HARRY GWALA DISTRICT MUNICIPALITY
NVIRONMENTAL ANAGEMENT RAMEWORK E M F
DESIRED STATE REPORT
DRAFT
November 2018
uMkhomazi River
TITLE AND APPROVAL PAGE
Project Name: Harry Gwala District Municipality Environmental Management Framework
Report Title: Desired State Report
Authority Reference: N/A
Report Status Draft
Client:
Prepared By: Nemai Consulting
+27 11 781 1730 147 Bram Fischer Drive, +27 11 781 1731 FERNDALE, 2194
[email protected] PO Box 1673, SUNNINGHILL, www.nemai.co.za 2157
Report Reference: 10627–20181130 R-PRO-REP|20150514
Authorisation Name Date
Author: D. Henning 30/11/2018
Reviewed By: N. Naidoo 30/11/2018
This Document is Confidential Intellectual Property of Nemai Consulting C.C. © copyright and all other rights reserved by Nemai Consulting C.C. This document may only be used for its intended purpose
Harry Gwala District Municipality EMF: Desired State Report (Draft)
AMENDMENTS PAGE
Amendment Date: Nature of Amendment Number:
30/11/2018 First Version for public review 0
Harry Gwala District Municipality EMF: Desired State Report (Draft)
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
The Harry Gwala District Municipality (HGDM), in partnership with the KwaZulu-Natal (KZN) Department of Economic Development, Tourism and Environmental Affairs (EDTEA), embarked on a process to develop an Environmental Management Framework (EMF) for the District. An EMF is a study of the biophysical and socio-cultural systems of a geographically defined area to reveal where specific activities may best be practiced and to offer performance standards for maintaining appropriate use of such land.
The EMF development approach, which is outlined in the figure to follow, is consistent with the requirements stipulated in the National Environmental Management Act (Act No. 107 of 1998) and the EMF Regulations (Government Notice No. R547 of 18 June 2010).
Outline of EMF Development Process
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This report represents the Desired State assessment (Volume 2) of the HGDM EMF process and serves to build on the status quo evaluation by establishing an environmental vision for the District which is translated into a spatial representation via a mapping exercise.
In order to address the triggers for sustainable development in HGDM some of the key objectives of the EMF include facilitating environmental decision-making and providing strategic guidance on environmental, economic and social issues in the District. The catalysts for initiating the EMF fall within the following categories: 1. Significant environmental factors; 2. Development pressures and trends; 3. Environmental threats; and 4. Resource management issues.
The approach to defining a desired state in HGDM is based on interpreting and integrating the following: Management priorities; Sensitivity analysis; Development pressures and trends; Development opportunities and constraints; and Aspirations of Interested and Affected Parties.
An Environmental Management Zone (EMZ) represents a specific demarcated area that requires active control to ensure that its potential is realised and sensitive features are adequately safeguarded. The following EMZs were delineated for HGDM: Formally Protected Areas; Conservation Buffers; Terrestrial Biodiversity; Aquatic Biodiversity; Agriculture; Heritage; Urban Areas; and Traditional Authorities.
To facilitate the attainment of the desired state for the EMZs, Management Guidelines will be included in the Strategic Environmental Management Plan (SEMP) which will stipulate compatible activities that support the vision for these zones and specific management requirements and objectives that need to be adhered to when development is proposed in a zone.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
1 INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 Background 1
1.2 EMF Study Area 2
1.3 EMF Objectives 5
1.4 EMF Development Principles 5
1.5 EMF Development Approach 6
1.6 Establishing a Desired State 7
1.7 Gaps, Assumptions and Limitations 10
2 DEVELOPMENT PRESSURES & TRENDS 12
2.1 Introduction 12
2.2 Provincial Planning 12 2.2.1 Provincial Growth and Development Strategy 12 2.2.2 Provincial Spatial Economic Development Strategy 13 2.2.3 KZN-N2 South Corridor 17
2.3 Local Planning 18 2.3.1 Harry Gwala District Growth and Development Plan 18 2.3.2 Development Corridors 19 2.3.3 Nodal Development 20
3 DEVELOPMENT OPPORTUNITIES & CONSTRAINTS 23
3.1 Introduction 23
3.2 Agriculture 23
3.3 Tourism 24
4 MANAGEMENT PRIORITIES 27
4.1 Visioning 27 4.1.1 General 27 4.1.2 Provincial Context 27 4.1.3 Local Context 29
4.2 Sustainability Criteria 31
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4.3 Environmental Management Priorities 32 4.3.1 Feature-based Management Priorities 32 4.3.2 Management Priorities Expressed by Interested and Affected Parties 38 4.3.3 Future Pursuit of Management Priorities 43
5 SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS 44
5.1 Introduction 44
5.2 Determining Sensitivity per Environmental Feature 44
5.3 Agriculture 46 5.3.1 Governance Framework 46 5.3.2 Local Context 46 5.3.3 EMF Spatial Considerations 47 5.3.4 Sensitivity Ratings 49
5.4 Terrestrial Biodiversity 50 5.4.1 Governance Framework 50 5.4.2 Local Context 51 5.4.3 EMF Spatial Considerations 52 5.4.4 Sensitivity Ratings 56
5.5 Aquatic Biodiversity 57 5.5.1 Governance Framework 57 5.5.2 Local Context 58 5.5.3 EMF Spatial Considerations 58 5.5.4 Sensitivity Ratings 60
5.6 Slope 61 5.6.1 Governance Framework 61 5.6.2 Local Context & EMF Spatial Considerations 61
5.7 Heritage 63 5.7.1 Governance Framework 63 5.7.2 Local Context 64 5.7.3 EMF Spatial Considerations 64 5.7.4 Sensitivity Ratings 65
5.8 Overall Environmental Sensitivity in HGDM 66
6 ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT ZONES 67
6.1 Delineating Environmental Management Zones 67
6.2 Managing Conflicts between Development and Environmental Features 67
6.3 Mapping EMZs 68
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7 REFERENCES 78
LIST OF TABLES
Table 1: Catalyst Projects for HGDM linked to PSEDS 15 Table 2: HGDM corridor hierarchy based on SDF (draft 1) 20 Table 3: HGDM Nodal Hierarchy 21 Table 4: Opportunities and Constraints associated with Agriculture in HGDM 23 Table 5: Opportunities and Constraints associated with Tourism in HGDM 25 Table 6: HGDM’s Environmental Management Priorities 32 Table 7: Focus Group Meetings – EMF Desired State Phase 38 Table 8: Views expressed during the Focus Group Meetings 39 Table 9: Environmental Sensitivity Scale 45 Table 10: Legal Framework for Agriculture 46 Table 11: A detailed table of the agricultural land catergory classes for KZN 47 Table 12: Sensitivity Ratings assigned to Category: Agriculture 49 Table 13: Legal Framework for Terrestrial Biodiversity 50 Table 14: Land Use Management Objectives for Terrestrial & Aquatic Conservation Categories 54 Table 15: Land Use Management Objectives for the WHS Buffer Zone Categories 55 Table 16: Sensitivity Ratings assigned to Category: Terrestrial Biodiversity 56 Table 17: Legal Framework for Aquatic Biodiversity 57 Table 18: Sensitivity Ratings assigned to Category: Aquatic Biodiversity 60 Table 19: Sensitivity Ratings assigned to Category: Terrain 62 Table 20: Legal Framework for Historical and Cultural Features 63 Table 21: Sensitivity Ratings assigned to Category: Heritage 65
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1: EMF Components 1 Figure 2: HGDM National and Provincial Geographical Context 3 Figure 3: Locality Map 4 Figure 4: Broad overview of EMF Development Process 6 Figure 5: Factors influencing the ‘Desired State’ 9 Figure 6: KZN SDF 2016 13 Figure 7: HGDM Nodes, Corridors and Projects 17 Figure 8: KZN-N2 South Corridor 18 Figure 9: HGDM SDF 22 Figure 10: Photographs of selected Focus Group Meetings 38 Figure 11: Agricultural Sensitivity Map 49 Figure 12: Terrestrial Biodiversity Sensitivity Map 57 Figure 13: Aquatic Biodiversity Sensitivity Map 61 Figure 14: Terrain Sensitivity Map 63 Figure 15: Heritage Sensitivity Map 66
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LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
BSP Biodiversity Sector Plan CARA Conservation of Agricultural Resources Act (Act 43 of 1983) CBA Critical Biodiversity Area CITES Convention on the Illegal Trade in Endangered Species CMA Catchment Management Agency COGTA Co-operative Governance and Traditional Affairs DAC Drakensberg Alpine Centre DAFF Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries DARD Department of Agriculture and Rural Development DEA Department of Environmental Affairs DGDP District Growth and Development Plan DM District Municipality DMR Department of Mineral Resources DRDLR Department of Rural Development and Land Reform DWS Department of Water and Sanitation ECZs Environmental Constraint Zones EDTEA Economic Development, Tourism and Environmental Affairs ESA Ecological Support Area EIA Environmental Impact Assessment EKZNW Ezemvelo KZN Wildlife EMF Environmental Management Framework EMZ Environmental Management Zone FEPA Freshwater Ecosystem Priority Areas FET Further Education and Training FSCA Freshwater Systematic Conservation Assessment GIS Geographical Information System GVA Gross Value Added HGDM Harry Gwala District Municipality IAPs Interested and Affected Parties ICOMOS International Council on Monuments and Sites IDP Integrated Development Plan IMP Integrated Management Plan ITB Ingonyama Trust Board IUCN International Union for Conservation of Nature KZN KwaZulu-Natal LED Local Economic Development LM Local Municipality LUMS Land Use Management System
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MEC Member of the Executive Council MPRDA Mineral and Petroleum Resources Development Act (Act 28 of 2002) NBF National Biodiversity Framework NBSAP National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan NDP National Development Plan NEMA National Environmental Management Act (Act 107 of 1998) NEM:AQA National Environmental Management: Air Quality Act (Act 39 of 2004) NEM:BA National Environmental Management: Biodiversity Act (Act 10 of 2004) NEM:PAA National Environmental Management: Protected Areas Act (Act 57 of 2003) NFEPA National Freshwater Ecosystem Priority Area NSBA National Spatial Biodiversity Assessment NSDP National Spatial Development Perspective NSSD1 National Strategy for Sustainable Development and Action Plan NWA National Water Act (Act 36 of 1998) PA Protected Area PGDP Provincial Growth and Development Plan PGDS Provincial Growth and Development Strategy PSC Project Steering Committee PSDF Provincial Spatial Development Framework PSEDS Provincial Spatial Economic Development Strategy RDM Resource Directed Measures RQOs Resource Quality Objectives SA South Africa SADC South African Development Community SAHRA South African Heritage Resources Agency SAMPI South African Multidimensional Poverty Index SANBI South African National Biodiversity Institute SDCs Source Directed Controls SDF Spatial Development Framework SEMP Strategic Environmental Management Plan SMME Small, Medium & Micro-sized Enterprises SPLUMA Spatial Planning and Land Use Management Act (Act 16 of 2013) WHS World Heritage Site WMA Water Management Area WWTW Wastewater Treatment Works
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1 INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background
The Harry Gwala District Municipality (HGDM), in partnership with the KwaZulu-Natal (KZN) Department of Economic Development, Tourism and Environmental Affairs (EDTEA), embarked on a process to develop an Environmental Management Framework (EMF) for the district. Nemai Consulting was appointed to prepare the EMF for the HGDM.
According to the EMF Regulations (Government Notice No. R547 of 18 June 2010), an EMF is a study of the biophysical and socio-cultural systems of a geographically defined area to reveal where specific activities may best be practiced and to offer performance standards for maintaining appropriate use of such land. An EMF includes a framework of spatially represented information connected to significant environmental (i.e. ecological, social and economic) parameters.
Prior to commencing with the HGDM EMF, the requisite administrative and institutional matters were set in place, which included the concurrence between the relevant spheres of government, namely the National Department of Environmental Affairs (DEA), KZN EDTEA and HGDM.
As shown in Figure 1, the two major components of the HGDM EMF entail Public Participation and Technical Development. Once the EMF is finalised, it will undergo promulgation and gazetting in order to render it as a formal decision-making tool in the environmental and planning arenas.
Figure 1: EMF Components
The HGDM EMF consists of the following deliverables, namely the Status Quo Report, Desired State Report and Strategic Environmental Management Plan (SEMP) (see Figure 1). This report represents the Desired State assessment (Volume 2) of the HGDM EMF
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Harry Gwala District Municipality EMF: Desired State Report (Draft) process and serves to build on the status quo evaluation by establishing the environmental desired state for the District, which is translated into a spatial representation via a mapping exercise.
1.2 EMF Study Area
HGDM, formerly known as the Sisonke District Municipality (DM), is a Category C Municipality situated in the south of KZN. The district covers an area of 10 547km². The district borders with Umgungundlovu DM to the north-east, Alfred Nzo DM to the south and south-west, Ugu DM to the south-east and Lesotho to the north-west. The district also includes the southernmost part of the Maloti Drakensberg World Heritage Site (WHS). Refer to Figures 2 and 3.
HGDM encompasses the following local municipalities:
Dr Nkosazana Dlamini Zuma Local Municipality (LM) (KZN436) – This Municipality was established by the amalgamation of Ingwe LM and Kwasani LM. The area of this LM is 3 602km2. It is the largest LM in the district, accounting for just over a third of its geographical area. The Municipality fulfils the role of being the administrative and commercial centre for the district. The rest of the municipal area consists of tribal lands, which dominate the area. Towns in the Municipality include Creighton, Himeville and Underberg.
uMzimkhulu LM (KZN435) – The area of this LM is 2 435km2. It is the most populated of the municipalities. uMzimkhulu Town (and adjoining Clydesdale peri-urban area) is regarded as the primary node, both administrative and economic, in the municipal area. Rietvlei, Riversdale and Ibisi are regarded as secondary nodes, fulfilling the role of rural service centres. Other settlements such as Mountain Home, Glengarry, Ntsikeni and Ncambele (Gowan Lea) can be regarded as minor service centres.
Greater Kokstad LM (KZN433) – The area of this LM is 2 680km2. Kokstad serves as the service centre and commercial hub for most of East Griqualand and nearby parts of the Eastern Cape, with which it shares borders.
Ubuhlebezwe LM (KZN434) – The area of this LM is 1 604km2. The main administrative centre of the Municipality is the town of Ixopo, which is also the seat of the HGDM. The secondary and tertiary development nodes include Highflats, Hlutankungu (previously Stuartsville), Jolivet, KwaBhidla, Emgodi and Hlokozi.
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Figure 2: HGDM National and Provincial Geographical Context
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Harry Gwala District Municipality EMF: Desired State Report (Draft)
Dr Nkosazana Dlamini Zuma LM
Greater Kokstad LM
Ubuhlebezwe LM
uMzimkhulu LM
Figure 3: Locality Map
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1.3 EMF Objectives
In order to address the triggers for sustainable development in the HGDM and the priority environmental opportunities and constraints, the specific objectives of the EMF will include the following: 1. To consolidate environmental information for the district; 2. To identify geographical areas in terms of Section 24 of the National Environmental Management Act (NEMA) (Act No. 107 of 1998); 3. To consider the influence of the geographical areas to the listed activities under the Environmental Impact Assessment Regulations (EIA) of 2014, as amended; 4. To develop a decision support system for development in the area to ensure that environmental attributes, issues and priorities are taken into account; 5. To inform development planning in the district; and 6. To provide strategic guidance on environmental, economic and social issues in HGDM.
In its formal context, the EMF that is adopted by the Minister or MEC will be taken into consideration when reviewing applications for environmental authorisation in or affecting the areas to which the EMF applies. In addition, the EMF informs decision-making regarding land use applications.
1.4 EMF Development Principles
In accordance with DEA (2010), the following principles have been applied in the development of the HGDM EMF: The EMF is customised to the context of Harry Gwala; The EMF is undertaken with reference to environmental goals and priorities; The EMF strives to encourage sustainable development; The scope of the EMF is comprehensive enough to provide assistance to environmental and planning decision-making in HGDM; The EMF places specific focus on the issues and information that matter in decision- making in HGDM; Bio-physical, social, economic, and other aspects that are relevant in the District are reflected in the EMF (based on the availability of information); The EMF aims to be clear and easy to understand; The process of developing the EMF included an appropriate level of public participation; The process of developing the HGDM EMF was conducted impartially; and The EMF takes into consideration the legal and policy requirements as well as guidelines that are applicable to Harry Gwala.
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1.5 EMF Development Approach
The EMF development approach is consistent with the requirements stipulated in the following primary legislation that governs the process: NEMA, in particular Sections 2, 23 and 24; and The EMF Regulations (Government Notice No. R547 of 18 June 2010), which make provision for the development, content and adoption of EMFs as a proactive environmental management decision support tool.
In addition, the HGDM EMF will also conform to the Guideline on Environmental Management Frameworks in terms of the EMF Regulations of 2010, Integrated Environmental Management Guideline Series 6 (DEA, 2010).
An overview of the methodology to develop the EMF is broadly presented in Figure 4.
Figure 4: Broad overview of EMF Development Process
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1.6 Establishing a Desired State
With the foundation of the EMF set through the Status Quo Phase, the next step is to determine a realistic desired state for the environment in HGDM.
Establishing the desired state includes setting a vision for the District and providing the environmental management context for the management zones and related requirements for the various environmental features for the SEMP. It also focuses on addressing the imperatives that lead to the initiation of the EMF development process (refer to HGDM EMF Volume 1: Status Quo Report), which include the following:
5. Significant environmental factors, for example – According to the 2017-2022 HGDM IDP (HGDM, 2017), the district has high agro- ecological potential due to an abundance of high quality soils, high altitude, and abundant water. Commercial farms and to large extent commercial plantations form the bedrock of the economy of the region. Climatic extremes make the area suitable for a variety of products including crops and vegetables, livestock and sugar cane around Ixopo/ Highflats area. Extracts from the Biodiversity Sector Plan complied by Ezemvelo KZN Wildlife (EKZNW) (EKZNW, 2014a) follow – . The district has two registered RAMSAR sites, namely the uKhahlamba Drakensberg Park and Ntsikeni Vlei; . The district has several formally protected areas and other conservation areas; . The highly variable topography characteristic of the District creates biophysical habitat and micro climatic conditions which support a range of biodiversity; . The District has three main catchments, namely the Mkomazi in the north, the central Mzimkhulu and the Mzimvubu catchment in the south, as well as the headwaters of the Mpambanyoni, Mtwalume and Mzumbe catchments located in the north east; . The District has several large wetland systems including: the Pholela, Ngwangwane and Ndawana systems in the north western section of the district in the foothills of the Drakensberg; The Kromrivier and Mzintlanga systems in the southern area of the district, which includes the Franklin Vlei; to the north the Ntsikeni Nature Reserve and its extensive wetland system ; and to the north east the Upper and little Bisi system; as well as several wetlands in remaining municipalities; . The district contains terrestrial and aquatic Critical Biodiversity Areas (CBAs) and Ecological Support Areas (ESAs); . The district contains five of the KZN Provincially derived terrestrial landscape corridors, as well as local corridors;
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. Mzumbe River is one of the ten identified free flowing rivers in KZN. The top section of the river falls within Harry Gwala, and is designated as an aquatic landscape corridor in this District; and . Umzimkulu River, which originates in the Berg and flows through the centre of Harry Gwala, is of the four National Flagship Rivers, and is designated as a critical linkage in this district. uKhahlamba Drakensberg Park WHS has been renamed since the inclusion of Sehlabathebe National Park and now jointly the transfrontier WHS is referred to as the Maloti Drakensberg WHS.
6. Development pressures and trends. The Harry Gwala District Growth and Development Plan (DGDP) (HGDM, 2014) provide an indication of potential development pressures and trends in the district, which include the following: The District is sparsely populated (with some of the lowest population densities in the Province), with a topography and human settlement pattern that can make it difficult to service. However, the node and corridor system that is evident within the District needs to be enhanced so that maximum value can be achieved through these. This may mean, for example, encouraging appropriate development and density levels within nodes, by prioritising the servicing of the nodes accordingly. There are significant servicing backlogs within HGDM. If growth and development is to occur within the District, then it is essential that the backlogs for all services (water, sanitation, roads, housing, electricity and solid waste) are addressed. Agro-processing is a significant driver for future economic growth in the district and significant opportunities exist for expansion. There is a strong emphasis on initiatives that especially support the agricultural and tourism sectors in HGDM, which are regarded as existing local niches in the District.
7. Environmental Threats and Resource Management Issues, such as – HGDM is primarily a rural district. Economic opportunities (viz. tourism and agriculture) are directly linked to the environment. Water, climate, soil, biodiversity and scenic beauty are especially relevant. Land use in the district comprises primarily of agricultural, plantations, subsistence farming, small areas of high density settlement and natural areas. The modification of the natural environment occurs over the entire district but concentrated portions occur in general in the north and north-eastern area of the district (EKZNW, 2014a). Water as a key environmental resource needs to be more effectively harnessed, but in a sustainable manner. Agriculture benefits from good natural catchments, but tensions related to contamination through fertiliser use, over extraction, and protection of wetlands need to be balanced. Sanitation and water treatment challenges, as well as water conservation strategies, are also issues that will affect development.
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Mitigation and adaptation strategies in terms of climate change are necessary. This affects both agriculture and tourism – the district’s key economic sectors. Settlement patterns within the rural communities are characterised by widely dispersed dwellings. This makes service provision very expensive. With its mainly rural nature, most of HGDM’s inhabitants practice subsistence living and are directly dependent on natural resources (food, craft production, subsistence income, building material, fuel, medicinal purposes). The HGDM Biodiversity Sector Plan (EKZNW, 2014a) notes the following land uses and activities within the district which threaten CBAs and ESAs – . Unplanned and incompatible development (tourism and formal/informal urban/rural); . Clearing of vegetation for informal settlement and associated subsistence agriculture; . Expansion of forestry, sugarcane and other commercial cultivation; . Over utilization of natural resources/Eco services and medicinal species; . Poor land management activities; . Overgrazing and the unsustainable management of grazing land; . Destruction of wetland and riparian habitat. Water pollution, resulting in algal blooms, fish kills loss of aquatic and riparian habitat and increased costs for treatment of agricultural, industrial and potable water.
The approach to defining a desired state in HGDM is based on evaluating and integrating the factors shown in Figure 5.
Figure 5: Factors influencing the ‘Desired State’
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The Management Priorities, which are strongly rooted in the outcomes of the Status Quo phase, express the desired state for HGDM. The remaining factors shown in Figure 5 contribute towards the spatial representation of the District’s desired state. These factors are expanded upon in the ensuing chapters.
1.7 Gaps, Assumptions and Limitations
It is expected that the EMF and each of the Environmental Sensitivity Maps and Environmental Management Zones (EMZs) will undergo rigorous review and scrutiny by the relevant parties that will be involved with the application of the outcomes of the EMF, the implementation of its Management Guidelines or are potentially affected by the framework. Following the requisite amendments and incorporation of comments, this decision-making tool should be regarded as a concept EMF until the requirements of DEA and KZN EDTEA can be satisfied and the gazetting process has been completed.
Environmental Sensitivity Maps and EMZs were demarcated using the best available information at the time when this report was compiled and the accompanying Geographical Information System (GIS) was developed. It is accepted that more accurate and supplementary information may become available subsequent to the finalisation of the EMF. A plan-do-check-act approach is thus advocated, where the framework will undergo a cycle of planning and implementation which needs to be followed by revisions and updating by its custodians. Ground-truthing is also crucial, especially for significant environmental attributes, which needs to feed into the evolving EMF.
The following information gaps and limitations accompany the SEMP: The Environmental Sensitivity Maps and resultant EMZs were delineated and rated based on pre-determined (and available) criteria that were fed into a spatial model. Through further data refinement and the inclusion of new spatial information, the precision of the EMZs can be enhanced. Input from stakeholders could also lead to the re-adjustment of weightings, which could fine-tune the sensitivity rating system. Areas where conflict between development pressures and environmental sensitivity were identified were dealt with in the demarcation of the EMZs through a conservative and risk-averse approach. Nonetheless, opinions may vary as to the acceptable manner in which development pressures influenced the delineation of the EMZs. Despite efforts, limited information was sourced with regard to sector-related developments earmarked for the District, and the EMF may thus not holistically consider all the development pressures in HGDM. Further consultation is recommended with the Traditional Leaders to convey the implications of the framework for future development in the District in order to garner the necessary support in this regard. This should be facilitated through the KZN Department of Co-operative Governance and Traditional Affairs (COGTA).
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Through the Project Steering Committee and direct consultation, the project team endeavoured to obtain existing policies, strategies, plans and programmes, as well as information regarding earmarked developments that are relevant to HGDM. However, it is anticipated that not all of the spatial data and accompanying information was successfully sourced. These gaps may be identified during the review of the EMF.
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2 DEVELOPMENT PRESSURES & TRENDS
2.1 Introduction
Development is guided by various factors, including related policies and plans, population growth and distribution, income distribution, employment sectors, economic drivers, natural resource exploitation and growth sectors (amongst others). Development should strive to meet the societal needs while accommodating the receiving environment without compromising its goods and services.
The EMF needs to take cognisance of future development pressures and trends in HGDM. Where possible, these developments should be accommodated as they contribute towards the much needed socio-economic enhancement of the District. Conversely, areas of potential conflict between earmarked developments and sensitive environmental features need to be identified to determine a sustainable way forward.
In the sections to follow some of the key development pressures and trends in HGDM are examined further.
2.2 Provincial Planning
2.2.1 Provincial Growth and Development Strategy
The Provincial Growth and Development Strategy (PGDS) (2016) established the development vision for KZN. The PGDS sets out the following seven strategic goals with specific strategic objectives being identified for each of these strategic goals (KZN Provincial Planning Commission, 2016): Inclusive economic growth; Human resource development; Human and community development; Infrastructure development; Environmental sustainability; Governance and policy; and Spatial equity.
The Provincial Spatial Development Framework (PSDF) (shown in Figure 6) considered the following spatial elements: Environmental sensitivity and resilience; Priority social intervention areas; Priority areas of economic activity and potential; and
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Levels of accessibility to public and private sector services.
Figure 6: KZN SDF 2016 (KZN Provincial Planning Commission, 2016)
In order to ensure the resulting PSDF guides and co-ordinates spatial planning within district municipalities, it is envisaged that a series of sub-regional plans (e.g. Conservation and Investment Corridors) will follow.
The Provincial Growth and Development Plan (PGDP) strives to translate the PGDS into an implementation plan which will provide a sound platform for departmental, sectoral and stakeholder annual performance planning and therefore to guide resource allocation.
2.2.2 Provincial Spatial Economic Development Strategy
The Provincial Spatial Economic Development Strategy (PSEDS) (2016) serves as the framework to guide where the government’s economic initiatives should be implemented in the Province.
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Key spatial features in KZN include: The Ingonyama Trust Board (ITB) owns just under 30% of the total land area in the province. The ITB is a body corporate that owns the land in trust on behalf of the Zulu Kingdom. All rural development plans on ITB land therefore require approval of the local leadership; Another key feature of the feature of the province is the national road network. The N2 runs along the coast linking all the main coastal cities which include harbour towns of eThekwini and Richards Bay. The N3 links these coastal regions to the country’s industrial heartland in Gauteng as well as the platinum belt in Rustenburg; and The province is also characterised by many natural and man-made tourism features. These include 600km of coast, the Midlands and Drakensburg mountains, historical buildings and battlegrounds
The PSEDS recognises the following sectoral comparative advantages for HGDM (EDTEA, 2017): The District is characterized by two high growth strategic nodes connected by high growth strategic corridors. In the north, there is a potential tourism / commercial agriculture corridor stretching from Kokstad to Underberg. At the center of the District is a concentration of poverty nodes that are not on the main transport routes. The district has natural advantages in - Agriculture; Forestry; and Tourism; The EDTEA is currently working on developing an Industrial Economic Hub in agro- processing with the focus being on furniture manufacturing and dairy production; Upgrading of the roads near Sani Pass and the Drakensberg will present eco-tourism opportunities; In terms of the poverty node at the center of the District, subsistence farmers should be assisted where possible to transition to sustainable commercial farming; and The proposed infrastructure builds should make use of the Extended Public Works Programme.
Key spatial features that may affect economic development in HGDM include the following (EDTEA, 2017): This a largely rural District with a large residential population scattered throughout the District; The main transport routes within the District include a portion of the N2 that runs from Port Shepstone to Mthatha in the Eastern Cape. In addition to this the R617 which runs north from Kokstad to Underberg linking Msunduzi to Bulwer and also offers a lot of tourism potential due to the relatively high volumes of traffic on the route. Sani Pass is
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the only formal route into Lesotho from the province and provides tourists with the opportunity to explore the Mountain Kingdom; Some adventure tourism also takes place along the major river systems (canoeing on the uMkhomazi and Umzimkhulu). The district has high eco-tourism and adventure tourism potential; There is notable commercial agriculture in the District with the notable exception being uMzimkhulu. The Greater Kokstad area however has significant subsistence agriculture potential and portions of the district form part of the Maloti Drakensberg Trans frontier Project. This is a programme aimed at preserving unique and fragile ecosystems in Lesotho and South Africa; Formal conservation areas exist in Dr Nkosazana Dlamini Zuma LM that have special ecological value and in terms of land use management must be protected in order to maintain bio-diversity; There is extensive commercial and subsistence farming in the District. The main agriculture outputs are: livestock, maize, potatoes and deciduous fruit; and A map of the South African Multidimensional Poverty Index (SAMPI) reveals that poverty in the HGDM is largely concentrated in uMzimkhulu LM with four wards reflecting significant relative deprivation. In Ubuhlebezwe LM, Ward 2 around the town of Ixopo has the least deprivation whilst the areas around greater Kokstad and Franklin are relatively better off.
Catalyst Projects linked to the PSEDS to drive growth and development to 2030 in HGDM are listed in Table 1 and shown in Figure 7.
Table 1: Catalyst Projects for HGDM linked to PSEDS (EDTEA, 2017) Node / Project / Initiative Description Location Status Corridor 1. Tourism Development Sisonke Cultural Village Development of a cultural village uBuhlebezwe LM Planned - and Heritage Precinct with world class accommodation and conferencing facilities Alan Paton Steam Train Expansion of the steam train Centred around Exploratory Ixopo Tourism Route tourism route, including product Ixopo development and marketing Sani Pass Border Explore precinct development at Sani Pass Planned Corridor: Development initiative Sani Pass for tourism purposes Howick - Underberg - Sani Pass 2. Exploiting agricultural potential Clover Powder Milk The development of a Powder Milk Ingwe LM Exploratory Bulwer Factory Factory by Clover (Bulwer) Sisonke Hydroponic Production of high-value off uBuhlebezwe and Planned - Farming Programme seasonal vegetables using uMzimkhulu LMs hydroponic technology Citrus Fruit Production Expand peach plantations to uMzimkhulu LM Planned - 80,000 trees Essential Oils Project Development of a 10,000ha In all LMs Planned - essential oils plantation Sunflower Project Development of a 10,000ha In all LMs Planned -
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Node / Project / Initiative Description Location Status Corridor sunflower plantation Maize Massification Development of 30,000ha of maize In all LMs Planned - project plantations Sisonke Farmers’ Market N/A N/A Planned - Agri-hub Develop a network innovation Umzimkhulu/ Planned Umzimkhulu system of agro-production, Ebutha farm processing, logistics, marketing, training and extension services. 3. Development of Agro-processing within the district Animal Feeds Plant To establish an Animal Feeds District Wide Planned - Manufacturing Factory using maize, soya Bean and Essential Oils as inputs Essential Oils Development of a plant involved in uMzimkhulu Planned - Manufacturing Plant the processing of essential oils and its beneficiation into soap products Saw Mills Revival Downstream beneficiation of wood District Wide Planned - Programme and the manufacturing of wood products Maize Milling Plants Development of Maize Milling Makhoba Tribal Planned - Plants and Silos Authority Canning Plant N/A N/A Exploratory - Bio-fuel Hub Development of bio-fuel extracting Ingwe LM Exploratory - plant Industrial/Agro- - processing Economic Hubs 4. Stimulating other manufacturing industries in the district Purpose-built Industrial To develop and establish purpose- GSK; NMZ and Planned Ixopo parks built industrial parks within the Ixopo district Clothing and Textiles Establishment of clothing and All LMs Planned - Revival textile hubs in the district 5. Infrastructural Development Rail Revival Revive the rail network in Sisonke District Wide Planned - Regional airport Development of a regional airport Unspecified Envisioned - for Sisonke Bulwer Dam R2 billion development of dam in Bulwer Planned Bulwer Bulwer 6. Priority District Rural Connecting Road Integrated Municipal Upgrading uMzimkhulu Road - Infrastructure Delivery, Infrastructure, uMzimkhulu LM Strategic Infrastructure New District Road/ (District road or similar) – Kokstad - Transport route to Bulwer and uMzimkhulu to Swartberg (and beyond) Critical Road Upgrades P12 Himeville – Loteni and - Nottingham Road to unlock tourism from Gauteng, R56 Pietermaritzburg to Kokstad to Eastern Cape upgrades to improve accessibility and R612 Mzinto to Bulwer to improve accessibility 7. Expansion of and Retail and Services sector Kokstad Mall Development of a major mall at the Kokstad Envisioned Kokstad N2 and R56 intersection Ixopo Call Centre N/A Ixopo Planned Ixopo 8. Developments Integrated Rural Isibizane/Makholweni IREDC 10 km along P8-3 Exploratory Corridor: Economic Development (dense rural - high poverty - primary from Creighton Bulwer / Ixopo Centres / secondary agricultural land - ITB turn onto D1345 - Kokstad /
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Node / Project / Initiative Description Location Status Corridor land) Underberg Potential for agriculture
Figure 7: HGDM Nodes, Corridors and Projects (EDTEA, 2017)
2.2.3 KZN-N2 South Corridor
KZN COGTA has prepared a Strategic Corridor Plan for a defined area between Kingsburgh (south of Durban) and Port Edward and between Port Shepstone and Kokstad, which is referred to as the “KZN-N2 South Corridor” (see Figure 8). This corridor is informed by the
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PGDS and associated SDF. The key objectives of the ‘KZN-N2 South Corridor’ Strategic Corridor Development Plan are to: Support value chain and logistics; Encourage investment growth and development; Coordinate infrastructure development; and Guide land use and spatial planning.
Figure 8: KZN-N2 South Corridor (COGTA, 2017)
The consolidated Strategic Corridor Development Plan land use framework, corridors and nodes with its associated “Protect”, “Change” and “New” Strategies should inform the preparation of focus area plans. This will require a translation of the broader spatial concepts to a smaller scale to facilitate and coordinate strategic interventions at a local level.
2.3 Local Planning
2.3.1 Harry Gwala District Growth and Development Plan
The Harry Gwala DGDP was prepared in 2014 as an extension of the KZN PGDP. The Plan forms part of the Government package of plans consisting of the National Development Plan (NDP), PGDP, DGDPs, Municipal IDPs and Ward Plans. The package of plans is focused on
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ensuring alignment between plans and thus improved growth and development throughout the country. The DGDP plan is a long term plan focusing on the year 2030. The municipal IDPs will align with the DGDP.
The HGDM IDP (2012-2017 Term) states the vision of the District to be a leading water services provider in the KZN Province with its communities benefiting from a vibrant agriculture and tourism sector. However, in light of this noble vision, the District faces a few spatial challenges.
Spatial challenges are issues that the country as a whole, not just Harry Gwala, faces. The NDP (2030) states that South Africa faces deficiencies with the local system of integrated development planning and the governance and administrative capability to undertake planning at all scales. The NDP goes further in elaborating that South Africa's intergovernmental system of spatial planning suffers from: Slow development; Poor coordination; Complex division of powers and functions between local, provincial and national government; and Ambiguities in the Constitution regarding responsibilities of spatial planning.
On a more local level, the DGDP (2014) considers the District to be sparsely populated with some of the lowest population densities (increasing faintly along the access routes) in the Province, as well as a topography and human settlement pattern that can make it difficult to service. With that being said, Harry Gwala is a District with great potential, especially in the areas of agriculture and tourism, as illustrated in their IDP’s vision.
2.3.2 Development Corridors
Corridors are established to provide a well-designed connectivity which attracts and improves accessibility in intense developments. The corridors suggested in the HGDM SDF are based on the recommendations in the PGDS, the various development informants identified in the earlier phase of the study and the goals and objectives of the HGDM SDF, with specific reference to the need to integrate district space and link the various nodes and opportunities into a meaningful whole; improve or extend access to areas with economic potential within areas of high poverty; maximise interest opportunities and potentials within the district in way which promotes growth and investment, and ensure the sustained growth of existing centres and corridors of economic development.
Provincial Priority Corridors (SC2 and SC6) relevant to HGDM include: SC 2: Kokstad – Umzimkulu – Msunduzi (Secondary Corridor), and SC6: Port Shepstone – St Faiths – Ixopo (Secondary Corridor).
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Notwithstanding the classification of these corridors as secondary in terms of the PGDS, it must be emphasized that for the district these are the main focal corridors. The definition and purpose of these corridors are described in the PSEDS as “a corridor serving areas of high poverty levels with good economic development potential within one or two sectors.”
Although it could be argued that the primary function of these corridors is long distance traffic movement, development should be encouraged at appropriate locations along the corridors. More detailed planning at these locations will however be required as part of the local SDF’s. The types of corridors in HGDM, based on the SDF, are listed in Table 2.
Table 2: HGDM corridor hierarchy based on SDF (draft 1) Corridors Description and Location Primary Corridors Kokstad- Matatiele-Lesotho (R56) Kokstad-Underberg-Sani Pass-Lesotho (R617) Underberg-Boston-Msunduzi (P7-4, P7-5, P7-2) Underberg-Stepmore-Impendle-Nottingham Road (P27-2) P68 has been identified as one of the primary corridors which links Umzumbe and connects to Port Shepstone in the south and Highflats in the north. Secondary Corridors P604 from Swartberg to Matatiele P252, 12 7-2 to Impendle P602, P8-3 from Franklin to Creighton P74-9 from uMzimkhulu to Ntsikeni P601-2 from UMzimkhulu via Lourdes to Franklin P750 From N2 to Franklin Tertiary Corridors P113, P422, D634 P417, D609, D631 P929, P316, D2420 D636 ,D609, D959 P607, P320, D2412 D957, D625, P246 P125 ,P77 ,P8-2 D2411, D958, D612 D310 and P73 which continues through Umzumbe and runs through Sipofu and Msisini to Turton
2.3.3 Nodal Development
According to the HGDM SDF for 2017/22, nodal planning seeks to enhance the provision of adequate infrastructure, improves efficiency and provides a variety of land uses and public transportation in the vicinity of communities. Nodal planning provides links between the HGDM and other neighbouring areas through major transportation routes. Therefore, nodal development should be encouraged because it improves efficiency by providing easy access and thresholds for a variety of high quality services and uses.
The HGDM SDF for 2017/22 (see Figure 9) provides a hierarchy of primary, secondary, tertiary, rural service, and tourism/recreational nodes, which are summarised in Table 3. When the hierarchy of nodes is proposed in the context of a District level, the classifications
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of the same nodes at a national, provincial and even the local level may differ depending on the scale at which they are being considered. The various nodes in this report can be understood as areas where higher intensity of land use and social and business activities occur.
Table 3: HGDM Nodal Hierarchy (HGDM, 2017)
Nodes Node Description Location and Rationale Primary Nodes The sphere of influence for these primary nodes Urban centres of: range from 10-15 km. These nodes serve the sub- . Kokstad regional economy of the district and are currently in . Umzimkhulu need of a detailed master-planning for infrastructural and services requirements for expansion. Services . Ixopo that are expected in these centres include agri . Uderberg/Himeville industrial development, large scale tourism projects, These areas have potential for significant housing development, shopping centres, wide range economic development, growth and of retail services, police services, primary, expansion. Their sphere of influence ranges secondary and tertiary high level of education from 10-15km. centres, hospitals, clinics, government departments, satellite offices (especially for land affairs, social welfare). Secondary The typical services expected at these nodes Urban centres of: Nodes include police stations, low level retail services and . Franklin housing development (less than 1000 lots), small . Creighton scale tourism, education facilities (primary and secondary), clinics, pension payout points, . Donnybrook community halls etc. . Bulwer (treated as a primary node due to potential posed by its strategic location) . Highflats These areas are said to comprise of sufficient levels of economic development. Tertiary Nodes These areas are said to have lower potential for Urban areas of: providing economic services to local communities. . Swartberg Appropriate formalisation in terms of planning and . Riverside development control is required in these areas to enhance their development potential. Common . Ibis services that can be expected in these areas include . Rietvlei low level retail services, police stations, primary and These areas are described as having low secondary education, clinics, pension payout points, levels for economic potential. The aim of community halls, and taxi ranks. these tertiary nodes is primarily to serve local communities. Rural Service Rural service nodes represent the lowest order of In areas which comprise of minimal economic Centres locality, where a range of service and economic potential such as: activities could be concentrated in a sustainable . Ntsikeni way. These are the most accessible locations within . Lourdes an acceptable distance of communities. The levels of service found at these nodes are clinics, mobile . GowanLea services, post boxes shops, primary and secondary . Centacow school, pension payout point, taxi rank, and . Kilmon Traditional Authority Court. . Ncwadi . Stepmore . Ntwasahlobo . Makhoba . Nokweja . Jolivet Tourism and These nodes are situated in areas that are attractive These nodes are located on private land Recreation and have the potential for resource orientated such as: Nodes activities. The areas have easy access to the . In Kokstad on the N2 wilderness/ natural areas through controlled points. . Ntsekeni Nature Reserve . Ophepheni
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Nodes Node Description Location and Rationale . Indlovu Clan (Ubuhlebezwe to west R46) Qunu falls
Figure 9: HGDM SDF (HGDM, 2017)
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3 DEVELOPMENT OPPORTUNITIES & CONSTRAINTS
3.1 Introduction
The potential for development in HGDM is linked to the available opportunities present as well as strengths of various environmental features and economic sectors. Conversely, the constraints and weaknesses associated with the District need to be overcome to ensure that it’s the full development potential can be harnessed.
According to the 2017-2022 HGDM IDP (HGDM, 2017), the key economic opportunities in the largely rural District include agriculture and tourism. These are elaborated on in the sections to follow. The manner in which the EMF provides support to the desired state objectives for these features is also shown.
3.2 Agriculture
Agriculture is a critical sector within the District’s economy. It is the second largest in Gross Value Added (GVA) terms and has the potential to continue to contribute to the growth and development of HGDM. The most important commercial enterprises in HGDM include: Dairy - supplies 10% of all milk consumed in South Africa, and 35% of Clover’s total milk intake; Cash crops such as maize and potatoes, and Beef Farming.
There are also commercial forestry plantations that provide raw materials for wood-related products.
Opportunities and constraints associated with Agriculture in HGDM, as well as the implications for the EMF, are presented in Table 4.
Table 4: Opportunities and Constraints associated with Agriculture in HGDM
Opportunities Constraints EMF Support Agro-processing is a significant Socio-economic factors which are The desired state that was driver for future economic growth in posing risks to the local agricultural established by the EMF is the District, with significant industry include crime and as follows: maintain opportunities for expansion in: uncertainties associated with land existing agricultural Land suitable for high value reform productivity and reserve crops; Although the Agricultural sector areas with high agricultural provides employment potential for future related Land reform programmes opportunities, especially in Ixopo; uses, thereby promoting supported by significant public lack of housing opportunities food security in HGDM. sector investment and provides constraints with regards In support of the desired parastatal bank loans; to productivity as employees travel state, high value Access to export markets; far to access workplace. agricultural land and areas Support institutions for funding Roads within the Municipality are in where agriculture is the and technical advice e.g. poor condition. This also hinders primary land use will be
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Opportunities Constraints EMF Support Masisizane Fund; flexible transportation of people included in the Agriculture New production techniques, and trade of goods. Environmental e.g. hydroponics; There is lack of capital for Management Zone (EMZ), emerging farmers. with accompanying Processing, packaging and Management Guidelines. distribution of local produce – No-go areas for agriculture, such The EMF can be used to canning, drying, freezing and as protected areas and identify suitable and further product beneficiation; watercourses. compatible areas that and Water abstraction rights need to be formalised in order to quantify the support agricultural Forestry, milling and demand. activities (e.g. agri-parks). production of related product Climate change effects, such as It will also show areas (Biofuel, charcoal etc.). unpredictable weather patterns and where the receiving The Agricultural industry is more extreme climate events. environment is deemed to labour intensive and is located be sensitive and where Threatened agricultural land strategically along the R612 and certain developments (category B) is dominant in the R56. (such as agriculture) are District, particularly in the Greater not supported, and which A fairly developed institutional Kokstad and Dr Nkosazana need to undergo more arrangement has been created for Dlamini Zuma LM’s. emerging farmers to provide rigorous environmental Soil degradation caused by support in terms of education assessments to show that unsustainable agricultural practices though public and private the desired state will not (such as over utilization of soils). enterprises. be compromised. Such Lack of knowledge and skills. The district has some areas with assessments may also naturally fertile soil and soils of Soil contamination and shallow serve as ground-truthing favourable structure soils. and find the environment to be more suitable to the Climate conditions allow for a wide Steep slopes reduce agricultural development. range of agricultural opportunities. potential in several ways: difficulty in land cultivation, reduced rainfall The north eastern portion in the per area unit, shallow soil profile, Ubuhlebezwe LM has substantial reduced water retaining capability patches of higher grazing capacity. and reduced accessibility and Forestry features prominently in isolation from markets and the District. services. The district hosts both successful Potential risks posed by climate commercial farmers as well as change are likely to place pressure emerging farmers. on the agricultural potential of the Alternative livelihood options such District. as beekeeping, permaculture, fire Removal of riparian vegetation and wood, charcoaling, etc. wetlands to make way for Opportunities to invest in better subsistence farming. agricultural education and land Capacity to identify requirements care programmes. and obligations in terms of NEMA, Establishment of agri-parks. National Water Act (Act No. 36 of Business Plan compiled for HGDM. 1998) (NWA) and Conservation of Agricultural Resources Act (Act No. 43 of 1983) (CARA).
3.3 Tourism
According to the DGDP (HGDM, 2014), the potential within the District for tourism is large and can have significant economic benefits. There is a strong emphasis in the DGDP on initiatives that support the tourism sectors in HGDM. According to the PSEDS the District has a high growth strategic node connected by high growth strategic corridors, with a potential tourism stretching from Kokstad to Underberg.
Some of the current tourism opportunities in HGDM include: Maloti Drakensberg WHS;
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Sani Pass; Adventure tourism - Mountain biking; Quad biking; River rafting, tubing and canoeing; Photography; Hiking and abseiling; Fishing; 4x4 trails; Horseback riding; Harry Gwala Birding Route – Marutshwa Forest Board Walk; Gqumeni Forest; Highover Wildlife Sanctuary; Harry Gwala Central; Sani Pass and Cobham; Korongo Valley Guest Farm; Sutherland Farm; Springbok Farm; Ntsikeni Nature Reserve; Franklin Vlei; Harry Gwala Southern Route Broader Harry Gwala; and Sisonke Stimela and Steam Rail Tourism.
Opportunities and constraints associated with Tourism in HGDM, as well as the implications for the EMF, are presented in Table 5.
Table 5: Opportunities and Constraints associated with Tourism in HGDM
Opportunities Constraints EMF Support Establishment of Community Lack of heritage surveys and The desired state that was Tourism Organisations in all LMs archaeological research in HGDM. established by the EMF is and related initiatives that seek to Safety and security of tourists. as follows: maintain or stimulate tourism growth and Limited access by rural enhance the qualities of transform the tourism players communities to tourism the environment in HGDM domestically. opportunities. that support tourism and Favourable climate supports Lack of benefits to local promote sustainable and tourism. communities from tourism environmentally Conducive topography for eco- and opportunities. responsible tourism. adventure tourism, particularly in Marketing of heritage resources. Tourism values are inherent within the EMZs the Drakensberg. Risks of loss of sense of place and the related Two Ramsar sites within the trough incongruent tourism Management Guidelines, District which play a role in development. particularly those activities international biodiversity. The environmental impact of future Ecotourism potential, where water that are reliant of the tourism developments could visual and biodiversity resources are used for recreational undermine the natural beauty of
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Opportunities Constraints EMF Support purposes (e.g. fishing, canoeing, the area. qualities within HGDM. hiking trails, picturesque scenery). Any development in these The District supports a number of zones, including tourism- Red Data flora and fauna species. related, should not HGDM has several formally compromise the sensitivity protected areas and other of the environmental conservation areas. features that make up The District falls within two centres these zones. of endemism, namely the Delineation of a dedicated Drakensberg Alpine Centre (DAC) Urban Area EMZ, which and Maputaland Centre of Plant recognises the Endemism. development priorities Good conservation practices and often associated with expertise. urban areas, e.g. services, densification, tourism Employment opportunities in the facilities (e.g. developing ecotourism / wildlife accommodation). based industries for local people. Provision made in the Promote environmental education manner in which the EMF and awareness. aims to influence the EIA Where appropriate, build Listing Notices for this educational component into zone. tourism attractions to ensure proper environmental management of sensitive areas. Sani Pass is the only formal route into Lesotho from the Province and provides tourists with the opportunity to explore the Mountain Kingdom. Diversification of tourism opportunities and target markets. Local communities to benefit from Community Conservation Areas. Heritage - The District’s heritage contributes to its sense of place. Heritage resources serve as tourist attractions. Potential to generate income for communities Encourage local communities to identify sites of cultural and historical significance that could be used to expand the tourism attractions in an area whilst at the same time conserving such sites.
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4 MANAGEMENT PRIORITIES
4.1 Visioning
4.1.1 General
The desired state needs to be determined with an understanding of the existing visions that have been established for HGDM. The purpose of a vision is to articulate a collective statement of future desired state for the District. The sub-sections to follow include visions and accompanying principles from pertinent planning frameworks that have bearing on HGDM.
4.1.2 Provincial Context
According to the PGDS (KZN Provincial Planning Commission, 2016), the spatial vision for KZN is summarised as follows:
“Optimal and responsible utilisation of human and environmental resources, building on addressing need and maximising opportunities toward greater spatial equity and sustainability in development.”
The KZN Provincial Spatial Development Strategy was developed in order to achieve the goals and objectives of the PGDS in a targeted and spatial co-ordinated manner. The point of departure for the KZN PSDF is also the goal of sustainable development, which encompasses the integration of social, economic and ecological factors into planning, decision-making and implementation so as to ensure that development serves present and future generations. This endeavour is then intended to filter down into the municipal SDF.
The following spatial principles underscore the general spatial intentions of the PGDS and serves as provincial guiding principles which should, ideally, be pursued within all levels of spatial planning at District and local level in alignment with the provincial spatial development strategy (KZN Provincial Planning Commission, 2016): 1. Principle of Environmental Planning - refers to understanding and respecting the environmental character (potential and vulnerability) and distinctiveness of places and landscapes and promoting balanced development in such areas.
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2. Principle of Economic Potential - aims to improve productivity and closing the economic performance gap between the various areas of KZN towards economic excellence of all areas. Rapid economic growth that is sustained and inclusive is seen as a pre-requisite for the achievement of poverty alleviation. 3. Principle of Sustainable Communities - promotes the building of places where people want to live and work. Again the sense of Quality of Living refers to the balance between environmental quality, addressing social need and promoting economic activities within communities. 4. Principle of Local Self-Sufficiency - promotes locating development in a way that reduces the need to travel, especially by car and enables people as far as possible to meet their needs locally. 5. Principle of Spatial Concentration - aims to build on existing concentrations of activities and infrastructure towards improved access of communities to social services and economic activities. In practical terms this promotes concentration along nodes and corridors with multi-sectoral investment i.e. roads, facilities, housing etc. 6. Principle of Sustainable Rural Livelihoods - considers rural areas in a way that is integrated with other decision-making associated with the Sustainable Livelihoods framework. This principle requires that spatial planning consider the locality and impact of human, physical, natural, financial and social capital of an area and spatially structure these in support of each other. 7. Principle of Balanced Development - promotes the linking of areas of economic opportunity with areas in greatest need of economic, social and physical restructuring and regeneration at all spatial scales. In practical terms the principles sought to find a balance between the potentially competing land uses by understanding the relationship and integration between major dimensions within the Province and promoting a synergetic mixture of land uses in support of each other at various spatial scales. 8. Principle of Accessibility - promotes the highest level of accessibility to resources, services, opportunities and other communities. This is intrinsically linked to transportation planning and should consider localised needs for the transportation of people and goods by various modes of transport as guided by the scale and function of a region. 9. Principle of Coordinated Implementation - promotes the alignment of role player mandates and resources with integrated spatial planning across sectors and localities. Essentially the principle suggests that planning-implementation becomes a more continuous process and that government spending on fixed investment should be focused on planned key intervention localities.
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4.1.3 Local Context
4.1.3.1 Harry Gwala DGDP Based on the understanding gained from the status quo as well as the synthesis and analysis of issues, the following vision statement was crafted as part of the Harry Gwala DGDP:
“By 2030, Growth and Development in the Harry Gwala District Municipality will have significantly improved the quality of life in the area.”
This will occur through increased participation in the economy, whilst protecting the natural environmental assets.
The overall Provincial Strategic Goals for growth and development, which are supported by the DGPD, include: 1. Job Creation; 2. Human Resource Development; 3. Human and Community Development; 4. Strategic Infrastructure; 5. Environmental Sustainability; 6. Governance and Policy; and 7. Spatial Equity.
4.1.3.2 HGDM IDP The municipal IDP (HGDM, 2017) provides a strategic framework that intends to guide planning, programme, project implementation, monitoring and evaluation of municipal developmental objectives within the District. As part of the framework, the vision is stated as follows:
“By 2030 Harry Gwala will be a leading water services provider in the KZN Province with its communities benefitting from a vibrant agriculture and tourism sector.”
HGDM’s accompanying mission statement is as follows:
Working together with its communities and stakeholders Harry Gwala District Municipality will ensure the provision of clean, drinkable uninterrupted water services and proper sanitation facilities and strive to improve its agriculture and tourism sectors to enhance human dignity.
Understandably, the IDP municipal vision and mission are aimed at addressing water and sanitation services and also express commitment to leveraging the agricultural and tourism opportunities in the District. Integrated Environmental Management considerations have been included to some extent in this vision. However, greater emphasis on the sustainable and equitable utilisation and protection of the HGDM’s natural resources needs to be considered for the next generation IDP.
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4.1.3.3 HGDM SDF The municipal SDF, which is developed in terms of the Spatial Planning and Land Use Management (Act No. 16 of 2013) (SPLUMA), guides the spatial representation and implementation of the IDP. The supporting planning and development principles include the following (HGDM, 2017):
Development / investment must only happen in locations that are sustainable (NDP); Balance between urban and rural land development in support of each other (SPLUMA Principles); The discouragement of urban sprawl by encouraging settlement at existing and proposed nodes and settlement corridors, whilst also promoting densification. Future settlement and economic development opportunities should be channelled into activity corridors and nodes that are adjacent to or that link the main growth centres (SPLUMA Principles); The direction of new development towards logical infill areas (SPLUMA Principles); Compact urban form is desirable (SPLUMA Principles); Development should be within limited resources (financial, institutional and physical). Development must optimise the use of existing resources and infrastructure in a sustainable manner (SPLUMA Principles, Comprehensive Rural Development Programme, National Strategy on Sustainable Development); Stimulate and reinforce cross boundary linkages; Basic services (water, sanitation, access and energy) must be provided to all households (NDP); Development / investment should be focused on localities of economic growth and/or economic potential (NDP); In localities with low demonstrated economic potential, development / investment must concentrate primarily on human capital development by providing education and training, social transfers such as grants and poverty-relief Programs (NDP); Land development procedures must include provisions that accommodate access to secure tenure (Comprehensive Rural Development Programme); Prime and unique agricultural land, the environment and other protected lands must be protected and land must be safely utilized; Engagement with stakeholder representatives on policy, planning and implementation at national, sectoral and local levels is central to achieving coherent and effective planning and development; If there is a need to low-income housing, it must be provided in close proximity to areas of opportunity (“Breaking New Ground”: from Housing to Sustainable Human Settlements);
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During planning processes and subsequent development, the reduction of resource use, as well as the carbon intensity of the economy, must be promoted (National Strategy on Sustainable Development); Environmentally responsible behaviour must be promoted through incentives and disincentives (National Strategy on Sustainable Development, KZN PGDS); and The principle of self-sufficiency must be promoted. Development must be located in a way that reduces the need to travel, especially by car and enables people as far as possible to meet their need locally. Furthermore, the principle is underpinned by an assessment of each areas unique competencies towards its own self-reliance and need to consider the environment, human skills, infrastructure and capital available to a specific area and how it could contribute to increase its self-sufficiency (KZN PGDS).
4.2 Sustainability Criteria
The NEMA principles, as well as Local Agenda 21 that gives effect to these principles, set the framework for ensuring that organs of state embrace sustainability. From the NEMA principles, Sustainability Criteria were developed to assist HGDM in accomplishing the desired state of the environment.
The proposed Sustainability Criteria for the HGDM EMF are as follows:
The need for socio-economic development must be recognised amidst the rich biodiversity that is encountered in the District, without compromise to critical environmental goods and services; Adequate services should be provided to all the municipal inhabitants, with due regard to environmental sustainability; Renewable resources should be efficiently utilised so as to protect natural systems; Economic development must consider the opportunities associated with environmental features and attributes; Present and future generations must be assured of a healthy and productive life; The ecological integrity, biodiversity and physical attributes of the District should be protected and sustainably utilised; The impacts of development must be mitigated according to a hierarchy of avoidance, minimisation, rehabilitation and compensation/offset; Pollution of the bio-physical environment must not exceed legal limits; Cultural and historical features, which form the fabric of the District’s sense of place, should be enhanced and preserved; Opportunities for tourism in the various sectors should be explored and optimised; and A high degree of environmental awareness should be encouraged amongst all development planning and implementation entities, be they public or private.
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The Sustainability Criteria serve to aid decision-making in terms of screening, selecting and prioritising projects and programmes in HGDM. They should further be employed to assess the sustainability of the municipal SDF, IDP and further policies, strategies, plans and programmes.
A sustainability-focused vision can be attained by unpacking the above statements into practical objectives, which are reflected in the subsequent Management Priorities.
4.3 Environmental Management Priorities
4.3.1 Feature-based Management Priorities
Environmental Management Priorities, which emanated from the issues, opportunities and constraints identified during the EMF status quo assessment, are listed in the tables to follow.
It should be noted that the EMF is not the only solution to address all environmental management endeavours within the District. There is a strong environmental governance framework with mandated authorities within the various spheres of government for various sectors within the environmental realm. In addition, it is evident when reviewing the management priorities that there are other more appropriate mechanisms than the EMF through which a number of these should be pursued.
Table 6: HGDM’s Environmental Management Priorities
Management Priorities
Support PGDS Strategic Goal 5: Response to Climate Change.
Climate change impact mitigation strategies proposed in the White Paper on the National Climate Change Response (2011) and which have relevance to activities at a municipal level.
Create climate change awareness.
Develop strategy to combat climate change and promote sustainable energy solutions.
Areas important for climate change resilience (e.g. riparian corridors and buffers, areas of high plant
endemism, refuge sites including south-facing slopes and kloofs and priority large unfragmented landscapes) need to be managed and conserved.
Consider the potential impacts of Climate Change on long term spatial structure.
CLIMATE Air quality monitoring to include greenhouse gasses.
Develop strategies to protect farmers without access to irrigation systems.
Increase productive use of land.
Manage impacts of climate change on water resources.
Review and update municipal Land Use Management System (LUMS) with areas with high risk of floods and fires that need to be incorporated in future land use developments
Implement Water Conservation and Demand Management.
Stormwater harvesting to be promoted.
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Management Priorities
Development to consider geology, soil land types, drainage, slope gradients and visual impacts.
All areas steeper than 18 degrees should be excluded from development. This will not only protect slopes from erosion and landslide risk, but will ensure that ridges will function as dispersal/habitat corridors
Conservation of sensitive topographical features that support biodiversity and contribute towards the visual quality of the district.
TOPOGRAPHY Protection of ridgeline corridors (which should contribute to ameliorating the potential impacts of climate change on the biota of the region).
Establish corridors for alignment of linear-type developments. Consider EMF environmental management zones and associated restrictions.
Management Priorities
Geotechnical stability studies should be conducted to evaluate risks posed to and by groundwater conditions.
Optimal use of groundwater resources. Underground water utilization investigation. Determine fitness for use.
Regulate and prohibit land-based activities which may affect the quantity and quality of groundwater. High groundwater pollution risk activities should not be allowed in areas where the aquifer is characterized by primary permeability and secondary permeability (fractures), as pollution plume may migrate rapidly.
Establish an understanding of the groundwater resources’ vulnerability to pollution. Prevention of groundwater pollution in areas of seasonal shallow water table.
Prevent intrusion of polluted surface water into aquifers.
Institute adequate source-directed controls to manage potential impacts to groundwater resources, which could include: GROUNDWATER . Authorisations, licences and permits; . Standards to regulate quality of waste discharges; . Requirements for on-site management practices (e.g. to minimise waste at source and to control diffuse pollution); . Requirements for clean-up and remediation of water resources that have already been polluted.
Implement groundwater monitoring programme.
Provision of adequate sanitation and waste management services. Suitable site selection for new cemeteries.
Management Priorities
Development to consider geology, soil land types, drainage and slope gradients.
Detailed geotechnical assessments to be conducted, based on the types of developments.
GEOLOGY Coordinated compliance monitoring and enforcement of mining activities.
Management Priorities
Education and training on best practices in subsistence farming.
Maintain adequate stocking rates and veld management. Prevent overgrazing to curb erosion and soil degradation.
Development to consider geology, soil land types, drainage and slope gradients.
Management and protection of vegetation cover that protects soil during precipitation events, effective absorption of water into the soil, and the slow release of the water into the system
SOIL thereafter.
Identify and avoid disturbing areas where the soil has a high erodibility factor.
Rehabilitation of gullies. Identify priority areas based on suitable sustainability criteria.
Provision of adequate sanitation and waste management services.
Pollution prevention and remediation measures.
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Management Priorities
Wetland areas, streams and rivers to be protected, rehabilitated and managed to maintain ecological functioning.
Transboundary management of water resources (e.g. upstream impacts, institutional relationships).
Designation and maintenance of buffers associated with watercourses. Strict regulation of encroachment and incompatible land use and activities.
Adopt 30 metres buffer area from boundary of regulated area, for strict regulation of development.
Development to be located outside of the 1:100 year flood line and not to interfere with storm water drainage. No urban, mining or agricultural development within regulated area of the watercourse (i.e. 1:100 year floodline or delineated riparian / wetland habitat, whichever is greatest).
Rehabilitation of riparian areas affected by anthropogenic activities.
Catchment and river management policies and guidelines to be integrated into land use and development planning.
Maintain Ecological Reserve (Ecological Water Requirements).
Water abstraction rights need to be formalised in order to quantify the demand and to ensure that the overall Ecological Reserve can be maintained within the system.
Source directed controls (including compliance with licence conditions) for wastewater treatment works (WWTW), industries and other sources of impacts to resource quality (i.e. flow, water quality, habitat and aquatic biota).
National Aquatic Ecosystem Health Monitoring Programme to be extended to cover all major rivers in district. Database to be developed of chemical, physical and bacteriological water quality data for DWS monitoring points in the Municipality.
HGDM to ensure that provision is made in the LUMS to enforce the identification, establishment of required set-backs, protection and maintenance of wetlands and riparian zones.
Provision of adequate sanitation and waste management services.
Provision of basic services to informal settlements.
SURFACE WATER SURFACE
Promote water conservation and demand management through regulation where appropriate. Rainwater harvesting, grey water recycling, re-use of treated effluent from WWTW and similar technical enhancements should be encouraged.
Flood prone areas to be managed to minimise flood risks and impacts.
Develop drought management plan.
Develop invasive alien species control plan, with particular focus on stressed catchments.
A wetland inventory should be developed for the HGDM.
Critical wetlands need to be delineated according to DWS guidelines.
Quantify the economic value of freshwater ecosystem goods and services.
Consider the potential impacts of Climate Change on long term spatial structure.
Identify and map areas of Ecological Infrastructure associated with aquatic ecosystems. Identify areas for interventions such as: o Clear invasive alien plants, especially in mountain catchments and riparian areas; o Rehabilitate wetlands; o Rehabilitate eroded areas and reinstate suitable ground cover; o Maintain buffers of natural vegetation along streams and rivers; o Reinstate buffers of natural vegetation between agricultural crops and rivers or wetlands; o Improve rangeland management practices (e.g. grazing regime, fire management); and o Monitor compliance with effluent standards for agriculture and industry.
Management Priorities
Air Quality Management Plan required for the district.
Institute air quality monitoring programme. Duly consider pollution sources, sensitive receptors and
climatic conditions.
Detailed emissions inventory to be developed for the District.
AIR
Promotion of energy efficient heating and lighting.
Awareness campaigns to be conducted regarding the dangers of local communities burning waste, as a means of disposal.
Provision of adequate waste management services.
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Establishment of municipal by-laws governing the burning of waste.
Management Priorities
Strategic planning processes to be informed by EKZNW’s CBAs and Biodiversity Sector Plan, including compliance with Land Use Management Objectives for the Terrestrial and Aquatic Conservation Categories, as well as Land Use Management Practices, Controls and Guidelines.
Apart from the regulatory authority and other commentary authorities, specific requirements of EZKNW to be met when conducting EIAs.
Support and facilitate land planning and practices that safeguard and enhance the following: o Overall biodiversity values in the district; o CBAs and ESAs; and o Economic objectives based on wildlife industries that are compatible with the regions overall biodiversity values including ecotourism developments, stewardship programmes, Community Conservation Areas and Protected Areas Expansion Strategy.
Conserve long-term viable and representatives of sensitive habitats which afford threatened / Endangered species protection and control development pressure in these key sensitive areas.
Conserve long-term viable and representatives of sensitive and threatened vegetation types and control development pressure in the key sensitive areas.
Where land uses conflict with areas earmarked for development, ensure adequate habitat and faunal impact assessments as well as overall feasibility assessments are done and identify appropriate feasibilities and /or mitigation measures, before any activities are approved or supported.
Any irreconcilable activities in close proximity to ecologically sensitive species’ habitats or initiatives / wildlife industries compatible with regions overall biodiversity objectives (e.g. conservation areas)
should be discouraged or strictly controlled.
Reserves that are not yet proclaimed must become formally protected.
Control and prevent the illegal removal of terrestrial faunal and floral species.
Manage collision of birds with overhead power lines.
Maintain natural corridors.
Development to incorporate requirements stipulated in EKZNW’s Blue Swallow management plan, where risks are posed to related habitat and foraging areas.
Conservation of the Important Bird Areas.
TERRESTIAL ECOLOGY Game farming within the carrying capacity of existing veld resources.
The use of residual biocides and insecticides to control nuisance animals must be reduced through education and extension.
Advocate community conservation ventures and commensurate activities in buffers of formally protected areas and WHS.
Monitoring programmes for rare and endangered species (GPS) (especially vegetation) and follow up its existence in following years
A programme to cultivate rare and endangered vegetation species should be initiated and the community should be included. Make us of indigenous knowledge
An inventory of popular medicinal plants must be drawn up and efforts to commercially produce these species must be encouraged.
Training and education on the implication of overexploitation of medicinal plants must be conducted with the local communities.
Include the local community in eradication programs as an economic empowerment project.
Environmental awareness and education training.
Compile an inventory and guidelines for the protection of all wetland areas in the District.
Investment in Ecological Infrastructure.
A greening programme in urban and rural areas to provide shade, erosion protection, and beatification.
Compile an Invasive Species Monitoring, Control and Eradication Plan for HGDM.
Maintenance of open space systems in settlements.
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Management Priorities
EMF to facilitate the harnessing of the agricultural potential in the District.
Support local agro-processing and distribution.
Invest in better agricultural education and land care programmes. Build capacity surrounding
farming methods to local subsistence farming.
High potential agricultural land set aside for agricultural purposes.
Sustainable and environmental friendly irrigation practices.
Sustainable grazing practises.
Providing the necessary support to emeging farmers.
Opportunities for mentorship should be utilized to enable emerging farmers to utilize their land
AGRICULTURE optimally and sustainable.
Genetically superior seeds, cultivars or breeds should be made available to farmers to maximize bio-productivity of agricultural land.
Irrigation should take cognizance of the quantity of water which is sustainably available, and should incorporate mechanisms to combat soil salinisation. Water inefficient types of irrigation should be avoided.
Management Priorities
EMF to be aligned with PGDS, PSEDS and LED Strategies.
EMF to facilitate the unlocking of the economic potential of the District. Priority development initiatives and intentions (movement corridors and development nodes) to be integrated into the EMF, where possible.
Improvement of communication lines between the HGDM and the communities.
Provision of adequate services and social amenities.
Poverty alleviation and job creation.
Growing the economy - Local Economic Development (LED).
Allowance for development that serves the people of HGDM in terms of their psychological, physical, developmental, cultural and social interests equitably.
Promote labour intensive projects.
Optimise tourism potential.
Establish opportunities for small, medium, and micro businesses.
Curbing HIV/AIDS.
Curbing corruption.
ECONOMIC ENVIRONMENT
- Promote safety and security.
Ensure good governance in environmental management, including ensuring openness and
SOCIO transparency, participation, accountability, effectiveness, coherence and consistence.
Focus environmental education initiatives initially around sensitive areas. Where appropriate, build educational component into tourism attractions to ensure proper environmental management of sensitive areas.
Support to the Endangered Wildlife Trust’s Population, Health and Environment programme, which responds to the interconnected challenges faced by ecosystems and the communities dependent on them.
Urban renewal for towns.
Local communities to benefit from Community Conservation Areas.
Management Priorities
EMF to facilitate infrastructure development. Priority infrastructure development initiatives and intentions (e.g. water and sanitation schemes) to be integrated into the EMF, where possible. Consideration to be given to the establishment of service corridors.
Waste disposal sites and WWTWs to be operated in accordance with legal requirements.
Permitting of all waste disposal sites.
Action plan for promoting renewable energy.
Water Conservation and Demand Management strategy.
INFRASTRUCTURE & INFRASTRUCTURE
MUNICIPAL SERVICES Enforcement of Local-, Regional- and National Legislation and Policies for municipal services and pollution control.
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Access to Free Basic Services for all residents within the district. Eradicate services backlogs.
Promote urban renewal.
Upgrade / refurbish existing infrastructure - optimisation.
Waste recycling to be encouraged.
Control illegal dumping and erradicate dumping hotspots.
Consider developing a District wide Open Space System.
Management Priorities
Preservation of HGDM’s heritage resources.
Audit all existing facilities, in terms of status, management and potential. Detailed inventories of Heritage Resources should be compiled and mapped.
Heritage Impact Assessments to accompany relevant developments.
Incorporate heritage considerations into development proposals.
Clear institutional responsibilities at a municipal level for heritage preservation
Relevant officials at DM and LMs to hold regular meetings with Amafa to discuss challenges and get support in managing heritage sites.
Development of a Heritage Management Plan for the HGDM to guide and assist officials with dealing with heritage sites to ensure the protection and conservation of these sites.
Establish a District Heritage Forum.
HERITAGE RESOURCES HERITAGE Municipalities should initiate a ward based community interaction programme whereby further sites of cultural and heritage importance which could be classified as Grade 3 heritage resource within the Municipality area can be identified. Programme to be extended to areas under Traditional Authorities.
Explore opportunities in both cultural and ecological tourism in the region.
Optimise tourism potential offered by heritage and cultural resources.
Management Priorities
Improve accessibility by improving signage and information boards throughout the destination.
Promote tourism in the District to an extent that gives growth to current initiatives and establishments; whilst promoting entrepreneurship in the industry.
Profile the HGDM as a destination.
Create meaningful strategic alliances with tourism organisations and funding agencies (public and private) at local, district, provincial, national and international levels.
Encourage cooperative, joint or cross promotional marketing efforts amongst all the tourism bodies.
Provide effective marketing, promotion and funding of tourism in the District.
Promote diverse attractions such as heritage tourism, cultural tourism, eco-tourism etc. involving public and private sector partnerships.
TOURISM Promote the development of Small, Medium & Micro-sized Enterprises (SMMEs).
The tourism industry must be accessible to previously marginalised communities and particularly rural communities where there are natural resources readily available but a high unemployment rate.
Make use of local historical resources to expand tourism products in the District.
Create a safe and crime free environment conducive for tourism development and appealing to visitors.
Promote environmentally responsible tourism development that is sensitive to the natural environment and attractions.
Management Priorities
Provisions in the HGDM EMF to address certain institutional problems associated with environmental management in the district.
Environmental awareness and training required for municipal officials to create capacity.
Address resource shortcomings to allow the Municipality to fulfil its environmental management functions as a local authority.
ENVIRONMENT INSTITUTIONAL INSTITUTIONAL Micro organisational restructuring to allow for the EMF roll-out.
Improved cooperative governance for environmental matters.
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Establish a District Environmental Forum.
Reporting on the state of the environment in the District. Description and discussion of the condition of the environment, based on pre-determined indicators.
4.3.2 Management Priorities Expressed by Interested and Affected Parties
Focus Group Meetings were convened in each of the LMs during the EMF’s Desired State Phase (refer to Table 7 and Figure 10). The aim of these meetings included eliciting input from Interested and Affected Parties with regards to the environmental management priorities in the District. The outcomes of the Focus Group Meetings are captured in Table 8.
Table 7: Focus Group Meetings – EMF Desired State Phase No. LM Date Town 1 Dr Nkosazana Dlamini Zuma LM 10/04/18 Creighton 2 Greater Kokstad LM Kokstad 11/04/18 3 uMzimkhulu LM Umzimkhulu 4 Ubuhlebezwe LM 12/04/18 Ixopo
Figure 10: Photographs of selected Focus Group Meetings
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Table 8: Views expressed during the Focus Group Meetings Environmental Environmental Environmental LM Expression of Desired State General Comments Strengths Problems/Weaknesses Opportunities . Strong cultural . Insufficient and . Springs can . People need to know if . Proper churches and heritage in the inadequate social be used for they benefit from the crèche’s in each area facilities for locals such water development, especially, ward. as education, electricity, provision. when it comes to . Planting of health and . Planting of employment. vegetables. transportation. vegetables. . Free educational . Horse racing. . Inadequate water, waste . Horse racing. facilities. . Skills development and sanitation services . Water and sanitation programmes for the
in the Municipality. supply to all locals. disabled. . Land pollution by lack of . RDP housing opportunity . Require sports waste services. for the poor. grounds for the youth. . Crime as a result of . Soil testing in the area to . Speed humps on poverty in the area. determine best areas for main roads to prevent . Insufficient access developments. accidents. roads. . Proper protection of . Power station within . Old school buildings are springs within the area. Municipality to not maintained. . Fire protection services provide constant . Insufficient fire protection should be located in power supply, and job services in the area. close proximity to the opportunities. . Load shedding in areas Municipality. . Corruption in the form where electricity is . Measures to protect of nepotism. One Dr NkosazanaDr Dlamini Zuma LM available. animals in the area. must be politically . Insufficient disaster . DM to be promoted as a connected to gain management in the area. tourism destination due employment . Street lights not to beautiful views. opportunities available in all areas. . FET colleges required. . Insufficient taxi ranks. Long walking distances to taxi services.
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Environmental Environmental Environmental LM Expression of Desired State General Comments Strengths Problems/Weaknesses Opportunities . Sufficient and . Lack of water and . Planting of . Better medical care in . Obtain water from available land irrigation for gardens. vegetation. the area. rivers for use. for vegetable . Lack of job opportunities. . Umzimkulu . Fencing of and centre for . Insufficient gardens. . Lack of proper River used mentally disturbed government funding . Umzimkulu sanitation. for people. to assist orphans, River. . High crime in the area. abstracting . Water provision can be people living with . Cultural . High HIV rate in area water. provided to all locals HIV/AIDS, and the elderly. Diversity. . Insufficient skills . Sufficient from the Umzimkhulu . Expanded development. land used for River. . A large number of agriculture. people are migrating Public Works . Insufficient Further . Additional government from villages to towns Programme Education and Training programmes to rescue for better employment currently being (FET) colleges. stray dogs. undertaken. opportunities. . Landfill site causing air . Support to NMZ CCPA. . Government to assist pollution. . Upper class housing should be built it the with business . Street lights not opportunities for available in all areas. area. . Education and skills residents who want Darkness resulting in their own shops. uMzimkhulu LM more crime. transfer on how to use vacant land. . Training in water . Veld fires and lack of recycling. firefighting services in . Old age homes for the the Municipality. elderly. . Embizweni toilets are . Water purification and disposing waste in recycling. Umzimkulu River. . Proper functioning . Lack of proper landfill sites. sanitation. Resulting in . Recycling centres. contamination and creating a health hazard.
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Environmental Environmental Environmental LM Expression of Desired State General Comments Strengths Problems/Weaknesses Opportunities . Sufficient land . Poor sanitation facilities . Bird viewing . Protection of wetlands. . Government needs to for within the Municipality. sites. . Preservation of pay more attention to development . Contamination of water . Farming environmental sensitive the needs of the opportunities. resources. opportunities. areas. community. . Beautiful . Sewer leaks. . Preservation of landscapes . Water leaks. Long period landscape for tourism. available to for leaks to be repaired. . Protection of water support . Excavations not properly resources. tourism. barricaded during . Storm water drains . Wetlands and repairs. should be cleared water . Lack of employment regularly. resources opportunities. . Proper water, sanitation, available. . Storm water drains not and health care facilities. . Municipal regularly cleaned. . Better job opportunities. offices are . Roads not regularly . The community needs easily maintained. guidance on how to accessible. . Development of land on protect the environment, . Indigenous bird viewing sites. since they are situated plants. within a tourist area. Greater Kokstad LM . The abattoir must be relocated away from the residential areas. . Implement programmes to educate the community on farming. . Condition of roads to be improved. . The Municipality should prioritise service delivery.
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Environmental Environmental Environmental LM Expression of Desired State General Comments Strengths Problems/Weaknesses Opportunities . Sufficient . Although rivers are . Planting of . Improved services such . No proper vacant land for present, water is not vegetables. as water, health care, communication by the further available for all . Traditional education should be Municipality for future developments. communities. medicines. provided. projects. . Availability of . Insufficient schools and . Protection of rivers. . Community was not water, forests housing facilities. . Schools for adults. notified of the and . Insufficient sanitation construction of the agriculture in facilities within Ixopo. mall. Locals were not the given an opportunity . Illegal electrical Municipality. connections. Many to become involved in houses without proper the construction and electricity connections. investment . No old and frail care opportunities of the facility within the mall. Municipality. . The Municipality does
Ubuhlebezwe LM . Pollution of rivers. not employ locals. Majority of the staff . Locals not properly are from outside notified of new Ixopo. developments within the Municipality. . Municipality does not support local . Poor waste management businesses. within the Municipality. Municipality supports foreigners instead.
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It is apparent from the comments received from the Interested and Affected Parties (IAPs) that service delivery, social amenities, employment opportunities and pollution, are critical management priorities that need to be addressed in HGDM. The primary vehicle through which many of the issues raised need to be address is the IDP.
4.3.3 Future Pursuit of Management Priorities
In terms of the EMF development process, Management Priorities are not necessarily taken forward in the mapping component of the framework, where some of the objectives cannot be presented spatially. However, the Management Priorities promote attaining the desired state of the District by playing an important role in setting Management Guidelines for the respective EMZs.
The Management Priorities are intended to be aligned with the vision statements and development principles for the District and serve as high-level objectives that facilitate the realisation of the desired state. The Management Priorities need to be disaggregated into an objectives hierarchy that increases in rigour and practical achievability, and this will receive further attention in the SEMP.
Outside of the functions of the EMF, the Management Priorities need to be captured in future environmental management strategies for the District, which need to be championed by the responsible government bodies.
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5 SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS
5.1 Introduction
‘Sensitivity’ is regarded as the inherent quality of an environmental feature, which is derived from the following traits: Goods and services offered; Scientific importance (e.g. research purposes, uniqueness, biodiversity significance); Legal status / protection level; and Vulnerability / tolerance to change.
The process adopted in undertaking the sensitivity analysis for the EMF Desired State phase consisted of the following: 1. Integrate spatially represented baseline information from the the Status Quo assessment; 2. Identify the environmental features and their associated attributes that portray the environmental sensitivity of HGDM based on the outcomes of the Status Quo phase; 3. Assign sensitivity ratings; 4. Mapping of sensitivity by – a. Overlaying base layers in the GIS to compile sensitivity maps for environmental features; and b. Combining separate sensitivity maps to prepare a composite map that reflects the Environmental Control Zones.
5.2 Determining Sensitivity per Environmental Feature
Groupings of homogenous environmental features and attributes in the District that depict the sensitivity of the area were allocated weightings, based on their intrinsic qualities that render them as sensitive. In this way, baseline information was transformed into secondary information that attached values to different features.
These ratings were based on input received from the environmental authorities with specific mandates over the receiving environment, as well as the specialists that aided in compiling
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the EMF Status Quo Report. The sensitivity scale that was employed ranged from low to very high (see Table 9), based on various criteria such as the sensitivity to development pressure or resilience to change. In order to retain a certain degree of objectivity the band or spectrum of weighting was kept narrow.
Table 9: Environmental Sensitivity Scale (Note: sensitivity based on a single criterion / combination of criteria, where applicable to the feature) Sensitivity Description Rating
Constraints exist against the activities associated with the environmental Restricted feature (e.g. agriculture not supported in protected areas).
Low The inherent feature status and sensitivity is already significantly degraded. Environmental goods and services depleted / compromised. Any significant (L) environmental – development* change will not influence the current status.
Medium The inherent feature status and sensitivity will be moderately influenced by a (M) significant environmental – development change.
Environmental – development change may influence the current status of the High feature, either negatively or positively. Feature offers intact environmental (H) goods and services / supports environmental goods and services offered by other feature(s). Feature may be afforded legal protection status. Very High Environmental – development change will significantly influence the feature, either negatively or positively. Feature offers critical environmental goods (VH) and services. Feature afforded legal protection status.
* The term “significant environmental – development” was adopted from the EMF Guidelines (DEA, 2010)
The sensitivity of the key environmental features in HGDM is portrayed in the sub-sections to follow. Please note the following: The reader is referred to the EMF Status Quo Report for a more comprehensive discussion on the environmental features in the district; The sensitivity is expressed and shown in maps through information and spatial data received from various government departments and institutions. Sensitivity mapping was reliant on the availability and reliability of data. In some instances, data reflecting sensitivity could not be included as it is still being developed and thus not yet formally accepted by its custodians to allow for distribution; and Although the sensitivity analysis does not prescribe the desired state, it is one of the key factors that are considered in the delineation of the EMZs.
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5.3 Agriculture
5.3.1 Governance Framework
The Governance Framework for agriculture in HGDM is presented in Table 10.
Table 10: Legal Framework for Agriculture
Authorities Laws & Policies Strategies Plans & Programmes . Department of . NEMA . Strategic Plan for South . Agricultural Policy Action Agriculture . CARA and lists of declared alien African Agriculture 2013 Plan (2015-2019) . Department of invasive plants and weeds to be . Strategy for Agrarian . Strategic Plan for DAFF Agriculture, Forestry eradicated or controlled Transformation (2013/14 -2017/18) and Fisheries . NWA . Comprehensive Rural . National Policy (DAFF) . SPLUMA Development Strategy, Framework on the . Department of . Agricultural Resource 2009 Development of Small and Agriculture and Conservation Regulations (R1048 . Integrated Food Security Medium Agro-Processing Rural Development of 1948) Strategy, 2002 Enterprise in RSA (DARD) . Fertilizers, Farm Feeds, . KZN Strategy for Agrarian . Agriculture, Forestry and . KZN EDTEA Agricultural Remedies and Stock Transformation Fisheries: Integrated . DM & LMs Remedies Act (36 of 1947) . DAFF Agro-processing Growth and Development . Agricultural Pests Act (36 of 1983) Strategy (2012) Plan, 2012 . Foodstuffs, Cosmetics and . Strategy for the . Comprehensive Rural Disinfectants Act (54 of 1972) Development of Small and Development Programme . Sustainable Use of Agricultural Medium Agro-Processing . Comprehensive Resources Bill Enterprises in the Republic Agriculture Support . The Subdivision of Agricultural of South Africa (2014 – Programme Land Act (Act 70 of 1970) 2019) . Land Care Programme, . White Paper on Agriculture 1999 . Land Redistribution Policy for . Integrated and Agricultural Development Sustainable Rural Development Programme . National Climate Change Response White Paper 2011 . KZN Agricultural Land Categories Spatial . National Spatial Development Decision Support Tool Perspective (NSDP) . Agricultural Sector Plan . National Strategy for Sustainable Development and Action Plan . Working for Water (NSSD1) . KwaZulu-Natal Policy for Agricultural Land Potential, Development Rights and Application Processes, 2015 . Agricultural Landholding Policy Framework . Authorisation of related listed activities in terms of the EIA Regulations (2014). . Soil conservation measures. Implementation . Land capability and suitability assessment. Mechanisms . Pollution prevention and remediation measures. . Development controls for Agricultural Land Potential Categories A – E and areas with Combined Agro-biodiversity Designation.
5.3.2 Local Context
The District has an abundance of high quality soils, high altitude, abundant water, and climatic extremes, which makes the area suitable for dairy farming.
Agriculture is a critical sector within the District economy, being second largest in GVA terms and has the potential to continue to contribute to the growth and development of the area. Overall the majority of the land in Harry Gwala (73%) is situated on land with good agricultural potential (DRDLR, 2016). The commercial farming regions of the District are
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largely characterized by beef, dairy and forestry. The potential further exists for other suitable agricultural activities such as carrots, maize, oats, soybeans, tomatoes, wheat, sorghum, sunflower and livestock (DRDLR, 2016). The District contains large tracts of undeveloped rural areas where predominantly subsistence farming occurs on small plots of land.
The suggested enterprises that could possibly have a comparative advantage for each of the local municipalities found within HGDM include the following (DRDLR, 2016): Dr Nkosazana Dlamini Zuma LM – dairy, beef, timber – pine, wattle and gum, maize, potatoes, soybeans, dry beans, sheep; Ubuhlebezwe LM – chicory, cowpeas, timber – pine, wattle and gum, dairy, beef, sheep, potatoes, maize, soybeans; uMzimkhulu LM – beef, sheep, goats, maize, soybeans, timber – pine, wattle and gum, potatoes, vegetables; Greater Kokstad LM – dairy, beef, sheep, goats, maize, soybeans, timber – pine, wattle and gum, potatoes, vegetables
5.3.3 EMF Spatial Considerations
High value agricultural land in HGDM must be conserved for production purposes, whilst concurrently addressing the need for economic growth and development in the District. High agricultural potential is regarded as a scarce non-renewable resource and accordingly a risk averse and cautious approach should be adopted when development of such land for purposes other than agricultural production is proposed.
Agricultural potential is based on the potential of the specific land parcel for cultivation and/or grazing purposes. The overarching management mechanism (apart from legal provisions) in the province in this regard is the KZN Agricultural Land Categories Spatial Decision Support tool which aims to guide and assist municipalities with the compilation of various planning documents such as the IDPs, SDFs and LUMS. It is also intended to give direction to prospective developers when proposing land use change. The agricultural potential categories in KZN are provided in Table 11.
Table 11: A detailed table of the agricultural land catergory classes for KZN
Agric Category Details Very high potential agricultural land that should be retained exclusively for agricultural use so as to ensure national food security. Included within this CATEGORY A Category is also identified grazing land that has a very high production value for sustained livestock production High potential agricultural land. Due to the limited amount of Category B land in the province (and in the country), all efforts should be focused on retaining land CATEGORY B within this Category for predominantly agricultural use. Every effort should be made to limit degradation of the natural agricultural resources in accordance with CARA (43 of 1983)
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Agric Category Details Land with moderate agricultural potential, on which significant interventions CATEGORY C would be required to achieve viable and sustainable food production, although agriculture is the still the majority land use in the rural landscape land with low agricultural potential. This land requires significant interventions to enable sustainable agricultural production which could include terracing, CATEGORY D contours, high levels of fertility correction, lower stocking rate, supplementary feed etc. Land with limited to very low potential for agricultural production. Cultivation within this land category is severely limited in both extent and in terms of the natural resources available, and grazing value will be poor with a very low carrying capacity. Land within this Category however may have a high conservation or tourism status, depending on the locality, or may act as a buffer CATEGORY E for as higher Category of adjacent land. In addition, these land parcels may be required to support the economic viability of an extensive grazing system on adjoining land parcels e.g. large dairy farming system. Every effort should be made to limit degradation of the natural agricultural resources in accordance with CARA Areas demarcated as Permanently Transformed, applies to land that has been converted irreversibly to non-agricultural land uses. This includes urban/built up areas, roads, mines and quarries and which can therefore no longer be utilized PERMANENTLY for agricultural production purposes. This Category will also require regular TRANSFORMED updates due to on-going non-agricultural development. This may also include previously mined areas which are polluted and/or degraded to the point that safe utilization of the land for food production is not possible. Land within this Category has been formally proclaimed as either a national or provincial nature reserve under the relevant legislation and is therefore not PROCLAIMED available for agricultural purposes. However, should this land be removed from RESERVES such protected status this land, this land would be re-evaluated and assigned to the applicable Category
The agricultural land categories within the District are summarised below: The threatened agricultural land (category B) is dominant in the District, particularly in the Greater Kokstad LM and Dr Nkosazana Dlamini Zuma LM; uMzimkhulu LM is dominated by primary agricultural land (Category C) which spreads to the Ubuhlebezwe LM and the south eastern portion of Dr Nkosazana Dlamini Zuma LM; and The western portion of Dr Nkosazana Dlamini Zuma LM along the Drakensberg mountain is dominated by Proclaimed Reserves; and It is noted that there are gaps in the agricultural land category spatial data, with specific mention to a portion located to the north of Dr Nkosazana Dlamini Zuma LM, and south of Ubuhlebezwe LM.
The draft KZN Policy for Agricultural Land Potential, Development Rights and Application Processes (2015) provide the principles to be applied when considering any development application on agriculturally designated land as well as development controls for Agricultural Land Potential Categories and areas with Combined Agro-biodiversity Designation. Agro- biodiversity is a designation (zone) which aims to highlight the importance of both sustainable agriculture and biodiversity conservation, because it is deemed to have high to
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moderate agricultural potential and high biodiversity value (DARD, 2015). Agro-biodiversity is discussed further in Section 5.4.3.
5.3.4 Sensitivity Ratings
Table 12 reflects the sensitivity ratings assigned to the various agricultural attributes in the District. Figure 11 shows the outcome of the sensitivity analysis for agricultural features.
Table 12: Sensitivity Ratings assigned to Category: Agriculture Sensitivity Category Source Attributes Rating Criteria Category A: Irreplaceable VH
Category B: Threatened H
Category C Primary Agricultural Land Use H KZN Department of KZN Agricultural Agriculture and Category D: Secondary Agricultural Land Use M AGRICULTURE Land Categories Rural Development Category E: Mixed Land Use L (DARD) Category: Waterbodies Restricted
Category: Permanently Transformed Restricted
Category: Proclaimed Reserves Restricted
Figure 11: Agricultural Sensitivity Map
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5.4 Terrestrial Biodiversity
5.4.1 Governance Framework
The Governance Framework for Terrestrial Biodiversity in HGDM is presented in Table 13.
Table 13: Legal Framework for Terrestrial Biodiversity
Authorities Laws & Policies Strategies Plans & Programmes . DEA . Multilateral Environmental . National Protected Area . EKZNW Systematic . EDTEA Agreements, such as – Expansion Strategy 2008 Terrestrial Conservation . EKZNW o Rio declaration on Environment . South Africa’s National Plan . Department of and Development, 1992 Biodiversity Framework . HGDM Biodiversity Sector Water and o Agenda 21, 1992 (NBF) Plan Sanitation (DWS) o Convention on Biological . South Africa’s National . Stewardship programmes . Department of Diversity, 1992 Biodiversity Strategy and . WHS Integrated Mineral Resources o Convention on the Action Plan (NBSAP) 2005 Management Plan (IMP) (DMR) Conservation of Migratory . National Biodiversity . Zonation Plan . DAFF Species of Wild Animals (Bonn Assessment 2004 . WHS Buffer Zone Policy . DARD Convention), 1979 (updated 2011) . Maloti Drakensberg . South African o Convention on the Illegal Trade . National Grassland Transfrontier Project National Biodiversity in Endangered Species Biodiversity Programme . EKZNW Guideline for the 2011 Institute (SANBI) (CITES), 1973 Incorporation of National Strategy for . District and Local o Ramsar Convention on . Biodiversity Areas and Sustainable Development Municipalities Wetlands Conservation, 1971 Features into the and Action Plan . UNESCO World o United Nations Framework Municipal Land Use . National Biodiversity Schemes (2018) Heritage Committee Convention on Climate Framework . World Heritage Change, 1992 . Mining and Biodiversity Environmental o Kyoto Protocol, 1997 Guidelines. Mainstreaming Assessment Advice Note o Protocol on Shared Water biodiversity into the mining (IUCN, 2013) Courses, 2002 sector 2013 . ICOMOS Guidance on o African Convention on Nature Heritage Impact and Natural Resources, 1968 Assessments for Cultural o Man and Biosphere World Heritage Properties Programme, 1971 o SADC Protocol on Wildlife and Law Enforcement, 1999 o SADC Regional Biodiversity Strategy, 2006 . NEMA . World Heritage Convention Act (Act No. 49 of 1999) . National Environmental Management: Biodiversity Act (Act 10 of 2004) (NEM:BA) . National Environmental Management: Protected Areas Act (Act 57 of 2003) (NEM:PAA) . NWA . National Environmental Management: Air Quality Act (NEM:AQA) (Act 39 of 2004) . National Environmental Management: Waste Act (Act 59 of 2008) . National Forests Act (Act 84 of 1998) . Mountain Catchments Areas Act (Act No. 63 of 1970) . National Veld and Forest Fire Act (Act No. 101 of 1998) . Mineral and Petroleum Resource Development Act (MPRDA) (Act 28 of 2002)
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Authorities Laws & Policies Strategies Plans & Programmes . Conservation of Agricultural Resources Act (CARA) (Act 43 of 1983) and lists of declared alien invasive plants and weeds to be eradicated or controlled . White Paper on Conservation and Sustainable Use of South Africa’s Biological Diversity (July 1997) . NEM:BA Alien and Invasive Species Regulations (GN No. 598, 1 August 2014) . Listed Invasive Species (GN 864 of 29 July 2016) . KZN Nature Conservation Management Act (Act No. 09 of 1997) . Natal Nature Conservation Ordinance (15 of 1974) . NEM:PA: Norms and standards for the management of protected areas in South Africa (GN No. 528, 7 July 2014) . WHS Buffer Zone Policy . National Climate Change Response Policy, 2011 . National Protected Areas Expansion Policy . Municipal by-laws . Species-based conservation (listed species). . Area-based conservation (biodiversity networks, protected areas, protected eco-systems). . Purpose-based conservation. . State of Environment Reporting. . Biodiversity stewardship. . Permitting of activities (threatened species, alien species and listed invasive species. . Terrestrial protected areas. . Control measures for alien and invasive plant species. Implementation Mechanisms . Authorisations in terms of prevailing legal framework. . BSP’s land-use planning and decision-making guidelines for Terrestrial CBAs and ESAs. . EKZNW Guideline for the incorporation of Biodiversity Areas and Features into the Municipal Land Use Schemes (2018). . Land management practices to prevent degradation, erosion, loss of ecosystem functionality, etc. . Bioregional Plan to be developed in the future for HGDM. . Management Plans for Protected Areas. . Environmental authorisation required for activities listed in the WHS Buffer Zone Policy. . Buffer Zone Technical Committee.
5.4.2 Local Context
Key terrestrial biodiversity features encountered in HGDM include the following: Four biomes, namely Wetland, Grassland, Savanna and Forest; Twenty seven vegetation types; Two centres of endemism, namely the Drakensberg Alpine Centre and Maputaland Centre of Plant Endemism; Seventeen Formally Protected Areas, which also includes the Maloti Drakensberg WHS; Two registered RAMSAR sites; Various threatened ecosystems; Terrestrial and aquatic CBAs and ESAs;
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Five of the KZN Provincially derived Terrestrial Landscape Corridors and seven Local Corridors; Eight Important Bird & Biodiversity Areas; and A number of red data flora and fauna species.
The following land uses and activities threaten CBAs and ESAs within the District (EKZNW, 2014a): Unplanned and incompatible development (tourism and formal/informal urban/rural); Clearing of vegetation for informal settlement and associated subsistence agriculture; Expansion of forestry, sugarcane and other commercial cultivation; Over utilization of natural resources/Eco services and medicinal species; Poor land management activities; Overgrazing and the unsustainable management of grazing land; Destruction of wetland and riparian habitat, most notably through - Wetland drainage; Erosion of wetland habitat, river courses and riparian areas; Cultivation of wetland and riparian areas; Overgrazing; Invasion by alien species; Pollution; Water pollution, resulting in algal blooms, fish kills loss of aquatic and riparian habitat and increased costs for treatment of agricultural, industrial and potable water - Faecal pollution from informal settlements, dairies, piggeries and urban areas with poorly maintained and surcharging sewer infrastructure; Overuse or mismanagement of agricultural chemicals and fertilizer; Erosion and sedimentation; and Stormwater runoff.
5.4.3 EMF Spatial Considerations
Apart from the strong legislative framework that protects terrestrial biodiversity, various mechanisms exist to manage the associated features in the District, including: In KZN the CBAs represent one of the sensitive layers against which several activities are listed, and which would require environmental authorisation in terms of the EIA Regulations Listing Notice 3 of 2014 (Government Notice No. R. 985 of 4 December 2014, as amended) if the project falls within the CBA identified areas. The CBA map for HGDM has been created as part a strategic planning strategy to ensure biodiversity conservation and persistence in the District.
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Protected areas are managed in accordance with their respective IMPs / Protected Area Management Plans, as well as buffer zones (where applicable). The following EKZNW Reserves have management plans in place: Bulwer Complex, Coleford Nature Reserve, Ntsikeni and the WHS (Elliot pers. comm., 2018). It is recommended as part of the EMF (refer to SEMP) that the reserves that are not yet proclaimed must become formally protected. EKZNW developed the Biodiversity Sector Plan (BSP) for the HGDM. Key characteristics of the BSP include the following (EKZNW, 2014a) – The aims of the BSP include - . Identify and map critical biodiversity assets in the District; and . Provide the associated management guidelines which aim to maintain the integrity of these biodiversity features; The objectives of the BSP are to - . Ensure aquatic and terrestrial biodiversity targets are met at the District level; . Conserve representative samples of biodiversity pattern; . Conserve the ecological and evolutionary processes that allow biodiversity to persist over time; and . Serve as a first step towards the development of a Bioregional Plan. The key purpose of this BSP is to assist and guide land use planners and managers within the HGDM and its respective local municipalities, to account for biodiversity conservation priorities in all land use planning and management decisions, thereby promoting sustainable development and the protection of biodiversity, and in turn the protection of ecological infrastructure and associated ecosystem services. The biodiversity mapping profile covers the terrestrial and aquatic environs of the District and is reflected as a biodiversity sector map consisting of two main layers namely CBAs and ESAs. Legislated Protected Areas, modified areas, and other natural areas are included as contextual information. The BSP provides best management practices and controls that should to be in place for the various land use categories, as well as Terrestrial and Aquatic Land Use Management Guidelines that indicate the compatibility of the various land use activities in relation to the conservation categories. It is proposed that the guideline be utilised by planners, consultants and developers to make informed land planning decisions based on areas with high biodiversity importance. The BSP’s Land Use Management Objectives for terrestrial and aquatic conservation categories are presented in Table 14. According to the Maloti Drakensberg Park World Heritage Site Buffer Zone Technical Committee (2016), the purpose of the Maloti Drakensberg Park WHS buffer zone is to ensure the activities are implemented or the area is managed with the aim of enhancing the positive and reducing the negative impacts of conservation on neighbouring communities and of neighbouring communities on conservation. The WHS buffer zone consists of four categories, namely Layer 1, Layer 2, Reciprocal Viewshed and
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Approaches Viewshed. The Land Use Management Objectives for these buffer zone categories of the WHS are presented in Table 15. Agro-Biodiversity include areas where both agriculture and biodiversity are considered important and where the management of these features considers the compatibility of these land uses. These areas generally occur on land used for extensive grazing areas, areas too steep to cultivate, important water yield areas, etc. and where EKZNW has identified Irreplaceable CBAs and corridors (ESAs). There areas are managed in a cooperative manner by EKZNW, DARD, DAFF and EDTEA. The agro-biodiversity categories include: Environmental Management 1 – land is not a high priority agricultural area but has importance for biodiversity and the biodiversity network. Environmental Management 2 - areas that are both important to agricultural (cultivation or plantations) and to the biodiversity network but where the sectors’ desired land uses would likely not be compatible. Any potential conflict between the two sectors will be dealt with through the EIA and Agricultural application process.
Table 14: Land Use Management Objectives for the Terrestrial and Aquatic Conservation Categories (EKZNW, 2014a) Land-Use Management Map Category Guiding description of categories Objective Protected areas (PAs) as declared under Maintain in a natural state with Protected Areas (PAs) the National Environmental Management: limited to no biodiversity loss. Protected Areas Act (Act 57 of 2003). Natural or near-natural landscapes that Maintain in a natural state with include terrestrial and aquatic areas that limited to no biodiversity loss. are considered critical for meeting biodiversity targets and thresholds, and CBAs which safeguard areas required to ensure the persistence of viable populations of species, and the functionality of ecosystems and Ecological Infrastructure. Areas which are required to meet Maintain in a natural state with biodiversity conservation targets, and limited to no biodiversity loss. CBA: Irreplaceable where there are no alternative sites available. (Category driven by species and feature presence). Areas that are the most optimal solution to Maintain in a natural state with meet the required biodiversity limited to no biodiversity loss. CBA: Optimal conservation targets while avoiding high cost areas as much as possible (Category driven primarily by process). Areas identified as influencing land-use Maintain or improve ecological management that are not derived based and tourism functionality of a on biodiversity priorities alone, but also PA or WHS ESA: Buffers address other legislation / agreements which the biodiversity sector is mandated to address, e.g. triggers for EIA Regulations, etc. Unless otherwise stated, this represents Maintain or improve ecological ESA: Protected Area Buffer an area extending 5km from the PAs or and tourism functionality of a where applicable PA specific delineated PA.
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Land-Use Management Map Category Guiding description of categories Objective buffers. Unless otherwise stated, this represents Maintain or improve ecological ESA: World Heritage Site an area extending 10km from the WHS or and tourism functionality of Buffer where applicable area specifically defined WHS for WHS. Functional but not necessarily entirely Maintain ecosystem natural terrestrial that is largely required to functionality and connectivity ensure the persistence and maintenance allowing for some loss of Terrestrial ESAs of biodiversity patterns and ecological biodiversity. processes within the CBAs. The area also contributes significantly to the maintenance of Ecological Infrastructure. Modified but area is providing a support Maintain current land use or Terrestrial ESAs: Species function to a threatened or protected rehabilitate back to functional specific species natural area. Functional but not necessarily entirely Maintain ecosystem natural aquatic landscapes that are largely functionality allowing for some required to ensure the persistence and loss of biodiversity but without Aquatic ESAs maintenance of biodiversity patterns and degrading Present Ecological ecological processes within the CBAs. The State (PES) category. area also contributes significantly to the maintenance of Ecological Infrastructure. All natural areas not already included in Maintain basic ecosystem Natural Biodiversity Areas the above categories. functionality. Areas with no significant natural vegetation Sustainable management. remaining and therefore regarded as Modified having a low biodiversity value (e.g. areas under cultivation).
Table 15: Land Use Management Objectives for the WHS Buffer Zone Categories Buffer Zone Description of Categories Land Use Management Objectives Categories Layer 1 Areas which are considered highly Preserve or rehabilitate to as close as vulnerable in terms of the required possible the natural condition of the Site safeguarding of the Protected Value of the insofar as this protects the Protected Value. WHS, and which directly abutt the WHS Unobtrusive low impact activities, where and or are unsuitable for development such can be proven to be able to fully due to known geotechnical, proximity, mitigate any negative consequences upon view or soil characteristics. the Protected Value or the achievement of other Buffer Zone Policy objectives. Layer 2 Areas required to safeguard and enhance Conservation of natural resources and their the Protected Value of the WHS and to beneficial management. meet the six objectives of the Buffer Zone Land use and developments which Policy. enhances the Protected Value and or allows for the implementation of the Buffer Zone Policy objectives, where such can be proven to be able to fully mitigate any negative consequences upon the Protected Value or the achievement of the Buffer Zone Policy objectives. Any person wishing to undertake a development, or erect a building or infrastructure within this layer would need to assess the likely negative consequences, and the ability to fully mitigate any negative
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Buffer Zone Description of Categories Land Use Management Objectives Categories consequences, of such a proposal upon the Protected Value or the achievement of other Buffer Zone Policy objectives. Reciprocal Areas particularly sensitive to any form of Maintain current land use or rehabilitate viewshed development, where the building of any back to functional natural area. structure or intrusive infrastructure would Development of structures or infrastructure have a visual impact on the Wilderness that would visually impact on the wilderness areas within the WHS. areas will in principle not be supported Approaches Key vista/key view sites which contribute Preferable to maintain current land use or viewshed significantly to the visual experience and rehabilitate back to functional natural area. sense of place when approaching the Any significant land-use change must be WHS. assessed in terms of its potentially to impact on the vista in question.
5.4.4 Sensitivity Ratings
Table 16 reflects the sensitivity ratings assigned to the various terrestrial biodiversity attributes in the District. Figure 12 shows the outcome of the associated sensitivity analysis. It is noted that the CBAs include inter alia vegetation types and threatened ecosystems.
Table 16: Sensitivity Ratings assigned to Category: Terrestrial Biodiversity
Category Sensitivity Criteria Source Attributes Rating
EKZNW Protected Areas VH
Maloti Drakensberg WHS VH
EKZNW owned not currently proclaimed H
Other Protected Areas VH
Protected Areas EKZNW (2017b) Community Conservation Area H KZN Private Nature Reserves VH
DAFF Forest Protected Areas VH
KZN Stewardship Sites - Nature Reserves VH KZN Stewardship Sites - Protected H Environments Protected Areas – EKZNW Protected Areas & Other Protected - M TERRESTRIAL Buffer Zones Areas - 5 km buffer BIODIVERSITY WHS Buffer Zone M Important Bird & BirdLife South H Biodiversity Areas Africa (2015) CBA Irreplaceable VH Terrestrial CBAs CBA Optimal H EKZNW (2016) Landscape and local corridors Terrestrial ESAs Ecosystems H Species specific habitats BSP Local Corridors EKZNW (2014c) H BSP Landscape EKZNW (2018a) H Ecological Corridors Agro-biodiversity EKZNW (2018b) H KZN Conventional Modification Layer 2011 Modification EKZNW (2014b) Restricted v1
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Figure 12: Terrestrial Biodiversity Sensitivity Map
5.5 Aquatic Biodiversity
5.5.1 Governance Framework
The Governance Framework for Aquatic Biodiversity in HGDM is presented in Table 17.
Table 17: Legal Framework for Aquatic Biodiversity
Authorities Laws & Policies Strategies Plans & Programmes . Catchment . Water Services Act (Act 108 . National Water Resource . Draft National Water and Sanitation Management of 1997) Strategy 2013 Master Plan, 2017 Agency (CMA) . Water Services Amendment . Internal Strategic . Catchment Management Plan . Same as for Act (Act No. 30 of 2004) Perspective . National Aquatic Ecosystem Health Terrestrial . Resource Directed . Catchment Management Monitoring Programme Biodiversity Management of Water Strategy . National Freshwater Ecosystems (Table 13) Quality Policy . Water for Growth and Priority Atlas 2011 . Ground Water Policy Development Strategy . EKZNW Freshwater Systematic . Same as for Terrestrial (where relevant) Conservation Plan Biodiversity (Table 13) . Groundwater Strategy . Waste Discharge Charge System (where relevant) . Working for Water and Wetlands . Resource Directed Programmes Management of Water . Blue and Green Drop Classification Quality Strategy . South African Water Quality . Same as for Terrestrial Guidelines Biodiversity (Table 13) . Same as for Terrestrial Biodiversity (Table 13)
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Authorities Laws & Policies Strategies Plans & Programmes . Resource Directed Measures – clear objectives for the desired level of protection of the resource through the Reserve, Classification System, and Resource Quality Objectives. . Source Directed Controls – measures to control water use, e.g. water quality standards for waste water, waste water discharges, pollution prevention, and waste minimisation technologies. . National monitoring and information systems – address the monitoring, recording, assessing and dissemination of information on water resources. Implementation . State of Environment Reporting. Mechanisms . Catchment Management Forum. . Control measures for alien and invasive plant species. . Authorisations in terms of prevailing legal framework. . Water Conservation and Demand Management. . Disaster Management Plan. . BSP’s land-use planning and decision-making guidelines for Aquatic CBAs and ESAs.
5.5.2 Local Context
HGDM is located in the Pongola-Mtamvuna Water Management Area (WMA) and Mzimvubu-Tsitsikamma WMA. The uMkhomazi and Umzimvubu catchments extend to the north and south of the HGDM, respectively while the Umzimkhulu catchment is located near the centre of the District. Key rivers which flow through the District include the Umgeni, Mvoti, uMkhomazi, Umzimkhulu and Umzimvubu Rivers.
HGDM has several large wetland systems. The Pholela, Ngwangwane and Ndawana systems are situated in the north western section of the District in the foothills of the Drakensberg. The Kromrivier and Mzintlanga systems, including the Franklin Vlei, are located in the southern area of the District. The Ntsikeni Nature Reserve lies in the northern section of HGDM and forms part of an extensive wetland system. Further wetland systems are located in the Upper and Little Bisi system in the uMzimkhulu LM; as well as several wetlands in the Dr Nkosazana Dlamini Zuma and Ubuhlebezwe LM.
In terms of the National Freshwater Ecosystem Priority Areas (NFEPA), the rivers in HGDM are predominantly moderately and largely modified, with few rivers classified as natural. Wetlands are predominantly in good to modified condition. According to EKZNW (2014a), water pollution arising from faecal pollution, dairies, piggeries and poorly maintained sewer infrastructure threaten critical biodiversity areas and ecological support areas within HGDM. Alternative pollution sources include sedimentation from erosion and stormwater runoff.
Dams within HGDM include Ixopo Dam, Comrie Dam, Crystal Springs Dam, Elandskuil Dam, Hopewell Dam, Minay's Dam, Mingay's Dam, Poortjie Dam, Roy Aldus Dam and Vaughan's Dam.
5.5.3 EMF Spatial Considerations
In accordance with the NWA, a watercourse is regarded as a river or spring, a natural channel in which water flows regularly or intermittently, and a wetland, lake or dam into
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which, or from which, water flows. A watercourse needs to be considered in terms of its “resource quality”, which is defined by the NWA as the following: Quantity, pattern, timing, water level and assurance of in-stream flow; Water quality, including physical, chemical and biological characteristics of the water; Character and condition of the in-stream and riparian habitat; and Characteristics, condition and distribution of the aquatic biota.
The NWA promotes two complimentary approaches to achieve Integrated Water Resource Management, namely Resource Directed Measures (RDMs) and Source Directed Controls (SDCs). RDMs focus on the quality of the water resource itself, regarding it as an ecosystem rather than a commodity, and comprise the following components: Classification system, Reserve and Resource Quality Objectives (RQOs). It is noted that the Classes of Water Resource and RQOs (defined in terms of water quantity, habitat and biota, and water quality) were gazetted for the catchments of Mvoti to Umzimkulu in GN 1386 in Government Gazette No. 41306 of 8 December 2017.This includes secondary drainage areas T40 (Mtamvuna) and T52 (Umzimkulu). The major rivers include the Mvoti, uMngeni, uMkhomazi, Umzimkulu and Mtamvuna river systems.
Giving effect to RDMs means regulating water use through SDCs. SDCs aim to control and minimise potential impacts on the water resource so that RQOs are achieved. SDCs include regulatory mechanisms such as water use authorisation.
NFEPA aims to identify a national network of freshwater conservation areas and to explore institutional mechanisms for their implementation. Freshwater ecosystems provide a valuable natural resource, with economic, aesthetic, spiritual, cultural and recreational value. NFEPA takes forward the implementation of the Cross-Sector Policy Objectives for Inland Water Conservation. It also builds on the river component of the National Spatial Biodiversity Assessment.
The following was mapped and defined in the BSP in terms of aquatic biodiversity (EKZNW, 2014a): Aquatic CBAs based on the following data – CBA Optimal; CBA Irreplaceable and CBA Optimal derived from local and specialist knowledge; CBA Irreplaceable Linkages (National Flagship Rivers and 30m buffer); All wetlands within Freshwater Systematic Conservation Assessment (FSCA) and the 24 KZN priority wetlands; Perennial rivers in FSCA and all priority FEPA rivers; All perennial rivers associated with FEPA fish sanctuary areas; and 30m buffer on identified CBA Irreplaceable & Optimal perennial rivers, perennial rivers associated with FEPA fish sanctuary areas, and priority FEPA Rivers.
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Aquatic ESAs based on the following data – Non-perennial rivers in FSCA; FEPA rivers, wetlands & wetland clusters; Aquatic corridors – KZN priority/ flagship rivers; Specialist or expert input data; Species specific habitat requirements; 100m buffer on FSCA wetlands; 70m buffer on CBA perennial rivers, KZN Flagship Rivers & National Flagship Rivers; 70m buffer on non-perennial rivers; and 500m buffer on FEPA priority wetland clusters & KZN priority wetlands.
The BSP’s Land Use Management Objectives for aquatic conservation categories are presented in Table 14. The BSP also contains Land Use Planning and Management Guidelines for freshwater aquatic environments.
5.5.4 Sensitivity Ratings
Table 18 reflects the sensitivity ratings assigned to the features associated with aquatic biodiversity in the District. Figure 13 shows the outcome of the associated sensitivity analysis. It is noted that the Aquatic CBAs and ESAs in terms of the BSP were not available to include in the EMF.
Table 18: Sensitivity Ratings assigned to Category: Aquatic Biodiversity
Category Sensitivity Criteria Rating
Perennial Rivers (based on 1:50 000 rivers data) VH Non-perennial Rivers (based on 1:50 000 rivers data) H RAMSAR Sites VH Freshwater Ecosystem Priority Areas (FEPA) - Wetlands VH FEPA - Wetland Clusters H FEPA - Rivers M
FEPA - Flagship Rivers & Priority Rivers H
AQUATIC FEPA - Phase 2 Rivers H BIODIVERSITY FEPA - Fish Sanctuaries M FEPA - Water Yield Areas H Perennial Rivers - 30m buffer zones (based on 1:50 000 rivers VH data) Perennial Rivers - 100m buffer zones (based on 1:50 000 H rivers data) Non-perennial Rivers - 20m buffer zones (based on 1:50 000 H rivers data) 100m buffer on FEPA wetlands M 500m buffer on FEPA priority wetland clusters M
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Figure 13: Aquatic Biodiversity Sensitivity Map
5.6 Slope
5.6.1 Governance Framework
Based on the inherent qualities of areas with steep slopes and the environmental features encountered, the Governance Framework for the terrain in HGDM may be the same as for Terrestrial Biodiversity (Table 13), Aquatic Biodiversity (Table 17) and Heritage (Table 20).
5.6.2 Local Context & EMF Spatial Considerations
The following provides a more detailed overview of the topography of each local municipalities within the District (EKZNW, 2014a): In the north of the District, the Dr Nkosazana Dlamini Zuma LM has rolling topography with much of the western area covered by mountainous terrain. Further to the east of the District, the Ubuhlebezwe LM has hilly topography with numerous river valleys creating steep topography with gently sloping valley bottoms. The landscape is highly complex and agitated with interlocking systems of ridge-lines and valleys of different hierarchical order. In the centre of the District, the uMzimkhulu LM topography ranges from flat to gentle rolling slope to hilly and ragged terrain. The terrain is undulating with distinct mountain
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ridges with broad and deep valleys. The mountainous area in the west and the north are part of the Drakensberg Mountain range. The mountain ridges are made up of flattish plateaus with mountain slopes ranging from vertical rock cliffs to steep grassy slopes to gentle gradients extending down into the valley bottoms. The highest mountain peak is situated at 1685m and the lowest point in the town of Umzimkhulu is situated at 740m. In the south of the District, the Greater Kokstad LM has gentle to moderately rolling topography moving to mountainous terrain in the south west. High mountains in the west overlook the irregular undulating hills with low mountains in the south formed by very thick dolerite sheets. There are various hills and ridges found throughout the municipality.
In general, areas with steep slopes are regarded as significant due to the following reasons: Vulnerable to erosive forces, which leads to soil destabilisation and eventual sedimentation of watercourses; Influence accessibility; Offer aesthetic qualities; Offer refuge to fauna and flora; Act as important water catchment areas; Create natural corridors; and May contribute towards climate change resilience.
5.6.2.1 Sensitivity Ratings
Table 19 reflects the sensitivity ratings assigned to slope in the District, based on their grading. Figure 14 shows the outcome of the associated sensitivity analysis.
Table 19: Sensitivity Ratings assigned to Category: Terrain
Category Sensitivity Criteria Attributes Rating
Very steep slopes 18o VH TERRAIN Slope Steep slopes (12o - >18o) H Low to medium gradient slopes H
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Figure 14: Terrain Sensitivity Map
5.7 Heritage
5.7.1 Governance Framework
The Governance Framework for historical and cultural features in HGDM is presented in Table 20.
Table 20: Legal Framework for Historical and Cultural Features
Authorities Laws & Policies Strategies Plans & Programmes . South African . World Heritage Convention Act . Amafa Policy Guidelines . Management Plans Heritage Resources (Act 49 of 1999) for the access of rock art (generic and site-specific) Agency (SAHRA) . National Heritage Resources Act . Amafa aKwaZulu- (Act 25 of 1999) Natali . KZN Heritage Act (Act No. 04 of . Department of Arts 2008) and Culture . National Heritage Council Act (Act . DM & LMs No. 11 of 1999) . National Monuments Act (Act No. 28 of 1969) . Amafa Policy Guidelines for the access of rock art . Local/District Heritage Authorities are required to take on the responsibility of managing heritage resources in their respective areas and to ensure the protection of the resources in their zone of influence through formation of heritage forums that will help in identification of heritage resources Implementation and creation of heritage inventories in each area for integration of heritage layer into urban and Mechanisms rural planning. . Identified heritage sites should be graded in terms of significance and a database of inventory should be compiled.
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Authorities Laws & Policies Strategies Plans & Programmes . Conservation, protection and administration of both the physical and the living or tangible heritage resources. . Issuing of permits for protection of heritage resources, graves, archaeological and paleontological sites. . Issuing of permits in terms of national heritage site status before any changes or development is contemplated. . Conduct Heritage Impact Assessments in terms of Section 38 of the National Heritage Resources Act (Act No. 25 of 1999). . The use of the South African Heritage Resources Information System (SAHRIS) for online applications. . Development of a Heritage Management Plan for the HGDM to guide and assist officials with dealing with heritage sites to ensure the protection and conservation of these sites. . Heritage layers can be developed for individual municipalities on request through assistance from the Amafa Database and GIS Unit. Additional information can be sourced from the SAHRIS facility and Heritage Resources Schedule Section 37(1) of the KwaZulu Natal Heritage Act, 2008. . The paleontological sensitivity map highlights the fossil sensitivity in KZN. This can be utilised for screening proposed developments.
Amafa / Heritage KwaZulu Natali is the provincial heritage conservation agency for KZN. This authority was established as a statutory body in terms of the KZN Heritage Act of 1997, which was repealed by the KZN Heritage Act of 2008.
5.7.2 Local Context
HGDM has not been intensively surveyed for all heritage sites. However, some sites have been recorded by cultural resource consultants who have worked in the area during the last two decades whilst archaeologists from the KZN Museum have made sporadic visits to the area. The available evidence, as captured in the KZN Museum heritage site inventory indicates that the area contains a wide spectrum of archaeological sites covering different time periods and cultural traditions. These include palaeontology, Early Stone Age site, Middle Stone Age sites, Later Stone Age sites, rock art sites, Early Iron Age sites, Later Iron Age sites and historical sites. Various buildings and farmsteads belonging to the Victorian and Edwardian periods occur in the area, which are protected by heritage legislation.
An overview of the heritage resources in each of the LM’s is provided in the EMF Status Quo Report.
5.7.3 EMF Spatial Considerations
Heritage resources have lasting value and provide evidence of the origins of the South African society. As heritage resources are cherished, finite, non-renewable and irreplaceable they must be carefully managed for future generations.
According to the KZN Heritage Act (Act No. 04 of 2008), the following are categorised as “heritage assets”: Places, buildings, structures and equipment of cultural significance; Places to which oral traditions are attached and/or places associated with living heritage;
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Historic settlements and townscapes; Landscapes and natural features of scientific and cultural importance; Archaeological and paleontological sites; Graves and burial grounds; Movable objects including: Objects recovered from the soil or waters of the Province of KZN, including archaeological and paleontological objects, materials, meteorites and rare geological specimens; Ethnographic art and objects; Military objects; Objects of decorative art; Objects of fine art; Objects of scientific or technological interest; Books, records, documents, photographic positives and negatives, graphs, films and video materials and sound recordings; Battlefields; and Traditional building techniques and vernacular architecture.
The known heritage and cultural resources in HGDM are provided in the EMF Status Quo Report.
5.7.4 Sensitivity Ratings
Table 21 reflects the sensitivity ratings assigned to the historical and cultural features in the District, based on their grading. Figure 15 shows the outcome of the associated sensitivity analysis.
Table 21: Sensitivity Ratings assigned to Category: Heritage
Category Sensitivity Criteria Rating
ESA - Early Stone Age VH MSA - Middle Stone Age VH LSA - Late Stone Age VH RA – Rock Art VH HERITAGE ISA - Intermediate Stone Age VH EIA - Early Iron Age VH LIA - Late Iron Age VH IIA - Intermediate Iron Age VH HIS - Historical Sites VH
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Figure 15: Heritage Sensitivity Map
5.8 Overall Environmental Sensitivity in HGDM
Due to their innate characteristics, the environmental feature categories (agriculture, terrestrial biodiversity, aquatic biodiversity, heritage and slope) highlight areas that pose limitations to development in HGDM. Conversely, these characteristics promote certain types of development that harness the land potential and support the management objectives linked to the sensitive features and attributes.
Based on the sensitivity maps, the District has a large number of areas with ‘High’ and ‘Very High’ sensitivity. This reflects the abundance of sensitive environmental features and attributes in HGDM. It emphasises the possible challenge faced in identifying suitable land that is available for development. On the other hand, it also highlights the District’s environmental wealth that can be exploited for commensurate development types, such as tourism and agriculture.
The sensitivity analysis undertaken in Section 5 constitutes a crucial step in the EMF’s progression towards delineating EMZs that present a balanced depiction of the District’s desired state. These zones are the product of the interrogation and assessment of the Status Quo information and the realisation of the District’s possible restrictions to development pressures and opportunities.
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6 ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT ZONES
6.1 Delineating Environmental Management Zones
An Environmental Management Zone (EMZ), which is also regarded as a ‘geographical area’ in terms of section 24 of NEMA, represents a specific demarcated area that requires active control to ensure that its potential is realised and sensitive features are safeguarded. The management zones focus the attention of the relevant authority on critical environmental areas in HGDM and thus ultimately guide and inform decision-making within the environmental planning realm.
The EMZs in the study area were delineated as follows:
Step 1 – Create version 1 of EMZs by overlaying attributes with a Very High and High sensitivity rating for each environmental category. Step 2 – Overlay version 1 of the EMZs with development pressures and opportunities. Step 3 – Identify conflict areas between known significant developments and sensitive environmental features and assign preference. Step 4 – Where relevant, identify conflict areas between incompatible environmental features and assign preference.
Step 5 – Demarcate final EMZs from overlapped ECZs, development pressures and trends, opportunities, constraints and public aspirations.
6.2 Managing Conflicts between Development and Environmental Features
Development pressures in the study area need to be screened and interpreted against the EMZs. Development and other growth demands can potentially be supported in areas where existing transformation exists or where detailed specialist studies confirm the receiving environment to be non-sensitive to the earmarked development. The last-mentioned would constitute ground-truthing of the EMF GIS information. Alternatively, the development may be supported by the desired state of the EMZ, such as cultivation in the Agriculture EMZ or appropriate tourism activities in the Terrestrial Biodiversity EMZ.
Note that ultimately each development needs to be screened against the EMZs, and needs to adhere to the relevant Management Guidelines.
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Conflict areas may arise where a proposed activity / development pressure or opportunity is disproportionate to the environmental sensitivity. In these instances, preference needs to be assigned based on the following considerations: Risks posed by planned development activities to the sensitive environmental attributes associated with the EMZ; Degree of acceptable change to the state of the environmental features affected by the proposed development; Application of principles underpinning sustainable development; Maximise the opportunities to the benefit of both the environment and development; and The likelihood of the development proceeding, in order to avoid compromising environmental sensitivity for unrealistic development proposals.
6.3 Mapping EMZs
EMZs depict the assimilated and refined ECZs that are integrated with the development pressures and trends, opportunities, constraints and aspirations. The end product therefore determines the environmental suitability of a specific area for certain types of development based upon inherent characteristics and overall sensitivity.
From a sensitivity perspective (see Section 5), only those features and attributes with ratings of High – Very High, where there is a positive inclination towards the core focus of the zone, were included in the amalgamated map. Nonetheless, the other features that are considered to be of medium sensitivity should also be taken into consideration when reviewing development proposals against the respective sensitivity maps. In the next generation EMF, these medium of even low sensitivity areas may be enhanced through efforts such as environmental rehabilitation. Despite low sensitivity, it can also be recommended that an area or feature be managed to achieve an improved future state.
The EMZs take into account the current state of the environmental features and their attributes as well as the intended future use of the associated land parcels, and attempts to seek a sustainable compromise as to what features, attributes and areas should be included in which delineated areas that comprise the management zones.
The following EMZs were delineated for HGDM: Formally Protected Areas; Conservation Buffers; Terrestrial Biodiversity; Aquatic Biodiversity; Agriculture; Heritage;
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Urban Areas; and Traditional Authorities.
To facilitate the attainment of the desired state for the EMZs, Management Guidelines will be included in the SEMP which will stipulate compatible activities that support the vision for these zones and specific management requirements and objectives that need to be adhered to when development is proposed in a zone. The Management Guidelines will primarily be based on the following: Environmental management priorities in the EMF study area; Existing statutory and regulatory provisions; Existing policies, strategies, plans and programmes of various government departments; Findings of specialist studies; Outcomes of public participation; and Best practices.
An overview of each EMZ follows.
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ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT ZONE: Formally Protected Areas
This zones includes all areas declared or formally proclaimed as protected in terms of governing legislation, including the KwaZulu-Natal Nature Zone Description: Conservation Management Act (No.9 of 1997) or the National Environmental Management: Protected Areas Act (Act No. 57 of 2003). These areas are managed for the purpose of biodiversity conservation. Maloti Drakensberg Park WHS EKZNW Managed Protected Area Boundary (areas recently acquired but not currently proclaimed, 2017). Features & Attributes DAFF Managed Forest Wilderness Area Boundary (DEA Protected Area Database Extract, 2016. EKZNW KZN Proclaimed Stewardship Sites. EKZNW Proclaimed Protected Area boundary.
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ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT ZONE: Conservation Buffers
The Maloti Drakensberg Park WHS buffer zone serves to ensure that the activities are implemented or the area is managed with the aim of enhancing the positive and reducing the negative impacts of conservation on neighbouring communities and of neighbouring communities on conservation. The Buffer Zone assists adjacent and affected communities to Zone Description: secure appropriate and sustainable benefits from the Site and the buffer zone area itself by promoting a conservation centred economy, eco/cultural tourism and its supporting infrastructure and services, and sustainability through properly planned sustainable use of natural resources and benefits flowing from or to the Site (EKZNW, 2017a). Categories of the WHS buffer zone (Layer 1, Layer 2, Reciprocal Viewshed and Approaches Viewshed), with accompanying Land Use Management Features & Attributes Objectives. 5km radius – Protected Areas.
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ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT ZONE: Terrestrial Biodiversity
The areas that fall under this zone are located outside of formally protected Zone Description: areas and exhibit high biodiversity or supportive functions, except for the landscape corridors that extend into formally protected area. Important Bird & Biodiversity Areas Terrestrial CBAs Terrestrial ESAs Features & Attributes BSP Local Corridors BSP Landscape Ecological Corridors Agro-biodiversity
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ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT ZONE: Aquatic Biodiversity
This zone includes surface freshwater resources that are significant in terms of Zone Description: aquatic biodiversity or from a water yield perspective. Perennial and non-perennial rivers RAMSAR Sites FEPA - Wetlands and Wetland Clusters FEPA - Flagship Rivers & Priority Rivers Features & Attributes FEPA - Phase 2 Rivers FEPA - Water Yield Areas Perennial Rivers - 100m buffer zones Non-perennial Rivers - 20m buffer zones
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ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT ZONE: Agriculture
The zone includes areas that are associated with high agricultural potential as Zone Description: well as those land parcels where Primary Agricultural Land Use is encountered. KZN Agricultural Land Categories: Category A: Irreplaceable Features & Attributes Category B: Threatened Category C Primary Agricultural Land Use
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ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT ZONE: Heritage
All sites of significance from a heritage perspective are included in this zone. Zone Description: Note that no buffer area has been allocated to the heritage sites. Heritage sites: Early Stone Age Middle Stone Age Late Stone Age Rock Art Features & Attributes Intermediate Stone Age Early Iron Age Late Iron Age Intermediate Iron Age Historical Sites
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ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT ZONE: Urban Areas
This zone includes urban areas identified as part of the SDF. Zone Description: Urban areas contain physical development and sprawl, as well as re-direct growth towards a more integrated, compact and efficient urban form. Primary Nodes: o Creighton o Kokstad o Donnybrooke o Umzimkulu o Highflats o Features & Attributes Ixopo Tertiary Nodes: o Underberg /Himeville o Swartberg Secondary Nodes: o Riverside o Bulwer o Rietvlei o Franklin o Ibisi
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ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT ZONE: Traditional Authorities
Due to the substantial area that falls under the administration of the Ingonyama Trust, as well as the risks posed by activities and land allocation Zone Description: within these areas, it was deemed necessary to include a separate EMZ for Traditional Authorities. Includes all the areas under Traditional Authorities within the HGDM. It is Features & Attributes noted that the Greater Kokstad LM does not have any traditional areas within its jurisdiction.
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7 REFERENCES
COGTA, 2017. Development of a Strategic Corridor Development Plan for the Southern N2 Corridor from Durban to Port Edward. Milestone 3 Deliverable: Strategic Corridor Development Plan. KZN Cooperative Governance & Traditional Affairs (COGTA).
DARD, 2015. KwaZulu-Natal Policy for Agricultural Land Potential, Development Rights and Application Processes. Mitchell, F J and Van der Pol, B. KZN Report: N/A/2015/4. Department of Agriculture and Rural Development (DARD), Pietermaritzburg.
DEA, 2010, Environmental Management Frameworks in terms of the EMF Regulations of 2010, Integrated Environmental Management Guideline Series 6. Department of Environmental Affairs, Pretoria.
DRDLR, 2016. Business Plan: Master Agri-park Business Plan for Harry Gwala District. Prepared by Urban-Econ Development Economists. Department of Rural Development and Land Reform (DRDLR), Pietermaritzburg
EDTEA, 2017. Provincial Spatial Economic Development Strategy. Economic Development, Tourism and Environmental Affairs (EDTEA), Pietermaritzburg
Elliot, F., 2018. Personal communication. Avifauna Specialist. Bioregional Planner: Biodiversity Spatial Planning and Information. Ezemvelo KZN Wildlife (EKZNW), Pietermaritzburg.
EKZNW, 2014a. Harry Gwala Biodiversity Sector Plan, V1.0, Unpublished Report of Ezemvelo KZN Wildlife. Ezemvelo KZN Wildlife (EKZNW), Pietermaritzburg.
EKZNW, 2014b. KZN Conventional Modification 2011 V1.0. Ezemvelo KZN Wildlife (EKZNW), Pietermaritzburg.
EKZNW, 2014c. KZN Biodiversity Sector Plan Local Corridors, Version 2014. Ezemvelo KZN Wildlife (EKZNW), Pietermaritzburg.
EKZNW, 2017a. Proposed World Heritage Site Buffer Policy. Ezemvelo KZN Wildlife (EKZNW), Pietermaritzburg.
EKZNW, 2017b. Ezemvelo KZN Wildlife Proclaimed Protected Area boundary. Ezemvelo KZN Wildlife (EKZNW), Pietermaritzburg.
EKZNW, 2018a. Harry Gwala District Environmental Management Zones (version 07062018). Ezemvelo KZN Wildlife (EKZNW), Pietermaritzburg.
EKZNW, 2018b. Harry Gwala District Agro-Biodiversity Zones (version 07062018). Ezemvelo KZN Wildlife (EKZNW), Pietermaritzburg.
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HGDM, 2014. Harry Gwala District Growth and Development Plan. Harry Gwala District Municipality (HGDM), Ixopo.
HGDM, 2017. Harry Gwala District Municipality 2017 to 2022 Final Draft Integrated Development Plan. Harry Gwala District Municipality (HGDM), Ixopo.
KZN Provincial Planning Commission, 2016. Provincial Growth and Development Strategy. KZN Provincial Planning Commission, Pietermaritzburg.
Maloti Drakensberg Park World Heritage Site Buffer Zone Technical Committee (2016). Draft Reciprocal Viewshed coverage associated with the Buffer Zone to the uKhahlamba Drakensberg Park World Heritage Site - 2016. Unpublished GIS Coverage.
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