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Foraminiferal Assemblages of Cretan Beaches (Greece) - Proxy for Tsunami Deposits?

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Foraminiferal Assemblages of Cretan Beaches (Greece) - Proxy for Tsunami Deposits? Foraminiferal assemblages of Cretan beaches (Greece) - proxy for tsunami deposits? From the Faculty Georesource and Materials Engineering of the RWTH Aachen University Submitted by Thu Anh Vu, M.Sc. from Hanoi, Vietnam in respect of the academic degree of Doctor of Natural Sciences approved thesis Advisors: Univ.-Prof. Dr. rer. nat. Klaus Reicherter Univ.-Prof. Dr. rer. nat. Andreas Vött Date of the oral examination: 22.12.2020 This thesis is available in electronic format on the university library´s website b 50000 Fax: 0241-80-92370 Fakultät für Georessourcen und Materialtechnik Email: [email protected] S. Frenzel-Gumlich Intzestr.1 52062 Aachen Statutory Declaration I certify that I composed this thesis completely myself. Any help I made use of, I stated precisedly. Signature Place, date c d Abstract Foraminiferal assemblages and sediment characteristics on Crete island are examined by quantitative analysis multivariate techniques on drill core and beach sand samples along Crete´s coastal zones. This research aims to reconstruct the environment, bathymetry of recent foraminifera, and sediment composition and determine the relationship between foraminifera distribution and grain size. The methods applied include diversity statistics, cluster analysis (Q and R modes), and PCA (Principal Component Analysis). The species diversity or biodiversity is measured using species richness, the Fisher - α index, Simpson index, Shannon-Wiener index, and the percentage of species dominance. The P/R ratio (the portions of planktic foraminifera in the total foraminifera assemblages) is also used to calculate the bathymetry. In the western area, results of microfossil analysis show a total of 14 common species from a total of 66 species, which are divided into four clusters corresponding to four groups using R and Q modes, respectively: (Ia) Peneroplis pertusus; (Ib) Cibicides pseudolobatulus; (II) Ammonia beccarii; (III) Globigerina bulloides - Globigerinoides ruber. The P/R ratio and PCA result reveals the inner shelf species´ appearance in cluster I and II, the inner to middle shelf of species in cluster II; and outer shelf to upper bathyal species in cluster III. In the southern area, four clusters are defined from cluster analysis results: (IV) Amphistegina lobifera - Amphistegina lessonii; (V) Amphistegina lobifera; (III) Globigerinoides ruber; (VI) Elphidium crispum - Ammonia beccarii. The P/R ratio and PCA results of cluster III indicates species belong to the outer shelf to upper bathyal and semi-pelagic to eupelagic environment while in clusters IV, V and VI present species from the inner shelf environment. In the eastern area four clusters can be distinguished: (Ia) Peneroplis pertusus; (V) Amphistegina lobifera; (VII) Globigerinoides ruber; (VIII) Amphistegina lobifera - Ammonia beccarii - Elphidium crispum. The P/B ratio in cluster I indicates species from the inner shelf to upper bathyal areas, whereas the P/R ratio and PCA of cluster VIII and V and Ia present the inner shelf environment. Finally, seven dominant foraminifera assemblages are defined in the whole study area: Amphistegina lobifera; Peneroplis pertusus; Globigerina bulloides; Globigerinoides ruber; Ammonia beccarii; Elphidium crispum and Cibicides pseudolobatulus. Foraminifera analysis results reveal a high percentage of Globigerinoides ruber and Globigerina bulloides in the inner shelf of the environment´s sediment and the core samples. These species are not well preserved and reworked. PCA, CCA, and cluster analysis show the uncorrelated relationship between coastal species and outer bathyal to bathyal species in their specific. These species work as a proxy for transport from the outer shelf bathyal zone to the coastal area during tsunamis or extreme wave events. The correlation of the most abundant species and specific sediment fractions from all three areas indicates that sediment grain size is the primary factor determining species distribution. In each subarea, a correlation of most species in particular or the most abundant species with one or more sediment fractions is shown by bivariate and multivariate applications. The correlation e between sediment components and foraminiferal assemblages by applying quantitative analysis shows a relationship between the foraminifera and sediment composition of the Cretan coastal area, supporting provenance analysis of beach sediments. f Kurzfassung Die Zusammensetzungen von Foraminiferen-Vergesellschaftungen und Sedimenten auf der Insel Kreta wurden mit multivariaten Techniken an Bohrkern- und Strandsandproben entlang der Küstenzonen Kretas untersucht. Forschungsziele sind die Rekonstruktion der Umweltbedingungen, der Bathymetrie rezenter Foraminiferen und der Sedimentzusammensetzung sowie die Untersuchung der Beziehung zwischen Foraminiferenverteilung und Korngröße. Zu den angewandten Methoden gehören Diversitätsstatistik, Clusteranalyse (Q- und R-Modus) und PCA (Principal Component Analysis). Die Artenvielfalt oder Biodiversität wird anhand des Artenreichtums, des Fisher - α Index, des Simpson-Index, des Shannon-Wiener-Index und des Prozentsatzes der Dominanz der Arten gemessen. Das P/R-Verhältnis (der prozentuale Anteil der planktischen Foraminiferen im Vergleich zu den gesamten Foraminiferen-Vergesellschaftungen) wird ebenfalls zur Berechnung der Bathymetrie verwendet. Im westlichen Gebiet zeigen die Ergebnisse der Mikrofossilanalyse insgesamt 14 häufige Arten von insgesamt 66 Arten, die in vier Cluster unterteilt sind, die vier Gruppen entsprechen, die den R- bzw. Q-Modus verwenden: (Ia) Peneroplis pertusus; (Ib) Cibicides pseudolobatulus; (II) Ammonia beccarii; (III) Globigerina bulloides - Globigerinoides ruber. Das Ergebnis des P/R- Verhältnisses und der PCA zeigt das Auftreten der Arten des inneren Schelfs in Cluster I und II, des inneren bis mittleren Schelfs der Arten in Cluster II und des äußeren Schelfs und des oberen Bathyals in Cluster III. Im südlichen Bereich werden aus den Ergebnissen der Analyse vier Cluster definiert: (IV) Amphistegina lobifera - Amphistegina lessonii; (V) Amphistegina lobifera; (III) Globigerinoides ruber; (VI) Elphidium crispum - Ammonia beccarii. Das P/R-Verhältnis und die PCA-Ergebnisse von Cluster III weisen darauf hin, dass die Arten vom äußeren Schelf, zum oberen bathyalen und semi-pelagischen bis eupelagischen Milieu gehören. Während in den Clustern IV, V und VI Arten vorwiegend im inneren Schelf vorkommen. Im östlichen Bereich lassen sich vier Cluster unterscheiden: (Ia) Peneroplis pertusus; (V) Amphistegina lobifera; (VII) Globigerinoides ruber; (VIII) Amphistegina lobifera - Ammoniak beccarii - Elphidium crispum. Das P/B-Verhältnis in Cluster I zeigt Arten vom inneren Schelf bis zum oberen Bathyal an, während das P/R-Verhältnis und die PCA der Cluster VIII und V und Ia die Umgebung des inneren Schelfes darstellen. Schließlich werden sieben dominante Foraminiferen-Assemblagen im gesamten Untersuchungsgebiet definiert: Amphistegina lobifera; Peneroplis pertusus; Globigerina bulloides; Globigerinoides ruber; Ammonia beccarii; Elphidium crispum und Cibicides pseudolobatulus. Die Ergebnisse der Foraminiferenanalyse zeigen einen hohen Prozentsatz von Globigerinoides ruber und Globigerina bulloides im Sediment des inneren Schelfmilieus und in den Kernproben. Diese Arten sind meist nicht gut erhalten und aufgearbeitet. Die Ergebnisse von PCA, CCA und Clusteranalyse zeigen eine nicht korrelierende Beziehung zwischen Küstenarten und Arten des äußeren bathyalen Bereichs. Diese Arten können als Proxy für den Transport von der bathyalen Zone des äußeren Schelfs zur Küstenzone während Tsunamis oder extremen Wellenereignissen. g Die Korrelation der am häufigsten vorkommenden Arten und spezifischen Sedimentfraktionen von allen Probennahmegebieten der drei Regionen zeigt, dass die Sedimentkorngröße der primäre Faktor ist, der die Verteilung der Arten bestimmt. In jedem Untergebiet wird durch bivariate und multivariate Analyse eine Korrelation der meisten Arten oder der häufigsten Arten mit einer oder mehreren Sedimentfraktionen gezeigt. Die Korrelation zwischen Sedimentkomponenten und Foraminiferen-Vergesellschaftungen durch Anwendung quantitativer Analysen zeigt eine deutliche Beziehung im Bereich des kretischen Küstengebiets, unterstützt durch eine Herkunftsanalyse der Strandsedimente. h Contents Contents Abstract ....................................................................................................................................................... e Kurzfassung ................................................................................................................................................ g Contents ....................................................................................................................................................... i List of Figures ............................................................................................................................................. iv List of Tables ............................................................................................................................................. vii Foreword ................................................................................................................................................... viii Chapter 1: Introduction .......................................................................................................................... 1 1.1 Foraminifera overview and foraminifera of the Mediterranean
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