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'. 4444 '.4 .4..4444~.4'44'4. 4.'.. ­ 4. .44,44~>4'..444444444~4444 fr 444 ­ 4 4 4'4 ~ 444..444.~444.4 44 <4 4 .4,444444.,4.4'444,.44'444j4444f44~44444,44~44~4' .4444444 44~ 444~444 444 ~, ~,,444444 -.. 44~..ig'4~.4 .~x~ 4 4 4 4 ~4 4 4 44,,4 444 '.~P~~4 k( ~ 4 444'V 44 44444'. 4~444*4 4.4444 444 4 4.4 4444444444 4444 44. 44~ 44 4'~.44 -44 .. ,~ 444..4444444.>,,44,44144444444444444H.4~4 44.4-4.44444444444 44444 44~',44444 4444 444'44 ~ <'4 444'~ .,>4'>(444.444.4444,44~4444.,444,>~ ' 4 4IU~ ~ .4'44 ~ 4' 4' ,444444~i4 ' 4 4.." - 444 ,4.4'.4'~.., Fea~sibi1tty~ - ' 44444" Socloloy 4 DIR 44 U' TANDAL POLDER FEASIBILITY STUDY PREPARED FOR US. AGENCY FOR INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT NOVEMBER 1978 (O-2MEHILL TANDAL POWER FEASIBILITY STUDY Prepared for U.S. AGENCY FOR INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT November 1978 U CR2N HrILL, Inc. E ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The investigation of the feasibility of Tandal Polder was less than a 2-montn effort. As such, it could only be com­ pleted with the assistance of many people who are located in Tchad. CH2M HILL appreciates the courtesies extended t* each of our team members and it was only through the hospitality nf these peop!h and their willingness to cooperate that the effort was completed as planned. We are particularly indebted to the people with SODELAC and the other agencies of the Government of Tchad who provided a great deal of background materials; to the engineers and technicians from SCET International who explained the Guini and Berim Projects; to the local officials in Bol and its surrounding villages who received us during our fieldwork; to the people at ORSTOM who provided nimerous scientific publications and counsel; to various people within the Lake Tchad Basin Commission who made their knowledge available; and to people at the Institut National Tchadien des Sciences Humaines who provided input into the sociological studies. Though our stay in Tchad was short, we are appreciative of the services provided by Ambassador Bradford and the staff of the U. S. Embassy. *TABLE OF CONTENTS Pace PART 1 SUMMARY AND RECOMMENDATIONS A. Description of the Project 1 B. Summary Findings 4 C. Recommendations 7 PART 2 PROJECT BACKGROUND AND DETAILED DESCRIPTION A. Background 9 B. Detailed Description 10 PART 3 PROJECT ANALYSIS A. Technical Analysis 12 I. Water Supply 12 II. Design Alternatives 14 III. Soils 17 IV. Drainage 28 V. Maintenance 28 VI. Transport 29 VII. Cost Estimates 30 VIII. Alternative Projects 31 IX. Implementation 32 B. Environmental Assessment 33 I. Introduction 33 II. Existing Aquatic Conditions 33 III. Project Impacts on 52 Aquatic Conditions IV. Existing Wildlife Conditions 56 V. Impacts on Wildlife 59 C. Economic Analysis 61 I. Introduction 61 II. National Agricultural 62 Situation III. Production, Value and 64 Income IV. Benefits 69 V. Project Feasibility 72 Table of Contents (Continued) Pago D. Socio-Cultural and Socto- 77 Economic Considerations I. Introduction 77 II. The Socio-Cultural Back- 78 ground: Traditional Society and Its Networks III. The Present Situation on 88 the Polder Project IV. The Socio-Demographic 99 Study and Field Surveys at Bol and Around Teodal V. Factors Which Might 102 Facilitate/Impair the Establishment of the Tandal Polder VI. Conclusions and Recommenda- 105 tions for Socio-Cultural System E. Financial Analysis 108 I. Project Costs and Cash 108 Flow II. Sources of Funds 108 III. Distribution of Revenues 110 and Costs IV. Consequences of Plan on 110 Farmers F. Human Health 113 I. Demography 113 II. Public Health Services 114 and Structure III. Endemic Diseases and 116 Relative Importance IV. Relation of Diseases to 126 Environmental Conditions and Culture V. Impact of Project on 128 Human Health VI. Recommendations 130 Table of Contents (Continued) G. Animal Health 135 1. Livestock Situation 135 11. Government Services in 136 Veterinary and Animal Sciences III. Diseases and Their Relative 138 Importance IV. Impact of Tandal Polder 148 Project on Animal Health V. Recommendations 151 H. Plant Ecology and Agriculture 155 I. Present Crops and 155 Associated Iabitats II. Agricultural Services 157 III. Plant Pests and Diseases 157 IV. Pollution Due to Chemicals 174 V. Ecological Impact of 175 Tandal Polder VI. Recommendations 175 ANNEXES 1 CONSTRUCTION COST ESTIMATE 181 2 ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT 183 3 SOCIO-CULTURAL STUDIES 198 4 ENDEMIC DISEASES 239 5 ANIMAL HEALTH 254 6 BIBLIOGRAPHY 258 U TABLES Table Eo 3A-1 PROBABILITY OF LA LEVELS EXCEEDING A 13 GIVEN ELEVATION 3A-2 ESTIMATED SOIL P'ROPERTIES 23 3A-3 CONSTRUCTION COST ESTIMATE 30 3B-1 PRINCIPAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE LAKE 36 COMMUNITIES AT A SURFACE ELEVATION OF 281.5M 3B-2 PARTIAL LIST OF BIRD SPECIES REPORTED TO 57 OCCUR NEAR BOL 3C-2 COTTON AND WHEAT PRODUCTION 67 3C-3 VALUE OF PRODUCTION--TANDAL POLDER 68 3C-4 ANNUAL BENEFITS AND COSTS OF OPERATION, 70 TANDAL POLDER 3C-5 CONSTRUCTION COSTS AND TCHADIAN LABOR 73 PRICE ADJUSTMENT 3C-6 COMPARISON OF BENEFITS AND COSTS OF 75 DEVELOPMENT OF TANDAL POLDER 3E-1 CASH FLOW FOR PROJECT CAPITAL REQUIREMENTS 109 FOR CONSTRUCTION AND OPERATION 3E-2 SCHEDULE OF CROP SALES AND PLAN FOR THEIR 112 DISTRIBUTION--TANDAL POLDER 3F-1 CASES OF MAJOR COMMUNICABLE DISEASES IN 118 TCHAD 1966, 1969-1976 3F-2 TEN PRIMARY CAUSES OF DEATH IN TCHAD IN 1976 120 3F-3 FIVE-YEAR MATRIX OF PRIMARY CAUSES OF 121 DEATH, 1972-1976 3F-4 RANKING OF TEN PRIMARY CAUSES OF DEATH IN 123 TCHAD IN RECENT YEARS AND COMPARISONS TO PRIMARY CAUSES OF DISEASE 3F-5 MAIN CAUSES OF RECENT DISEASE IN BOL AREA 124 1975-1977, AVERAGE MONTHLY CASES 3F-6 COMPARISON OF TEN PRIMARY DISEASES IN TCHAD 125 TO BOL IN RECENT YEARS 3G-1 INCIDENCE OF AND TREATMENTS FOR LIVESTOCK 140 DISEASES, BOL SECTOR. 1977 3G-2 INCIDENCE OF AND TREATMENTS FOR LIVESTOCK 141 DISEASES, NORTH-WEST CIRCONSCRIPTION. 1976 3G-3 INCIDENCE OF EPIZOOTIC DISEASES OF LIVESTOCK 142 IN TCHAD 1976 3G-4 ACTIONS AGAINST LIVESTOCK DISEASES IN TCHAD 143 3H-1 POTENTIAL INSECT PESTS OF BOL PO)LDER CROPS 162 3H-2 PLANT DISEASES OF NIGERIA 164 3H-3 CROP PATHOGENS OF SOUTH-WEST TCHAD 170 3H-4 PROTECTIVE MEASURES AGAINST CROP DISEASE 179 I FIGURES Figure Page 1A-I LOCATION OF BOL IN TCHAD 2 IA-2 TANDASj POLDER-DEVELOPMENT 3 3B-I MAJOR ECOLOGICAL ZONES IN LAKE TCHAD AT 38 DIFFERENT DEPTHS 3B-2 BIOTOPE LOCATIONS IN LAKE TCHAD 40 31,-3 LAKE LEVEL AND DEPTH AT BOL SINCE 1956 46 3B-4 VOLUME, SURFACE AREA, DEPTH AT BOL, AND 47 BLEVATION OF THE SURFhCE IN LAKE TCHAD 3B-5 AREAS OF OPEN WATER IN TANDAL POLDER IN 50 MAY 1978 3B-6 SCHEIATIC SHOWING AREA AFFECTED BY PROJECT 55 WATER USE 3D-i THE PRFFECTURE DU LAC AREA 79 3D-2 AD.IINISTRATIVE DIVISION FOR THE SOL PREFECTURE 80 3F-1 DIAGRAM OF HEALTH SERVICES FOR THE BOL AREA 115 3F-2 TRENDS IN LEPROSY AND GONORRHEA IN TCHAD 119 1966 AND 1969-1976 3F-3 TRENDS IN INTESTINAL SCHISTOSOMIASIS AND 119 AMEBIASIS IN TCHAD 1966 AND 1969-1976 3-1 14AP SHOWING THE ETHNOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION 199 FOR THE EASTERN SHORE OF LAKE TCHAD 3-2 SKETCH OF THE BOL MARKET 201 3-3 GENERAL AREA MAP--BOL AND THE POLDERS 216 TANDAL BASIN 3-4 POPULATION DENSITY MAP 219 CURRENCY Currency Unit - CFAF Franc U. S. $1 - CFAF 230 WEIGHTS AND MEASURES I Kilometer (kn) - 0.6215 miles I Centimeter (cm) - 0.033 feet I Meter (m) - 3.3 feet 1 Hectare (ha) - 2.47 acres 1 Liter (1) - .264 gallon I Kilogram (kg) - 2.207 lbs 1 ton (vwtric) - 2,207 lbs ABBREVIATIONS FAO Food and Agriculture Organization of United Nations GOT Government of Tchad LCBC Lake Chad Basin Commission ORSTOM Office de la Recherche Scientifique et Tech. ue Outre-mer SCET Socidt4 Centrale pour 1'Equipement du Territoire- International SODELAC Soci~t4 de Dgveloppement do Lac EPart 1A DESCRIPTION OF THE PROJECT In cooperation with a multidonor program for tho Lac Region of Tchad, USAID is proposing to finance the construction of an irrigation development of the Tandal Polder near Bol (Figure 1A-i). The project consists of empoldering (diking) an area of approximately 800 hectares of Lake Tchad, providing facilities to irrigate the land by gravity and irrigation, and provide drainage facilities to ensure that the project continues to function as designed. The physical facilities include two intake structures with pumping facilities sufficient to assure a constant water supply during most years, a system of drainage canals and pumps to control seepage and surface runoff (Figure 1A-2).
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  • Morphology of the Antennal Sensilla of Two Species of Hoplopyga Thomson, 1880 (Coleoptera, Scarabaeidae, Cetoniinae)

    Morphology of the Antennal Sensilla of Two Species of Hoplopyga Thomson, 1880 (Coleoptera, Scarabaeidae, Cetoniinae)

    Revista Brasileira de Entomologia 65(1):e20200078, 2021 Morphology of the antennal sensilla of two species of Hoplopyga Thomson, 1880 (Coleoptera, Scarabaeidae, Cetoniinae) Cleicimar Gomes Costa1, Sérgio Roberto Rodrigues1* , Juares Fuhrmann2 1Universidade Estadual de Mato Grosso do Sul, Cassilândia, MS, Brasil. 2Universidade de São Paulo, Museu de Zoologia, São Paulo, SP, Brasil. ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT Article history: Antennal sensilla are important functional elements of sensory systems in insects. This study aimed to determine Received 07 August 2020 the morphology and structure of the sensilla of two species of the genus Hoplopyga. Adults of Hoplopyga liturata Accepted 17 February 2021 (Olivier, 1789) were collected in traps with sugarcane juice as an attractant. Thereafter, larvae of Hoplopyga Available online 22 March 2021 albiventris (Gory and Percheron, 1833) were collected in mounds of termites (Cornitermes cumulans (Kollar, Associate Editor: Adriana Marvaldi 1832) Isoptera). Then, they were reared in the laboratory for adult observations. Antennae of H. liturata and H. albiventris have sensilla chaetica, trichodea, placodea (type I and II), coeloconica (type I and II), and ampullacea (or pore). Females of H. liturata have a total of about 10657 sensilla and males have about 12512, whereas females Keywords: of H. albiventris have about 16490 sensilla and the males 24565 sensilla. Sensilla placodea are predominant in Chemical communication the antenna of males and females of both species. Gymnetini Isoptera Neotropical Sexual dimorphism Introduction The genus Hoplopyga Thomson, 1880 (Coleoptera, Scarabaeidae, gustative organs (Schneider, 1964; Hansson and Stensmyr, 2011). Cetoniinae, Gymnetini) includes 20 species distributed from Mexico Antennal sensilla are responsible for reception of semiochemicals (or to Argentina, of which 11 were registered in Brazil (Shaughney and infochemicals), such as sexual or aggregative pheromones, and of other Ratcliffe, 2015), namely: H.
  • Edible Insects

    Edible Insects

    1.04cm spine for 208pg on 90g eco paper ISSN 0258-6150 FAO 171 FORESTRY 171 PAPER FAO FORESTRY PAPER 171 Edible insects Edible insects Future prospects for food and feed security Future prospects for food and feed security Edible insects have always been a part of human diets, but in some societies there remains a degree of disdain Edible insects: future prospects for food and feed security and disgust for their consumption. Although the majority of consumed insects are gathered in forest habitats, mass-rearing systems are being developed in many countries. Insects offer a significant opportunity to merge traditional knowledge and modern science to improve human food security worldwide. This publication describes the contribution of insects to food security and examines future prospects for raising insects at a commercial scale to improve food and feed production, diversify diets, and support livelihoods in both developing and developed countries. It shows the many traditional and potential new uses of insects for direct human consumption and the opportunities for and constraints to farming them for food and feed. It examines the body of research on issues such as insect nutrition and food safety, the use of insects as animal feed, and the processing and preservation of insects and their products. It highlights the need to develop a regulatory framework to govern the use of insects for food security. And it presents case studies and examples from around the world. Edible insects are a promising alternative to the conventional production of meat, either for direct human consumption or for indirect use as feedstock.
  • GABA Immunostaining in the Central Complex of Dicondylian Insects

    GABA Immunostaining in the Central Complex of Dicondylian Insects

    Published in "Journal of Comparative Neurology 526 (14): 2301–2318, 2018" which should be cited to refer to this work. GABA immunostaining in the central complex of dicondylian insects Uwe Homberg | Tim-Henning Humberg* | Jutta Seyfarth | Katharina Bode | Manuel Quintero Pérez Faculty of Biology, Animal Physiology & Center for Mind, Brain and Behavior - CMBB, Abstract Philipps-Universität Marburg, Marburg, The central complex is a group of midline-crossing neuropils in the insect brain involved in head Germany direction coding, sky compass navigation, and spatial visual memory. To compare the neuroarch- Correspondence itecture and neurochemistry of the central complex in insects that differ in locomotion, ways of Uwe Homberg, Faculty of Biology, Animal Physiology, Philipps-Universität Marburg, D- orientation, time of activity (diurnal, nocturnal), and evolutionary history, we studied the distri- 35032 Marburg, Germany. bution of γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) immunostaining in the central complex of 29 species, Email: [email protected] ranging from Zygentoma to Diptera. In all species, the lower division of the central body was Present address densely innervated by GABA-immunoreactive tangential neurons. These neurons had additional *Department of Biology, University of arborizations in the bulb, a distinct region of synaptic complexes in the lateral complex, and Fribourg, CH-1700 Fribourg, Switzerland somata in a cell cluster mediodorsally to the antennal lobe. Differences in the appearance of Funding information Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft, Grant/ GABA immunostaining in the lower division of the central body corresponded to differences in Award Number: HO 950/24-1 neuropil architecture, such as transformation of the lower division into a toroid in certain Dip- tera and Heteroptera.