OHIO ARCHAEOLOGIST

VOLUME 13 JANUARY, 1963 NUMBER 1

Published by THE ARCHAEOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF OHIO

(Formerly Ohio Indian Relic

Collectors Society) The President's Page

Perhaps the most important single position in our Society is that of Edi­ tor of the "Ohio Archaeologist." Ed Atkinson, in his years of holding that position, has made the "Archaeologist" probably the outstanding magazine among those published by state archaeological societies in this country.

It is, therefore, with the deepest regret that we received the letter an­ nouncing his decision to resign. Speaking for the whole membership of the Society, I take this opportunity to thank him for the many hours he has spent, the hard work he has put in, and the fine job he has accomplished in editing our magazine. His shoes will be hard to fill.

As I write this, we are preparing for the meeting in Dayton on March 10. This is the first of the meetings planned by the Executive Board to be held in cities of the state other than Columbus. I trust that by the time you read this the meeting will have turned out very successfully and that the weather will have co-operated. It will be a rare treat to have Dr. John Witthoft as our speaker.

In addition to displays of fine artifacts, either of assorted types, or of one particular type, we should like to urge members to bring displays of site material from locations they have hunted over or dug. While these arti­ facts are not often perfect or beautiful, they do tell important stories of the places where they were found, and about the people who lived there. Other members may have found sites with similar material; by comparing notes you may be able to extend the known areas of certain cultures.

It will not be long now until we can be out in the fields, searching for new finds, and thankful that this record-breaking winter is over at last. Do not forget to send records of sites you have found to our Technical Adviser, Raymond S. Baby, at the Ohio State Museum. This is a wonderful opportunity for our Society to do an important job for Ohio archaeology by helping to per­ fect the records which the Archaeological Department at the Museum keeps on sites in the state. Mr. Baby will gladly furnish site record sheets if you will drop him a card.

Yours for successful hunting this spring!

John C. Allman, President

- 2 - These Adena leaf-shaped blades are from the collection of the Fire- lands Museum in Norwalk, Ohio. Such blades are usually found in caches and beneath mounds, and occasionally in grave association. The larger one (right) is made from the white Flint Ridge material extensively used by Adena, and shows a quartz crystal inclusion at the lower right. The smaller specimen (left) is made from the matte-surfaced varicolored flint from the Ridge, and exhibits at the top and lower left the unusual mustard-brown color; other areas include a delicate pink and a cream color liberally mottled with blue. The late Dr. Leon Kramer had several blades of this size and of similar flint in his collection. Both of the present specimens show a scraper edge on part of one side of the base. Nothing is known of the origin of these artifacts, but presumably they were found in the Firelands area of Erie and Huron Counties. (Photograph and comments courtesy of Arthur George Smith, Curator of Archaeology, Firelands Museum.)

3 - The Editor's Page February 14, 1963

John C. Allman, President The Archaeological Society of Ohio

Dear John, With very deep regret, here is my resignation as Editor of "Ohio Archae­ ologist" and as a member of the Society's Board of Directors.

While I would like to have this resignation effective this date, you know you can count on me to do what I can to further the progress of the January 1963 issue, and to make a smooth transition to the new Editor just as soon as he can be named. (signed Ed W. Atkinson) ***** "With very deep regret" hardly expresses the disappointment I feel in not being able to continue as Editor of "Ohio Archaeologist" and maintain the reg­ ular publishing schedule. I've given up hard.

But the plain facts are these: (1) the demands of my business must come first and these demands have been, and apparently will continue to be, more pressing than I had anticipated; (2) because of limitations of time and energy I cannot promise to adhere to the desired quarterly publication schedule.

To the officers and trustees of our Society ... and to the members ... my sincere thanks for their patience and understanding during the erratic publish­ ing period since November 1961. To the Technical and Associate Editors Ray Baby and Thyra Kabealo, and to the Editorial Staff and Publications Committee, my deep appreciation for their help.

Thank you all.

Ed W. Atkinson

- 4 - Gems of the flint-knapper's skill are these extreme "eccentric" shapes, assumed to be fakes. This photograph was found among the records of the late Freeman Mooney of Mt. Sterling, Ohio. Your Editor would like to record data that will supplement this photo­ graphic record. Does any reader know more about the origins of these fakes and their present whereabouts ? Fig. 1 (Matthews) -- Archaic cache found in Jefferson County, Kentucky.

6 - Archaic Cache From Jefferson County, Kentucky by James J. Matthews, 3712 Rouge Way, Louisville 18, Ky.

A collector finds very few caches of relics in a lifetime of search­ ing the fields. It has been my good fortune to have found three such caches in 26 years of hunting. A portion of one cache was pictured in "Ohio Archaeol­ ogist", vol. 8, no. 4, Fig. M, page 121, October 1958. I wrote "Sarge" Smith concerning the cache pictured in the issue of July-October 1962, as I felt it was a little unusual. He informed me he had heard of ax-bannerstone caches in the Archaic assemblage, in association with burials and not in burial associa­ tion.

The cache (Fig. 1) was found on the old Calhoun Farm off Minor's Lane in Jefferson County, Kentucky. This site has long yielded a fine assemblage of Archaic artifacts. I know of at least eight hardstone banners from the area concerned. The site had been graded in the spring of 1961 in preparation for building a subdivision. Two feet of soil had been removed down to the clay hardpan. During the summer, work had ceased and a sparse growth of weeds had covered the site. I decided on the 23rd of September to walk over my old hunt­ ing site, for possibly the last time, with my friend Gene Atherton.

We had walked over the site for about an hour, finding only a small thumbnail scraper and a broken projectile point. My friend was about 50 yards away when I spotted a small green granite pebble exposed, about quarter size, in the clay hardpan. I usually carry a small garden shovel and I hit the small patch of green granite expecting a small pebble to emerge. To my sur­ prise it was the upper edge of the head of the large ax.

The large ax was placed bit end down. The ax in the lower left of the photo lay about 3" below the surface to the left of the large ax, blade toward it. The prismoidal "saddleface" banner was found about 2" below the smaller ax. The ax in the lower right of the photo lay about 4" below the soil surface to the right of the large ax with blade toward it.

The large ax is beautifully made of green granite, three-quarter grooved, deeply fluted, and weighs 6 pounds and 13 ounces. The ax in the lower right corner of the photo is of black and white speckled granite, three- quarter grooved, weighs 2 pounds and 7 ounces, with slight fluting. The ax in the upper right corner is of black and white speckled granite and weighs 1 pound and 13 ounces. It, too, is three-quarter grooved and is slightly fluted. The saddleface bannerstone is 2 1/2" long and 2" wide, fully drilled. The ma­ terial is a light brown, lightly speckled gneissic material. All of the arti­ facts are perfect in all respects.

No visual evidence of a burial was present. The entire cache was found in an area no larger than a half-bushel basket. Is it possible this cache was beneath a burial that had been scraped away? Burials have been found at the site so this is quite possible. Other artifacts from the site are the typical Shell Mound type found at Indian Knoll, Lone Hill, and the Clarksville sites in Indiana.

I would enjoy hearing from anyone who has found other ax-bannerstone caches.

- 7 - Decatur Points (Editor's Note: In the opposite illustration are examples of Decatur points, and the following description of the type is quoted from Bell, Robert E.: "Guide to the Identification of Certain American Indian Projectile Points." Special Bulletin No. 2, Oklahoma Anthropological Society, University of Okla­ homa, Norman, Oklahoma, 1958.)

"The Decatur point has been named by J. W. Cambron from specimens collected in the vicinity of Decatur, Alabama (1957, p. 17).

"Description -- The Decatur point is a small to medium sized dart point characterized by a distinctive base which has been fractured to produce a flattened edge. Two special flakes have been removed from the base of the stem, one from each tang extending toward the mid-line of the point. The flake scars thus produced are at a right angle to the face of the point and form a flattened base.

"This specially prepared base would serve to hold the point more se­ curely in a haft when mounted. This trimming of the base also produces a very short stem which is another feature of the Decatur point. The blade is gener­ ally triangular in shape, usually recurved or concave, although convex edges do occur. The blade is normally also beveled on alternate edges. The stem is broad and expanded, but very short due to the removal of the fracture flakes. The base is usually concave, or at least slightly concave, and appears to have been thinned. The shoulders are prominent and sometimes barbed.

"Cambron (1958, p. 17) describes the type as follows: 'The points are corner notched, usually serrated, and characteristically show strong bevel­ ing and expanded barbs. Most examples show some grinding in the notches and around the base. The unique diagnostic characteristic of the Decatur points are the lateral flakes struck from either side across the base often causing a shallow basal concavity. The points range in size from 1 to more than 2 inches.'

"Distribution -- The distribution of Decatur points is not well known at this time"! Cambron (1957, p. 19) notes its occurrence from western North Carolina, across northern Georgia and Tennessee to northern Alabama - essen­ tially along the Tennessee River. The type is also known from the Ohio Valley and other sections of eastern United States.

"Age and Cultural Affiliation -- The age and cultural affiliation of Decatur points has not been established. Cambron finds them in association with sites identified as early Archaic along the Tennessee River. A suggested time range would be from about 5000 B.C. to 1000 B.C. or some part of that period.

"Remarks -- Examples of this type found in Ohio offer more variety in the shape of the blade although they retain the typical fractured base. Dis­ tributional studies may necessitate sub-varieties or modification of the type."

- 8 - Ohio Decatur points from the collection of Dr. Stanley G. Copeland, Columbus, Ohio. Formerly in the collection of the late Dr. Leon Kramer of Columbus, and more recently in the collection of the late Dr. T. Hugh Young of Nashville, Tennessee, were items a, b, c, d, and e. (a) Dark gray (Indiana ?) flint, marked "Walker Collection, Marion, Ohio," For scale, 3-1/16" midline length, (b) Light and dark gray, (c) Dirty white with reddish mottling, Flint Ridge, (d) Light gray with brown inclusions at right center, (e) Dirty white, reddish mottling, Flint Ridge, (f) Light gray-brown, Flint Ridge, (g) Dull blue- black, marked "Clinton." (h) Blue-black with light blue veining, Zaleski flint, Pickaway County, (i) Dull black.

- 9 - Prehistoric Hand Prints

(Editor's Note: We are indebted to The Ohio Historical Society for permission to reprint this article which appeared in the February 1962 issue of "Echoes," vol. 1, no. 2. For the reference in the next to the last paragraph, skin prints on copper ear ornaments, see "An Additional Note on the Bourneville Mound, Ross County, Ohio," by Tom Carter and Donald MacBeth, "Ohio Archaeolo­ gist", vol. 10, no. 4, October 1960, pp. 112-115).

Early in 1960 a human skeleton was "plowed up" on the Rollins Ford farm, Newton Township, Muskingum County, Ohio. Found in association with the skele­ tal remains were a small copper celt or ax, a flint projectile point, and a rectangular, two-hole slate ornament.

David Weissert, Muskingum County Sheriff, submitted the remains and arti­ facts to The Ohio Historical Society's Department of Archaeology for examina­ tion and identification. The investigation clearly indicated that the bones were those of a prehistoric Indian child approximately six years old. The artifacts were found to be of the type associated with the prehistoric Hopewell Indians, "the great mound builders" who lived in the Ohio Valley from about 300 B.C. to 900 A.D. and constructed such large Ohio earthworks as those found in Newark, the Seip Mound in Ross County, Fort Ancient in Warren County and others administered by The Ohio Historical Society as State Memorials.

These prehistoric remains were probably buried in an isolated grave. No mounds were erected near it, and the location is many miles from concentrations of the Hopewell culture. Objects buried in Hopewell graves were usually the personal items of the deceased. This Hopewellian child probably owned the ax, ornament and point found in the burial. They suggest that the child was a male.

After cleaning the small, oxidized copper ax (measuring 3-1/2 inches long by 1-1/2 inches wide and 1/8 inch thick) a partial, yet perfect, impression of the skin and contour of the palm of the hand was discovered on one side of the blade. On the other side and along an edge, the imprint of the base of the middle and fourth fingers became evident. The skin impressions are small and delicate (infantile), not only confirming the age at the time of death, but also placing the ax in direct association with the remains. The distribution of the imprints suggests that the ax had been placed in a closed hand at the time of burial.

Thomas Porter, Frankfort, Ohio, and Donald MacBeth, Kingston, Ohio, both amateur archaeologists, found in Bourneville Mound in 1960 four copper ear ornaments in burial association. On the surface of these ornaments are beauti­ fully preserved imprints of the skin of the palm and two fingertips of an Indian. These occurrences are extremely rare.

The copper ax and ear ornaments are typical of Hopewellian tools, imple­ ments and ornaments made from this metal which the Indians obtained from Isle Royale, Keweenaw County, Michigan. The largest collection of copper objects of Hopewellian creation in the world is in the holdings of The Ohio Historical Society at the Ohio State Museum, Columbus, where many are exhibited. — Raymond S. Baby, Curator of Archaeology

In 1943 the price of slightly blemished Indian arrowheads found in Arkan­ sas went up from $1 per hundred to $1.50 per hundred, a collector of Indian relics recalls. (North American Newspaper Alliance)

- 10 - -.. V""""

11 - Prehistoric Miami Fort by S. Frederick Starr

(Editor's Note: This article first appeared in January 1963, in the Historical and Philosophical Society of Ohio Bulletin. Mr. Starr has done much archaeol­ ogical investigation in southwestern Ohio and is the author of "The Archaeology of Hamilton County, Ohio,"'the Journal of the Cincinnati Museum of Natural History, vol. 23, no. 1, June 1960, 130 pages paperbound, available from the Museum. He also spent two summers at archaeological work in Turkey on a grant from the American Philosophical Society. He is a graduate of Yale University and is now working on a graduate fellowship at Cambridge University, England. We are indebted to Regional Collaborator John A. Diehl for securing permission to reprint from Mr. Starr's father Stephen Z. Starr and from Mrs. Alice P. Hook, Librarian of the Historical and Philosophical Society of Ohio.)

Surprisingly few Cincinnatians have explored the rich archeological and historic remains, in the Miami Fort area at the mouth of the Great Miami River. Here, only forty minutes' drive from Fountain Square, are to be found the best preserved, unrestored, prehistoric earthworks in the state. In the same area are located sites that are of importance in the history of the region, and, through their connection with William Henry Harrison, who once owned the land, in the(history of the nation as well. Moreover, prehistoric Miami Fort (1) is so situated atop towering hills that it provides what even a staid nineteenth century antiquarian had to admit is "the most entrancing view in the state of Ohio." (2) However, little by little, this fascinating region is being invaded by industrial expansion and real estate developers, and its antiquities are being destroyed by vandals. The following brief description of the prehistoric remains of the area, and summary of recent speculation as to their origin, have been written in the hope that Cincinnatians will assure the preservation of the Miami Fort area through a greater familiarity with its past.

The history of the small point of land at the southwesternmost corner of Hamilton County began when the earliest hunters dropped their deli­ cately flaked flint spear points on the hills about 8,000 years ago. Recent salvage excavations by the Cincinnati Museum of Natural History have revealed that by 1,000 B.C. a flourishing Indian village of the "Archaic" period had grown up on the land now skirted by Brower Road and owned by the DuPont Corpo­ ration. Several burial mounds on the hilltops attest to the presence of people of the "Adena" culture there by about 400-500 B.C., and by 500 A.D. the huge hilltop ramparts which were to give the area its name had been built. Over the next roughly thousand years, several other pre-Columbian civilizations were to leave their mark at the confluence of the Ohio and the Great Miami, but by 1600 A.D., they had been displaced by the historic Shawanoe (Shawnee) tribe of Indians. The first white men to stop at the mouth of the Great Miami were members of the small band of French explorers who, in August, 1749, buried a lead tablet there and thus claimed the land for Louis XV. Thirty-two years later, as the Revolutionary War drew to a close, Americans under Col. Archi­ bald Lochry and Gen. George Rogers Clark passed through the area and were harassed by redcoats and pro-British Shawanoe Indians under the leadership of the colorful renegade, Simon Girty. Several brass regimental medallions or badges, reminders of these campaigns, have been picked up near Miami Fort and can be seen in local collections. As soon as fighting had subsided, Fort Finney, a stockaded military outpost, was built on the level land bordered to­ day by Brower Road and the Cincinnati Gas and Electric Company power plant. It was at this multiple blockhouse that in 1786 the Fort Finney Treaty was

- 12 - 13 concluded between the United States and the Shawanoe tribe, resulting in the removal of the Indians to the area west of the Great Miami, and the opening of the land east of the river to white settlers. Not long after the territory had been freed of Indians, William Henry Harrison, the hero of Tippecanoe, settled at the foot of the hills next to Fort Finney and built for himself the fine brick home which, in the homespun dis­ guise of a log cabin, was to become famous in the "Tippecanoe and Tyler Too" campaign of 1840. General Harrison loved the high wooded land behind his house and passed many a leisurely day wandering and hunting there. A decade before moving to the White House, he wrote an account of the ancient earthwork which crowns the hills; it appeared in the second number of the Historical and Phil­ osophical Society of Ohio Journal (1838), and marked the beginning of one hundred and thirty years of scholarly speculation and guessing about Miami Fort. Except for a change in the course of the Great Miami in the middle of the last century, Harrison's description and map of the wedge of land between the rivers is still quite accurate.

Our attention, like Harrison's, is first drawn to the massive dirt walls which ring the outermost (i.e., westernmost) hill. The twelve-acre area enclosed by the ramparts is in the shape of a rough parallelogram. Beginning from the northeast corner of the enclosure at a point which can best be reached from the Cincinnati Gas and Electric Company's abandoned town at Columbia Park, the six-foot-high wall runs due south. In the northeast corner, the wall rises to about nine feet in height and is crowned by a mound, the top of which extends another three feet above the rampart. At several points along the north-south stretch, the wall is interrupted by washouts, and has been con­ siderably worn down by jeeps and other wheeled vehicles which have been driven along its crest. At the southeast corner there is a gateway which, if it is actually an entry and not another washout, might have led originally either to the high knob which is crowned by a water tower today, or to the valley, two hundred feet below.

At most places, the wall runs from ten to twenty feet below the brow of the hill, its top being now at about the same level as the flat area within the enclosure. By building the wall on the hillside rather than on the hill­ top, the enclosed area was maximized, and a ditch or moat was created on the inside of the rampart. Thus, at several places where the wall is only five or six feet high on the inside, it is fully twenty-five feet high on the outside.

Near the southeast corner of the enclosure is the handsome monument to Daniel Beard, founder of the American Boy Scout movement. The plaque bear­ ing the inscription has recently been ripped away from the stone by vandals, but the fine view of the Ohio from this point remains. The "Fort", as Harrison dubbed it, was actually built on two closely connected hills; the wall on the side facing the Ohio River can be seen clearly as it dips into, and then climbs out of, the trough or saddle separating the two hills. At the southwest cor­ ner, the wall turns northward, crossing on level ground about one hundred fifty yards from the end of the ridge which, at this point, is extremely narrow. Even today, this section of wall stands a full twelve feet in height and is one of the best preserved segments of ancient earthwork in North America,

By standing on top of the rampart here, one can see a narrow tongue of land reaching further westward. From "The Point," as it is known, one gets a spectacular view of the two rivers and of Indiana and Kentucky. Two im­ portant burial tumuli, one of earth and the other of stone, crown this lovely spot. Unfortunately, the stone mound was hacked apart in 1959 by a group of Boy Scouts and their leader in search of "arrowheads"; in the process, several ancient graves and cremated burials were destroyed, thus denying us important information relating to the origins of the fort.

- 14 - From "The Point" another smaller earthwork can be seen atop a high isolated hill on the opposite side of the Great Miami east of Lawrenceburg in Indiana. Although far less widely known than Miami Fort, this Dearborn County enclosure has several features in common with it and would also deserve explor­ ation. Like Miami Fort, it too is being eroded away. (3)

On the Great Miami side of the ridge, the wall runs eastward along the brow of a two hundred and fifty-foot high precipice until it reaches the mound at the northeastern corner of the earthwork where our tour began. From this corner, a narrow saddle of high land connects the fort proper with the mass of hills which continue unbroken to the Mill Creek Valley and Cincinnati. Immediately to the east of this saddle are seven extremely interesting burial tumuli, ranging in height from one to twelve feet. Two of them, the "Twin Mounds," are unique in that they stand so close to one another as to be touch­ ing. Both have been scarred and defaced by souvenir hunters and "Indian relic collectors" within the past few years and whatever relics the tumuli may have contained have been dispersed into private collections. Unfortunately, the entire group of tumuli is located on land which was not included in the parcel the Cincinnati Gas and Electric Company generously presented to the City of Cincinnati. The preservation of these remains would be a much easier task if the land on which they are located were owned by the City.

A group of four prehistoric village sites is located on the narrow terraces which surround the base of the hill above Brower Road. Judging from the similarity of the artifacts found there, these villages, as well as several other places of ancient habitation on the level bottoms land below, were oc­ cupied by the same people. Harrison, in his Discourse on the Aborigines of Ohio, mentioned that two low walls across the flat land between the fort and the Ohio River on the south and the Great Miami on the north cut the entire peninsula off from the land to the east. If these walls did exist, the entire group of villages in the valley was enclosed in the walled-off area.

Ever since William Henry Harrison's time, archeologists as well as casual visitors to Miami Fort have speculated about the identity of its build­ ers and their purpose in building the fort. Harrison, reflecting the romantic turn of mind of the day, saw the Fort as an "Asteck" defensive structure:

The engineers ... who directed the execution of the Miami works, appear to have known the importance of flank defences. And if their bastions are not as perfect, as to form, as those which are in use in modern engineering, their position as well as that of the long lines of curtains, are precisely as they should be. I have another conjecture as to this Miami fortress. If the people of whom we have been speaking were really the Astecks, the direct course of their journey to Mexico, and the facilities which that mode of retreat would afford, seems to point out the descent of the Ohio as the line of that retreat. (4)

Every archeologist who has stated his views on the subject in print since Harrison's day has come to the same conclusion as Old Tippecanoe: that the earthwork above the two rivers was truly a fortification against invaders. More recent scholars have further buttressed this view by claiming that the builders were none other than the sophisticated Hopewell people of Central Ohio, and that Miami Fort and other forts like it belong to the same period as the great geometric-shaped enclosures found in the flat river valleys through­ out Ohio. By the beginning of the Christian era, the people of the Hopewell civilization (named for the earthwork where it was first identified) had es­ tablished regular lines of trade extending to all parts of the North American continent, and had evolved a homogeneous system o± burial customs and religi-

- 15 - ous ritual. Their works of art in stone, bone, copper and pottery, and their textiles have won encomiums for the Hopewell people which are usually reserved for the most advanced Central American civilizations. That the attribution of Miami Fort to the Hopewell civilization has been tacitly accepted by all writers on the subject is shown by the fact that no one has demanded precise evidence in support of the thesis that Miami Fort was actually a fortification built by the Hopewell people. However, when we begin to search for convincing proof, serious doubts arise which throw into question the validity of both theories. For example, no evidence of a village contemporary with the fort has yet been found within the enclosure. Only by finding in direct association with the walls artifacts which can be dated on the basis of style can the builders of the fort be identified. Furthermore, absolutely no evidence of invasion, battle or a quick decline in the quality of artifacts, which might indicate great external pressure, has been brought forward by those who believe the Fort to be a military work. Finally, the absence of all signs of occupation within the hilltop area enclosed by the walls at Miami Fort, and the similar absence of such indications from all other hilltop enclosures with only two exceptions, is difficult to square with the theory that they were built for military purposes. The largest ancient village site near Miami Fort is the one which covers the upland acres around the Twin Mounds. Although distinctive Hopewell- type pottery has been found here by the author, (5) the remains found here are, for the most part, like those from the villages on the terraces below, more akin to the slightly later civilization which archeologists call "Newtown" after the town in eastern Hamilton County where the remains of that culture were first discovered. The arts and artifacts of the Newtown people show them to be closely related to the more complex Hopewellian civilization. The opin­ ion held by the most reliable scholars is that the Newtown culture is actually a simplified derivative of the Hopewell, differing from it only in the absence of pearls, gold, marine shells and complicated pottery types which abounded in the "classical" Hopewell era. However, those archeologists who first labeled Miami Fort as a classic Hopewell, or pre-Newtown, structure, did not base their opinion on such subtleties as pottery and artifact types. Rather, they reasoned that, since the Hopewell people are definitely known to have built the large geo­ metric ceremonial earthworks in the valleys, they probably also built the vaguely similar hilltop enclosures at the same time. Upon a reexamination of the remains themselves, however, three significant differences can be seen be­ tween the geometric enclosures on the one hand and the hilltop forts, such as Fort Hill in Highland County, Glenford Fort in Perry County, Fort Ancient in Warren County and Miami Fort, on the other. First, when one locates all known hilltop "forts" and geometric enclosures on a map, the fact emerges that where­ as the geometric earthworks are concentrated in the Scioto River Valley around Chillicothe in Ross County, the hilltop enclosures are centered around two foci, one in Licking and Perry Counties, forty miles northeast of Chillicothe, and the other along the lower reaches of the Great and Little Miami Rivers in the southwest comer of the State; Ross County, so rich in geometric works, possesses hills identical in all respects to those upon which "forts" were built elsewhere, and yet it cannot boast of a single work of the type of Miami Fort. A second difference between Miami Fort and the other hilltop enclos­ ures like it, and the geometric earthworks located in the valleys, is the frequent use of stone in the walls of the former. With very few exceptions, stone was not used in the Hopewellian valley earthworks, whereas of the fifteen hilltop enclosures examined by the author, all but five had stone foundations under their walls. Thus, at several points in the walls of Miami Fort, where the structure has been cut by erosion, the underlying stone foundation can be seen. The third differentiating factor is the clever practice of burning

- 16 - the clayey dirt of the walls of the hilltop enclosures to a hard, red, vitre­ ous surface. This was probably done in order to make it more weather-resist­ ant than ordinary earth would be, and is a primitive percursor of brick con­ struction. This practice has no parallel in any of the valley enclosures which have been excavated in the past, or which the writer has examined; yet in the valleys of the Little and Great Miami alone, it is found at four hilltop works: Fortified Hill south of Hamilton, Clark's Works near Fosters, the en­ closure near Lawrenceburg, Ind., and Miami Fort. In view of the differences in the construction of the walls as be­ tween the geometric enclosures and the hilltop "forts," the differing geograph­ ical distribution of the two types of earthworks, and the similarity between artifacts of the Newtown culture on the one hand and the Miami Fort area village sites on the other, we cannot continue to ascribe Miami Fort to the classic peiiod of the Hopewell civilization. Rather, it would seem to belong to a slightly later era, or even to that less refined age which archeologists have designated as "Newtown." Obviously, only the roughest conjectures can be risked on this com­ plex subject until much more extensive data have been assembled than are now available. For the time being, it is impossible to establish the identity of the people for whose protection (if that indeed was their function) Miami Fort and other structures like it were built, and if these were not fortifications, it is impossible with our present knowledge to state what purpose the enclos­ ures were designed to serve. Only extensive excavation can provide the answers to these problems. However, a far more pressing and urgent need than excavation is preservation! Although the City of Cincinnati owns a part of the Miami Fort area, in the absence of organized pressure, it has done nothing to develop one of the most beautiful park sites in Ohio; nor has it done anything to stop or prevent the vandalism and destructive digging by amateurs which have caused irreparable damage in recent years. The remains of the prehistoric village around the Fort, and even the group of mounds to the east of the enclosure, are daily threatened by bulldozers and scrapers. Recently, the home of William Henry Harrison was torn down after standing for nearly a century and a half, the stone burial mound on The Point was looted by children, the three thousand-year-old remains of the archaic village were destroyed to make way for the DuPont Plant, and the site of Fort Finney was partially bulldozed away. Much more land must be added to the area owned by the City, and the Park Board must take prompt action to prevent further destruction by man and weather. Unless prompt and effective action is taken, this beautiful site, with all its historical and archeological wealth, will be lost forever to the people of southwestern Ohio -- and the world.

(1) Prehistoric Miami Fort in Hamilton County should not be confused with the frontier outpost of the same name at the foot of the falls of the Maumee. That fort was first built by the French in 1689 and rebuilt by the English in 1785.

(2) Frederick Wright, quoted by E. 0. Randall, Masterpieces of the Ohio Mound Builders; The Hilltop Fortifications (Columbus, 1908), 55.

(3) 8th, 9th and 10th Annual Reports of the Geological Survey of Indiana ... (Indianapolis, 1879), 123, 125.

(4) William Henry Harrison, "A Discourse on the Aborigines of the Valley of the Ohio," Historical and Philosophical Society of Ohio, Journal (Cin­ cinnati, 1839), Part Second, I, 225.

(5) S. Frederick Starr, The Archeology of Hamilton County, Ohio (Cincinnati, 1960), 105.

- 17 - Thyra Bevier Kabealo: Honorary Life Member

At the meeting of the Society on January 20, 1963, President John C. Allman presented to Thyra Bevier Kabealo this citation and award:

"The Archaeological Society of Ohio is pleased to recognize, with this award, the outstanding service and distinguished contribution of Thyra Bevier Kabealo and extends to her all the privileges of membership in the Society for life."

Many members will recall our newest Honorary Member's participation in Society activities with her late husband Dr. Lawrence E. Hicks, a most ac­ tive member and one-time President. Since 1959 she has served as Associate Editor of "Ohio Archaeologist," devoting many hours to the preparation of manuscripts for each issue.

Mrs. Kabealo's honor was reported in the February 21 issue of "The Ohio State Lantern," the story being reproduced below. She does want to correct a mis-statement in the last paragraph concerning Dr. Hicks, who was the organizer and first Director, for 9 years, of the Ohio Wildlife Research Station.

"I do all the editing and rewrite O.S.U. Instructor work for the publication, but I feel Ed and Ray are just as much Receives Honor entitled to the honor as I am," \n Archaelogy she said. "Nothing goes into the magazine An Ohio State English instruc­ that all three of us haven't seen," tor has become the first woman she added. to receive an honorary life mem­ T HE "OHIO Archaeologist," bership in the Archaelogical So­ which is published four times a ciety of Ohio. year, has grown considerably, ac­ cording to Mrs. Kabealo. Mrs. Thyra B. Kabealo received "We try to get magazine articles the honor from the 700 member of interest to everybody, but it's organization for her "outstanding hard, because we have a member­ service and distinguished contri­ ship with a wide range of back­ bution" while working as the As­ grounds. Our articles must appeal sociate Editor of the "Ohio Arch­ I li'- to everyone from the professionals aeologist," the official publication to the Indian relic collectors," she said. of the society. She has served in Mrs. Kabealo became interested this capacity for the last four in the Society through her former years. husband, Lawrence Hicks, who died "I'M VERY HAPPY and thrilled in 1957. "He was President of the by the honor, but this has been a Ohio Wildlife Society and had a joint project completely," Mrs. Ka­ large Indian artifacts collection, bealo said. therefore, this work wasn't com­ Raymond S. Baby, curator of pletely foreign to me. I started archaeology, Ohio State Museum, working with the magazine first and Ed Atkinson of the Atkinson as a labor of love," she said. Advertising Agency in Columbus serve as technical editor and edi­ tor, respectively for the magazine

- 18 - -J

Ceremonial flint blades of the Middle Mississippian horizon, (1300 A.D. to 1700 A.D.) excavated in 1934 by the late Dr. T. Hugh Young of Nash­ ville, Tennessee, on the Hall farm in Robertson County, Tennessee. These beautifully chipped specimens were part of Dr. Young's large collection, which was recently sold. Their present whereabouts is not known. For scale, the blade at the right measures 11 3/4" in mid-line length.

- 19 - Archaeological Loan Collections The January 1963 issue of "Echoes," a publication of The Ohio Historical Society, reminds us all that school teachers can borrow "a treas­ ure box" to help them in the teaching of Ohio pre-history:

"A stone axe, a bone needle, flint-chipping tools, and a piece of jewelry are among approximately 25 prehistoric Indian artifacts contained in an archaeological display being prepared by the Society as a loan collection for use in Ohio schools.

"Authentic pieces from the Society's extensive archaeological col­ lections as well as reproductions have been assembled to assist teachers and children in understanding Ohio's earliest people and something of their way of life. Children studying the pre-history of Ohio will be able to examine the items, to marvel at their workmanship, and to comprehend the difficulties encountered in the fashioning of intricate ancient BFORT ANCIENT PEOPU implements.

"A syllabus for the teacher and large charts

which illustrate seven early Indian cultures found in • Ohio accompany the display.

"Teachers requesting the loan collection may keep it for a week from the day it is received. There is no charge except the nominal postage fee. Anticipating the favorable response from teachers of the 4th through the 12th grades, the Society's education department is pre­ paring 35 sets of the loan collection for distribution. Requests addressed to The Education Department, The Ohio Historical Society, Columbus 10, Ohio, will receive immediate attention."

- 20 - Porphyry Pop-Eye Bird

by W. M. Cunningham, 72 West Main Street, Benton Harbor, Michigan

The bird stone pictured above was found about 1925 by Clyde Fuller at a depth of one foot when digging a hole on his farm in Section 11, Buchanan Town­ ship, Berrien County, Michigan. This farm is located on the Red Bud Trail, a short distance north of Buchanan, Michigan, not far from the early Village of Chief Moccasin, of the Potawatomie tribe. About three hundred persons lived in the village at the time of the arrival of the white man around 1826.

A party of archaeologists from the Museum of Anthropology of the Univer­ sity of Michigan explored this village site in the summer of 1948, and from the artifacts, pottery, and fragments of fluted points, and from C14 tests, it was estimated that there had been a continuous occupation of this site from 8500 to 10, 000 years.

The base of this bird is oval shape and is 3-1/8" long and 2-1/2" wide. The material is porphyry and it is not perforated. It has large pop eyes. The nose is unusually short, so it has been dubbed "Old Snub Nose. "

- 21 - A Gilbert, Ohio, Multiple Occupation Site by Jeff Carskadden, 285 West Willow Drive, Zanesville, ohio

(with commentary by Arthur George Smith)

Near Gilbert, Ohio, 10 miles above Zanesville on the Muskingum River, Muskingum County, is a 15-acre plowed field on a promontory 30' above the river. Scattered over the field are many flint chips and blocks of flint.

My father, a friend, and I have hunted the field 6 times (through 1961) and have found about 150 broken blades, points, and flake knives, as well as a relatively few perfect specimens. We have not found any worked material other than flint.

Many artifacts have been found at the Zanesville Honor Farm near our site, and in fields directly across the river from our site. There are fields between the Honor Farm and the site that have not been plowed in recent years, and we are watching them so we can hunt them whenever they may be plowed.

On the map of Muskingum County in the "Archaeological Atlas of Ohio" (Mills, 1914) there is an Indian mound located very near our village site. We have been unable to locate it, and assume it has been plowed down.

Analysis of the range of cultural material from the Gilbert site has been made by Arthur George Smith of the Firelands Museum, Norwalk, Ohio, long­ time recogized authority of lithic artifacts. "Sarge" has selected artifacts representative of the various cultural occupations and makes these comments in reference to them as pictured in Fig. 1: "In the top row are, in my opinion, three representatives of the Wal- honding Transitional period of the late Paleo-Indian including (b) one typical Ohio Lanceolate fragment (see 'The Sawmill Site, Erie County, Ohio,' Ohio Ar­ chaeologist, vol. 10, no. 3, July 1960, by Arthur George Smith.) This Lanceo­ late fragment is a portion of a parallel flaked uniface knife. Typically, this form is pointed at the bulbar end of a resolved flake, then parallel- flaked from both edges to a median ridge on one side of the flake. The re- sharpened knife (a) may possibly belong in Ohio Lanceolate, as may the triangular knife (c).

"The second and third rows represent the Archaic, (d) being a diag­ nostic type. The two flat flaked biface blades might be Archaic, although this form may also have other cultural associations; (e) is very finely re­ touched and shows much use along both edges, (f) was used without further retouching. The three 'Big Sandy.' points (g, h, i) belong in the Archaic (1).

"The Archaic is also represented by (j) and possibly by (k), although this latter specimen might be associated with Adena. No Adena material could positively be identified in the material studied, an apparent gap in the site's continuous occupation from very early time. An abundance of flakes and frag­ ments of colorful Flint Ridge 'jewel' flint strongly suggests the presence of Hopewell, and the three small points (1, m, n) classify in the Hopewellian. One (1) is recognizable as the typical Hopewell 'dove-tail' form.

"There was no trace of any of the later complexes. My only comment on the remaining artifacts can be that (s) is a type of which I have seen only 3 or 4 in Ohio, and (t) is an untypeable triangle form. "In closing this commentary, I must add a word of congratulation to our Junior member Jeff Carskadden for his thorough and repeated hunting of a

- 22 - productive site, and his wisdom in saving and identifying with the site each chip, flake, and fragment. Many more of our members, Seniors as well as Juniors, could each add their bit to the accumulation of archaeological record by following Jeff's example."

(1) Lewis, Thomas M.N., and Lewis, Madeline Kneberg: "Eva, An Archaic Site." The University of Tennessee Press, 1961.

Fig. 1 (Carskadden) -- Representative artifacts from the Gilbert, Ohio, site. See commentary for identification. For scale, the flake knife (e) is 1-13/16" or 4.6 cm. long. The materials are as follows, all flint except as noted: (a) cream, light pink mottling; (b) dull black, light blue mottling; (c) dull black; (d) black; (e) Flint Ridge brown striated; (f) dull black; (g) blue-gray; (h) dull black; (i) blue-gray; (j) banded chert, gray and light brown; (k) dull black; (1) cream; (m) Flint Ridge pink; (n) white; (o) gray-brown; (p) gray; (q) blue-gray; (r) black; (s) white; (t) cream with brown specks.

- 23 - A Basic Rule: Keep Adequate Records

So clearly does Dr. Olaf H. Prufer spell out the need for the mak­ ing of an adequate record of each prehistoric artifact, that we are impelled to reprint his entire introduction to "Survey of Ohio Fluted Points No. 8." May each member of our Society, and each amateur archaeologist and collector everywhere, heed Dr. Prufer*s plea!

"The eighth issue of this Survey continues the presentation of doc­ umented fluted points from Ohio, carrying their number beyond the five hundred mark. While this is an impressively large series of specimens for any region of the United States, it should not blind us to the sad fact that for every reasonably documented fluted point from Ohio three others without any documen­ tation whatsoever have been examined and, regretfully, rejected for purposes of analysis. This is a sorry state of affairs. It means that fully three quarters of the potentially available evidence for the Palaeo-Indian occupa­ tion of Ohio elude proper study and interpretation, because of careless col­ lecting habits, both by private collectors and public institutions. This situation, of course, is restricted neither to Ohio nor to the Palaeo-Indian phase of American archaeology; but since this Survey deals with Palaeo-Indian remains in Ohio, and since its systematic investigations have so drastically demonstrated the degree of inadequate or non-existent documentation, this is as good a forum as any to discuss the problem.

"One of the basic rules of archaeology is that adequate records on all finds should be maintained. Without a maximum of available data on speci­ men provenience, site context, and associated finds the scientific value of archaeological finds is very seriously impaired. Prehistoric artifacts are not just curios; they are evidence, irreplaceable evidence, for Man's presence and activities in the past. Every artifact can provide a clue to the nature of these activities, to the distribution of a given culture, to settlement patterns, and to cultural connections. Unless, however, the basic background information on such finds is available, very little, if anything, can be de­ duced from them.

"Consider the Palaeo-Indian occupation of Ohio. Our evidence very largely depends upon stray finds of fluted .points and certain other artifacts. The picture of this ancient human occupation can only be unraveled if distri­ bution data are available. Such data, plotted on maps, show certain patterns of concentration which in turn can be correlated with geological data. From this important chronological information as well as information on ecological and settlement patterns can be deduced, from which, in turn, a relatively well rounded picture of the Palaeo-Indian period can be pieced together.

"As pointed out above, such vital data for Ohio are available only for some 500 fluted points, whereas nearly 1500 others have no other attribu­ tions than the statement that they were found 'in Ohio.' It should be obvious to what extent this situation impairs our understanding of the Palaeo-Indian occupation of the state. In view of this, I urge all those who profess an interest in archaeology to keep records on their finds; only documented ma­ terials will permit us to gain an understanding of the prehistoric past and thus to contribute to the knowledge of Man."

- 24 - Engraved Hematite Hemisphere During the 1960 summer field-work program of The Ohio Historical Society on the Greenbrier Farm, near Columbus in Franklin County, Ohio, 14 burials of early Adena culture were discovered along with pottery fragments, projectile points, and tools. The most unusual object found is the small hematite hemi­ sphere pictured here. Engraved on its surfaces is a conventionalized design of a raptorial bird. The head and beak of the bird, with the eye pecked in, is seen on the flat base. (photos courtesy The Ohio Historical Society)

Lloyd A. Dugstad, Albert Lea, Minnesota, shares this look at one of his prized artifacts with readers of "Ohio Archaeologist. " This Hopewell platform pipe measures 6" in length by 3-1/4" in height, and is made from a dark gray stone, highly polished. The bowl has been restored. It was found in a wash­ out in Pepin County, Wisconsin.

- 25 - ^r //

Fig. 1 (Long)--All specimens from Ohio. No. 1: red slate, Cannonsburg, Han­ cock County. No. 2: mica schist, Mathewson site, Liberty Township, Hardin County. No. 3: mudstone, Ada city limits, Liberty Township, Hardin County.

- 26 - Variations in Celts by Dr. Russell J. Long, Professor of Biology,

Lamar State College of Technology, Beaumont, Texas

Tools of primitive people which vary from the usual form are inter­ esting because they show ingenuity on the part of the maker and also may indi­ cate a specific use.

The two accompanying plates are examples of such variants. Fig. 1 shows three celts which are sharpened on the narrow instead of the broad end, as are most of these tools. All three are from the Maumee drainage system in northwestern Ohio. The specific site for No. 3 is now within the southeast corporation limits of Ada, Ohio, now a residential area.

Fig. 2 shows four celts which were notched or grooved for hafting. No. 1 is three-quarter grooved and highly polished. No. 2 is flattened on both sides and has a double notch on the edges. It is also highly polished. No. 4 is fully grooved but is flatter on one side than the other. The edges of the blade end are slightly flattened. No. 3 is weakly grooved all the way around. No. 5 has the most nearly celt-like form of the series and shows shallow notching. No. 1 is from the south edge of the Scioto marsh (Scioto River drainage), while the other four are from the Hog Creek drainage system of the Maumee.

Photographs by Arthur Newman. This publication was made possible by a grant from the Research Center, Lamar State College of Technology, Beaumont, Texas,

Errata, Vol. 12, Numbers 3-4, July-October 1962

"Notched mussel shells from a Site at Marietta, Ohio," Richard P. Patterson, page 98. Paragraph 2 should read "These specimens are in all re­ spects identical to the V-notched mussels reported by Ralph J. Servey (1), with the exception of beginning, the cut from the inner surface." Author Patterson explains that "a number of Mr. Servey's specimens had the notches cut from the inner surface. The specimens from my site were all cut from the outer surface."

Sharp-eyed reader Father Bill Garvey, S.J., Cincinnati, writes "The New Frontier might object to your linking the Peabody Museum with Howard Uni­ versity rather than Harvard (cf. page 71)." New or Old Frontier, and apol­ ogies for a proof-reading "blind spot," Peabody is_ at Harvard.

Page 57, sixth line of caption should read "the would-be hatchet at lower right," not left.

MEETING DATES. PROGRAMS AND PLACES

May 19, 1963 The annual meeting, at the Museum in Columbus. Program de­ tails to come.

June and September, 1963 Picnic meetings, dates and places to be an­ nounced"!!

- 27 - Fig. 2 (Long)--All specimens from Ohio. No. 1: diabase, south edge of Scioto marsh, Marion Township, Hardin County. No. 2: diabase, Candler site, west edge of Hog Creek marsh, Washington Township, Hardin County. No. 3: mudstone, Shanks site, Liberty Township, Hardin County. No. 4: diabase, Rhodes site, Hog Creek, Jackson Township, Allen County. No. 5: diabase, Shanks site, Liberty Township, Hardin County.

- 28 - Beaver Mound, Lenawee County, Michigan by Paul Fish, Adrian College, Adrian, Michigan

A relatively unknown mound is located approximately eight miles from Morenci, Lewanee County, Michigan. It is an effigy mound in the form of a beaver which has perfect symmetry in both size and shape. Without a doubt this mound is the best example of an aboriginal earthwork to be found in Michigan.

Nearly 50 years ago the owner of the mound, Mr. A. B. Parks, decided to become an archaeologist. He drove a rod into the heart of the mound in the hope of finding a hollow sarcophagus. Finding none, he left further explora­ tions to future generations. As yet, the mound remains unexcavated.

A village site is located about a quarter of a mile to the south of the mound along a dry creek bed. The type of points and scrapers which I have found on this site leads me to believe that it is late Archaic. In the field adjoining the village I have found several beautiful slate and flint pieces.

Some Sunday afternoon if you are ever in this area, you should stop to view this beautiful earthwork and perhaps to hunt the fields surrounding it.

Plastic Copies of Type Projectile Points Many collectors of prehistoric Indian artifacts find it both inter­ esting and useful to add exact plastic copies of type projectile points to their collections.

The Denver Museum of Natural History, City Park, Denver 6, Colorado, has for some time had available a series of such type replicas, and a price list can be secured from them. Your Editor has several in his case, represent­ ing the classic specimens of Folsom, Clovis and Sandia (fluted).

A price list of plastic copies has recently come to us from The Texas Memorial Museum, 24th and Trinity Streets, Austin 5, Texas, and a discriminat­ ing collector who has seen them goes on record that they are faithful replicas. Here are the available types:

$1.00 each -- Angostura, Clovis, Folsom, Meserve, Milnesand, Plain- view and Scottsbluff. Complete set for $6.00.

75i each -- Abasolo, Bulverde, Carrollton, Castroville, Catan, Darl, Desmuke, Edgewood, Elam, Ellis, Ensor, Fairland, Frio, Gary, Kent, Kinney, Lange, Langtry, Lerma, Marcos, Marshall, Martindale, Matamoros, Montel, Mor- hiss, Morrill, Nolan, Paisano, Palmillas, Pandale, Pandora, Pedernales, Refugio, Shumla, Tortugas, Travis, Trinity, Uvalde, Wells, Williams, Yarbrough. Com­ plete set (41) for $25.00.

35«): each -- Alba, Bassett, Bonham, Cliffton, Cuney, Fresno, Harrell, Hayes, Livermore, Maud, Perdiz, Scallorn, Starr, Talco, Toyah, Turney, Young. Complete set of 17 for $5.00.

Perhaps still other institutions have such type projectile points available --do let us know if you are aware of such other sources.

- 29 - Survey of Ohio Fluted Points, Number 8 Dated November 1962, this eighth issue of the Survey brings the cat­ aloging of Ohio Paleo-Indian artifacts to a total of 509.

Copies of this report Number 8, as well as of the 7 earlier reports, can be purchased at 25

Members of The Archaeological Society of Ohio are urged to continue their cooperation with this survey by submitting for recording any Paleo-Indian artifacts found in Ohio to Dr. Olaf H. Prufer at the Cleveland address above, or to Raymond S. Baby at The Ohio Historical Society, North High at 15th Ave­ nue, Columbus 10, Ohio.

A choice selection of artifacts exca­ vated at the Feurt Village site, Scioto County, Ohio, All of the specimens were found by member James W. Miller of Ports­ mouth and his Dad, except for the bone awl at the bottom, which was found by member Paul Haney. Within the ring of bone awls, note particularly the cannel coal bead at the left, the two pipes at top center and lower left (this one banded slate), the quartz discoidal (1-1/2" in diameter) at the left of the deer ulna awl.

Notes and Personals Findlay Members made a feature story in their city's "Republican-Cour­ ier" last iaXT, when Gene Price had this to say in his column "Outdoors Pot­ pourri:"

"Surface Hunters: There is so much to the outdoors that a person could list its fascinating facets all day. Take surface hunting for instance - the search for Indian tools, weapons, attire - the search for fossils and other bits of evidences from a far day - no fisherman is more persistent, no mushroom hunter more secretive of favorite hunting spots.

"Among the local surface hunters who have amassed admirable collections from expert hunting are Merton Mertz, who is secretary of the Ohio Archaeo­ logical Society; Gerald Brickman; Bill Phillips, who is equally able as a spring mushroom hunter; Norm Dunn, who can ramble all day no matter how steep the hills.

"They tell us that this is a poor time of year for surface hunting as the ground is hard and dry. Spring, when frosts work the soil, or periods after heavy, soaking rains are good times for hunting.

"'Bricky' added 380 pieces to his collection this year, mostly flint points, knives and scrapers. He has done considerable hunting in Putnam County.

- 30 - "Norm Dunn is at present rearranging his collection and cataloging it. He is also getting a report ready for the opening meeting of The Ohio Archaeolo­ gical Society in Columbus, as he is treasurer. Bill Phillips is fishing and Merton Mertz is fitting a new red pipe-stone Indian pipe and four new muskets into his museum, said to be the largest private museum in Ohio. We'll hear more from these 'hunters' later. "

Who Talks? How many of you ASO members give talks on Ohio prehistory --to what groups --on what phase of our hobby? Perhaps no-one can equal "Sarge" Smith's confession at the November meeting that he had given 9 talks to groups within recent months. Probably a number of you can better your Ed­ itor's total of one appearance before an adult group -- the Newcomerstown Chapter in August -- and one small-boy and Dads group in Worthington, a "tribe" of the YMCA's Indian Guides. Any of you who have shared your enthu­ siasm and your knowledge with such groups knows the satisfaction of making new friends and learning new facts, as your Editor did in Newcomerstown, or receiving such a thank-you letter as this from one of the kids: "We were very glad you came. Thank you for giving me the arrow head and the bone. We learned very much about Indians and their tools. Yours truly, Scott Holmes" Write us about your talks, exhibits, and other community activities in behalf of The Archaeological Society of Ohio and the dissemination of awareness of our pre-history. We'd like to publish such experiences.

Rev. William Garvey, £i. J_. , teacher at St. Xavier High School in Cincin­ nati and ASO member, delighted your Editor with the November 9 issue of "The Xavier Prep, " in which the feature article "X-pedition" gave a lively account of the Archaeology Club's week-end field trip to southern Indiana. Much fun, many interesting experiences, one arrowhead. Typical luck! Yet very satis­ fying !

Bis sett and Peets visitations brightened the Thanksgiving weekend for Mr. and Mrs. Editor. Roy and Ella Marie Bissett (late of Grandview, now in Belle Haven near DC) invited us for a visit with too many highlights to recount in de­ tail here. The Smithsonian exhibits of archaeological and geological material delighted us Thanksgiving morning . . , an expedition Friday to a lonely beach, where the famous Calvert Cliffs deposit laid down 16 million years ago yielded us quantities of clay-embedded shells and several giant sharks' teeth ... a final pleasure was a day-long drive Saturday to an address that appears on the ASO roster as Indian River, RR #1, Millsboro, Delaware. There we made our first personal acquaintance (following 2 years of correspondence) with the de­ lightful Orville H. Peets, artist and archaeologist. Within 15 minutes we were out on his atlatl range being instructed in the ancient art of spear-throwing. Orville is a one-time champion archer, and in recent years has transferred his skill to the making and the use of spear-throwers. Must confess that Flo and Ella Marie showed up about as well as Roy and I did . . . novices all. But Orville transferred his enthusiasm to us, presented your Editor with an atlatl, challenged him to design a better one and to become skillful in its use. One more fascinating project added to our all-too-long list!

Tom Minardi, a junior at St. Joseph's College, Rensselear, Indiana, still keeps part ot his mind on Indians, even though his college major in geology demands much of his attention on the physical sciences. Your Editor has on hand for pleasureable (and only semi-critical) reading Tom's 7-part Sociology report entitled "Prejudice and the American Indian."

- 31 - "How I Came to Get a Folsum" (Editor's Note: Just before the Holidays, a heart-warming experience was ours at the end of a long day. Out of an envelope in the Editor's mail­ box came this contribution from member Virgil Brown, 1135 East Paint Street, Washington C. H., Ohio--his own account of "How I came to get a Folsum." No editorial pencil should touch this document, our staff agreed, so we reproduce it here with our sincere thanks to one of the Society's oldest (in years) member, who still finds pleasure in his hobby and in the sharing of it with others.)

- 32 - -^>-^^^Ju)- Ai-vu-, £ULs><^ A-jlJ^$ &^rL~ji^-^^

• Q-&-&TL* &

- 33 - A finely made quartzite axe from the collection of Robert T. Converse, Plain City, Ohio. It was found in Logan County, Ohio, near Mac-O-Chee Castle. The arti­ fact is 6-1/2" long and is so well balanced it will stand on its poll.

Wanted: Back Issues of "Ohio Archaeologist" A plea for help has come from Wayne A. Mortine, 454 West State Street, Newcomerstown, Ohio, (custodian of "Ohio Archaeologist" back issue file) for any copies members are willing to part with for the following dates ... he has no copies with which to fill orders on file: Vol. 1, No. 1, April 1951; Vol. 6, No. 1, January 1956; Vol. 6, No. 3, July 1956; Vol. 7, No. 1, January 1957; Vol. 10, No. 3, July 1960; Vol. 12, Nos. 1-2, January-April 1962. If you care to donate any of these back issues for re-sale, your Society will benefit and will be grateful to you. And if you wish to be paid $1.25 per copy ($2.00 for January-April 1962) you will make some other member pleased to be able to complete his file. For these issues, there are less than 25 copies in stock, and Wayne would like to have some more if you care to donate them: Vol, 1, No, 2, July 1951; Vol. 2, No. 1, January 1952; Vol. 2, No. 2, April 1952; Vol. 3, No. 1, January 1953; Vol. 4, No. 3, July 1954; Vol. 4, No. 4, October 1954; Vol. 11, No. 1, January 1961; Vol. 11, No. 3, July 1961. Members who wish to add to their back issue file can do so by sending check with order to Wayne . , . prices are $1.25 per issue, $4.50 per volume of 4 issues, January-April and July-October 1962 double issues at $2.00 each. A special bulletin is also in stock, devoted to the so-called Warren County Serpent Mound, date of issue September 1954. Two bulletins of the Ohio Indian Relic Collectors Society are also available: Bulletin 25, September 1950, and Bulletin 26, January 1951.

A selection of fine artifacts from the collection of Tom Hall, member of the Newcomerstown Chapter of ASO.

- 34 - Chapter Reports Vice-President Wayne A. Mortine, whose Constitutional assignment is to help our Chapters, has secured these January reports from each of the 4 Chapters of The Archaeological Society of Ohio. We hope to continue receiving such Reports for inclusion in each issue of "Ohio Archaeologist."

Newcomerstown Chapter

Officers (all of Newcomerstown): President Francis Truex, Route #1; Vice-President H. C. Kunz, Route #1; Secretary Leonard Brown, Route #3; Program Chairman Wayne Mortine, 454 West State Street.

20 Members: H. C. Berg, Leonard Brown, Arthur Dawson, Donald Emler, H. C. Kunz, Donald Kohl, Wayne Mortine, F. L. Truex, Raymond Truex, J. K. Tish, Carroll Welling, Leonard Welling, H. E. McCleary, A. R. Bray, Dennis Belle, Thomas Apple, John Lukens, James Street, Robert Cochran, Richard Cochran.

Meetings are held monthly on the fourth Tuesday at 7:30 P.M., usually at the Newcomerstown Municipal Building. At 3 recent meetings guest speakers were provided, and at 2 other meetings slides were shown. The Chapter main­ tains a file of reference bulletins, and pays the local library's subscription to "Ohio Archaeologist."

Sugarcreek Valley Chapter

Members from Baltic, Sugarcreek, New Philadelphia, Dover, Strasburg, and Bolivar make up the Sugarcreek Valley Chapter. There are 31 members at this writing.

The officers for 1963 are: President Emmet Schide, Vice-President William Smith, Secretary-Treasurer Blaine Miller.

For 1963 we will meet the 3rd Wednesday of each month at 7:30 P.M. Our meeting place for January will be at the Baltic Town Hall, for February at the Sugarcreek Town Hall, for March at the East Ohio Gas Company office in Dover. During the summer months the meetings will be field trips. We have several rock shelters and an Indian burial ground, that are in the path of a mining operation, to open for study.

The programs for the winter months will be in charge of the follow­ ing committee: Blaine Miller, John Ford, Leslie Kaser. The committee is plan­ ning to have speakers each month to instruct us in archaeological facts and methods. The summer field trips will be in charge of the field committee: Adrian Miller, Ohlen Troyer, Mahlon Schrock, Robert Huprich, and John Kohr.

We plan to make a complete survey of archaeological sites in our area. We have set up 3 committees for this purpose: Baltic sec, Lewis Lahm, Clarence Jacobs, Thomas Bellville, Jim Uher; Sugarcreek sec., Leslie Kaser, Robert Huprich, Ohlen Troyer; New Philadelphia-Dover sec, Lloyd Swinderman, Chester Randies, Keith Kirtzinger. The information gathered by these members will then be plotted on a master map.

We have also a membership committee for each section to increase our membership. A prize is to be given for the committee getting the most members at the end of the year.

In October 1963, we are planning to have a show of archaeological ma­ terial. There will be more about this when the planning is complete.

- 35 - Firelands Chapter

Chairman: Arthur George Smith, Norwalk. Meetings are held at his home, 65 North Foster Street.

Members: Betty Crawford, Mansfield; Sylvia Zimmerman, Mansfield; Thomas A. Minardi, Mansfield; Carl C. Reynolds, Norwalk; James Overhuls, Nor­ walk; Michael Graham, Norwalk (Junior); Richard Kuhlman, Monroeville (Junior); Arthur George Smith, Activities during 1962: "vacuum cleaning" of a Late Woodland site with what seems to be a hangover from Hopewell, mapping sites, working with Dr. Olaf H. Prufer in the field and in the laboratory on the Walhonding Com­ plex. (Dr. Prufer is publishing on a site of this complex this month, Jan­ uary) . Smith and Kuhlman also worked with Dr. Prufer on his Fluted Point Survey.

Mound City Chapter

Officers: President, Alva McGraw, Route #2, Chillicothe; Vice- President, Mrs. Dorman Stanhope, Route #4, Chillicothe; Secretary-Treasurer, Norman McKnight, Route #2, Ashville.

Directors: Carl Seymour, Chillicothe; Mrs. Florence Barrett, Chilli­ cothe; Thomas E. Porter, Route #2, Frankfort. Members: Warren Skinner, 311 Douglas, Chillicothe; George Simon, Route #3,Chillicothe; Ralph Dunkel, Route #3, Circleville; Bernard Steinhauser, Route #1, Clarksburg; Cornell Hunter, 188 N. High, Chillicothe; Max Bennett, Lyndon; Ronald Stephenson, 566 Bellview, Chillicothe; Emmett Barnhart, 200 Northridge Road, Circleville; John Barnhart 200 Northridge Road, Circleville; Floyd Bartley, Route #4, Circleville; Bud Imler, Route #2, Chillicothe; Donald Kegg, Chillicothe; Donald McBeth, Kingston; James Munn, 285 Arch Street, Chil­ licothe; Miss Florence Barrett, Chillicothe; Ray 0. Duffy, 615 Seminole Road, Chillicothe; Harold Engle, Route #5, Washington C.H.; Miss Ruth Montelius, Route #1, Circleville.

Meetings on the third Thursday of each month in the Probate Court Room, County Court House, Main and Paint Streets, Chillicothe, at 7:30 P.M. Attendance average 10 to 15. Discussion of relics and sites in our general area. Most program meetings we have consist of talks on sites or historic places of interest. We are fortunate to have the curator of Mound City Park, Richard Faust, meet with us regularly. He has given several fine talks on Mound City Park and site work, also types of artifacts. Most group activities have been at the site on the McGraw farm east of Chillicothe.

Mobile Exhibit in Miami County The Miami County Archaeological Society has set up a challenge for other counties, and for the Chapters of The Archaeological Society of Ohio! As reported in the January 1963 issue of "Echoes," a publication of The Ohio Historical Society:

"A mobile exhibit, planned by the Miami County Archaeological So­ ciety, has been installed for county school classes studying the prehistoric Indians of Ohio. Members of the society are responsible for transporting the exhibit, which contains artifacts, including tools and ceremonial stones, from at least four aboriginal cultures. Raymond S. Baby, curator of archae­ ology at The Ohio Historical Society, who spoke at a meeting of the Miami County Archaeological Society in October, examined the exhibit as it was be­ ing prepared."

- 36 - New Members

Here are the new members added since the listing in the issue of Cleveland 5 George R. Lowell, 4545 E. 131st St., up July-October, 1962, and up to February 16, 1963: Continental Donald V. Brenneman, R. F. D. 3 Coshocton Robert Cochran, R. R. 2 Colorado Denver 9 Sue Atkinson, 821 S. Steele Marion Joseph A. Gratziano, 799-1/2 Waples St. Connecticut Wallingford George F. Manley, 555 Woodhouse Ave. Middletown Norval C. Leichty, 500 Jackson Lane Indiana Woodburn Dorwin R. Yerks, R. R. 1 Mount Cory John E. McVetta, 300 Lincoln St., Box 86 Iowa Newton Ralph W. Smith, R. R. 2 New Bedford Adrian Hummel Sioux City 6 Donald M. Etzel, 2024-1/2 S. Nicollet New Matamoras Ritner F. Holdren, R. R. 3, Box 41 Kentucky Gratz Howard L, Dawson, Star Route Salem H. S. Windram, R. D. 4 Grayson James E. Claxon, R. R, 2 Washington C.H. Samuel I. Hoppes, R. R. 1 Louisiana Ponchatoula *Kenneth Drude, R. R. 1, Box 181 West Lafayette Richard Cochran, Box 567 Michigan Adrian Paul Fish, Adrian College, Box 117 West Mansfield "Donald Mathys, R. R. 1 Nebraska Chadron Dan C, Hedberg, Star Route 1, Box 11 Xenia William R. Home, R. R. 1 New Mexico Melrose Joe Lansford Youngstown 9 Richard S. Sibbet, 1735 Eden Lane Ohio Cincinnati 8 I. M. Pease, 24 Weebatook Lane Tennessee Nashville 12 Mrs. James N. George, 2144 Belcourt Ave. Cincinnati 36 W, Craig Weaver, 8300 Lynnehaven Drive Apt. 11 Columbus 17 Leonard D. Hurley, 80 E. Buckeye Circle, Lockbourne A.F.B. * Designates Junior Member

Treasurer's Report For the period from May 21, 1962, to February 28, 1963. (After payment of all costs of publishing Vol, 12, 1962, and before collection of photograph and plate charges for illustrations in the July-October 1962 issue.) Treasury balance May 20, 1962 Cash $1,597.34 Accounts Receivable 8.50 Expense advance, magazine postage $ 25.00 $ 1,630.84 Receipts Dues and subscriptions $ 2,208.25 "Ohio Archaeologist" and roster sales 290.52 Donations 19.17 Photograph and plate reimbursements 80.75 Total Receipts $ 2,598.69 Expenditures Publishing and mailing costs $ 1,798.25 Dues collection (stationery, printing, postage) 94.74 Meeting announcements (stat'ry, print'g, postage) 145.95 Office expenses 130.43 Expense - guest speakers 100.00 Rent - November meeting 25.00 Total Expenditures $ 2,294.37 Excess, Receipts over Expenditures $ 304.32 Treasury balance February 28, 1963 Cash $1,922.61 Accounts Receivable 12.55 $ 1,935.16 Standing Committees -- all addresses in Ohio unless otherwise noted

PUBLICATIONS COMMITTEE

See second cover

PROGRAM COMMITTEE

Charles H. Meng (chairman), 790 Montrose Avenue, Columbus 9; Raymond S. Baby, Columbus; Leonard H. Brown, Newcomerstown; Robert N. Converse, Plain City; Dr. Stanley G. Copeland, Columbus; Dr. Olaf H. Prufer, Cleveland; Arthur George Smith, Norwalk; Dr. Frank J. Soday, Tulsa, Oklahoma; Hubert C. Wachtel, Dayton.

MEMBERSHIP AND PUBLICITY COMMITTEE

John R. Ford (chairman), 250 Factory Street, Box 16, Sugarcreek; Joseph Dunlap, Lima; Jerry Fisher, Bucyrus; Charles L. Gschwind, Cincinnati; Harry A. Hopkins, Piqua; Forrest C. Jones, New Carlisle; Garth Oberlander, Delaware; Harold H. Richards, Columbus; Ralph J. Servey, Portsmouth.

EXHIBITS COMMITTEE

Ernest G. Good (chairman), 15 Civic Drive, Grove City; Gerald Brickman, Findlay; James T. Converse, Plain City; John Sarnovsky, Elyria; John W. Schatz, Hilliards.

FRAUDULENT ARTIFACTS COMMITTEE

Dr. Stanley G. Copeland (chairman), 1054 Lilley Avenue, Columbus 6; Raymond S. Baby, Columbus; John Barnhart (junior), Circleville; Jeff Carskadden (junior), Zanes­ ville; Arthur George Smith, Norwalk; Hubert C. Wachtel, Dayton.

NOMINATING COMMITTEE

Gerald Brickman (chairman), 409 Locust Street, Findlay; Norman L. Dunn, Findlay; Charles L. Gschwind, Cincinnati; Richard H. Johnson, Meeker; Summers A. Redick, Columbus.

AUDITING COMMITTEE

Gilbert W. Dilley (chairman), 1415 West Exchange Street, Akron 13; Emmett W. Barn­ hart, Circleville.

LEGISLATION COMMITTEE

Thomas A. Minardi (chairman), 71 Shady Lane, Mansfield; Ed W. Atkinson, Colum­ bus; Raymond S. Baby, Columbus; Richard H. Johnson, Meeker; Arthur George Smith, Norwalk.