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Ecology of Foraminifera in Northeastern Gulf of Mexico

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Ecology of Foraminifera in Northeastern Gulf of Mexico Ecology of Foraminifera in Northeastern Gulf of Mexico GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 274-G This report concerns work done partly on behalf of the U. S. Atomic Energy Commission and is published with the permission of the Commission Errata: Prof. Paper 27^-G, Ecology of Foraminifera in northeastern Gulf of Mexico. p. 185, 20^4- - Quinqueloculina agglutinata should be Quinqueloculina agglutinans. p. 186 } 20^4- - Textularia barrettii shouild "be Textulariella barrettii. Ecology of Foraminifera in Northeastern Gulf of Mexico By ORVILLE L. BANDY A SHORTER CONTRIBUTION TO GENERAL GEOLOGY GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 274-G Frequency distribution oj Recent Foraminifera in the coastal waters of western Florida. This report concerns work done partly on behalf of the U. S. Atomic Energy Commission and is published with the permission of the Commission UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE, WASHINGTON : 1956 UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR Fred A. Seaton, Secretary GEOLOGICAL SURVEY Thomas B. Nolan, Director For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U. S. Government Printing Office Washington 25, D. C. CONTENTS Page Page Abstract_________________________________________ 179 Faunal zonation—Continued Introduction______________________________________ 179 Offshore faunal zones—Continued Previous work___--_______-___-____.-_------____-___ 180 Fauna 5 (251-600 feet)_____---_---_ —------- 186 Method of study.----__--___-________-._....-._---__ 181 Planktonic species__________-_-_-__---_-_-_ 186 Faunal zonation__________________________________ 181 Environmental analyses____________________________ 187 General features._______________________________ 181 General_____________________---__-__-_--__-_ 187 Brackish habitat______________________________ 182 Brackish habitat—--_____ — _---_------_-------- 187 Tampa Bay..______ ________________________ 182 Offshore area________-.__________-___-_-__--__-- 188 Charlotte Harbor, Pine Island Sound, and Paleoecological implications.____________-_-_____-_--_ 189 San Carlos Bay___--_----___________--__ 183 Conclusions ___________-__________-_---__-_-_------- 191 Offshore faunal zones__________________________ 184 Faunal reference list._______________-_---_-----_--_ 192 Faunal (8-40 feet)_________.________________ 185 Systematic paleontology—---------------------------- ,198 Fauna 2 (41-105 feet)____---._______________ 185 Literature cited_______-__-___-_--___--_------------- 201 FaunaS (106-180 feet)___ —_______ __________ 185 Index—_______________--_____-_--__-----------_--- 203 Fauna 4 (181-250 feet)______________________ 186 ILLUSTRATIONS [Plates follow index; charts in pocket] PLATES 29-31. Foraminifera of northeastern Gulf of Mexico. Page FIGURE 25. Northeastern Gulf of Mexico, showing areas of sampling and biofacies____________________ 180 26. Assemblages and ecologic factors in the river, bay, and shallow-marine habitats. _ _ _______ __ 187 27. Assemblages and ecologic factors in the offshore area___________________--_-_______----_ 188 28. Depth and temperature variations during Miocene to Pleistocene time in northern Florida,__ _ _ 190 CHART 1. Foramin if era! distribution in Tampa Bay, Fla. 2. Foraminiferal distribution in Charlotte Harbor, Pine Island Sound, and San Carlos Bay, Fla. 3. Foraminiferal distribution off Mobile, Ala. 4. Foraminiferal distribution off Panama City, Fla. 5. Foraminiferal distribution off Tarpon Springs, Fla. 6. Foraminiferal distribution off St. Petersburg, Fla. 7. Foraminiferal distribution off the Cocohatchee River, Fla. TABLES " Pasre TABLE 1. Median percentages of Foraminifera in Tampa Bay, Charlotte Harbor, Pine Island Sound, and San Carlos Bay_-_ 183 2. Median percentages of significant Foraminifera in the offshore depth zones, based upon concentrate samples. _ _ ______ 184 3. Foraminifera in selected formations of the Miocene, Pliocene, and Pleistocene of Florida. _________--_--_____---_- 190 4. Locations and depths of samples. ____________________-____-_________--____-_----_------------_---------- 199 m A Shorter Contribution to General Geology ECOLOGY OF FORAMINIFERA IN NORTHEASTERN GULF OF MEXICO By ORVILLE L. BANDY* ABSTRACT point. The number of benthonic species increases from less than Frequency studies of Foraminifera in the northeastern part of 20 near the shore to more than 50 on the upper part of the the Gulf of Mexico reveal basic uniform patterns of distribution. continental slope. Up welling of colder waters is indicated on Samples for the investigation represent the area inshore from the the outer part of the continental shelf and may be significant in 100-fathom line between Mobile, Ala., and Fort Myers, Fla. restricting the distribution patterns of many species. Included, also, are Tampa Bay, Charlotte Harbor, Pine Island Different upper limits of the depth ranges of planktonic species Sound, San Carlos Bay, and the lower reaches of some rivers. demonstrate another method of depth correlation. Globigeri- Brackish waters of bays and harbors are subdivided into noides rubra (D'Orbigny) appeared in less than 100 feet of water, shoals and channels, and these in turn are separated into inner, most of the other species appeared between depths of 100 and intermediate, and outer bay areas. Faunal assemblages are as 200 feet, and Globorotalia tumida (Brady) appeared at about 400 follows: river habitat and inner shoals, Ammobaculites and feet. These data suggest that these species, when alive, float no Streblus; inner bays and channels, Elphidium and Streblus; higher than the minimum depths indicated. intermediate and outer parts of harbors and bays, Elphidium, Paleoecological implications are discussed briefly, and an Streblus, miliolids, and rare offshore species; and intermediate example is given in which the depth-to-temperature relationships and outer shoals, abundant Streblus, with few arenaceous species. are demonstrated for selected formations from the Miocene, Salinity variation is the major factor controlling distribution of Pliocene, and Pleistocene of Florida. Foraminifera in the brackish habitat. The greatest weight INTRODUCTION percentage of Foraminifera and the greatest number of species in the sediment are in the channels and open bay areas. Data from An investigation was made of the distribution of this study together with those from prior workers are used in Foraminifera on the continental shelf and the upper presenting a classification chart of faunal assemblages for part of the continental slope between Mobile, Ala., brackish-water habitats. and Fort Myers, Fla. (fig. 25). West of central Florida, Samples of the offshore area present the following faunal gradation: the outer edge of the continental shelf averages about Depth Prackish areas Normal-salinity environment 210 feet below sea level, and west of northern Florida (feet) it averages about 180 feet. The lower part of fauna 4 0-40 Streblus assemblage. _ _ _ _ Archaias angulatus 41-105 Hanzawaia strattoni.---- angulatus corresponds approximately with the edge of the shelf Asterigerina carinata_ _ _ _ Asterigerina carinata off central Florida, and the upper limit of this fauna Hanzawaia strattoni corresponds roughly with the edge of the shelf off 106-180 _____________________ Planulina ornata northern Florida. Included in the investigation were Hanzawaia strattoni Tampa Bay, Charlotte Harbor, Pine Island Sound, concentrica 181-250 ______________________ Cibicides pseudoungerianus San Carlos Bay, and the lower reaches of some of the Hanzawaia concentrica rivers emptying into these areas. The primary purpose Amphistegina lessonii of this study was to discover significant faunal trends 251-400 ______________________ Uvigerina assemblage and to analyze these in terms of ecologic factors. In Amphistegina lessonii this way a better understanding of existing facies may 401-600 _____________________ Uvigerina assemblage Bolivina goesii be developed, possibly to serve as a more reliable basis for the interpretation of fossil facies. A composite analysis of the offshore assemblages resulted in the tabulation of median values for the percentages of significant The samples were collected from the research vessels species in each of the faunal zones. The factors limiting the MV Pompino and MV Alaska, made available to the distribution of species in the marine environment are manifold U. S. Geological Survey by the U. Si Fish and Wildlife and include temperature, food, nutrients, and other factors. Service. Inshore samples in water shallower than 30 Reduced salinity plays a major role in inhibiting certain species feet were obtained with an underway sampler, whereas in some nearshore areas; however, turbulence and turbidity are also important. The weight percentage of the Foraminifera in those in deeper water were obtained with Pettersson the sediment increases very gradually offshore to the edge of the and orangepeel samplers. Positions in inshore areas continental shelf, and then it increases very rapidly beyond this were obtained by sextant and dead reckoning, and * Department of Geology, University of Southern California. positions in deeper water were obtained by loran (long- 179 180 SHOKTEK CONTKIBUTIONS TO GENEKAL GEOLOGY '.ALA/ (MISS MOjBILE Jfll \ n RAVERSE \ LINE ,'ASee chart 1 DETAIL MAP OF TAMPA BAY DETAIL MAP OF CHARLOTTE HARBOR PINE ISLAND SOUND AND SAN CARLOS BAY FIGURE 25.—Northeastern part of the Gulf of Mexico, showing areas of sampling and biofacies. range navigation). The samples were taken on behalf Loeblich of the Museum and Ruth Todd of the
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