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Universidade Federal De Juiz De Fora Pós-Graduação Em Ciência Da Religião Mestrado Em Ciência Da Religião Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora Pós-Graduação em Ciência da Religião Mestrado em Ciência da Religião Ivan Dias da Silva OPÇÃO FUNDAMENTALISTA OU OPÇÃO LIBERAL? CONTROVÉRSIAS TEOLÓGICO-POLÍTICAS E CISÃO NA CONVENÇÃO BATISTA DO SUL DOS EUA Juiz de Fora 2012 Ivan Dias da Silva Opção fundamentalista ou opção liberal? controvérsias teológico-políticas e cisão na Convenção Batista do Sul dos EUA Dissertação apresentada ao Programa de Pós- graduação em Ciência da Religião, área de concentração: Religião Comparada e Perspectivas de Diálogo, da Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, como requisito parcial para obtenção do grau de Mestre. Orientador: Prof. Dr. Wilmar do Valle Barbosa Juiz de Fora 2012 Silva, Ivan Dias da. Opção fundamentalista ou opção liberal: controvérsias teológico-políticas e cisão na Convenção Batista do Sul dos EUA/Ivan Dias da Silva. - 2012. 144 f. Dissertação (Mestrado em Ciência da Religião)–Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, 2012. 1. Religião. 2. Protestantismo. 3. Fundamentalismo I. Título. CDU 2 Ivan Dias da Silva Opção fundamentalista ou opção liberal? controvérsias teológico-políticas e cisão na Convenção Batista do Sul dos EUA Dissertação apresentada ao Programa de Pós- Graduação em Ciência da Religião, Área de Concentração: Religião Comparada e Perspectivas de Diálogo, do Instituto de Ciências Humanas da Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora como requisito parcial para obtenção do título de Mestre em Ciência da Religião. Aprovada em 02 de março de 2012. BANCA EXAMINADORA _____________________________________________ Prof. Dr. Wilmar do Valle Barbosa (Orientador) Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora _____________________________________________ Prof. Dr. Émerson José Sena da Silveira Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora _____________________________________________ Prof. Dr. Francisco Luiz Pereira da Silva Neto Universidade Federal de Pelotas To the triune God almighty for all help that He gave me during the preparation of this work. AGRADECIMENTOS A Deus, pelo dom da vida e pelas oportunidades na realização do presente trabalho; A minha esposa Sueli, pelo apoio e compreensão em minhas ausências mesmo quando estive presente; Ao meu amigo e colega de estudos, Roney de Seixas Andrade, por termos partilhado juntos esta jornada que prossegue no doutorado; Ao meu orientador Wilmar do Valle Barbosa, por sua orientação exigente, mas ao mesmo tempo amiga; Ao Departamento de Ciência da Religião da UFJF através de sua coordenação, corpo docente e secretaria; Ao Dr. Paige Patterson, presidente do Southwestern Baptist Theological Seminary, por todo o seu apoio, enviando-me literatura e estando sempre disponível, com respostas imediatas, quando necessitei de informações; À UFJF pelo apoio financeiro recebido como bolsista de monitoria no 2º semestre de 2010 SUMÁRIO INTRODUÇÃO ....................................................................................................................... 1 CAPÍTULO 1: OS BATISTAS E A SBC .............................................................................. 6 1. A Origem dos Batistas .......................................................................................................... 6 2. A Emigração dos Batistas para os EUA e a Organização da SBC ...................................... 34 Primeira Conclusão Parcial .................................................................................................... 38 CAPÍTULO 2: EXPANSÃO E HEGEMONIA DA PERSPECTIVA TEOLÓGICA LIBERAL ............................................................................................................................... 41 1. O Contexto e a Expansão da Perspectiva Teológica Liberal na SBC ................................. 41 2. A Situação da SBC Antes da Emergência Fundamentalista ............................................... 54 3. A Burocracia Institucional da SBC ..................................................................................... 60 Segunda Conclusão Parcial .................................................................................................... 70 CAPÍTULO 3: A REAÇÃO E EMERGÊNCIA FUNDAMENTALISTA ...................... 71 1. Os Batistas do Sul dos EUA e o Fundamentalismo ............................................................ 73 2. As “Batalhas Batistas” na SBC ........................................................................................... 78 3. A Efetivação da Emergência Fundamentalista ................................................................... 92 Terceira Conclusão Parcial .................................................................................................. 117 CONCLUSÃO FINAL ........................................................................................................ 118 BIBLIOGRAFIA ................................................................................................................. 124 ANEXOS .............................................................................................................................. 129 RESUMO Esta dissertação tem por objetivo geral apresentar as controvérsias entre as perspectivas teológicas liberal e fundamentalista ocorridas no âmbito da Southern Baptist Convention (SBC), nos EUA, iniciadas na década de 60, com seu ápice na década de 80 e desdobramentos que resultaram na cisão da referida Convenção no final do século XX. A SBC é a maior denominação do cristianismo protestante do mundo, com cerca de 16 milhões de membros e poderosa influência nos ambientes religioso e político norte-americano. Os conflitos intra-denominacionais tiveram como alvo o controle dos recursos e direção ideológica da SBC. De um lado estavam os fundamentalistas, que defendiam a Bíblia como inerrante e entendiam que a tendência modernista presente na denominação era um grande mal a ser extirpado. Do outro se encontravam os liberais, que valorizavam a abordagem histórico-crítica às Escrituras, a teoria da evolução, a filosofia existencialista e o estudo das religiões comparadas. A diferença entre estas perspectivas teológicas tornou a convivência no mesmo ambiente denominacional inviável, gerando um conflito que veio a culminar com a emergência fundamentalista ao poder na SBC, destituindo os outrora solidamente estabelecidos liberais de suas funções de comando na Convenção. PALAVRAS-CHAVE: Fundamentalismo, Intolerância, Protestantismo Norte-Americano, Batistas e Southern Baptist Convention. ABSTRACT This Master’s thesis’ general goal is to present the controversies between the liberal and fundamentalist theological perspectives which have occurred within the Southern Baptist Convention (SBC), that have been initiated in the beginning of the 1960’s, with its apex in the 1980’s and developments that led to a split in the Convention at the end of the 20th century. The SBC is the largest world’s Christian protestant denomination, whith approximately 16 million members and powerful religious and politics influence in the USA. These denominational conflicts targeted to control the resources and the ideological direction of the Southern Baptist Convention. On the one hand were the fundamentalists, upholding the Bible as an inerrant book and believing that the modernist tendency was the great evil to be purged from the denomination. On the other were the liberals that appreciated the historical-critical approach to the Bible, the theory of evolution, the existentialist philosophy, and the study of comparative religions. For these different theological perspectives their coexistence at the same denominational scope became unfeasible, giving rise to a conflict that resulted in the fundamentalist’s emergence to the Conventions’ leadership, removing the liberals that once was well-established in charge in the SBC. KEYWORDS: Fundamentalism, Intolerance, American Protestantism, Baptists and Southern Baptist Convention. INTRODUÇÃO O objetivo geral desta pesquisa é entender os processos de cisão no interior da Convenção Batista do Sul dos EUA (Southern Baptist Convention), doravante denominada SBC, analisada a partir do intenso conflito iniciado no princípio da década de 1960 pelo controle de recursos e pela direção ideológica da maior denominação protestante da América do Norte, e não católica do mundo. Enquanto o movimento que produziu a mais séria controvérsia ocorrida na SBC desde seu estabelecimento foi chamado por seus arquitetos de “ressurgimento conservador”, os seus opositores o denominaram de “tomada de poder fundamentalista”. A SBC foi organizada em 1845, em Augusta, Geórgia, e conta com 16 milhões de membros, possuindo 42 mil igrejas nos EUA.1 Da referida cisão surgiu, em 1991, uma nova convenção batista, a Cooperative Baptist Fellowship, doravante denominada CBF, formada pelos teologicamente liberais e que possui atualmente cerca de 1900 igrejas filiadas.2 Sabemos que no contexto batista o uso da Bíblia é fundamental nas orientações tanto de fundamentalistas quanto de liberais. No que diz respeito à emergência do fundamentalismo no âmbito da SBC, trataremos de perceber na Bíblia quais as passagens e as interpretações utilizadas pelos conservadores para legitimar suas posições e em que contextos essas escolhas se deram. Os líderes da reação fundamentalista fazem uma interpretação mais literal da noção de inerrância bíblica3, e consideraram a tendência liberal nas instituições de formação teológica subvencionadas pela SBC como o principal alvo de sua luta dentro da Convenção. Karen Armstrong afirma que os fundamentalismos religiosos “são formas
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