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An Ecological Life History of Tall Bluebell in Utah

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An Ecological Life History of Tall Bluebell in Utah Brigham Young University BYU ScholarsArchive Theses and Dissertations 1971-05-01 An ecological life history of tall bluebell in Utah Verl B. Matthews Brigham Young University - Provo Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd BYU ScholarsArchive Citation Matthews, Verl B., "An ecological life history of tall bluebell in Utah" (1971). Theses and Dissertations. 8087. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/8087 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by BYU ScholarsArchive. It has been accepted for inclusion in Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of BYU ScholarsArchive. For more information, please contact [email protected], [email protected]. AN EXX>LOGIC.ALLIFE HISTORYOF T.ALLBLUEBELL IN UTAH V A Thesis Presented to the Department of Botany Brigh-. Young University In P-artial Fulfillment ·of the Requirements for the Degree Master of Science by Verl B. Matthews Au~st~ 1965 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Appreciation is e:xpres-sed to personnel of the Intermountain Forest and R.ange Experiment Station, United States Forest Service, Ogden, Utah, who mggested, supported, and financed the field research of this study during- the summers of 196:3 and 1964. Without such assistance~ this study would not have been possible. The author especially- gives thanks to - ' Dr. William A. Laycock and Paul w. Conrad, project personnel, for their interest and encouragement- throughout all phases- of this study. Acknowledgement is also given to Dr. Earl M. Christensen and Dr. Joseph R. Murphy for their interest in the problem and for reviewing the manuscript, Dr. Kent H. McKnight for confirming the identity of the powdery mildew found on tall bluebell, and Dr. -Stanley s. Welsh for confirming the identification- of -all plant species collected as associates. - Above all, --appreci11tion is e:xpressed to my-wife, Elaine. Without her interest, encouragement, and willingness to forego personal pleasure, this thesis could not have been completed. iii LIBr OF TABLES Table Page 1. Vegetative and physical characteristics 0£ 5 study sites on the Mud Creek Sl.eep Allotment ••••••••••••••••••••••• 12 2. Physical characteristics .of .the soil layers .at each .of the .. .5 stuct, si.tes ••••••••••• •-••.................................. 15 3. Moisture equivalents and penqanent 'Wilting percentages .tor the top foot of soil at each stuct, si.te•••••••••••••••••••••• 17 4. Number of mounds and pocket gophers.(Thomom;ys ta;tpoides). per acre at each study si.te•••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 22 5. Number and length of transects~ and points taken .to sample foliar cover of grasses~ forbs! and shrubs••••••••••••••••••• 26 6. Percent ground cover of grasses; forbs~ shru.bs~ and trees ••• •... 28 7. Percent composition of grasses, forbs~ and shru.bs••••••••••••••• 29 8. Bluebell seedling and stem densities per .square foot! The. nnmber of transects and quadrats used are also shown••-•••••• J2 9. Bluel:>ell stem and seedling densities outside of exclosures..... 33 10. Average maximum stem height attained by bluebell ••• •••••••••••• :36 ll. Number of weeks from snow melt to first flower~ ma:xi:mnm fl.oweringi and completion of the flowering period... • • • • • • • • 'J'/ 12. Average fiowering potential pe~ bluebell st9r1~ shown as the _-sumof opened ..nowers,. remaining buds,-. .and .destroyed .. buds••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••~••••••••••••••••••••••••• 40 13. Comparison of ..open pollinated! plastic..wrapped! .. and paper ... bagged bluebell stems ••• •••• ••••• •••.- ••••••• ••.••.• •• ••••••• 42 14. Comparison.of fruit production per stem. 196J••••••••••••••••• 4J 15. Dates of 'Wilting. and .deying ...of bluebell ..as.related .to ..soil ... moisture•••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 45 iv Table Page 16. Dates of initial and maxi.mumrates of mildew infection, ••••••••• 47 17. .Average weekly temperatures at time of initial mildew infection and maxi.mummildew infection rates••••••••••••••••• 49 18. &lrvival of bluebell seedlings by month••••••••••••••••••••••••• 64 19. Root lengths ..of' bluebell-seedlings. ...and.-SOllle .asso.ciated .... annuals •••••• •• ••• • ••••••••••••••••••••••••. • •••••••••••••• ,., 6.5 20. Seasonal use of ..bluebell._by ..sh.eep-on.tb.e ..Mud._Creek.Sheep ....... .Allc,tm.ent....................................................... 7.5 21. Root data from bluebell plants grown in the ~eenhouse...... • • • • 77 22. Seed germination, conditions and results•••••••••••••••••••••••• 80 V OONTENTS Page ACOOWLEOOEMENTS••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• iii usr. OF TABLES.••• O • • • • • •• • • • • • • • • • O O O • •-• • • • • • • • • 0 • • • • • 0 • •• 0 • 0 •• 0 • 0 • • iv CHAPTER I. I~~CTION••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 1 P~bi~- •• • •·•• •• • •. •-••. •. •·•·•. • •. • •. •·•·•••.• ,•• • • • • •••• • • • • • • • • •.... l General Literature •••.•.•••••••••••••• " •••••••••••••••••••• •-•• • • • 2 Ta:xononzy-••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 4 Literature••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 4 Descript.i.Qn•••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 5 Distribution. •• ••••••• -•••••••••••••••••••• •-•-•• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 6 Description of study .Area•••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 8 Vegetation••••~•••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 8 A.spenCutting •••• •-.... • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 9 History••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••~••••••••••••• 10 Description of Study Sites••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 11 II. MEl'HODSAND RESJLTS•••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 12 Sc?i~-~0 O O O O O O O O O O o O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O •••-• O •-• 0 0 0 O O O O O .• O O O ...... O •·• 12 Soi:L Moisture •• •-••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 16 Climate ••• _•••• _._._••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 18 Gopher Population•••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 21 Vegetational .Analysts ••••••••••• ••• •••• •• •• • •••••••• • •••••••••• _ 25 Cover and ..Compo..si. ti.on •• •·•·•• •••• •-••••••••••••••••••••••• 27 Densi -cy•••••••••••••• ·•••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 31 Phenolog:,_••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••.•••••••••••••••• 33 Tall Bluebell.• •• ,.•.•.-~•••.•••• •• •. • •. • •. • • • • • • • • •. o o-o • 33 Rate of Stem.Growth.,•••• :.••••••••••••••••••• .. • Flowering•••••~•••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• vi Page Pollination ••••••••••••••• •·•·••-• •• • ••••••••••••••• 41 Other Observations••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 44 Associated Species •• _••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• •• •••• 49 Rate of Stem.--Growth.•••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• Flowering•••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• S~edlings •• •. • • •-•-••••••••••••••••••••• -•••••••••••••••••••• "'•• Root_Systems •.•••••• •-•·••·• ••••.••••• ·•••••••••••••• -'-••:•.·••·• •••••• •- Palatability •••••••••••••• •-•••••••••••••••••• •·•·••·••••-•.......... Lal:>era~ry-•••• •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• • •••••• •. •-•·. Gree~use Observations •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 76 Seed Germination and Emergenee••••••••••••••••••••••••• 79 stJ!O!AR.Y• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •·•• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 84 LITERATURECITED•••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••~••••••••••••••••••• 87 AJ»I£NDI'XES• ••.•• 01• ••••••••••••••••••••• • •••••••• • •• ••• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 90 ABBrRACT vii CH.APTERI INTRODUCTION The Problem Tall blu-ebell, Mertensia arizoniea Gr-eene var. leonardi (Rydb-:) Johnston (!1.leonardi Rydb.), is the most common of the large bluebells in the aspen zone of C-entr-al Utah, occurring at elevations from 6,000 to 11~000 feet (Range Pl-ant Handbook~ u. S. Forest Service~ 1937): There -are two major problems associated wiJth -its management -as ,a. f-ora.ge-pla.nt of aspen rangeland. First, in certain areas only. a smal.l portion of the total herbage is utilized because- mature stems become infected-with. mildew and collapse onte the ground. As a reSQl.t, the-foliage rapidly becomes dry about early to mid-July. Grazing prior to July 1 on -aspen ·ranges in Central Utah is-generally not advisable; the-ref&re, much-of forage is not utilized. -Second, under certain- grazing- conditions. blue- bell becomes the dominant forb, appearing to crowd out other desirable and later maturing species. This investigation was- conducted during the Slllllllers of 1963 and 1964 in Central Utah~ Specific objectives were to study the. phenology, palatability,. root system, seed germination, seedling development and describe the physical site-fao.tc,rs where tall bluebell occcurred. both in -pure -stands and in association •with other speoie,a. The studies followed · outlines suggested by Stevens and Rock (1952)( and Pelton (1953) for 1 2 ~co.logical life history studi-es. Determination of the correct ta.JCDn.and distribution of this species were also a part of this study. Knowledge gained in this study has provided -a better understanding of this tall bluebell and associated species and will be valu,able in developing better management systems for aspen ranges. General Literature .Available literature on the ecology of Mertensia arizonica var! leonardi _is fragmen:tary and widely scattered. "An Investigatio?) of the \ . Ecology of Mertensia ciliata in Coloradotf by Pelton (1961) represents tile oiµy direct ecological stuey _found for the genus in western North America. _Nearly all literature citations are based upon vegetative studies in which
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