an area of 8070.6 Km2 with a preparations show wonderful results, without any population density of 385/Km2. It has 22 blocks and 18 side-effects in comparison to their modern counterparts, urban local bodies. There are 3212 villages constituting the allopathic medicines. (Vijai et al., 2009). 475 gram panchayats. Forest area recorded is about This traditional science of healing is purely based 58136sq Kms. Agriculture and animal husbandry being on trial and error by the aboriginal people and was the most important economic sectors of the district and transmitted through words of mouth from generation to the inhabitants chiefly live in rural and semi-urban areas. generations. Further as plants are inseparable from (Dist. Stat. Handbook Ganjam, 2007). Diseases of the human life, their uses cannot be ignored. While plants domestic animals mostly affect the socio-economic fulfill the basic requirements of human civilization like status of the inhabitants and usually depend upon their food, shelter and clothing, it also is used for their better own traditional method of herbal treatment. health. India and Indian culture have exploited about During 2008 to 2011 the work was scheduled more than 2500 plants for medicinal purpose and this art with the aim to record all the available EVM in the of treatment has become a part of folklore medicines. district. Extensive survey was conducted throughout the Such medicines are at present practiced by a small district to identify the traditional healers or locally called segment of our society who has a separate identity as the pashu vaidya and persons with this knowledge. “Pasu vaidya” or the animal doctors or more commonly Data collection was done by interviews, pre- the traditional healers. (Chendel et al., 1996; Sankar structured questions, group discussions with the local Ganesh et al., 2007). Since no written records of such people within the age group of thirty to seventy including drugs are available, it is possible that this invaluable both the sexes. Livestock owners, traditional Healers knowledge of our farmers would get lost in history. (THs), veterinarians, farmers, and housewives were The traditional folk-medicines that are contacted for collection of data. inseparable from the rural life of India are better known During subsequent visits data verification, as “Ethnoveterinary Medicines” (EVM) which can better identification of plants used, methods of drug preparation be defined as the result of a long term practice of herbal and modes of drug administration were recorded. Most treatment of animals which has been deeply integrated of the THs were illiterate and some were only able to with the custom and tradition of Indian life. (Mathius- read and write while few attended primary schooling. Mundy and McCorkle, 1989). Sample specimens of each medicinal plant By this time steps are being taken to establish species were collected during the field visits and allotted this traditional heritage of folk medicinal science and collection numbers. The collected specimens were then the present work is the first step in this regard in 819 Journal of Research in Biology (2013) 3(2): 818-827 Mishra, 2013
Figure 1. study Area-Ganjam district.
dried, identified through Flora of Orissa. (Saxena and RESULTS Brahmam, 1994-1996). During the course of the present work significant During the following seasons, preparations were information regarding treatment of some common examined on-field to get concurrent result. Case history digestive tract ailments were observed and recorded. The of common digestive ailments of cattle, response of preparations those are frequently used with remarkable the cattle owners to the disease, prescriptions of the THs results are described under. and farmers, dose and administration of the herbal Anorexia preparations, effectiveness of EVM were recorded. 1. 10 to 12 Leaves of Cymbopogon citratus D.C. Stapf. Standardization of the quantity of herbal materials taken (Poaceae), black salt-10 g ground together with rice by the THs was also done to get accurate results. The water to make a volume of 500 ml. The liquid is specific and reliable information was cross checked with drenched to the infected animal. at least 50% of the informants were incorporated. Out of 2. Apium graveolens L. (Apiaceae) 15 g, different cattle diseases only seven common intestinal Carum carvi L. (Apiaceae) 15 g, Myristica fragrans ailments were selected for the present study. Houtt. (Myristicaceae) 5 g, dry ginger 30 g, Details of medicinal plants used in this study are Piper nigrum L. (Piperaceae) 25 to 30 pieces, and presented with botanical name followed by family in fried Ferula assafoetida L. (Apiaceae) 10 g are dry italics within parentheses. ground and mixed together. Half teaspoonful of this powder mixed with 200 ml pre-boiled and cooled
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water to prepare the tonic. It is drenched to the ground together in water and administered orally animal once a day for 7 days. (Mishra, 2010) twice daily. 3. A. graveolens, C. carvi and dry ginger in a ratio of 2. C. carvi 15 g. is ground with water and administered 1:1:2 are dry ground to make a powder. 1 orally for five to seven times daily yields a very teaspoonful of this powder is mixed with 1 good result. teaspoonful of jaggery to prepare a paste which is 3. Fresh young leaf juice of Phoenix sylvestris Roxb. fed to the animal as such or rubbed with its tongue (Arecaceae), Ananas sativus Schult. f. once a day for seven days. (Mishra, 2010) (Bromeliaceae) and C. carvi seed with black salt are 4. Dry ginger 25 g and common salt 1/2 teaspoonful ground together with water and drenched to the with a little water is ground to make a paste. It is fed animal. to the animal once daily. 4. Cattle leaf supplements containing 5. 2-3 fruits of Citrus aurantifolia L. (Rutaceae) are Azadirachta indica A. Juss. (Meliaceae) leaf ground to paste and mixed with a bit of P. nigrum powder is the best worm killer. powder and black salt. This is administered orally as 5. Juglans cinerea L. (Juglandaceae) extracts in water appetizer especially during fever. administered orally once daily for seven days 6. Five to seven unseeded fruits of Terminalia chebula eliminates worms in intestine. Retz. (Combretaceae) powdered and mixed with a 6. The root of Mucuna prurita Hook. (Fabaceae) is little black salt and jaggery for oral administration as administered orally with straw to kill and remove a paste to increase digestive power. intestinal worms of cattle. 7. Whole plant extract of Mormodica charantia L. 7. 20 g of adventitious roots of Ficus benghalensis L. (Cucurbitaceae) is prepared in cold water and bottle- (Moraceae) is crushed and mixed in 100 ml of water. fed to the animal to increase its appetite. Mixture is fed to the animal twice in a day treat 8. T. chebula, Terminalia bellerica Roxb. worms. Animal is completely relieved in 2 days. (Combretaceae) and Embelica officinalis Gaertn. Coccidiosis (Euphorbiaceae) in equal amount are pulverized. 15 1. Freshly prepared rice with A. indica A. Juss. (neem) to 20 g. of this powder with cold water is drenched leaves mixed with a little of P. nigrum L. (black to the cattle as an appetizer. Commonly this powder pepper) powder is fed to the animal. is called as „Trifala‟. 2. Flowers of Musa paradisiaca L. are ground with 9. Seedless T. belerica 25 g is ground with a little of water mixed with leaf extracts of Feronia limonia L. black salt and water, and fed to the ailing animals Sw. administered orally. twice daily for seven days. 3. Young leaf extract of Sesbania sesban L. is given as 10. 8-10 plants of Mentha spicata L. (Lamiaceae) are drink to the young calf. crushed to extract juice. Juice is fed with salt in the 4. Young leaf extract of M. charantia, C. citratus, mornings and evenings. mixed with fresh Curcuma longa L. in equal Ascariasis proportions are administered orally as a liquid food 1. Black salt, C. carvi, Solanum nigrum L. gives best result. (Solanaceae) or Embelia tsjeriam-cottam (Roem. & 5. Brassica campestris L. (mustard) seeds (100-150 g) Schult.) DC. (Myesinaceae) in equal proportions are are ground with a little water to make a paste and are
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given daily once for one week to control intestinal is added to water to make a volume of 250 ml. The parasites in cattle. mixture is drenched to the cattle twice daily for 3-4 6. Leaves of Chenopodium ambrosioides L. are good days. to expel worms in calves. 2. 20 leaves of C. citratus and one teaspoonful of black Coli-Bacilosis / Septisemic Coli-Bacilosis salt is ground together with 200 ml. water and given 1. Dry ginger (Sonth) 50 g, Cuminum cyminum L. to the cattle twice daily. (cumin) seeds 25 g, salt as per requirement are 3. Sonth 50 g, T. chebula 3-4 pieces and common salt ground together and mixed with luke warm water are ground together with water and administered (about 100-150 ml.). It is given to the animal to orally to the animal. drink or given with the help of a pipe or bottle twice 4. T. chebula 2-3 pieces, C. carvi 50 g, 10-15 dry or thrice as per the condition of the calf with an leaves of Cassia angustifolia Vahl., 20g of black interval of 4 - 6 hours. salt are ground together to powder. 10-15g of this 2. C. ciratus leaves 10-12 g ground with rice-water and powder mixed with 50 g old jaggery mixed together salt are given to the infected calf thrice daily for 2 - to make a bolus which is fed to the animal once 3 days. daily for 4-5 days. 3. 50 g C. longa (turmeric) powder 200 g jaggery, 5. Root juice of Ruta graveolens L. is given to the 100 g fresh soft C. dactylon are mixed together and animal once daily for 4 -5days. given to the animal as feed. If the calf is unable to 6. Two teaspoonful of Triphala powder is given to the eat then the same may be ground in water and animal with warm water (300 - 500ml) once daily administered orally twice daily. for 5 days. 4. Rice water, salt, and C. cyminum L. (cumin) seeds 7. Solanum viarum Dunal whole plant extract with a bit 25 g are ground finely and given to the calf as syrup of black salt is given to the animal for relief. twice daily for 3-5 days. 8. 75 g rhizome of Z. officinale, a little amount of 5. Farmers use a powder crushed separately with few Aloe vera L., 400g of table salt, 200 g of molasses leaves of Punica granatum L. (pomegranate) 50 g, made from Saccharum officinarum L. is mixed with Pennisetum americanum (L.) Leeke (pearl millet) 100 ml warm water, thoroughly mixed and fed to 50 g, fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum) seeds cattle while still warm. 50 g, Brassica campestris L. (mustard) 25 g, ajmoda 9. 400 ml coconut (Cocos nucifera L.) water is slightly (Trachyspermum ammi) and 50g of black pepper warmed and given to cattle. (Piper nigrum). It is mixed together and soaked in 10. 250 g whole plant of Boerhavia repens L. is crushed one litre water for 12 hours. The water is boiled, thoroughly to extract juice and the juice fed with filtered and stored in a clean glass bottle. This table salt at eight hour intervals. solution (100 ml) is given to the affected calf before Diarrhoea it is allowed to suck. Within two days the calves 1. One flower of Musa paradisiaca L. ground to paste excrete dead worms. with 10-15 black pepper (P. nigrum L.) is given to Constipation the animal once daily for 4-5 days. 1. 25 leaves of C. citratus, 100 g of ginger, 2. One flower each of M. paradisiaca and Zingiber officinale Rosc. and 25 g of common salt Feronia limonia L. Sw. are ground together with are ground together with water to make a paste. This
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water and drenched to the animal once daily for 5 13. Six pieces of Bombax insigne L. seeds are days. pulverized and mixed with 250 ml of buttermilk, 3. One handful young leaves of Sesbania sesban L. is then filtrate of this is taken and mixed with goat fed to the animal twice daily for 3 days. faeces and to be fed 3-4 times. 4. Leaf extract of M. charantia, fresh C. domestica, 14. Leaves of Nymphaea nouchali Burm. f. are mixed C. citratus in equal proportions mixed with sonth with soda and fed to the cattle 50 ml daily for 2-3 (Z. officinale) powder is drenched to the animal days. This is very effective in blood diarrhoea. twice daily for 5 days. In case of calves up to 2 years 15. Sap of 250 ml M. paradisiaca leaves and 100 ml. the dose is reduced to half. sap of Bambusa arundinacea (Retz.) Willd. are 5. Root bark of Calotropis procera R.Br. 20 g ground mixed with 250 g of sugar and fed to the cattle for 2- with 10 gms of C. carvi to make a paste. With 3 days. freshly prepared rice this paste is fed to the animal 16. Bark and fruit of T. bellerica are pulverised and twice daily for 5days. mixed with water and boiled. 50 ml of this 6. Bark of Strychnos asper Lour. is boiled with water preparation is drenched everyday for 4 - 5 days. to prepare a tincture. One tablespoon of Sonth 17. 50 ml. sap of leaves of T. indica and Cassia fistula (Z. officinale) powder is mixed with one glass of the L. are mixed with the powder of 30 pieces black tincture and drenched to the animal twice daily. pepper (P. nigrum) and administered orally once a 7. Leaf extract of Aegle marmelos (L.) Corr., F. day for 3-4 days. limonia, extract of Z. officinale Rosc., common salt 18. 100 ml. extract of Holarrhena antidysenterica Wall. and sonth powder mixed together and drenched ex A. DC. leaves are to be fed to the cattle for 2-3 twice or thrice daily for 3 days. days. 8. Pulp of 10 g of ripened Tamarindus indica L. is fed 19. 50 ml. juice obtained from the bark of to the animal for 2-3 days. Shorea robusta Gaertn.f. is drenched to the animal. 9. 50 ml sap of Psidium guajava L. leaves is fed twice 20. 50-60 ml of tincture of stem bark of A. catechu is daily. (In case of goats this is much effective). given to the animal twice daily for 2-3 days. 10. Roots of Mimosa pudica L., Achyranthes aspera L., 21. Barks and leaves of A. catechu (L. f.) Willd. are Cassia occidentalis L., bark of Yucca gloriosa L. are crushed, boiled in water and the water fed to cows, to be mixed and grounded. 100 pieces of P. nigrum buffaloes or goats every morning and evening. and 2 teaspoons of ghee are added to it. In case of 22. T. indica L. leaves 25 g are mixed with 15 g of calf 40 pieces of black pepper are to be added. The mustard (Brassica campestris L.) seeds and fed in preparation is given 100g daily. the morning for 3 days. Alternately, leaves are 11. Leaf Juice of Ananas comosus (L.) Merr. is mixed boiled in water and fed to cattle. with water and drenched 100ml. once daily for 2-3 Dysentery days. 1. 100-150 g of stems & leaves of Hemidesmus indicus 12. Neem (A. indica A. Juss.) leaves and bark of are ground and juice is extracted and mixed with Coriandrum sativum L. are mixed and juice is honey and is fed to the animal. extracted from the mixture and then 100ml of it is 2. 3 pieces of black pepper (P. nigrum), 2 teaspoonful drenched everyday for 3-4days. ghee and 50 g smashed Glycyrrhiza glabra are
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mixed with 250 ml cold water and drenched to the medicines. Plants used were described with their cattle. botanical names followed by the common methods of 3. 100 ml sap extracted from Centella asiatica, their preparations using different parts and ingredients, Coleus aromaticus Benth. and Cyanodon dactylon dose and methods of their administration. are drenched to the cattle for 2 - 3 days. A total of 66 ethno-medicinal plant species 4. 50 ml extract of Tagetes erecta shoot mixed with 50 belonging to 40 families distributed in 61 genera have ml extract of Cyanodon dactylon are drenched to the been recorded. The most dominant families in this study animal for 3 - 4 days. are Apiaceae (6), Poaceae (5), Caesalpiniaceae and 5. 3 pieces of black pepper (P. nigrum) , 5 g C. carvi Rutaceae (4 each), Fabaceae and Mimosaceae (3 each), and 5 g of Swertia angustifolia are grounded and fed Apocynaceae, Arecaceae, Combretaceae, Lamiaceae, to the animal for 3 - 4 days. Meliaceae, Solanaceae and Zingiberaceae (2 each) and 6. 100 g bark of Bombax insigne is boiled in 500 ml of the remaining families like Acanthaceae, Agavaceae, water and then drenched to the animal. Amaranthaceae, Asclepiadaceae, Asteraceae, 7. Latex of Alstonia scholaris is mixed with black Bombacaceae, Brassicaceae, Bromeliaceae, pepper (P. nigrum) in the ratio of 3:2 and given to Chenopodiaceae, Cucurbitaceae, Dipterocarpaceae, the animal. Euphorbiaceae, Gentianaceae, Juglandaceae, 8. Bark of Butea monosperma is boiled with 250 ml of Leguminosae, Liliaceae, Moraceae, Musaceae, water and filtered after cooling. The extract is Myrsinaceae, Myristicaceae, Myrtaceae, Nyctaginaceae, drenched to the cattle. Nymphaeaceae, Periploaceae, Piperaceae, Punicaceae, 9. 200 g leaves of Andrographis paniculata and 100 g Strychnaceae were represented with one species each. leaves Centella asiatica are ground to paste and fed 36 remedies use single plants and the rest 37 use to the animal. more than one plant. Local population of the district use 10. 100 ml extract of Holarhena antidysenterica leaves 22 preparations for diarrhoea followed by 12 for is drenched to the animal for 2-3 days. dysentery, 11 for constipation, 10 for Anorexia, 7 for 11. Decoction of Acacia arabica root is mixed with Ascariasis, 6 for Coccidiosis and 5 for Coli-baciliosis mustard Brassica campestris L. oil in the ratio of 1:3 and to be drenched to the animal. 12. 8-10 plants of Mentha spicata L. (Lamiaceae) are crushed to extract juice. 25 ml of juice is fed with salt in the mornings and evenings.
DISCUSSION Traditional knowledge of rural communities of Ganjam has high ethnoveterinary importance. They utilize numerous plants and their various parts viz., roots, leaves, stems, barks, flowers, fruits and rhizome etc for various ethnoveterinary practices. In the present study seven common digestive tract ailments of domestic cattle are discussed in detail with the common herbal folk- Figure 2. No. of plants and preparations used.
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which are plotted in figure-2. All these remedies are can be used in an integrated way to get better results. The prepared with ingredients like water, common salt, black traditional knowledge of medicine (folk-medicines) salt, rice water, butter milk, jaggery, and ghee. needs to be properly documented and validated. To Similarly the methods of preparation of the achieve this necessary awareness regarding their above remedies fall into 9 categories such as solutions applications, effectiveness, farming, conservation are (23), paste (20), decoctions (7), solid (5), juice (3), bolus absolutely required at the first hand. (1), powder (1) and tincture (1) as presented in figure-3 . With regards to the prescriptions C. carvi is used CONCLUSION in 7 preparations for 6 diseases while P. nigrum in 9 Traditional herbal medicines are in use by most preparations for 5 diseases. In the top of the list of plants of the communities worldwide mainly among people of that are used in preparations and for different diseases the developing countries because they are cheaper, more are Zingiber Officinale Rosc. 8 and 4, C citratus 6 and 5, sustainable, readily available, and reliable as they are in Brassica campestris L. var 4 and 4, respectively. use traditionally, and frequent alternatives to modern The THs and animal owners use different parts veterinary medicines. The advantages of such medicines of plants. Among these, leaves are most frequently used are many and they are found to be time tested, socio- (34) followed by seeds (28), whole plant (13), fruit and economically related. Hence there is a growing need to rhizome (10 each), bark and root (8 each), flower (4), sum them up for any type of scientific validation. latex and stem (2 each).(Figure-4) (Varshneya, 2006) During the course of study, the common Throughout the globe where traditional herbal experience gained regarding the ethno-veterinary treatment is in use it is found that the traditional healers practices in the district are that, the modern veterinary have their own way of identification and classification of medicines (MVM) are beyond the reach of the natives animal diseases as well as medicinal herbs, drug due to their poor economic conditions. They frequently preparation, dose and administration. It has almost adopt EVM as the most appropriate method of treatment become the first choice of the THs and animal owners of many, if not all animal diseases. While for immediate mostly due to their economic status and also easy relief MVM is the best choice, but both EVM and MVM accessibility of the herbs.
Figure 3. Categories of Preparations Figure 4. Plant part used
825 Journal of Research in Biology (2013) 3(2): 818-827 Mishra,2013
Local knowledge is at the local level and Reports regarding the present ethnoveterinary investments should be concentrated in improving a range preparations require sufficient biochemical and of practices that are appropriate and sustainable. pharmacognosical validation to provide wide-spread (Caleb A. Cudi, 2003) EVM is the first choice of the application providing much cheaper alternative common people in the developing countries as MVM is treatments to the economically poor farmers and animal beyond the reach of the rural folk. It plays an important keepers. (Mishra, 2011) role in the day to day life of a common man which has strong background of belief, religion, and ancestral time- ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS tested medicinal system. Plant preparations by the THs The author is thankful to the informants and and animal owners cost them much less than MVM and traditional healers who shared their traditional they can prepare their own crude herbal medicines which knowledge on medicinal uses in the field and Prof. are safe and tested with the long trial and error based Bhaskar Padhy (Retd.), Berhampur University for his examinations. In this context Charaka can rightly be guidance. quoted here: “Yogadapi visham tikshnamuttamam bheshajam bhavet, REFERENCES Bheshajam chapi duryuktam tikshnam sampadhyte Caleb A. Cudi. 2003. Ethno-Veterinary, complementary visham. and low cost treatment and management of working Tasmannabhishaja yuktam yuktibahyen bheshajam, animals, TAWS Workshop, Sisoe Research Institute, Dhimta kinchidadeyam jivitarogyakankshina.” UK. 1-10. http://www.taws.org. (Charak Samhita, 1(1):127 & 128) Chandel, KPS, Shukla G and Neelam S. 1996. which says: “even venomous poison when Biodiversity in medicinal and aromatic plants in India. administered properly can be used as medicines but Conservation and utilization. NBPGR, New Delhi. 1- when medicine is used improperly it becomes poison. 239.
Thus it is important for those who love life and good health not to take medicines from such vaidyas who are District Statistical Handbook Ganjam. 2007. not up to the mark in their medical profession.” Directorate of Economics and Statistics, Orissa, Taking the above points into consideration, there Bhubaneswar. is no doubt that among the large numbers of herbal Ganesh KS, Sundaramoorthy P, Chidambaram AA, preparations used by the indigenous practitioners during Baskaran L. 2007. Folklore Value of weeds grown in the past several centuries, there are many that deserve the the wastelands of Vedharanyam and Kodiakarai, reputation they have proved to be effective. Such Nagapattinam District of Tamilnadu. Ad. Plant Sci., 20 preparations need to be investigated with modern (2):551-553. technologies for their successful implementation in the
practice of good health. Mathius-Mundy E and McCorkle CM. 1989. Although the information gathered from the local Ethnoveterinary medicine: An annotated bibliography. traditional healers, in clinical terms, have tested the Bibliographies in Technology and Social Change, No. 6. medicinal value of these plant species for ages, yet their Technology and Social Change Program, Iowa State confidence regarding the medicinal value of these plant University, Ames, Iowa, USA. 199. species was not sufficient to validate their claims.
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McCorkle CM and Green EC. 1998. Intersectoral health care delivery. Agric. Hum., 15(2):105-114.
Mishra D. 2010. Ethno Veterinary practices among the rural people of Ganjam District (Orissa) India: A Case Study On some Common Veterinary Ailments, Webindia123 ). http://www.webindia123.com/health/article.asp? a_no=242&article=Ethno+Veterinary+practices+ among+the+rural+people+of+Ganjam+District+(Orissa) +India3A+A+Case+Study+On+some+Common+Veterin ary+Ailments
Mishra D. 2011. Identification of some ethnoveterinary practices for treatment of foot and mouth disease in Polasara block, Ganjam District, Odisha, India. Journal of research in Biology, 1(7): 543-549
Saxena HO and Brahmam M. 1994-1996. The Flora of Orissa. Orissa Forest Development Corporation Ltd., Bhubaneswar. 1-4.
Varshneya C. 2006. Ethno veterinary practices of India with particular reference to use of plant bio resources in animal health care. http://hillagric.ernet.in/edu/covas/ vpharma/winter%20school/lectures/33%20 Ethnoveterinary%20practices%20of%20India.pdf.
Vijai DK. Sankar Ganesh P, Sundaramoorthy. 2009. Ethnobotanical Survey Of Plants Used For Respiratory Diseases, Recent Research in Science and Technology 1 (1):023-025.
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827 Journal of Research in Biology (2013) 3(2): 818-827 Journal of Research in Biology documents/RA0330.pdf. http://jresearchbiology.com/ Address:Web [email protected] Email: BB. Hosetti Correspondingauthor: Karnataka. Shimoga, 577451, Sahyadri,Shankaraghatta KuvempuUniversity, Jnana inAppliedresearchZoology, studies Graduate and of*DepartmentPost Shimoga,Karnataka. Shankaraghatta University,Jnana Sahyadri, Kuvempu Management, inWildliferesearch studies Graduate and Department of1. Post Institution: BB Hosetti and Harisha MN Authors: Researchof in Journal Biology JournalofResearch in Biology AnInternational Scientific An assessment Floristic of Diversity Daroji of Sloth Bear Sanctuary,
Research Journal
*
.
-
577451,
-
Hospet, Bellary District, India Karnataka,
help sustain the to wild herbivore at sanctuary. will which Sanctuary, Bear Sloth Daroji the in biodiversity the maintain and protect to scarcity, water measures control strict grazing, adopt to suggested (livestock) is it Hence, cattle problems. related by and mining threatened is area The area. this study the of of biodiversity status floral of account an giving by ecologists and Index, foresters help to Weiner’s is work this Shannon of objective The (IVI), (e). evenness and (R) index richness species of value Indices important determine to analyzed was collected families. data The 37 and 85 genera to belonging plants of 98 species total of a revealed which diversity, the on information the decipher to analyzed and studied ABSTRACT: iessb/.) wih ie priso fr netitd s, non use, unrestricted reproduction inprovided allisproperly original medium, work the cited. for permission gives which licenses/by/2.0), (http://creativecommons.org/ License Attribution Commons Creative the by governed is article This Journal in BiologyResearch of 828 (2013)3(2): District, India.Karnataka, ofAn assessment Floristic Diversity of Sloth bear Daroji Sanctuary, BellaryHospet, MN and Harisha Hosetti BB. ArticleCitation: plateau. Keywords: Dates:
Received:
h pat eore o Drj Soh er acur o Blay itit was district Bellary of Sanctuary Bear Sloth Daroji of resources plant The euss ursinus, Melursus
02 2013 Feb
OriginalResearch
Flora, Cassia fistula, Daroji Sloth Bear Sanctuary, Deccan Deccan Sanctuary, Bear Sloth Daroji fistula, Cassia Flora,
Accepted: www.jresearchbiology.com
828 09 09 Feb 2013 An InternationalAn Research Scientific Journal - 839 | JRB | 2013 ||839 | | VolJRB 2013 3 No 2 - 839
Published: Published: -
commercial, distribution and and distribution commercial,
02 Apr 2013
Harisha and Hosetti,2013
INTRODUCTION STUDY AREA The forest types in India ranged from thorny The unique Daroji Sloth Bear Sanctuary, Hospet, scrubby jungle to moist evergreen forest along with in Bellary district is the only sanctuary located in North moist grasslands and characteristic shola vegetation. In Karnataka, situated between 15o 14' to 15o 17' N latitude each of different types of forest, very diverse plants and and 76o 31' to 76o 40' E longitude. It belongs to Deccan faunal species are found growing naturally. Identification Plateau scrub jungle with granite boulder outcrops. of species and their diversity is a mammoth task and is Renowned world heritage centre - Hampi is situated only virtually impossible to have a complete inventory of 15 kilometers away from this sanctuary. The Indian biodiversity (Harisha et al., 2008). Due to Government of Karnataka, in October 1994, declared geographical variation, deccan plateau region of India 5,587.30 hectares of Bilikallu reserve forest as Daroji possess great diversity in agricultural as well as wild Bear Sanctuary. Since it has a suitable habitat for the floral and faunal diversity (Khan, 2011). The Deccan Indian Sloth Bears due to the rock-strewn hillocks, and plateau region of Bellary in particular is highly over characterized by vast stretches of undulating plains with exploited by several anthropogenic activities, including intermittent parallel chains of hills. The sanctuary lies at different types of mining. The study site is naturally an elevation of 647 m above mean sea level. The area spread with hillocks, boulders, undulated terrain with experienced high temperature with a maximum 43°C sloppy lands covered with natural jungle scrub with during January to May. native herbs, shrubs, climbers and tree species. The main aim of sanctuary is to conserve and maintain the MATERIALS AND METHODS rich flora and fauna with reference to sloth bear, Field data were collected in different seasons Melursus ursinus and its food web present in Deccan during January 2009- December 2011 in the study area plateau region of Bellary. stretching up to 4 km radius. The area is a long narrow Since the Deccan plateau region is rich in strip of hills with sandy and clay loams with rocky biodiversity, highly exploited for the natural resources mountain. The vegetation was analyzed by means of resulting in threat to diversity and gene pool, nearly 10×10 m quadrates by random sampling to give most 600 tree species found in this region are facing threat of representative composition of forestlands. Plant species extinction (Khan, 2011). Studies of plant and avifaunal collected in each quadrates were identified by consulting diversity can be used to interpret the well being of forest the Flora of Madras Presidency (Gamble, 1935). ecosystem and also as an indicator of disturbance if any DATA ANALYSIS in the system. Long term management plan of forest The data was analyzed for measuring the ecosystem should incorporate the diversification of Important Value Index (IVI), Shannon-Weiner Index vegetation by using diversity indices. In order to (H), Species richness Index (R), Species Evenness Index understand the importance of a site it is necessary to (E) and the Index of Dominance (ID). The values of examine the significance in terms of the presence and relative density, relative frequency and relative abundance of species (Bruford, 2002). The present study abundance were calculated following the methods of attempts to understand the impact of changes in the Shukla and Chandel (1980). The Shannon-Wiener Index forest cover of Daroji Sloth Bear Sanctuary due to was calculated according to Michael (1990) as follows. human activities. Shannon Weiner’s Index (H') = ∑Pi ln Pi 829 Journal of Research in Biology (2013) 3(2): 828-839
Harisha and Hosetti,2013
------
3.00 1.50 6.80 3.00 3.00 5.18 3.46 5.07 3.00 1.73 1.50 1.84 3.20 4.62 4.85 1.50 1.50 1.95
12.52 17.51
IVI
------
2.78 1.39 5.56 8.33 2.78 2.78 4.17 2.78 4.17 2.78 1.39 1.39 1.39 1.39 4.17 4.17 1.39 1.39 1.39
RF 13.89
------
0.23 0.11 1.24 4.19 0.23 0.23 1.02 0.68 0.90 0.23 0.34 0.11 0.45 1.81 0.45 3.62 0.68 0.11 0.11 0.57
RD
------
88.4
442.0 884.0 221.0 147.3 442.0 442.0 294.7 442.0 294.7 442.0 884.0 884.0 884.0 884.0 294.7 294.7 884.0 884.0 884.0
A
------
0.17 0.08 0.33 0.50 0.17 0.17 0.25 0.17 0.25 0.17 0.08 0.08 0.08 0.08 0.25 0.83 0.25 0.08 0.08 0.08
F
------
0.17 0.08 0.92 3.08 0.17 0.17 0.75 0.50 0.67 0.17 0.25 0.08 0.33 1.33 0.33 2.67 0.50 0.08 0.08 0.42
D
------
12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12
TT
------
2 1 4 6 2 2 3 2 3 2 1 1 1 1 3 3 1 1 1
10
TO
------
2 1 2 2 9 6 8 2 3 1 4 4 6 1 1 5
11 37 16 32
N
Family Acanthaceae Acanthaceae Alangiaceae Amaranthaceae Amaranthaceae Amaranthaceae Amaranthaceae Aristolochiaceae Asclepiadaceae Apocynaceae Apocynaceae Apocynaceae Asclepiadaceae Asclepiadaceae Asclepiadaceae Asclepiadaceae Liliaceae Asteraceae Asteraceae Asteraceae Asteraceae Capparaceae Capparaceae Capparaceae Cactaceae Celastraceae Fabaceae Fabaceae
M
*
, * ,
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
L.
Table.1. Species composition and Importance Value in Daroji Sloth bear Sanctuary. in Sloth bear Value Daroji andcomposition Table.1. Species Importance
*
Roem. & Schult. Roem. &
(L.) H. Rob. (L.) Rob. H. (Roth) Bemth.
*
*
(L. f.) (L.Wangerin f.) *
*
Willd.
(Retz.) Wight & Arn. & Wight (Retz.)
L.
*
(L.) T. W. Aiton
*
Lam.
(L.) W. T. T. (L.)Aiton W.
L. L.
L.
L.
L.
L.
(Forsk.) Chiov.
(Roxb.) (Roxb.) R. Br.
(L.) Juss. (L.)
L.
(Burm. Merr. (Burm. f.)
(Haw.) (Haw.) Haw.
*
L.
(L.) Juss. ex Schult. ex Juss. (L.)
L. L.
Scientific Scientific Names sp. Barleria Lepidagathis cuspidata Alangium salviifolium viridis Amaranthus aspera Achyranthes lanataAerva Pupalia lappacea Aristolochia indica gigantea Calotropis carandas Carissa indicus Hemidesmus tinctoria Wrightia buchananii Cryptolepis daemia Pergularia Leptadenia reticulata Tylophora indica racemosus Asparagus Ageratum conyzoides hysterophorus Parthenium Tridax procumbens Cyanthillium cinereum divaricata Capparis horrid Capparis zeylanica Capparis Opuntia stricta montana Gymnosporia tora Cassia absus Cassia
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 Sl.No
Journal of Research in Biology (2013) 3(2): 828-839 830 Harisha and Hosetti,2013
------
5.30 3.00 1.50
1.50 3.00 5.41 3.80 3.34 3.23 3.46 3.23 1.50 1.50 1.50 5.52 9.09 3.00 7.25 9.69 6.09 8.66 3.12 3.91
10.00 19.43 11.39 10.26 14.65 21.13 19.29
20.93
------
4.17 6.94 2.78 1.39 1.39 2.78 4.17 2.78 8.33 2.78 2.78 2.78 2.78 1.39 1.39 1.39 4.17 8.33 6.94 2.78 5.56 8.33 4.17 2.78 2.78 2.78
15.28 13.89 13.89 12.50
12.50
------
1.13 3.05 0.23 0.11 5.66 0.11 0.23 1.24 5.54 1.02 3.05 0.57 0.45 0.68 0.45 0.11 0.11 0.11 1.36 1.92 2.15 2.15 0.23 1.70 1.36 1.92 5.88 0.34 7.24 6.79 1.13
------
80.4 88.4 98.2 88.4 98.2
294.7 176.8 442.0 884.0 884.0 442.0 294.7 442.0 147.3 442.0 442.0 442.0 442.0 884.0 884.0 884.0 294.7 147.3 176.8 442.0 221.0 147.3 294.7 442.0 442.0 442.0
------
0.25 0.42 0.17 0.08 0.92 0.08 0.17 0.25 0.83 0.17 0.50 0.17 0.17 0.17 0.17 0.08 0.08 0.08 0.25 0.50 0.42 0.75 0.17 0.33 0.50 0.25 0.17 0.17 0.83 0.75 0.17
------
0.83 2.25 0.17 0.08 4.17 0.08 0.17 0.92 4.08 0.75 2.25 0.42 0.33 0.50 0.33 0.08 0.08 0.08 1.00 1.42 1.58 1.58 0.17 1.25 1.00 1.42 4.33 0.25 5.33 5.00 0.83
------
12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12
------
3 5 2 1 1 2 3 2 6 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 3 6 5 9 2 4 6 3 2 2 9 2
11 10 10
------
2 1 1 2 9 5 4 6 4 1 1 1 2 3
10 27 50 11 49 27 12 17 19 19 15 12 17 52 64 60 10
Combretaceae Commelinaceae Commelinaceae Convolvulaceae Convolvulaceae Convolvulaceae Convolvulaceae Cucurbitaceae Ebenaceae Phyllanthaceae Euphorbiaceae Fabaceae Fabaceae Fabaceae Fabaceae Fabaceae Fabaceae Fabaceae Fabaceae Fabaceae Fabaceae Fabaceae Fabaceae Fabaceae Fabaceae Fabaceae Fabaceae Fabaceae Fabaceae Lamiaceae Lamiaceae Lamiaceae Lamiaceae Malvaceae Tiliaceae Tiliaceae Tiliaceae
Wall. ex Wall.
*
*
, * ,
*
*
*
L.
*
* L. f.
*
Dalz. DC. (L.)
L.
(Poir.) Baill.) (Roxb.) Benth.
.
*
(L. f.) (L.Benth. f.)
(L.) L. *
(L.) Hallier (L.)f.) Hallier
(L.) Pers.
,
(Roxb. ex DC.) (Roxb. Willd. (Roxb.) L.
Lam.
L.
Aiton
*
(Roxb.) Schultz.f. & Schult.
L.
(L.) Poit.
L.
(L.) Ker (L.)Gawl. Ker
(L.) Sweet (L.)
*
Vahl
Roxb.
L.
Gaertn.
(L. f.) Willd. f.) (L.
(L.) Delile) (L.)
Vahl
auct.)
(Willd.) Link
(Roxb.) Boivin (Roxb.)
Benth.
L.
Anogeissus latifoliaAnogeissus Perr.Guill. & benghalensis Commelina tuberosa Cyanotis Ipomoea obscura reflexa Cuscuta Evolvulus alsinoides tridentata Merremia sp. Trichosanthes paniculata Diospyros reticulata Kirganelia Euphorbia tirucalli precatorius Abrus Acacia catechu Acacia leucophloea Acacia nilotica Acacia sinuata Albizia amara Albizia odoratissima Bauhinia racemosa auriculata Cassia fistulaCassia pallida Crotalaria lanceolaria Dalbergia triflorumDesmodium Indigofera tinctoria purpurea Tephrosia Mimosa pudica digitataParkinsonia dulce Pithecellobium aspera Leucas stricta Leucas suaveolens Hyptis Ocimum americanum Abutilon indicum hirsuta Grewia damine Grewia tiliifoliaGrewia
29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65
831 Journal of Research in Biology (2013) 3(2): 828-839
Harisha and Hosetti,2013
------
1.50 1.62 3.23 1.50 9.92 6.35 1.62 1.50 4.73 3.65 8.72 5.41 5.04 9.43 7.03 4.73 1.50 1.50 3.12
10.03 15.86
------
1.39 1.39 2.78 8.33 1.39 8.33 5.56 1.39 1.39 4.17 1.39 5.56 4.17 2.78 6.94 5.56 4.17 1.39 1.39 2.78
11.11
------
0.11 0.23 0.45 1.70 0.11 1.58 0.79 0.23 0.11 0.57 2.26 3.17 4.75 1.24 2.26 2.49 1.47 0.57 0.11 0.11 0.34
ve density ve
------
884.0 884.0 442.0 147.3 884.0 147.3 221.0 884.0 884.0 294.7 884.0 221.0 110.5 294.7 442.0 176.8 221.0 294.7 884.0 884.0 442.0
------
0.08 0.08 0.17 0.50 0.08 0.50 0.33 0.08 0.08 0.25 0.08 0.33 0.67 0.25 0.17 0.42 0.33 0.25 0.08 0.08 0.17
------
0.08 0.17 0.33 1.25 0.08 1.17 0.58 0.17 0.08 0.42 1.67 2.33 3.50 0.92 1.67 1.83 1.08 0.42 0.08 0.08 0.25
------
12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12
------
1 1 2 6 1 6 4 1 1 3 1 4 8 3 2 5 4 3 1 1 2
------
1 2 4 1 7 2 1 5 5 1 1 3
15 14 20 28 42 11 20 22 13
884
Malvaceae Malvaceae Malvaceae Malvaceae Apiaceae Menispermaceae Menispermaceae Meliaceae Moraceae Moraceae Moraceae Moraceae Myrtaceae Nyctaginaceae Olacaceae Phyllanthaceae Rhamnaceae Rubiaceae Rubiaceae Rubiaceae Rubiaceae Rubiaceae Rubiaceae Rubiaceae Rubiaceae Rubiaceae Rhamnaceae Rhamnaceae Sapindaceae Sapindaceae Solanaceae Ulmaceae Zygophyllaceae
tv =outside the quadrates tv . =outside
-
*
*
transect occurred, TT=Total transect, D=Density, F=Frequency, transect, F=Frequency, RD=Relati A=Abundance, D=Density, TT=Total occurred,transect
-
*
*
*
*
Waalk.
L.
*
*
*
*
*
maddi, ET * maddi,
L.
(Roxb.) Planch. (Roxb.)
Lam. *
*
* *
*
Lam.
Schumach.
(L.) Dunal (L.)
L.
B.Heyne ex Roth B.Heyne
(Thunb.) Miers (Thunb.)
Lam.
L.
*
L.
Roxb.
(L.) Diels
L. Mill. (L.)
*
(Retz.) Poir. (Retz.)
(L.) Urb.
(L.) Skeels
(Murray) Kuntze (Murray) (Miq.) Miq. Schum. K. (Linn.)
Roxb.
L.
DC ex Roxb.
(L. Mey. G. f.)
Mill.
L.
L.
(Burm. Borss. (Burm. f.)
no of individuals, TO of no individuals,
-
Hibiscus lobatus Hibiscus Sida cordata Sida cordifolia ulmifoliaGuazuma asiatica Centella hirsutus Cocculus Stephania japonica Melia dubia * arnottiana Ficus benghalensis Ficus racemosa Ficus tomentosa Ficus cumini Syzygium Boerhavia diffusa Ximenia sp. amarus Phyllanthus jujubaZiziphus hispida Borreria stricta Borreria Canthium parviflorum Oldenlandia corymbosa Morinda tinctoria Morinda tomentosa indica Pavetta Randia uliginosa Ixora brachiata mauritiana Ziziphus oenoplia Ziziphus halicacabum Cardiospermum Sapindus trifoliatus Withania somnifera Holoptelea integrifolia terrestris Tribulus
66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98
*=Medicinal plants, N *=Medicinal IVI=Importantindex; RF=Relative frequency, value
Journal of Research in Biology (2013) 3(2): 828-839 832 Harisha and Hosetti, 2013
Where, Pi = No. of individuals of one species/total no of (37 individuals), Vernonia cinerea (32 individuals), individuals in the sample. Borreria hispida (28 individuals), Acacia nilotica and The indices of Species Richness (R) and Species Cyanotis tuberose (27 individuals each) together Evenness (E) were estimated using the following accounting for 7% of the plot’s species and 25% of the formulae. stand density (226 individuals) represented this group. R = (S-1)/log N Fairly Common species (species with 5 to 24 E = (H')/ log S individuals) Where, Thirty species, Morinda tinctoria (22), S = Total no. of species, Oldenlandia corymbosa, Phyllanthus amarus (20 each), N =Total no. of individuals of all the species, Indigofera tinctoria, Tephrosia purpurea (19 each), (H')= Shannon Weiner’s index. Desmodium trifoliate, Hyptis suaveolens (17 each), Parthenium hysterophorus (16), Leucas aspera, RESULTS Guazuma obscura (15 each), Cocculus hirsutus (14), Floristic Structure: Species richness and Density Ziziphus maurtiana (13), Dalbergia lanceolaria, The census of individuals in the study area Leucas stricta (12 each), Achyranthes aspera, resulted in 98 identified plant species which include 85 Euphorbia tirucalli, Canthium parviflorum (11 each), genera and 37 families. Based on their density in the Commelina sinensis, Grewia tiliifolia (10 each), quadrate, species were grouped into following five Carissa carandas, Acacia leucophloea (9 each), categories: Wrightia tinctoria (8), Stephania japonica (7), Predominant species (species with ≥ 50 individuals) Albizia odoratissima, Hemidesmus indicus, Four species, Grewia hirsute (64 individuals) and Capparis zeylanica (6 each), Cassia tora, Grewia sp. (60 individuals), Ocimum americanum (52) Acacia sinuate, Ziziphus oenoplia, and Boerhavia diffusa and Evolvulus alsinoides (50 individuals) belonged to (5 each), accounting for 30% of total species richness this category representing 4% of the plot’s species and and 39% of stand density represented this group and 26% of the plot’s density (242 individuals) (Table 1). collectively they had 355 stems. Dominant species (species with 25 to 49 individuals) Common species (species with 1 to 4 individuals) Seven species, Acacia catechu (49 individuals), Thirty-one species, Ageratum conyzoides, Borreria stricta (42 individuals), Aerva lanata Tridax procumbens, Albizzia amara, Bauhinia racemosa,
An overview of Sanctuary Sanctuary during summer 833 Journal of Research in Biology (2013) 3(2): 828-839 Harisha and Hosetti,2013
Table.2. Family composition and Family Importance Value in Daroji Sloth bear Sanctuary.
Sl. No Family No. of species No. of trees Relative Density Relative Diversity FIV 1 Acanthaceae 2 3 0.3 2.0 2.4 2 Alangiaceae 1 1 0.1 1.0 1.1 3 Amaranthaceae 4 49 5.4 4.0 9.4 4 Aristolochiaceae 1 2 0.2 1.0 1.2 5 Apocynaceae 5 25 2.8 5.1 7.8 6 Asclepiadaceae 4 7 0.8 4.0 4.8 7 Asparagaceae 1 1 0.1 1.0 1.1 8 Asteraceae 4 56 6.2 4.0 10.2 9 Capparaceae 3 8 0.9 3.0 3.9 10 Cactaceae 1 1 0.1 1.0 1.1 11 Celastraceae 1 1 0.1 1.0 1.1 12 Cesalpinaceae 2 6 0.7 2.0 2.7 13 Combretaceae 1 1 0.1 1.0 1.1 14 Convolvulaceae 4 53 5.8 4.0 9.9 15 Commelinaceae 2 37 4.1 2.0 6.1 16 Cucurbitaceae 1 1 0.1 1.0 1.1 17 Ebenaceae 1 1 0.1 1.0 1.1 18 Euphorbiaceae 2 13 1.4 2.0 3.5 19 Fabaceae 17 178 19.6 17.2 36.8 20 Lamiaceae 4 96 10.6 4.0 14.6 21 Malvaceae 9 160 17.6 9.1 26.7 22 Mackinlayaceae 1 1 0.1 1.0 1.1 23 Menispermaceae 2 21 2.3 2.0 4.3 24 Meliaceae 1 2 0.2 1.0 1.2 25 Moraceae 4 4 0.4 4.0 4.5 26 Myrtaceae 1 1 0.1 1.0 1.1 27 Leguminosae 1 1 0.1 1.0 1.1 28 Nyctaginaceae 1 5 0.6 1.0 1.6 29 Olacaceae 1 1 0.1 1.0 1.1 30 Phyllanthaceae 1 20 2.2 1.0 3.2 31 Rhamnaceae 1 1 0.1 1.0 1.1 32 Rubiaceae 8 126 13.9 8.1 21.9 33 Rhamnaceae 2 18 2.0 2.0 4.0 34 Sapindaceae 2 2 0.2 2.0 2.2 35 Solanaceae 1 1 0.1 1.0 1.1 36 Ulmaceae 1 2 0.2 1.0 1.2 37 Zygophyllaceae 1 3 0.3 1.0 1.3 99 909 100.0 100.0 200.0
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(10.26). Family Composition Of the 37 families recorded (three unidentified), Fabaceae is the dominant based on the species richness with 17 species, followed by the Malvaceae, Rubiaceae with nine species each, Apocynaceae with five, Amaranthaceae, Asclepiadaceae, Asteraceae, Convolvulaceae, Lamiaceae and Moraceae with four species each, following by Capparidaceae with three
Sloth bear at Sanctuary species, Acanthaceae, Cesalpinaceae, Commelinaceae, Euphorbiaceae, Menispermaceae, Rhamnaceae and Sida cordifolia (4 each), Abutilon indicum, Sapindaceae with two species each, Alangiaceae, Leptadenia reticulata, Tribulus terrestris (3each), Aristolochiaceae, Asparagaceae, Cactaceae, Barleria sp., Aristolochia indica, Calotropis gigantea, Celastraceae, Combretaceae, Cucurbitaceae, Ebenaceae, Daemia extensa, Kirganelia reticulata, Mimosa pudica, Mackinlayaceae, Myrtaceae, Nyctaginaceae, Olacaceae, Melia dubia, Ipomoea obscura, Sida cordata (2 each), Phyllanthaceae, Rhamnaceae, Solanaceae, Ulmaceae, Cassia auriculata, Cassia fistula, Crotalaria pallida, Zygophyllaceae and Meliaceae with one species each Hibiscus lobatus, Centella asiatica, Syzygium cumini, were recorded. Sapindus trifoliatus, Withania somnifera, Based on density, the top order of families were Amaranthes viridis, Tylophora indica, Opuntia stricta, Fabaceae (178 individuals), Malvaceae (160 individuals), Gymnosporia montana, Cuscuta reflexa and Rubiaceae (126 individuals), Lamiaceae (96 individuals), Trichosanthes sp. (1 each), accounting for 32% of total Asteraceae (56 individuals), Convolvulaceae (53 species richness and 7% of stand density represented this individuals), Amaranthaceae (49 individuals), group and collectively they had 61 stems. Commelinaceae (37 individuals), UK (26 individuals), Rare species (species with ≤1) Apocynaceae (25 individuals), Menispermaceae (21 Twenty-seven species making up 27% of the individuals), Phyllanthaceae (20 individuals), total plot’s species and 3% of stand density formed this Rhamnaceae (18 individuals), Euphorbiaceae (13 group. Anogeissus latifolia, Merremia tridentate, individuals), Capparidaceae (8 individuals), Diospyros paniculata, Abrus precatorius, Asclepiadaceae (7 individuals), Nyctaginaceae (5 Parkinsonia digitata, Grewia damine, Ficus arnottiana, individuals) and Moraceae (4 individuals), Two families Ficus benghalensis, Ficus racemosa, Ficus tomentosa were represented by three species such as Acanthaceae individuals. and Zygophyllaceae, four families were represented by Based on Species Importance Value, two species such as Meliaceae, Aristolochiaceae, Grewia hirsute figured on the top of top ten SIV Sapindaceae and Ulmaceae, thirteen families were hierarchy (21.13), followed by the Evolvulus alsinoides represented by only one species, such as Asparagaceae, (20. 93), Acacia catechu (19.43), Grewia sp. (19.29), Cactaceae, Celastraceae, Combretaceae, Alangiaceae, Vernonia cinerea (17.51), Borreria stricta (15.86), Cucurbitaceae, Ebenaceae, Leguminosae, Tephrosia purpurea (14.65), Aerva lantana (12.52), Mackinlayaceae, Myrtaceae, Olacaceae, Solanaceae and Acacia nilotica (11.39) and Desmodium trifoliate Rhamnaceae were recorded. 835 Journal of Research in Biology (2013) 3(2): 828-839 Harisha and Hosetti, 2013
Based on FIV, Fabaceae (36.8) ranked highest 64 plant species were enumerated, but in present study among families followed by Malvaceae (26.7), 98 plant species have been recorded. The study revealed Rubiaceae (21.9) and Lamiaceae (14.6) (Table 2). that the species composition and diversity of this Diversity Indices sanctuary can be compared with that of many other dry The Shannon-Weiner’s diversity index was found be forests such as Bhadra Wildlife Sanctuary 3.909 for the entire study area, and the Species Richness (Krishnamurthy et al., 2010), Savanadurga State Forest, index and Species Evenness index were found to be Karnataka (Murali et al., 2003). Species richness of the 26.26, 2.03, respectively. present study (99 species for individuals ≥ 1 cm) is closer to the species richness of the dry forests in Puerto DISCUSSION Rico (50 species, Murphy and Lugo, 1986), but far less The study on the floristic diversity is one of the to the 133 species of Savanadurga State Forests of important factor to be analyzed to assess the diversity of Karnataka (Murali et al., 2003). a particular area as well as the diversity of the nation. The Importance Value Index revealed that this The assessment of diversity is also important during this forest is dominated by relatively few species. The seven period where the lot of plants and animals are in threats species listed in top ten SIV hierarchy (Table 1) due to the fragmentation of habitats and decline in comprise about 33 % of the importance values, which habitat quality (Kumar et al., 2000). The decline of was 62 % in Bhadra Wildlife sanctuary followed by the quality of habitat and fragmentation are mainly due to dry forests in Puerto Rico (Murphy and Lugo, 1986) and the anthropogenic activities including the conversion of St. Lucia (Gonzalez and Zak, 1996) also recorded the forest into agriculture land, developmental activities, same observation with the seven most common species mining etc. which affects on the landscapes and species dominating the forests by comprising about 55% and composition (Jerath et al., 2007). 67% of the total importance values, respectively. Assessment of biodiversity will help in The Shannon-Weiner’s diversity index for the understanding the inter-linkages between biological area as a whole was found to be 3.909, the Species resources and human being and which help in taking the Richness index and Species Evenness index was found to best decisions in conservation of natural resource and be 26.26, 2.03, respectively. Rahlan et al. (1982) stated development through sustainable utilization (Jerath et al., that higher the value of diversity, greater will be the plant 2007). This could be achieved only when the community. So it can be stated that the vegetation in quantification of existing resource is known and the Daroji Sloth Bear Sanctuary is stable accordingly to the requirements estimated. This is also true in case of wild figures obtained after the data analysis (Table 1). animals where the availability of food source is The species rarity of the present study is 27%, dependent on the population of those animals in the which is very close to tree diversity of Little Andaman forest. The existence of the diversity in particular area Island with 34% (Rasingam and Parathasarathy, 2009), also depicts the wild animals to be found in that also close to the forests of Kuzhanthaikuppam of particular forest area. In view of the above, the present Coromandel Coast (31%, Parthasarathy and Karthikeyan, study was investigated to know the floral diversity of the 1997), Malaysia (38%, Poore, 1968) and Barro Colorado Daroji Sloth bear sanctuary. island of Panama (40%, Thorington et al., 1982); but less Previous studies conducted in this sanctuary by than those of tropical dry deciduous forests of Bhadra Neginhal et al. (2003) and Madhav Gadgil et al. (2011) Wildlife Sanctuary (54.3%, Krishnamurthy et al., 2010).
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In tropical forests, the abundance and species richness regions, or otherwise this may leads to the habitat depend mostly on the soil type, moisture and distribution fragmentation and destruction. of rainfall (Durigon and Waechter, 2011). The present Based on the present study there is a need to study also revealed that the soil type and rainfall pattern undertake some special ecological developmental of the study area promotes the rich floral diversity projects in the area which include water harvesting indices (Shanon, 3.90). The plants enumerated during the through assured tanks so that water would be available to study also revealed that the diversity present in this area wildlife during hot summer. Construction of boundary greatly supports the food habitat of sloth bears and the wall or fence around the protected area will reduce vegetation pattern and geographical location also helps poaching of wildlife, entry of domestic cattle for grazing the sloth bears to live comfortably in this forest region. and deforestation in the area. The plant species like Grewia hirsute, Grewia hirsuta, Grewia damine, Ziziphus mauritiana, Grewia tiliifolia, CONCLUSION Syzygium cumini, Cassia fistula, Carissa carandas, The study on the floral diversity of Daroji Sloth Ziziphus oenoplia showed the density of 5.33., 5.00., Bear Sanctuary of Bellary district concludes that the 1.08., 0.83., 0.08., 0.08., 0.75 and 0.42 respectively. richness and diversity in the area is mainly due to the Some Ficus sp. also serves as the food for sloth bears. climatological conditions prevailing there. The hard dry The Shannon diversity indices of Western Ghats condition and scarce rainfall have favored mainly thorny (at different altitudes) according to Pascal is measured to and shrubby plants to adopt and grow in such harsh be in the range of 3.6-4.3 and the index is measured terrain conditions and trees resulting in stunted growth. about 2.01-3.7 in the wet evergreen forest of Coorg The fruits, seeds and leaves are consumed by a variety of district (Swamy et al., 2010). In the present study, the birds and animals and thus are easily dispersed. The Shannon diversity index is calculated to be 3.90, which present study will provide the basic information on the indicated that even though the forest type falls under the present status and composition of tree species in a dry deciduous forest, the diversity index can be largely limited area. compared to that of the evergreen forest. The present study signifies the long term monitoring of the ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS vegetation as well as the population of sloth bears in Authors are thankful to Kiran, M.N, ACF, accordance with the availability of food source and good Ravindranath, I.R, RFO and forest watchers of Daroji habitat. This type of studies greatly impact on the Sloth Bear Sanctuary, Karnataka and all those who have ecological balance between the vegetation pattern and shared their information on the study area during the the animal populations. study period. M.N, Harisha is thankful to UGC, New The floral diversity of the present study area also Delhi for sanctioning fellowship (RGNF), to all comprises as many as 65 species of medicinal plants researchers from Panchavati Research Academy for (Table.1). There is an urgent need to protect these Nature (PRANA) Trust, Linganamakki, Sagara (TQ), medicinal plants from grazing animals (sheep, goat), Shivamogga and also to Kuvempu University for support which are being forcibly invaded into the sanctuary by and facilities. the surrounding villagers. The vegetation and the wealth of this sanctuary need to be protected also from the REFERENCES mining (quarrying) which are being run nearby hillock Bruford MW. 2002. Biodiversity-Evolution. Species, 837 Journal of Research in Biology (2013) 3(2): 828-839 Harisha and Hosetti, 2013
Genes. Cited in; Conserving bird’s biodiversity: General Prema Iyer, Ramachandra TV, Yogesh Gokhale. Principles and their Application. Cambridge University 2011. Checklist of Flowering Plants of Daroji Bear press U.K. 1-19. Sanctuary, Karnataka. Status of Karnataka Biodiversity. SAHYADRI E-NEWS: Issue XI. Sahyadri: Western Durigon J and Waechter JL. 2011. Floristic Ghats Biodiversity Information System ENVIS @CES, composition and biogeographic relations of a subtropical Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore. http:// assemblage of climbing plants. Biodiversity www.ces.iisc.ernet.in/biodiversity/sahyadri_enews/ Conservation. 20(5):1027-1044. newsletter/issue11/hotspot/index.htm.
Gamble JS. 1935. Flora of the Presidency of Madras. Michael P. 1990. Ecological methods for field and (Vol1-4) Adlard and Son Limited 21, Hart Street. W.O. laboratory investigations. Tata McGraw Hill Publishing
Gonzalez OJ and Zak DR. 1996. Tropical dry forest of Company Limited, New Delhi. St. Lucia, West Indies. Biotropica. 28: 618-626. Murali KS, Kavitha A and Harish RP. 2003. Spatial
Harisha MN, Ajay GA, Kumar MD. 2008. Floristic Patterns of trees and shrub species diversity in and avifaunal diversity of Jogimatti state forest, Savanadurga State Forest, Karnataka. Current Science.84 Chitradurga, Karnataka. My forest. 44 (3): 225-235. (6): 808-813.
Jerath N, Singh G, Singh CK and Alkesh S. 2007. Murphy PG and Lugo AE. 1986. Structure and Biological Diversity: The Very Stuff of Life. Punjab biomass of subtropical dry forest in Puerto Rico. Biodiversity Board, Punjab state council for science and Biotropica. 18(2): 89-96. technology, Chandigarh and UNESCO, New Delhi. Neginhal SG, Harish R Bhat, Pramod S and Karthik
Khan MA. 2011. Promotion and conservation of native G. 2003. Biodiversity Hotspot Report for Daroji Bear flora and fauna in newly established agro-biodiversity Sanctuary. http://www.ces.iisc.ernet.in/biodiversity/ park in Acharya NG Ranga Agricultural University, sahyadri_enews/newsletter/issue11/hotspot/hotspots/ Hyderabad. International Journal of Farm Sciences. 1 Daroji.htm. (2): 150-157. Parthasarathy N and Karthikeyan R. 1997a.
Krishnamurthy YL, Prakasha HM, Nanda A, Biodiversity and population density of woody species in Krishnappa M, Dattaraja, HS and Suresh HS. 2010. a tropical evergreen forest in Courtallum reserve forest, Vegetation structure and floristic composition of a Western Ghats, India. Tropical Ecology. 38: 297-306. tropical dry deciduous forest in Bhadra Wildlife Parthasarathy N and Karthikeyan R. 1997b. Plant Sanctuary, Karnataka, India. Tropical Ecology. 51(2): biodiversity inventory and conservation of two tropical 235-246. dry evergreen forest on the Coromandel Coast, Southern
Kumar A, Walker S and Molar S. 2000. Prioritisation India. Biodiversity and Conservation. 6: 1063-1083. of Endangered species. Setting Biodiversity conservation Poore, MED. 1968. Studies in Malaysian rainforest. The Priorities for India. Singh S, Sastry ARK, Mehta R and forest on Triassic sediments in Jengka forest reserve. Uppal V. New Delhi, WWF-India. 2:341-425. Journal of Ecology. 56: 143-196.
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Rasingam L and Parathasarathy N. 2009. Tree species diversity and population structure across major forest formations and disturbance categories in Little Andaman Island, India. Tropical Ecology. 50(1): 89-102.
Shukla, RS and Chandel PS. 1980. Plant Ecology. S. Chand and Company Ltd., New Delhi. 197.
Swamy SL, Dutt CBS, Murthy MSR, Alka Mishra and Bargali SS. 2010. Floristics and dry matter dynamics of tropical wet evergreen forests of Western Ghats, India. Current Science. 99(3,10) : 353-364.
Thorington Jr, Tannenbaum RWB, Tarak A and Rudran R. 1982. Distribution of trees on Barro Colorado Island: A five hectare sample. pp. 83-94. In: E.G. Leigh Jr., A.S. Rand & D.M. Windsor (eds.) The Ecology of a Tropical Forest-Seasonal Rhythms and Long-term Changes. Smithsonian Institute Press. Washington, DC.
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839 Journal of Research in Biology (2013) 3(2): 828-839 Journal of Research in Biology documents/RA0331.pdf. http://jresearchbiology.com/ Address:Web [email protected] Email: Hosetti BB. Correspondingauthor: Karnataka. 577451,Shimoga, Sahyadri,Shankaraghatta KuvempuUniversity, Jnana researchinApplied Zoology, Graduatestudies and Department* of Post Shimoga,Karnataka. Shankaraghatta University,Jnana Sahyadri, Management,Kuvempu researchinWildlife Graduatestudies and Department 1. of Post Institution: Hosetti BB Harisha andMN Authors: inBiology Research of Journal Journal of Research inofBiology Journal Research Butterfly faunaof DarojiSloth Bear Sanctuary, Hospet,Bellary District, An International Scientific An International
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INTRODUCTION The sanctuary located between 15°14' to 15°17' N More than half of earth’s diversity comprises the latitude and 76°31' to 76°40' E longitude at an elevation insects. Butterflies (Lepidoptera: Rhopalocera) plays an of 647 m above mean sea level with the temperature important role in both ecological and economical ranged between 20°-43°C. The sanctuary is close to the benefits to human beings. They increase aesthetic value Hampi a renowned world heritage site in Bellary district. and actively involved in pollination thus help in seed Sanctuary area belongs to Deccan Plateau scrub jungle setting of plants. Butterflies enhance earth’s beauty due characterized by vast stretches of undulating plains with to their diverse colors on their wings (May, 1992). Due intermittent parallel chains of hills, mostly bare and to their beauty and ecological significance butterflies are stony, granite boulder outcrops. This habitat makes the the well studied group throughout the world (Ghazoul, sloth bears to live comfortably in unique geographical 2002). The habitat of butterflies is very specific and their location. occurrence is seasonal (Kunte, 1997). They are also considered as the good indicators of habitat quality MATERIAL AND METHODS including anthropogenic disturbances (Kocher and A study of butterfly diversity was conducted Williams, 2000). Butterflies always attracted the from February 2010 to January 2012 to compare with attention of researchers, ecologists and conservationist earlier reports and to record their status and abundance. by their community assemblage and the influencing The survey was conducted to once in a month for a factors. period of two years from February 2010 to January 2012. Butterflies are broadly considered as potent Butterflies were recorded by direct visual observation ecological indicators (Erhardt, 1985; Brown, 1991; and identified by using various field guides (Gay et al., Kremen, 1992) and are sensitive to the temperature, 1992; Antram, 2002; Wynter-Blynth, 1957, Kunte, 2000; humidity, and light levels and also to the habitat Sharma et al., 2005). disturbance (Balmer and Erhardt, 2000). The relationship The line transect method developed by the between plants and butterflies is highly complex and Institution of Terrestrial Ecology (Pollard, 1979) was co-evolved (Ehrlich and Raven, 1964), since the followed to monitor the diversity. The butterflies were butterflies depend on plants for the food and completion encountered along a fixed transect route of 2 km and of their life cycle, contrary to this many of the recorded regularly at an interval of every 15 day per economically important plant species are pollinated by month in the study period. Based on the visual butterflies (Borges et al., 2003). In view of the above, observation i.e., presence-absence scoring method there is a need to conserve butterflies. Even though the made during the entire study period. On the basis of tropic is abund with diverse fauna including insects, the percentage of occurrence the status of butterflies was data on the diversity of insects both in natural and man determined and categorized into three groups such 1-6% made habitats still lacking. This situation prompted us to as rare (R), 7-18% as Common (C) and >18% as very document the butterfly diversity in Daroji Sloth Bear common (VC). Sanctuary India. STUDY AREA RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Daroji Sloth Bear Sanctuary (5,587.30 hectares) The study revealed the presence of 41 species of is unique sanctuary in Karnataka, and is the only butterflies, belonging to five families. The family sanctuary for sloth bear situated in North Karnataka. Papilionidae is represented by 6 species; Lycaenidae 7 841 Journal of Research in Biology (2013) 3(2): 840-846 Harisha and Hosetti., 2013
Common Silverline Butterfly Lemon Pansy Butterfly species; Nymphalidae 15 species; Pieridae 12 species; fragmentation, grazing pressure and change in land use and Hesperidae by single species. The checklists of all pattern are mainly responsible for diversity loss of both the species observed with their status are given in butterflies and plants. Along with the above, mining Table 1. Out of 41 species recorded during the present activity can also be treated as potential threat to investigation, 28 species have already been reported by biodiversity loss in this area. Lycaenidae family Neginhal et al., (2003); Madhav Gadgil et al., (2011) and members are largely affected both in terms of abundance found during present study period. It is likely that many and diversity since they feed on grasses, which is lost more species could be added to the list on further due to grazing. exploration of this area. Analysis on the status of Apart from butterflies, other threatened butterflies shows that 15 were rare, 12 were common and wildlife recorded in the study area during the present 14 were very common, similar pattern was reported in survey were, Sloth Bear, Melursus ursinus the Tiger-Lion Safari, Thyavarekoppa of Shimoga, (Vulnerable; Garshelis et al., 2008), Indian Python, Karnatka (Pramod et al., 2007). Python molurus molurus and Jackal, Canis aureus and Butterflies are sensitive to changes in the habitat Yellow-throated Bulbul, Pycnonotus xantholaemus a and climate, which influence their distribution and globally threatened species and restricted to the southern abundance (Wynter-Blyth, 1957). Two specie viz,- Deccan plateau (BirdLife International, 2001), Leopard Pachliopta hector L and Hypolimnas misippus L Panthera pardus listed as a "Near Threatened" species recorded in this region have a protected status under the on the IUCN Red List (Henschel et al., 2008). Indian schedule I part IV of Indian Wildlife Protection Act, 1972 (Arora, 2003) and Lampides boeticus under Schedule IV (Gupta et al., 2005). Similar pattern has been reported from Melghat region of Maharashtra and Ankua Reserve Forest of Jharkhand (Mamata Chandraker et al., 2007) and Jogimatti state forest of Chitradurga (Harish et al., 2009). The conservation activities such as the monitoring and mapping of biodiversity played a key role in determining the status of the diversity (Margules and Pressey, 2000). The habitat Peacock Pansy, Butterfly
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Table 1. List of butterflies along with their status in the Daroji Sloth Bear Sanctuary, Bellary. Status Sl.No Common name Scientific name
Family: Papilionidae 1 Common Blue Bottle Graphium sarpedon (Linnaeus) R 2 Crimson Rose* Pachliopta hector (Linnaeus) VC 3 Common Rose Pachliopta aristolochiae (Fabricius) R 4 Tailed Jay Graphium Agamemnon (Linnaeus) C 5 Blue Mormon** Papilio polymnestor (Cramer) R 6 Common Mormon Papilio polytes (Linnaeus) C Family: Lycaenidae 7 Common Silverline Spindasis vulcanus (Fabricius) R 8 Common Pierrot Castalius rosimon (Fabricius) VC 9 Common Cerulean Jamides celeno (Cramer) VC 10 Dark Cerulean Jamides bochus (Stoll) C 11 Dark Grass Blue Zizeeria karsandra (Moore) VC 12 Pea Blue Lampides boeticus (Linnaeus) C 13 Grass Jewel Freyeria trochylus (Kollar) C Family: Nymphalidae 14 Common Castor Ariadne merione (Cramer) R 15 Tawny Coaster Acraea violae (Fabricius) VC 16 Blue Tiger Tirumala linniace (Cramer) VC 17 Plain Tiger Danaus chrysippus (Linnaeus) R 18 Striped Tiger Danaus genutia (Cramer) C 19 Indian Common Crow Euploea core (Cramer) VC 20 Danaid Eggfly** Hypolimnas misippus (Linnaeus) C 21 Lemon Pansy Junonia lemonias (Linnaeus) VC 22 Peacock Pansy Junonia almana (Linnaeus) C 23 Yellow Pansy Junonia hierta (Fabricius) C 24 Chocolate Pansy Junonia iphita (Cramer) C 25 Grey Pansy Junonia atlites (Linnaeus) R 26 Common Evening Brown Melanitis leda (Linnaeus) VC 27 Common Sailor Neptis hylas (Moore) VC 28 Common Leopard Phalanta phalantha (Drury) VC 29 Common Four Ring Ypthima baldus (Fabricius) VC Family: Pieridae 30 Indian Cabbage White Pieris canidia (Linnaeus) C 31 Crimson Tip Colotis danae (Linnaeus) R 32 Pioneer Anaphaeis aurota (Fabricius) VC 33 Common Emigrant Catopsilia Pomona (Fabricius) C 34 Common Jezebel** Delias eucharis (Drury) R 35 Common Grass Yellow Eurema hecabe (Linnaeus) VC 36 Great Orange Tip Hebomoia glaucippe (Linnaeus) R 37 White Orange Tip Ixias Marianne (Cramer) R 38 Yellow Orange Tip Ixias pyrene (Linnaeus) R 39 Large Salmon Arab Colotis fausta (Olivier) R 40 Small Salmon Arab Colotis amata (Fabricius) R 41 Common Wanderer Pareronia valeria (Joicey & Talbot) C Family: Hesperiidae 42 Indian Skipper Spialia galba (Fabricius) R VC-Very common; C-Common; R-Rare, *-Endemic to Western Ghats; **-Endemic to Peninsular India and Sri Lanka
843 Journal of Research in Biology (2013) 3(2): 840-846 Harisha and Hosetti., 2013
Chameleon, Chamaeleo zeylanicus is listed in Schedule New Delhi, 85pp. II of the Indian Wildlife (Protection) Act 1972. Balmer O and Erhardt A. 2000. Consequences of CONCLUSION succession on extensively grazed grassland for central The presence of all these species indicates that European butterfly communities: Rethinking this forest is rich and unique habitat that hold animal conservation practices. Conservation Biology 14: 746- diversity that is typical of ‘undisturbed tropical dry 757. deciduous scrub forests’. Disturbances in the form of anthropogenic activities such as open cast mining, Birdlife International. 2001. Threatened Birds of Asia. construction of roads, movement of heavy vehicles, BirdLife International Red Data Book. Birdlife firewood collection, etc. can result in habitat International, Cambridge, U. K.: Birdlife International. fragmentation, population loss and cause local extinctions that would seriously affect the distribution of Borges RM, Gowda V and Zacharias M. 2003. forest butterflies. Based on the results of this study, it is Butterfly pollination and highcontrast visual signals in a recommended that long-term conservation of these low-density distylous plant. Oecologia. 136, 571-573. fragmenting tropical Deccan scrub forest habitats in Bellary Forest Division is to protect the biodiversity Brown KS. 1991. The conservation of insects and their which can be achieved through ‘good mining practices’ habitats, pp. 350-403. In: Conservation of Neotropical and strict vigilance. Environments: Insects as Indicators. 15th Symposium of the Royal Entomological Society. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS We are grateful to ACF and RFO of Daroji Sloth Ehrlich PR and Raven PH. 1964. Butterflies and Bear Sanctuary, Bellary Forest Division who have plants: a study in co-evolution. Evolution 18: 586-608. encouraged and directed this work from the beginning. I also thank the two forest watchers Putteshi and Erhardt A. 1985. Diurnal Lepidoptera: Sensitive Anjinappa for their support and assistance in the field. indicators of cultivated and abandoned grassland. MNH is thankful to UGC, New Delhi for sanctioning Journal of Applied Ecology. 22: 849-861. (RGNF) Fellowship, to research team of Panchavati Research Academy for Nature (PRANA) Trust, Garshelis DL, Ratnayeke S and Chauhan NPS. 2008. Linganamakki, Sagar (Tq), Shivamogga for support and Melursus ursinus. In: IUCN 2010. IUCN Red List also to Kuvempu University for facilities. of Threatened Species. Version 2010.2.
Amendment Act, 2002. Professional Book Publishers,
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Gay TI, Kehimkar D and Punitha JC. 1992. Common Karnataka. Status of Karnataka Biodiversity. Butterflies of India. Oxford University Press, Oxford. SAHYADRI E-NEWS: Issue XI. Sahyadri: Western Ghats Biodiversity Information System ENVIS @CES, Gupta I J. and Mondal DK. 2005. Red Data Book, Part Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore. http:// II: Butterflies of India. Zoological Society of India, www.ces.iisc.ernet.in/biodiversity/sahyadri_enews/ Kolkata. newsletter/issue11/hotspot/index.htm.
Harish MN, Hosetti BB and Shahnawax A. 2009. Mamata Chandraker, Sachin Palekar and Sangita A checklist of Butterfly from Jogimatti State Forest, Chandrakar. 2007. Butterfly Fauna of Melghat Region, Chitradurga, Karnataka. Journal of Insect environment. Maharashtra. Zoos’ Print Journal. 22(7): 2762-2764. 15(3):113-116. Margules CR and Pressey RL. 2000. Systematic Henschel P, Hunter L, Breitenmoser U, Purchase N, conservation planning. Nature. 405: 243-253. Packer C, Khorozyan I, Bauer H, Marker L, May PG. 1992. Flower selection and the dynamics of Sogbohossou E, Breitenmoser-Würsten C. 2008. lipid reserves in two nectarivorous butterflies. Ecol.73 "Panthera pardus". IUCN Red List of Threatened (6): 2181-2191. Species. Version 2011.2. International Union for
Conservation of Nature. Neginhal SG, Harish R Bhat, Pramod S and Karthik
G. 2003. Biodiversity Hotspot Report for Daroji Bear Kunte K. 1997. Seasonal patterns in butterfly abundance Sanctuary. http://www.ces.iisc.ernet.in/biodiversity/ and species diversity in four tropical habitats in the sahyadri_enews/newsletter/issue11/hotspot/hotspots/ northern Western Ghats. J. Biosci. 22: 593-603. Daroji.htm.
Kunte K. 2000. India-A Life scape Butterflies of Pramod Kumar MPM, Hosetti BB, Poornesha HC Peninsular India. Indian Academy of Sciences, and Raghavendra Gowda HT. 2007. Butterflies of the Bangalore, Universities Press. 270pp. Tiger-Lion Safari, Thyavarekoppa, Shimoga, Karnataka.
Zoos’ print Journal. 22(8):2805. Kocher SD and Williams EH. 2000. The diversity and
abundance of North American butterflies, vary with Pollard E. 1979. A national scheme for monitoring the habitat disturbance and geography. J. Biogeogr. 27: 785- abundance of butterflies. The First Three Years British 794. Entomological and Natural History Society. Proceedings
and Transations. 12:77-99. Kremen C. 1992. Assessing the indicator properties of
species assemblages for natural area monitoring. Sharma RM and, Radhakrishna C. 2005. Insecta: Ecological Applications 2: 203-217. Lepidoptera (Rhopalocera and Grypocera) Fauna of
Melghat Tiger Reserve Conservation Area Series, 24. Madhav Gadgil, Geetha Gadagkar, Harish R Bhat, Aoological Survey of India, Kolkata. 377-400. Prema Iyer, Ramachandra TV, Yogesh Gokhale.
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Wynter-Blynth MA. 1957. Butterflies of the Indian Region, Bombay Natural History Society, Bombay-523. 72.
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Journal of Research in Biology (2013) 3(2): 840-846 846 Journal of Research in Biology documents/RA0334.pdf. http://jresearchbiology.com/ Address:Web [email protected] Email: ArioleCN. Correspondingauthor: Nigeria. P.M.B5323, Port Harcourt, Universityof Harcourt,Port LaboratoryTechnology, School 2. of Science Harcourt,Port Nigeria. Harcourt,Port P.M.B 5323, Microbiology,University of Department 1. of Institution: AnokwuruB ArioleCN Authors: inBiology Research of Journal Journal of Research inofBiology Journal Research Scientific ResearchScientificJournal
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INTRODUCTION ecological importance, availability and ease of handling Freshwater molluscs play an important role in (Fuller et al., 2004). Although the tests are laboratory aquatic ecosystems, providing food for many fish species based, simple, of single variable and do not necessarily and vertebrates (Maltchik, et al., 2010). Pila ovata, a simulate the field situations, they nonetheless provide tropical freshwater snail, is among the molluscan useful information on the potential of the pollutant to seafoods that are widely distributed in streams, lakes harm the biota (Akbari et al., 2004). and rivers across the southern rain forests in Nigeria The toxicity of copper to aquatic organisms such (Ariole and Ezevununwo, 2013). It serves as a major as tropical freshwater prawn (Kaoud, 2013) and fish source of protein as well as generating income to the (Olaifa et al., 2004; Abou El-Naga et al., 2005; people. Stasiūnaitė, 2005; Mickėniėnė et al., 2007) have been The contamination of freshwater with a wide reported. There is dearth of information on the toxicity of range of pollutants has become a matter of concern over copper to mollusc, Pila ovata. the last few decades (Vutukuru, 2005). Chemicals Therefore, the present study aimed to evaluate derived from agricultural operations (pesticides and the potential toxicity of copper to freshwater snail herbicides) and industrial effluents, such as metals, (Pila ovata) so as to ascertain its level of tolerance and ultimately find their way into a variety of different water its suitability as bio-indicator in freshwater environment. bodies and can produce a range of toxic effects in aquatic organisms (Al-Kahtani, 2009). MATERIALS AND METHODS Copper salts (copper hydroxide, copper Pila ovata was collected from Okpuhur Creek in carbonate and copper sulphate) are widely used in Ahoada, Rivers State, Nigeria. The snails were agriculture as fungicide, algaecide and nutritional handpicked and placed in a plastic bucket containing supplement in fertilizers. They are also used in veterinary habitat water. On reaching the laboratory, active snails practices and industrial applications. Copper sulphate is were selected for acclimatization for 10days at room released to water as a result of natural weathering of soil temperature (APHA, 1998) in a vessel containing habitat and discharge from industries, sewage treatment plants water. . and agricultural runoff. Copper sulphate is also Chemically pure copper sulphate (CuSO4 5H2O) intensively introduced in water reservoirs to kill algae. dissolved in distilled water was used as a stock solution. Thus, excessive amount of copper accumulates in water The required concentration was calculated according bodies and cause toxicity of aquatic fauna and flora to the amount of copper ions. Five concentrations (Kaoud, 2013). Copper is essential for the normal growth (0.0 mg/l), 0.05 mg/l, 0.1 mg/l, 0.5 mg/l, 1.0 mg/l and and metabolism of nearly all organisms including 2.0 mg/l) were prepared using water from the habitat of mollusc. However, when biological requirements are the snail as diluent. The control was dilution water exceeded, this metal can become harmful to aquatic biota without toxicant. A preliminary range finding test (Hall et al., 1997). (Rahman et al., 2002) was first performed to determine Acute toxicity bioassay are widely used to assess the concentrations used in the definitive tests. The 96 h the effects of pollutants on one or more organisms acute toxicity bioassay was carried out using the usually based on the determination of acute lethal procedure of APHA (1998). Triplicate sets of glass tanks toxicity and sub-lethal toxicity test using sensitive (29 x 29 x 30 cm) for each copper concentration were species or organisms based on their economic and employed. Ten snails of fairly equal sizes were 848 Journal of Research in Biology (2013) 3(2): 847-851 Ariole and Anokwuru., 2013
handpicked and carefully transferred into each test tanks. increased. The LT50 for freshwater snail in different Mortality was recorded at 24, 48, 72 and 96 hours of copper ion concentrations are shown in Table 2 and
exposure time as described by Odiete (1999). Dead snails Figure 2. There is negative correlation between the LT50 were removed at each observation and the test solution in values and copper ion concentrations; when the copper
each tank was renewed every 24 h. The test was ion concentrations levels decrease, LT50 values increased terminated after 96 h and repeated three times to confirm (Table 2 and Figure 2). The survival percentages were the data. found to be significantly different from each other as Data analysis shown in Table 3.
Probit analysis (Sprague, 1973) was used to The LC50 of copper vary considerably when transform each test concentration and the corresponding previous reports on fish species are compared and also
percentage mortality. The method described by Finney with LC50 values obtained in this study. The 96 hr LC50 (1971) was used to determine the median lethal values of copper ions for rainbow trout (Gϋndoğdu,
concentration (LC50) and median lethal time (LT50). The 2008), Mugil seheli (Abou El-Naga, 2005) and number of survivors in different concentrations of copper Macrobrachium rosenbergii (Kaoud, 2013) were was tested for significant differences using one way 0.094 mg/l, 1.64 mg/l and 0.35 mg/l respectively. The
analysis of variance (ANOVA). variation in the LC50 values for the same metal may be due to species type, chemical structure of metal RESULTS AND DISCUSSION compound, the conditions of the experiment (water The probit mortality rate increased with temperature, salinity, oxygen content and pH) and increasing copper ion concentrations as shown in Figure geographical regions. That is why the data obtained in 1. No mortality occurred in the control group. The different countries can hardly be extrapolated to local relationships between copper concentrations and probit conditions. Therefore, experimental work is needed to mortality were analysed. The results in basic correlation obtain the data corresponding to the conditions of the analysis illustrated a positive linear relationship given region.
(Figure 1). The 24, 48, 72 and 96 h LC50 of copper to The results of this study indicated that mortality Pila ovata were 4.67, 2.12, 1.64 and 0.59 respectively and time were influenced by the concentration levels of
(Table 1). The result showed that the LC50 value of copper and that copper is toxic to Pila ovata. It has been copper ion to Pila ovata decreased as the exposure time reported that Pila ovata is capable of bioaccumulating
Figure 1: Median Lethal Concentration (LC50) of Figure 2: Median Lethal Time (LT50) of Copper to Pila ovata Copper to Pila ovata
Journal of Research in Biology (2013) 3(2): 847-851 849
Ariole and Anokwuru., 2013
Table 1: Median lethal concentration (LC50) of Table 2: Median lethal time (LT50) of copper to Pila ovata copper to Pila ovata
Time (hr) LC50 (mg/l) Concentration (mg/l) Time (hr) 24 4.67 0.05 123.86 48 2.12 0.1 97.20 72 1.64 0.5 83.33 96 0.59 1.0 75.32 2.0 60.04
trace metals (Ezemonye et al., 2006). This poses health (2):60-71.
issue when consumed by human. Therefore, caution Akbari S, Law AT and Shariff M. 2004. Toxicity of should be exercised against water source contamination water soluble fractions of crude oil to fish, and exposure to fertilizer and industrial pollution which Lutjanus argentimaculatus and shrimp, Penaeus could pose serious threat to their survival in natural monodon. Iranian Journal of Science and Technology 28:169-175. environment. Al-Kahtani MA. 2009. Accumulation of heavy metals in Tilapia fish (Oreochromis niloticus from Al-Khadoud spring, Al-Hassa, Saudi Arabia, American Journal of Applied sciences 6(12):2024-2029.
APHA. 1998. Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater 20th ed. American Public Health Association, Washington, D.C.
Ariole CN and Ezevununwo O. 2013. Acute toxicity of dichlorvos on tropical freshwater snail (Pila ovata). Figure 3: Minimum lethal concentration and International Journal of Biosciences 3(1):70-75.
minimum lethal time of copper to Pila ovata Ezemonye LIN, Enobakhare V and Ilechie I. 2006. Bioaccumulation of heavy metals (Cu, Zn, Fe) in Table 3: Survivors of Pila ovata exposed to different freshwater snail (Pila ovata; Oliver 1804) from Ikpoba concentrations of copper River of Southern Nigeria. Journal of Aquatic Sciences Concentration (mg/l) Survival (%) (Mean ±S.D) 21(1):23-28.
a Control (0) 100 ± 0.00 Finney DJ. 1971. Probit Analysis. 3rd edition Cambridge 0.05 60b ± 0.67 University Press, London, 333. 0.1 46.67c ± 0.67 d 0.5 36.67 ± 0.67 Fuller J, Bonner J, Page C, Ernest A, McDonald T 1.0 30e ± 0.67 2.0 23.33f ± 0.67 and McDonald S. 2004. Comparative toxicity of oil, dispersant and oil-plus-dispersant to several marine Mean values which do not have the same superscript species. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry letter are significantly different (p<0.05) 23(12):2941-2949.
Gϋndoğdu A. 2008. Acute toxicity of zinc and copper REFERENCES for rainbow trout (Onchorhyncus mykiss). Journal of Abou El-Naga EH, El-Moselhy KM and Hamed MA. Fisheries Sciences.com 2(5):711-721. 2005. Toxicity of cadmium and copper and their effect on some biochemical parameters of marine fish Hall LW, Scott MC and Killen WD. 1997. Ecological Mugil seheli. Egyptian Journal of Aquatic Research 31 risk assessment of copper and cadmium in the surface waters of Chesapeake Bay watershed. Environmental 850 Journal of Research in Biology (2013) 3(2): 847-851 Ariole and Anokwuru., 2013
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Stasiūnaitė P. 2005. Toxicity of copper to embryonic Submit your articles online at www.jresearchbiology.com development of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Acta zoologica Lituanica 15(3):259-265. Advantages Easy online submission Vutukuru SS. 2005. Acute effects of hexavalent Complete Peer review chromium on survival, oxygen consumption, Affordable Charges Quick processing hematological parameters and some biochemical profiles Extensive indexing of the Indian major carp, Labeo rohita. Journal of You retain your copyright Environmental Research and Public Health 2(3):456- 462. [email protected]
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