SMITISONIAN INSTTTUTION- BUREAU OF AMERIC.AN ETHNOLOGY BULLETIN 94

TOBACCO AIONG THE INDIAiNS OF CALIFORIN IA

BI

JOHN P. MiARRINCTON

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SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY BULLETIN 94

TOBACCO AMONG THE KARUK INDIANS OF

BY

JOHN P. HARRINGTON

AN - ) f, ' *; ' a Vw . 11 %jjl'TIAFnILM r j(U I.EA

V-UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE

For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, Washington, D.C. I -- -

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PfNROSE MEMORIAL LIBRARY RECEIVED MAP 24 1992

ACQUISITIONS DEPFT

LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL

SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY, Washington, D. C., May 29, 1929. SIR: I have the honor to submit the accompanying manuscript, entitled "Tobacco among the Karuk Indians of California," by John P. Harrington, and to recommend its publication, subject to your approval, as a bulletin of this bureau. Respectfully, M. W. STIRLING, Chief. Dr. C. G. ABBOT, Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution. III

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CONTENTS

Page I. PitapvavaOtcu-pha'. Introduction -1 II. FA-t p6-xxdrikkyahitihanik pakuntcuphurueounati- hanik pananuh8 raha'. Bibliographical --- 14 1. Pamitva pakuntcuphuruOunatihat payi~iiva kuma'avansas pananuh8 raha 'o k 'ioiv- Oan8-nta-tcip. Mention of tobacco among the Karuk -14 2. Pamitva pakuntcuphidruounatihat payiOdva kuma'avansas payfO kuma'Ara ras mukun- ?ih8raha'. Mention of tobacco among neighboring tribes -17 III. FA-tpakunikxuiriktihanikpeky,-varihva-nsa'. Botan- ical -- 35 1. Yi~iiva kuma'ihe raha'. Tobacco species-- 35 2. Pahh-t 'uOvdytti-hva pehe raha'. The name of tobacco -44 3. Pak6-vdra pananuppiric puy106a xAy vura kunic vaA kum6-kya-hara pehe-raha'ippa', vura tcicihpuriOippa kitc vaA kiunic kume-k- yav, pa'apxanti-tc'lPn takinippe'er. Of all Karuk the Black Nightshade is most like tobacco, so the Whites tell us -45 4. Sahih8-raha karu mahih8-raha'. Downslope and upslope tobacco -46 5. Pehe-raha'ippa mupikyutunvhramu'u, karu k6-vura pamdOvuy. of the tobacco - 47 A. K6 vura pehe raha'ippa'. The plant 47 a. Pahd t 'u'iftakantakkanti', '(dmxa 0- ti', 'u'akkati', 'umdssahiti'. Sense characteristics- 49 a'. Pahdvt 'u'iftakantakkanti'. Feeling -49 b'. Pahd-t 'umxa Oti'. Smell 49 c'. Pah-tt 'u'akkati'. Taste 49 d'. Pahd-t 'umuissahiti'. Sight -- 49 b. 'Imnak karu 'Amta'ap. Charcoal and 81 ashes-81 III CONTENTS CONTENI

Page III. FA-t pakunikxulriktihanik pekya-varihva-nsa'. Botan- IV. Pahd-t pakunkupl'i-fmaoah ical-Continued. ve'etc. Karuk agriculture- 5. Pehe-raha'ippa mupikyutunvhramu'u, karu 5. Paht-t pakunkupitt k6-vura pamdOvuy. Morphology of the 'ixhyxfa ytihaphafi tobacco plant-Continued. on a knowledge of A. K6-vura pehe-raha'ipp'a. The plant- 6. Va: vura kitc pakui Continued. r&yavsa'. Just fol c. Peh-raha'dhOa-msa'. Tobacco plots 50 7. Pahut-t kunkupamahh d. Pa'&pu'um. Root 50 gin of tobacco--. e. Pa'uhippi'. Stalk 50 8. Pakhn kuma'apun f. Pamdmma'an. Bark 52 kAon panu'ihoi-nimh g. Pamdssu'uf. Pith 52 chosen for planting h. Pamdssa'an. Leaf 52 9. Pakuma'ara r pehe rf i. Pamuxvaha'. Gum 54 Who sowed j. Pe-Oriha karu pahd-t 'uOvuiyttih-va 10. Puyittcakanitc hitlha, pamusvitavra. The flower and They did not sow al how its various parts are called-- 54 11. Hal-ri 'umdkR-fk~'ar I a'. Pahd-t 'ukupe orihahahiti pe O- Sometimes they u riha'. Phases of flowering..-. 58 houses k. Pa'uhic. Seed. 58 12. Kahdmni~k va ka a'. 'Uxrahhvaha'. Fruit 60 Some of the places M I. Pah~u t'ukupa'ikkytirupravahiti'. 13. Th;yhhnik vura peh- Germination 61 mate pehe rahapifi 6. PayiOdva kuma'ippa'. Classification of vura 'arari"k. Oce plants 61 tobacco about the h 7. Payifilva kuma'avaha'. Classification of 14. 'Ikmahatenampf-matc foods 62 nik 'iftanmahapuhsi IV. Pahd-t pakunkuph'i-fmaoahitihanik pa'ipahahtun- bacco by the sweat v6'etc. Karuk agriculture 63 15. 'Ahtu-y kyaru vur u 1. VaA vura kite mit pakun~dhOi-mhitihat Volunteer tobacco o pehe-raha'. They sowed only tobacco 63 16. 'Axvi~innihak karu vn 2. Pahfrt mit pakunkupa'ahlcri-hvahitihat. Tobacco sometimes i How they used to set fire to the brush. 63 17. Ha-ri vura maru kunik, 3. Vura nik mit va: kunhpunmutihat pa'uhic Volunteer tobacco < u'iffe'ec. They knew that seeds will grow. 65 slope ------A. 'Aikr8-npfkva. The story about Sugar- 18. Pakh~n mi takunidhog loaf Bird ----- 66 'upiftanma-hti kari. B. 'Ioyarukpihrivpikva, pahfi-t 'ukfiphA-n'- still comes up at forn nik, karuk 'un6wanik, pa'apun uvyi- V. Pah-t pakupa'uhfla-mhahitiha hicrihtihanik pamusarah~iydtyutf, The pe-ctukkahitihanik pehe-raha story about Across-water Widower, sow and harvest tobacco - -. how he went upriver dropping acorn- 1. Pa'o-k 'iOivOan8.na tcip bread crumbs 67 Karuk calendar 4. Kuina vura mit puhari 'uihic 'ipcA-nmdtihap- hat. But they never packed seeds home 72 ONTENTS OONTEXTS VII

Page Page nik pekya varihva nsa'. Botan- IV. Pahd-t pakunkuph'i-fmaOahitihanik pa'ipahahtun- ve"etc. Karuk agriculture-Continued. a mupikyutunvhramu"u, karu 5. Pahi-t pakunkupittihanik xas vura kunic mfivuy. Morphology of the 'ixAyxYi ytihaphafiik. Practices bordering Lnt-Continued. on a knowledge of tillage 73 pehe-raha'fpp'a. The plant- 6. Va~ vura kite pakunmhharatihanik pe-kxa- )ntinued. re yavsa'. Just following the Ikxareyavs 74 *raha'dhiihOmsa'. Tobacco plots 50 7. Pahu-t kunkupamahahanik pehe-raha'. Ori- pu'Um. Root- 50 gin of tobacco 75 hippi'. Stalk- 50 8. Pakhon kuma'a-pun vaA mi takunxus vaA dmma'an. Bark- 52 kkon panu'dhOd-mhe'ec. The kind of place Issu'uf. Pith 52 chosen for planting tobacco upslope 75 ussa'an. Leaf- 52 9. Pakuma'hra~r pehe-raha 'u'uihOamhitihanik. uxvhha'. Gum- 54 Who sowed 76 iha karu pahdit 'uovdyttih-va 10. Puyittcakanitc hitiha~n 'uh~i mhitihaphanik. musvit&4a. The flower and They did not sow at one place all the time- 76 w its various parts are called- 54 11. Ha4-ri 'umdk?'ifkyar pakun~uh6irmhitihaAik. Pahd-t 'ukupe-orihahahiti peO- Sometimes they used to sow near the riha'. Phases of flowering -- 58 houses --- 77 hiL. Seed- 58 12. Kahdrmni~k vaA kAon 'uhOamhirAmh~aik. 'Uxrahkvaha'. Fruit 60 Some of the places where they used to sow 77 i-t 'ukupa'ikkYirfipravahiti'. 13. TaAyhhnik vura peh8-raha 'iknivnampi-m'- crmination ------61 matc pehe-rahapiftanmahapu ta-yhanik ma'ippa'. Classification of vura 'arhri "k. Occurrence of volunteer 61 tobacco about the houses 78 ma'avaba'. Classification of 14. 'Ikmahatenampi-matc karu vura 'upi ftiha- 62 nik 'iftanmAhapuhsahaAik. Volunteer to- 'Ifma~ahitihanik pa'ipahahtun- bacco by the sweathouses 78 ,riculture- 63 15. 'Ahtu-y kyaru vur upi-ftihanik papiffapu'. kite mit pakuntdhOA-mhitihat Volunteer tobacco on the rubbish pile-- 78 They sowed only tobacco 63 16. 'Axvioinnihak karu vura 'u'iftihanik ha-ri. t pakunkupa'ahicri-hvahitihat. Tobacco sometimes in the graveyards also - 78 used to set fire to the brush. 63 17. H-ri vura maru kunikya-ttihanik papiffapu'. it vaA kunhpunmutihat pa'uhic Volunteer tobacco sometimes picked up- They knew that seeds will grow- 65 slope ------79 npikva. The story about Sugar- 18. Pakhon mi takuntuhOA mhitihirak, vaA kAtn 3ird ------66 'upiftanma-hti kari. Volunteer tobacco ipihrivplkva, pahu-t 'ukuipha-n'- still comes up at former planting plots--- 79 aruk 'un6ovanik, pa'a pun uvyi- V. Pahd-t pakupa'uhflamhahitihafiik, karu pakunku- tihanik pamusarah'iydtyut', The pe-ctukkahitihanik pehtTaha'. How they used to about Across-water Widower, sow and harvest tobacco 81 [e went upriver dropping acorn- 1. Pa'o-k 'iOivfan8 nia tcip vakusrahiOvu'. The crumbs- 67 Karuk calendar 81 mit puhari 'dhic 'ipeg-nmatihap- t they never packed seeds home. 72 VIII CONTENTS CONTENI

Page V. Paht-t pakupa'iThOAmhahitihaiiik, karu pakunku- VI. Pahfiit kunkupe-kya-hiti pet pe-ctuikkahitihanik peh-raha'. How they used to maraha'ak. How they cu; sow and harvest tobacco-Continued. it-Continued. 2. Pakumaki-sra pakunuhflA-mhiti karu paku- 6. Pa'uhipihiktcurar. maku sra pakunictA-kti'. Seasonal in- tles formation as to sowing and harvesting.. 83 7. Pahf-t Pihn8-ffitc i 3. Pah-t kunkupa'uhla-mhiti'. Sowing 85 'uxm pu'ikrA-mtil 4. 'Ih-raha'dhOanmhaf. Tobacco sowing for- How ordai mula- 85 pound with an aci 5. PahfL-t pakunkupe-vrarakkurihmaOahiti pa- VII. Pakum6-mus peh6Tahhssa'an 'uhib. Harrowing the tobacco seed in --- 85 vuia. Color and strength 6. Pahd-t kunkupavitrippahiti'. Weeding --- 86 1. Pahu-t umussahiti 7. Pahd-t 'ukupa'iffahiti'. How it grows 86 of leaf tobacco-- 8. Pahd-t 'in kunpi-kkyfrati ha-ri 'a01kmd'uk. 2. Pak6A 'ikpihan pehe Tobacco sometimes killed by the cold-- 87 strong 9. Pahlf-t kunkupe-ctukkahiti pamudssa'an. VIII. Pahfi-t pakunkupa'iccunvahit Picking the leaves 87 store tobacco 10. Pahdl t pakunkupeyxyo rArivahiti pehe-ra- 1. Pahd-t ukupata-yhal hasanictukkapu'. Wrapping up picked kept in the living leaves- 88 2. Pa'uhsipnu'uk. The 11. Pahfi-t pa'uhippi kunkupe-ctukkahiti'. Pick- A. Pahd-t yiOeeva ing the stems 89 vit•va pasipnu 12. Pahd-t pa'uhic kunkupe-ctukkahiti'. Pick- ferent parts of ing the seeds 89 B. Mitva pakumap 13. Pahd-t pa'araraka nnhunitcas kunkupitti ha-ri nu~k kunta-ral kunipci-tvuti pehe-raha'. Poor people had tobacco bi stealing tobacco 90 C. Pahu-it paytm ' VI. Pahd-t kunkup6-kya-hiti peh8-raha patakunpictfi-k- pe-kya-hiti pa' maraha'ak. How they cure tobacco after picking they are maki it ------92 ferent 1. Pahdft pakunkupasuvaxrahahiti pehe-ra- D. Pa'uhsipnukhioxi hAssa'an. Curing tobacco leaves 92 yifiiva kum 2. Pahf-t 'ikmahatcra~m kunkupe-kya-hiti pap- xuppai. The pific, kuna vura 'i-nng-k 'ikrivrA-mak xas how tobacco 1 po-tth-yhiti'. Tobacco leaves are cured in ously made -- the sweathouse but stored in the living E. Pahfi-t kunkup house- 93 'usipnu~k tAffii 3. Pahf-t Pihneffitc p6-kta-kvaranik 'ikmahhtc- used to use bt ra~m kar ikrivra'am. Coyote set sweat- tobacco basket house and living house apart 94 F. Pahd-t kunkuy 4. Pahd-t pa'uhippi kunkup6ektcrnahiti'. taffirapu p a'i Pounding up the tobacco stems 95 How they use 5, P6-krivkii. The disk seats -- - -- 96 top of a tobac( )NTENTS CONTENTS IX

Page Page nhahitihafiik, karu pakunku- VI. Pahil-t kunkupg-kyi-hiti peht-raha patakunpfctin-k- pehe-raha'. How they used to maraha"'k. How they cure tobacco after picking ,bacco-Continued. it-Continued. i pakunihodaihiti karu paku- 6. Pa'uhipihiktcdiar. The tobacco stem pes- pakunictfi-kti'. Seasonal in- tles- 97 as to sowing and harvesting - 83 7. Pahd-t Pihneffitc po-kyA-n'nik, pa'hvansa tpa'dh6A mhiti'. Sowing 85 'u~m pu'ikrA-mtiht-cAra 'ikrkvbrAmd'uk. a mhai. Tobacco sowing for- How Coyote ordained that a man shall not 85 pound with an acorn pestle 98 nkup6-vrArakkurihmaOahiti pa- VII. Pakum6-mus peh6 rahhssa'an, pak6A 'ikpihan karu rrowing the tobacco seed in -- 85 vdia. Color and strength of leaf tobacco 100 Color ipavitrippahiti'. Weeding ---- 86 1. Pahu-t umdssahiti peh6 rahAssa'ln. a'iffahiti'. How it grows 86 of leaf tobacco- 100 unpi-kkYhrati ha-ri 'a61 kmd'uk. 2. Pak6o 'ikpihan peht-raha'. How tobacco is metimes killed by the cold-- 87 strong- 100 akup6 ctdkkahiti pamlissa'an. VIII. PahO-t pakunkupa'iccunvahiti peheraha'. How they 3 leaves- 87 store tobacco- 101 unkupeyxY8&rArivahiti peh6-ra- 1. Pahf-t ukupata-yhahiti TinnA'ak. How it is kapu'. Wrapping up picked kept in the living house- 102 88 2. Pa'uhsipnu'uk. The tobacco basket 103 ippi kunkupe-ctdkkahiti'. Pick- A. Pahd-t yiOduva 'uovuytti-hva pamuc- ms- 89 vitava pasipnu'uk. Names of the dif- lic kunkupe-ctikkahiti'. Pick- ferent parts of the basket 104 ds ------89 B. Mitva pakumapihihni-ttcitcas pa'uhsip- araka-nnimitcas kunkupitti ha-ri nu~k kunta-rahitihat. What old men ati peh6Taha'. Poor people had tobacco baskets 104 bacco- 90 C. Pahu t paye-m 'u~m vuira yiO takunku- -hiti peht-raha patakunpicti-k- pe-kya-hiti pa'uhsipnu'uk. How now they cure tobacco after picking they are making tobacco baskets dif- 92 ferent- 106 zunkupasuvaxrahahiti peh6-ra- D. Pa'uhsipnukihxdppar, pahd-t ka-kum Curing tobacco leaves 92 yiOiiva kume-kyav pa'uhsipnuk~ii- ihatcra~m kunkupe-ky&-hiti pap- xuppai. The tobacco basket cover, a vura 'i-nna-k 'ikrivrA-mak xas how tobacco basket covers are vari- ti'. Tobacco leaves are cured in ously made- 106 house but stored in the living E. Pahd-t kunkupe-oxdppahitihanik pa- 93 'usipnu~k thffirdpuhmd'uk. How they -ffitc p6-ktA-kvaranik 'ikmahhtc- used to use buckskin as a cover for a ikrivra"'m. Coyote set sweat- tobacco basket- 106 living house apart- 94 F. Pahd-t kunkup6-kri-ppaOahitihanik a'uhippi kunkup6-ktc1rahiti'. taffirapu pa'uhsipnukippankaih. up the tobacco stems 95 How they used to sew buckskin on The disk seats - _ 96 top of a tobacco basket 107 - ______- _ I i" - __ _ --

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Page VIII. Pahd-t pakunkupa'iccunvahiti pehe-raha'. How they VIII. Pahd-t pakunkupa'iccunvahitil store tobacco-Continued. store tobacco-Con 2. Pa'uhsipnu'uk. The tobacco basket-Cont. 2. Pa'uhsipnu'uk. The t G. Pahu t kunkupavikkyahiti pa'uhsip G. PahM-t kunkupa nu'uk. Weaving a tobacco basket-- 107 nu'uk. Weavin a. Pahu t kunkupa'fi-hiti pa'uhsip- Continued. nu'Uk, pahh t kunkupathyP-Oha- m. Pahi-t vaA vi] hiti'. How they start the tobacco hiti'. How basket, how they lash the base- 107 up the sides b. Passdkam vassarip va: takuniyna- n. Pahd-t kunki kavira-m'mar. They finish lash- sipnu'uk. E ing the inside sticks 111 bacco baskel c. Xas - va: vura kuniynakavara-ti o. Pahd-t kunku kydkku'um. How they continue par. Weavi lashing 111 p. Pahu-t kunkut d. Pa'avahkam vassarip kina taku- paL. How 1 niynakavara-m'mar. They finish q. Tusipu-nvahiti lashing the outside sticks 113 nu'uk. Me e. Yioea takunipvikkir6-pi~va', pif6 bacco baske passarip takunpicrikkyasiar. They 3. Pakahuhsipnu'uk. Up: weave one course, taking in four 4. Pakahipxa'an. Uprivei sticks at a time 113 A. Pakahhpxa~n paki J. YA-sti-kyam kfik takunvi-kma'. upriver hats lool They weave to the right 114 B. Pakahapxanikxi!E g. Pahui't picci tc kunkupa'aravahiti'. river hats--- How they twine with three strands C. 'AOi~ufvo-nnupma the first time 115 karu va: ka-kur h. Pahd t kunkupa'axaytcakkicrihahiti xa'an. Some pakunvifktiha'ak. How they hold weave that kind the basket as it is being woven-- 117 D. Pahd-t mit kunku i. Pah-t kunkupapaffivmarahiti'. vutihat mit pa How they finish out the bottom- 117 kah~hrahsa k6-i j. Pahu-t kunkupatakravahiti' si53kam, 'frahivha'ak. IH karixas takunvikkYura"'. How used to trade w they apply a hoop on the inside at Clear Creek i before they weave up the sides of E. Tcimi nuteuphurt the basket 119 Telling about tl k. Pahf t kunkupavikkYuri hiti'. How basket they weave upthesidesof thebasket- 120 F. Pahf-t kunkupe-I 1. Pahu-t ka-kum kunkupapipattri-pva- hya-nnarav kah hiti passaiip, pa'ippanv~ritdha'8 k. make a tobaccc How they break off some of the upriver hat--- warp sticks when they have pro- 5. Pe cyuxOirixYo nih6-rah gressed well toward the top of the scrotum tobacco coni basket 121 CONTENTS CONTENTS xi

Page Page invahiti peh8-raha'. How they VIII. Pahd-tpakunkupa'iccunvahitipehe-raha'. How they co-Continued. store tobacco-Continued. The tobacco basket-Cont. 2. Pa'uhsipnu'uk. The tobacco basket-Cont. kunkupavikkyahiti pa'uhsip G. Pahd-t kunkupavikkyahiti pa'uhsip- Weaving a tobacco basket-- 107 nu'uk. Weaving a tobacco basket- u t kunkupa'hff6-hiti pa'uhsip- Continued. 'uk, pahfrt kunkupatAyi-Oha- m. Pahd-t vaA vira kunkupavIkkYurA- ti'. How they start the tobacco hiti'. How they keep on weaving sket, how they lash the base-- 107 up the sides of the basket 121 uVkam vasshrip vaA takuniyna- n. Pahd-t kunkupe-pOiOOahiti pa'uh- Lvara'm'mar. They finish lash- sipnu'Uk. How they finish the to- g the inside sticks 111 bacco basket- 122 vaA vura kuniynakavArA-ti o. Pah-t kunkupavikkyahiti pe-Oxip- dkku'um. How they continue par. Weaving the cover 123 3hing ------111 p. Pahu-t kunkupe-nhikkyahiti pe-Oxuip- vahkam vasshrip kuina taku- par. How they tie the cover on 124 ynakavarA-m'mar. They finish q. Tusipi-nvahiti pak6^h pa'uhsip- thing the outside sticks 113 nu'uk. Measurements of the to- a takunipvikkir6-piOva', pifo bacco basket- 126 Lssarip takunpicrikkyasiar. They 3. Pakahuhsipnu'uk. Upriver tobacco basket - 126 Nave one course, taking in four 4. Pakahhpxa'an. Upriver hat tobacco basket - 127 icks at a time 113 A. Pakahhpxa~n pakum-ihus. What the ti kyam kdk takunvi-kma'. upriver hats look like- 127 7ley weave to the right 114 B. Pakahapxanikxdiik. Patterns of up- f .t piccitc kunkupa'Aravahiti'. river hats- 127 ow they twine with three strands C. 'A~iOdfv6-nnupma Va'Ard ras 'u~mkun e first time- 115 khru va, khvkum kunvi-kti' kuma'Ap- u t kunkupa'axaytcakkicrihahiti xa'an. Some Happy Camp people Lkunvi ktihaIak. How they hold weave that kind of hat, too_ 127 e basket as it is being woven-- 117 D. Pahd-t mit kunkupittihat pakunipird-n- i t kunkupapAffivmArahiti'. vutihat mit pannuA kumftrdTas Pa- ow they finish out the bottom- 117 kahhrahsa k6-va, kahhinna~m pata- a t kunkupatakrAvahiti' sikam, 'irahivha'ak. How our kind of people Lrixas takunvikkYura"'. How used to trade with the upriver people ey apply a hoop on the inside at Clear Creek new year ceremony-- 128 dfore they weave up the sides of E. Teimi nutcuphuruOune~c pakahApxa'an. e basket- 119 Telling about the upriver hat tobacco d5t kunkupavikkyurA hiti'. How basket- 128 ey weave upthesidesofthebasket 120 F. PahlSt kunkupe-kyA-hiti pehb-rahamh- 1-t kh-kum kunkupapipqtri-pva- hyA-nnarav kahhpxa' 8 n. How they ti passhfip, pa'ippanvaritAha'ak. make a tobacco container out of an ow they break off some of the upriver hat- 129 arp sticks when they have pro- 5. Pe cyuxoirixyo nihe rahamahya nnaiav. Elk essed well toward the top of the scrotum tobacco container . 131 tsket- 121 XII CONTENTS CONWTENTS

Page IX. Pahd-t mit vaA kunkupapt-hvApiOvahitihat pehe-ra- X. Pabd4t kunkupe-he-rahiti'. T ha'. How they used to sell tobacco 133 1. Po-hra-m. The pipes- 1. Pamitva pako6'8-rahitihat peh-raha'. Price A. Payioeva ky8-k m of tobacco 134 different kinds X. Pahd-t kunkupe-herahiti'. 135 used to be-Cc 1. Po-hra m. The pipes _ 135 b. PafaOip lihra"e A. PayiOuva ky6&k mit kuma'f1hra'am. The pipe --- different kinds of pipes that there a'. Pahd-t I used to be 135 pafaOii a. Paxavic~dhra'am. The arrowwood start I pipe ------137 pipe- a'. Pe-kxare-ya vaA mukunihra-m- b'. Pah -t hanik xavichihra'am. The pafaOii arrowwood pipe was the pipe boil th of the Ikxareyavs 137 c'. Pahd-t h b'. XavictuhnA mitc mnit mu'ih- kuri E ra~m xikf hit'c. Squirrel someti Jim's pipe was a little arrow- that wood one 137 grease c'. Pahh-t kunkupe-kya-hiti xa- d'. Pahd -t vicehra'am. How they make po-hra an arrowwood pipe 138 dig ou d'. 'Amvavhkkay vo 'a-mnuiprihti e'. Pahd-t k paxavic uhramsfiruvar. A suruvar. salmon-grub eats through the hole thra arrowwood pipe hole 142 f'. Pahd-t a". PayiOiuva k8- kumapassay xicxicc kyaru 'amvav•kkay. kupe-l The different kinds of How 1 salmon beetle and worm- 142 side ai b". Pahd-t kunOaruprinhviO- c. Paxuparicdhih tihanik pavakkay po-h- d. Pa'aso-hram? ramsuiruvar. How they pipe -- used to make the salmon B. Po hramikkY6'or. grub bore the pipe hole 146 a. Ka-kum 'uk e'. Tcaka'iimitci'ikyav xas pakun- Some pipes pikya-rati po-hra m. They b. Ka~timW-n pE are slow about finishing up ras. The the pipe 147 'IkY6 ra'as f'. Xaviciuhra~m 'u~m sIrikYuAic. c. Pe-kxare yav An arrowwood pipe shines--- 147 rihanik pa'i threw dowi d. Pahd-t kunki they peck i CONTENTS CONTENTS XIII

Page Page kupap6-hvApiOvahitihat pehATa- X. Pahd-t kunkupe-h8-rahiti'. Tobacco smoking-Con. ,ed to sell tobacco 133 1. Po-hra-m. The pipes-Continued. 6-'&rahitihat peh-raha'. Price A. Payiofiva ky8k mit kuma'dhra'8m. The 134 different kinds of pipes that there ahiti'. Tobacco smoking 135 used to be-Continued. 'he pipes ----- 135 b. Pafaoip ?hra'am. The manzanita i kY6&k mit kuma'dhra'am. The pipe ------147 nt kinds of pipes that there a'. Pahd-t kunkup6-kya ssipre-hiti o be 135 pafaeip?1hra'am. How they ivic~dhra'am. The arrowwood start to make a manzanita pe 137 pipe ---- 147 Pe kxar6-ya vaA mukundhlra-m- b'. Pahd-t kunkupapphramvahiti hanik xavichuhra'am. The pafaOip fthup. How they arrowwood pipe was the pipe boil the manzanita wood--- 148 of the Ikxareyavs 137 c'. PahfX-t hA-ri 'aOkuritta kun6cn- Xaviclmhna-mitc mit mu'dh- kuri po *hramihkya4. How ra~m xikl-hitfc. Squirrel sometimes they soak the pipe Jim's pipe was a little arrow- that they are making in wood one 137 grease- 148 Pahi-t kunkupe-kyg-hiti xa- d'. Pahd-t kunkupattarupkahiti vicdhra'am. How they make po hram~ippafi. How they an arrowwood pipe 138 dig out the bowl cavity 149 'Amvavhkkay vo-'h-mnmprihti e'. Pahi-t kunkupe-kyl-hiti pamus- paxavic uhramsiiruvar. A suruvar. How they make the salmon-grub eats through the hole through it- 149 arrowwood pipe hole 142 f'. Pahd-t 'avahkam kunkupata- a". Payieiva k6- kumaphssay xicxiccahiti', xu-skuinic kun- kyaru 'amvavakkay. kupe-kyl-hiti kyhru vura. The different kinds of How they dress off the out- salmon beetle and worm 142 side and make it smooth--- 149 b". Pahu-t kunOaruprinivA-0- c. Paxuparichlhra'am. The yew pipe - 150 tihanik pavakkay po-h- d. Pa'aso4hram?1hra'am. The stone ramsuruvar. How they pipe ------150 used to make the salmon B. Po-hram~ikkY6'or. Stone pipe bowls -- 151 grub bore the pipe hole 146 a. Ka-kum 'ukk6-rahina-ti po-hra mn. Tcaka'!-mitcfkyav xas pakun- Some pipes have stone pipebowls 151 pikya-rati po hra-m. They b. KaltimPi-n pa'as pakunip6-nti 'IkUY- are slow about finishing up ra'as. The rock at Katimin called the pipe 147 'IkY6 ra'as (Pipe Bowl Rock) 161 Xavic~dhra~m 'u~m sirikyumic. c. Pe-kxare-yav va; katn kunpippO-Oku- An arrowwood pipe shines-- 147 rihanik pa'asayav. The Ikxareyavs threw down the good rock 152 d. Pahd-t kunkupe-knansuro-hiti'. How they peck it off- 152 -- __- - -- __ -_ ___ - --, . - -, - , - .

XIV CONTENTS CONTENTS

Page X. Pahd-t kunkupeth6erahiti'. Tobacco smoking-Con. X. Pahtt kunkupe-hetrahiti'. T 1. Po hra m. The pipes-Continued. 1. Po'hra m. The pipes- B. Pohramhikk~o'°r. Stone pipe bowls- C. Pahu t mit ky6&s Continued. kunkupe-ttcitk- e. Pa'as KatimPi'n pakunip6-nti 'Asa- pipes and how t] xudsas. The rock at Katimin Continued. called Asaxusas (Soft Soapstone b. Pamit hult ki Rock) 153 po hra-m. f. Va; karu kAin 'u'asfxxtishiti Sihtiri- pipes fancy kusA-m. There is soft soapstone a'. Va; 'u~r ra mha: at Sihtirikusam, too 154 g. Pahf t kunkupe kya4hiti pe kkY8'or. po-hra- not the How they shape the pipe bowl- 154 h. Ha-ri 'itcanitc vura te-citc takunik- b'. Pahtrt yav. Sometimes they make sev- pe ya l How t eral at a time 155 i. Pahd t kunkupAfO65nkahiti pe-kkyo6r D. Pahd-t po-hra, i po-hranm'mak. How they fit the i~vahitihat', pAi How they pipe bowl on the pipe 155 used j. Pah-t kunkupe-ttakkankahiti'. How prices. they glue it on 156 a. Pahu-t mit yi k. Pahu t kunkupape ttcuro-hiti pe-k- tihat. Hov kyo'or. How they remove the pipe pipes downi bowl 157 E. Pandt puxxarahir C. Pahu-t mit ky6&s po-hra-m, pamit ha-t ram, pahu t ' kunkupe-ttci tkirahitihat. The size of pothrafm. Ho, last long, and pipes and how they made them fancy- 158 a. Pahu-t mit ky6 s pohra'm. The size spoiled of pipes 158 a. XAos vura k6 a'. Pumit va ramasaka msahara 'arar6 kyav po-hra-m. Pipes did not use of most arti to be very long 158 F. Kakumnpo hra m b'. PahO-t mit ky6;s paxaviciidh- tion of certain ra'am. Size of arrowwood G. Ta y 'u6vuytti hv has various nan pipes 158 c'. Pah-t mit ky6;s pa'e-&mhh- a. Pak6; 'uOvi po hrarm. ra'am. Size of doctor's pipes 159 d'. Pahu t ko ya'hiti peheraha parts of the po-hra-m. Tobacco capacity b. Pak6; yifluva of pipes - 160 ra-m. Nar of pipe c. Ka-kum 'uhr 'uhramke n poor pipes SONTENTS CONTENTS XV

Page Page ahiti'. Tobacco smoking-Con. X. Paht t kunkupethe rahiti'. Tobacco smoking-Con. he pipes-Continued. 1. Po'hraRm. The pipes-Continued. UikkY6or. Stone pipe bowls- C. Pahu t mit ky6os po hra-m, pamit hi.t 1. kunkupe-ttcl-tkirahitihat. The size of pipes and how they made them fancy- 3 KaitimIPn pakunipe-nti 'Asa- sas. The rock at Katimin Continued. [led Asaxusas (Soft Soapstone b. Pamit hu t kunkupe-ttci-tkirahitihat po-hraq-m. How they made the )ck) 153 iaru k&hn 'u'asaxxf-shiti Sihtiri- pipes fancy- 161 sa m. There is soft soapstone a'. Va; 'u~m vura pipi'e p va'uh- ra-mhara, pe-vuruikahitihan Sihtirikusam, too 154 i t kunkupetkya hiti pe kkYo"Or. po-hra-m. Painted pipes are not the old style 161 )w they shape the pipe bowl- 154 i 'itca nitc vura t-citc takunik- 6'. Pah-t yuxtcannanitc kunku- vr. Sometimes they make sev- pe-ya-kkurihvahiti po hra m. How they inlay pipes 161 il at a time 155 *t kunkupfrOOa nkahiti pe kkyo4r D. Pahd-t po'hra; mit kunkupappe hvap- hra-m'mak. How they fit the iovahitihat, pamitva k6- 'o-rahitihat. How they used to sell pipes, and the e bowl on the pipe 155 *tkunkupe-ttakkankahiti'. How prices.- 162 a. Pahu-t mit yuruk kunkupe-kvarahi- y glue it on 156 t kunkupap6 ttcur6 hiti pe k- tihaf. How they used to buy )'°r. How they remove the pipe pipes downriver. 162 E. PanAtt puxxarahirurav yavhitihanikpo-h- WI , 157 nit klo&s pothra-m, pamit ha-t ra-m, pahu t 'ukupatannihahitihanik pe-ttci-tkirahitihaf. The size of po-hra-m. How pipes did not use to last long, and how they used to get nd how they made them fancy 158 t mit kY6s pothrflm. The size spoiled 163 a. Xa&s vura k6-vura tetkyappi-t.ca pa- pipes 158 Puimit va ramasaka-msahara 'arare kyav payvfhe'em. Newness po-hrf-m. Pipes did not use of most artifacts that are extant - 165 F. Ka-kum po-hra-m pakume-rhus. Descrip- to be very long 158 Pahi-t mit kY6As paxavicidh- tion of certain pipes 165 ra"'m. Size of arrowwood G. Ta-y 'uOviytt1ihva pothram. The pipe has various names 166 pipes ------158 Pahi-t mit ky6,s pa'e-&mh- a. Pak6; 'uOviytti hva pamuevitava pothrarm. Nomenclature of the rasam. Size of doctor's pipes 159 Pahu t ko-yA-hiti pehe raha parts of the pipe 166 po-hra-m. Tobacco capacity b. Pak6; yiOuva kuniOviytti-hva poth- ra-m. Names of various kinds of pipes 160 of pipe ------167 c. Ka-kum 'uhramy6-pea karu khakum 'uhramke mmit'cas. Good and poOr pipes- 168 XVI CONTENTS CONTENTS

Page X. Pahr-t kunkupe-h.rahiti'. Tobacco smoking-Con. X. Pahfrt kunkupe-he-rahiti'. Tol 1. Po-hra-m. The pipes-Continued. 2. Pax6.hva'as. The pipe sack- G. Ta y 'uOvdytti-hva po-hra-m. The pipe B. 'Aka-y mukyapu has various names-Continued. makes the pip( d. Ka-kum xdi-skdnicas karu ka-kum C. Yiduva kumax6-h xikkihca po-hrf-m. Smooth and kinds of pipe sE rough pipes 169 a. Pax&hva~s pa e. Pahi-t po-kupitti po-hramIhhup 'a n pi-niknikkyah kunic 'u'ixyaxvhrA-hiti su?. How I used to see the grain of the pipe wood runs- 169 b. Pa'afiviimyl th f. 'Itatkurihvarasihra'am karu 'uhram- va'as. Pipe ?ikxdirikkyaras. Inlaid pipes and lower part-- painted pipes 169 c. Pe cyuxmanx6 l g. Ka,-kum 'uhrampi-t-ca', karu ka-kum sacks 'uhramxavtcur. New and old d. Pe-cyuxOirixYo r pipes ------170 cle pipe sacks A. 'Uhrhm?1nkYurihaias. Pipes that D. PahA-t pax&hva~E have become burned out 170 How they make i. 'Uhramimxaxavftri-ras, pahO-t 'uku- a. Pahd-t kunkul pe-mxaxavara-hiti'. Cracked pipes Sinew for pil and how they crack 170 b. Pahd-t pakunIt a'. Pahui t 'ukupe-mxaxavara-hiti. e hva'as. Hc How they crack 171 sack j. 'Ippankam ke citc, karu po hram- c. Pahh-t paku- ?Atpmi nak 'u'annushitihatc. The kunkupappuiv bowl end is big and the mouth end How they tu flares 171 rightside out k. Pak6, po-'assiphahiti pamuhe raha- d. Pahh-t kunkup 'i6rdfam. Size of the bowl cavity 171 kfccapar, pa 1. Pah-t pe kky6&r 'umuissahiti'. De- kahiti'. Ho) scription of the stone pipe bowls - 172 sack tie thor a'. 'IkY6 re ctakta kkaras. Nicked it on pipe bowls 172 e. PahA-t kunkup m. Pahhft po miussahiti po hram ?fp- rapu'. How mayan. Description of the mouth a buckskin t] end of pipes 172 E. Pahu-t kunkupamat n. Pahd-t 'ukupa,'i hyahiti karu ha-ri pax&hva-ssak. I po kuphManne hiti po-hra-m. How bacco in the pip( pipes stand and lie- 173 a. Pahh-t kunkuj 2. Pax6ehva as. The pipe sack 173 kunma.hya m A. Po-hrftmyav 'u~m vura hitihan xe-hva-s- 6-hvia-ssak. sak su? 'tikri". A good pipe is al- they put the ways in its pipe sack 173 sack 63044°-32-2 CONTENTS CONTENTS XVII

Page Page rahiti'. Tobacco smoking-Con. X. Pahu t kunkupe-ht-rahiti'. Tobacco smoking-Con. The pipes-Continued. 2. Pax6 hva'as. The pipe sack-Continued. hvrytti-hva po-hr&-m. The pipe B. 'AkA-y mukyA-pu pax6.hva'as. Who %riousnames-Continued. makes the pipe sacks 174 kum xd-skinicas karu kf-kum C. YiOiiva kumax6.hva'as. The different kkihca pothri-m. Smooth and kinds of pipe sacks 174 vugh pipes 169 a. Pax&hva~s pAmita nimmyh-htihat 4-tpo-kupitti po-hramfthup 'ain pi-niknfkkyahi4. Pipe sacks that mic 'u'ixYaxvArA hiti su?. How I used to see at kick dances 174 e grain of the pipe wood runs- 169 b. Pa'afivimyA-thina-tihan kumax6-h- kurihvaras fihra'1m karu 'uhram- va"'s. Pipe sacks with fur on the aixrikk~aras. Inlaid pipes and lower part- 175 Linted pipes 169 c. Pe cyuxmanx6 hva'8 s. Elk skin pipe cum 'uhrhmpi-t-ca', karu kA-kum sacks- 175 hramxfvtcut. New and old d. Pe cyuxOirixY6 nx6 hva'^s. Elk testi- pes 170 cle pipe sacks 175 •mFinkYurihatas. Pipes that D. Pahd-t pax6 hvaAs kunkupe-kyA-hiti'. ve become burned out 170 How they make a pipe sack 176 amimxaxavArA-ras, pahd-t 'uku- a. PahA-t kunkupekya'hiti pa'ipparh. *mxaxavarA-hiti'. Cracked pipes Sinew for pipe sacks 178 d how they crack 170 b. PahT-ht pakunkupe-krippahiti pax- Pahui-t 'ukupe mxaxavArA hiti. 6ehva'as. How they sew the pipe How they crack 171 sack ------178 inkam k6citc, karu po-hram- c. Pahii-t paki-kam u'fvahkamhiti pma-nak 'u'Annushitihatc. The kunkupappf-ivrinahiti pax6-hva"'s. 'wl end is big and the mouth end How they turn the pipe sack back res 171 rightside out 179 ) po-'hssiphahiti pamuh6 raha- d. Pahd-t kunkupe kyA-hiti paxe hvas- rduam. Size of the bowl cavity 171 kiccapat, pahU-t kunkupe kri-p- i-t pe kky6oi 'umiissahiti'. De- kahiti'. How they make the pipe ription of the stone pipe bowls - 172 sack tie thong and how they sew 'IkYo6re ctAktA-kkAtas. Nicked it on ------179 pipe bowls 172 e. PahA-t kunkupa'ArippaOahiti pataffi- 1it po mdssahiti poh ram ?p- rapu'. How they cut off spirally Van. Description of the mouth a buckskin thong 179 d of pipes 172 E. Pahu t kunkupamhhyarnnahiti pehe-raha i.t 'ukuph'LhyAhiti kartu hA-ri pax&hva-ssak. How they put the to- *kupkOA-nn.-hiti po-hra-m. How bacco in the pipe sack 180 )es stand and lie 173 a. Pahfi-t kunkupo-hyanak6-hiti pata- The pipe sack 173 kunmAhya-nnaha~k peh8-raha pax- yav 'uAm vura hitiha~n xe-hva-s- e-hva-ssak. How they pray when su? 'ikri". A good pipe is al- they put the tobacco in the pipe s in its pipe sack 173 sack 180 630440-432-2 XVIII CONTENTS CONTENTS

Page X. Pahtrt kunkupe-h8-rahiti'. Tobacco smoking-Con. X. Pahd t kunkupe-he-rahiti'. Toba, 2. Pax6-hva'as. The pipe sack-Continued. 4. Pahd-t kunkupe herahiti F. Pahd-t kunkup6-pkiccapahiti po-hrhom dure-Continued. pax6-hvi-ssak. How they tie up the D. Pah-t kunkupe-hyasi pipe in the pipe sack 180 ram, papici-tc taku G. Pahfrt ukup6-hyAramnihahiti po-hrhAm they hold the pipe t pax6 hvd ssak. How the pipe rides in start to smoke the pipe sack 181 E. Pahd-t 'a punitc vaA H. Paht t ukupappihahitihanik pataxxara tcakkicrihti', pax vax6 hva'Is. How an old pipe sack is ha"'k. How they I stiff 182 has burned for a w I. Tusipi-nvahiti pak6o ka-kum paxe hva'as. F. Pahuf-t kunkupapam Measurements of some old pipe sacks 182 they smack in 3. Pahd-t kunkupa'-6ti po-hrgrm. How they G. Pah-t kunkupe cna-I carry the pipe 182 take the tobacco sn 4. Pahd-t kunkupe-h-rahiti'. Smoking proce- H. Pahd-t kunkupitti ps dure ------183 raha'ak. How the, A. Pakumha'a~h kunihru-vtihanik pamukun- the tobacco smoke ?ihra~m kunfhk6-ratihanik. What I. Pahd-t kunkupappe i kind of fire they used for lighting their How they take tl pipes 184 mouth B. Pahfrt kunkupa'6-Oricukvahiti po-hra-m, J. PahA-t pax&hva~s karu pehe-raha', paxe-hva-ssak. How no-hiti', papudva po they take the pipe and the tobacco out How they tap the pi of the pipe sack 184 put the pipe back i C. Pahi-t kunkupa'ahk6-hiti po-hram'mak. K. Pahd-t kunkup6-pOhn How they light the pipe 187 ra-m paxe-hva-ssa a. Pahf-t kunkupa'ahk6-hiti po-hra-m put the pipe back i 'Ahupmu'uk. How they light the L. Pahu-t 'ukupe h9Tah pipe with a stick 187 Smoking procedure b. Pahd-t kunkupa'ahk6-hiti po-hra-m 5. Pahu-t pa'uhaf saripmi- 'imnmkkamduk. How they light nahiti po-hra-m'mak. the pipe with a coal 187 out of the pipe a'. Pah4-t ti-kmu-k suiyajtc vura 6. Pahd-t kunkupittihanik kunkupaohnk6-hiti pe-mnak kunkupeh8-rahitihani po-hra'mak. How they put daily life and how they i the coal directly into the pipe A. Pahf-t mi takunpih with their fingers 188 takunpa-tvar, pa b'. Pahd-t kunkupatatvara-hiti sfi- How they went bai yajtc vura pe-mnak po-h- to bathe, when th ra-m'mak. How they tong sleep ------the coal directly into the pipe. 188 c'. Pahd-t 'A-pun picci.p kunku- pata-ticri-hvahiti pe-mnak. How they toss the coal down on the floor first 190 CONTNTSCONTENTS CONTENTS XIX

Page Page i trahiti'. Tobacco smoking-Con. X. Paha t kunkupe-ht-rahiti'. Tobacco smoking-Con. 'he pipe sack-Continued. 4. Pahd-t kunkupe-ht-rahiti'. Smoking proce- t kunkupd-pkiccapahiti pothr&Lm dure-Continued. 6-hvi-ssak. How they tie up the D. Pah-t kunkupe-hyasipri-navaOahiti po-h- 3in the pipe sack 180 ra-m, papici-tc takunihe raha'ak. How t ukup6 hy&ramnihahiti po-hr&tm they hold the pipe tipped up when they e hvA ssak. How the pipe rides in start to smoke- 191 pipe sack 181 E. PahA-t 'ft-punitc va; kari takunpaxay- t ukupappihahitihanik pataxxAra tcakkicrihti', paxhnnahitc tu'inkya- e hva'as. How an old pipe sack is ha'ak. How they hold it lower after it 182 has burned for a while 191 t-nvahiti pak6; kt-kum pax6 hva'-s. F. Pahtrt kunkupapamahmflhahiti'. How isurements of some old pipe sacks. 182 they smack in- 192 nkupa't-Oti po-hra-m. How they G. Pah-t kunkupe cnA kvahiti'. How they b pipe ------182 take the tobacco smoke into the lungs 193 akupe-he-rahiti'. Smoking proce- H. Pahfrt kunkupitti patakunpicnitkvama- 183 raha'ak. How they do after they take ri&'akh kunihrf-vtihanik pamukun- the tobacco smoke into the lungs 195 ralm kunthhk6 ratihaAik. What I. PahM t kunkupappe-Orupa-hiti po hrtrm. I of fire they used for lighting their How they take the pipe out of the 184 mouth- 196 t kunkupa'-0ricukvahiti po-hra-m, J. Pahu-t pax&hva~s kunkupapimoanuv- i pehe-raha', paxe hvii-ssak. How no-hiti', papuva po-hrhbm piyi-nvfttap. r take the pipe and the tobacco out How they tap the pipe sack, before they he pipe sack 184 put the pipe back in 197 b kunkupa'Ahkohiti po-hram'mak. K. Pahd t kunkupepflhnnA-mnihvAhiti po-h- v they light the pipe 187 rht-m paxe-hva-ssak su?. How they thd-t kunkupa'Ahk6 hiti po hra m put the pipe back into the pipe sack- 197 'Ahupmu2uk. How they light the L. Pahd-t 'ukupe-h-rahiti pafatave nna'an. pipe with a stick 187 Smoking procedure of the fatavennan- 198 Lhd-t kunkupa'flhk5 hiti po-hra-m 5. Pahf-t pa'uhaf saripmui kunkupetkfutrhBou- 'imnhkkamiuk. How they light nahiti po-hrt-m'mak. How they ram the the pipe with a coal 187 nicotine out of the pipe with a hazel stick- 198 i'. Pahf-t ti-kmf-k siya~tc vura 6. PahA-t kunkupittihanik suippal-hak, pahd-t kunkupaOftnk6hiti pemnnak kunkupe-he-rahitihani kyAru vfia. Their poihru'mak. How they put daily life and how they smoked- 199 the coal directly into the pipe A. PahA-t mi takunpih6e6r, karu ha-ri mi with their fingers 188 takunpa-tvat, patapu'ikvi thkipha'ak. Y'. Pah- t kunkupatatvftra hiti su?- How they went back to smoke or went yajtc vura pemnak po-h- to bathe, when they could not go to ra-m'mak. How they tong sleep ------206 the coal directly into the pipe. 188 V. Pahi-t 'a-pun picci~p kunku- pata-ticri-hvahiti pe-mnak. How they toss the coal down on the floor first 190 X2X CONTENTS CONTENTS

Pa X. Pahl t kunkupe-he-rahiti'. Tobacco smoking-Con. X. Pahd-t kunkupe-he-rahiti'. Tobi 6. Pahd-t kunkupittihanik suppa-hak, pahd-t 10. Pah4-t vura pukupittiha kunkupe-he-rahitihani kyaru vuia. Their kumappiric 'i-ch-ntih daily life and how they smoked-Contd. ihh-raha'. How the, B. Pahd-t kunkupe htrahitihanik pe-mpa-k, other kind of plant wi pa'avansissi~n takunpikmA-ntunva- A. Pahd-t vura pukul ha"'k. How they used to smoke on hama~n kumA'i-nl haphanik peh8-rf the trail when two men met each other 207 a. Pahd-t mit 'ukupe-h8-rahitihat 'im- mixed burned pa-k mitva nanixukkarm. How shells with the tob my deceased uncle used to smoke 11. Pahd-t va: vura kitc hA *r pa'uhippi kuni canti on the trail 208 lb. Pahd-t mitva kunkupittihat pa'asik raha'. How they ne tavansi~n takunpikmi ntunvaha~k except sometimes t( 'impa-k. How they did when two their tobacco A. Pah-t vura pukupi women met each other on the trail- 210 c. Pahd-t mit pa'u~s kunkupe-kya-hiti- ratihaphanik pa'u: hat, pamitv o-kupittihat pa'avansa they never used tupih8-r 'ipaha'hffi-. How they unmixed- gathered sugar pine nuts, how the B. Paha-t hA-ri kunik] pa'ararak nnimit, man used to smoke under a tree - 211 8 7. Pahh-t kunkupafuhiccahiti pe he'Or. Smok- vAkkirA ha' k. H gave tobacco stem ing beliefs 214 A. VaA kunippe-nti t6 ksahvar po-hram, person who came to-mxaxxar va; kafi. They say that if 12. Pf hn-t hA-ri vura k8-kk pu'ihe-raha vura kitcha one laughs into a pipe, it cracks 214 B. Karu mit vura pu'ih-ratihat 'a? veh- times smoke some li yarihar. And a person never smoked tobacco A. Pahd-t kievu~f kur standing 214 C. Karu pumit 'ih8-ratihaphat, pakunitc- they smoke Indiai na hvutiha'^k. Nec decet fumare ca- B. Pah-t mit kunihe-n How they used t cando ------214 8. Pamitva karixas kunihe-ranhitihat'. When leaves C. Pahd-tppimitva'iht- they learned to smoke 214 A. Pahd-t pamitva khri kinihe ravavaOtihat MEhi6. How they paxxittitcas pakuphAkki.mha'ak. How tletoe they forced children to smoke at the D. Pahd-t mit 'iOA-n u kYA-pha 'Ah6Uyp ghost dance 215 9. Pahd-t peh8-raha kunkupavictAnni-nuva- matc's experiment hitihafrik. How they used to get the XI. Pahd-t mit kunkupittihat 'ihe-ra] How they used to eat tobacco tobacco habit 215 XII. Pahd-t pamitva pukupittihaph mahya-nnatihaphat', papu'ave Tobacco never used as an insec CONTENTS CONTENTS XXI

Page X. Pahd-t kunkupe-h8-rahiti'. Page S-rahiti'. Tobacco smoking-Con. Tobacco smoking-Con. 1G. Pahi-t inkupfttihanik suppa-hak, pahd-t vura pukupittihaphafik, puffa-t vura e-herahitihani kyhru vuia. Their kumappiric 'iTcntfhaphanik pamukun- e and how they smoked-Contd. ?iht-raha'. How they never mixed any 't kunkupe-he-rahitihanik pe-mpa-k, other kind of plant with their tobacco-- 216 A. Pahd-t vura pukupittihaphanik 'axoa- lvansassi~n takunpikma-ntunva- 'k. How they used to smoke on hama~n kumh'i-nkya vura pu'i-ca-nti- haphanik peh6Taha'. They never trail when two men met each other 207 mixed burned fresh-water mussel ahd-t mit 'ukupe-h8-rahitihat 'im- 216 pa-k mitva nanixukkamb. How shells with the tobacco 11. Pahd-t va: vura kitc hA-ri pakunkupittihaAik, my deceased uncle used to smoke pa'uhippi kunf-ca-ntihanik pamukunih8- on the trail 208 raha'. How they never mixed anything ahd-t mitva kunkupittihat pa'asik except sometimes tobacco stems with tavansi~n takunpIkmi-ntunvaha~k their tobacco- 217 'impa-k. How they did when two A. Pahd-t vura pukupittihaphanik pu'ihe-- women met each other on the trail 210 ihd-t mit pa'u~s kunkupe-kya-hiti- ratihaphanik pa'uhipihf-ccaripux. How they never used to smoke the stems hat, pamitv o-kupittihat pa'avansa unmixed- 217 tupih8T 'Ipaha'affiv. How they gathered sugar pine nuts, how the B. Pahf-t ha-ri kuntkkihtihanik po-ht-re~c man used to smoke under a tree- pa'araraka-nnimitc pa'f-n takinipmah- 211 vhkkiraha' 8 inkupafuhfccahiti pe h6'er. Smok- k. How they sometimes gave tobacco stems to smoke to a poor iefs ------214 218 iunipp6-nti t6-ksa hvar po hra m, person who came visiting axaxxar va: kait. They say that if 12. Pthd-t ha-ri vura k8-k f-tcas pakunih8-rati laughs into a pipe, it cracks pu'ih6Taha vura kitchafa. How they some- 214 times smoke some little things besides mit vura pu'ihtTatihat 'a? ve-h- tobacco ------218 har. And a person never smoked A. Pahf-t kievujf kunkupe-ht-rati'. How ding ------214 they smoke Indian celery- 218 pumit 'ih-ratihaphat, pakunitc- Lvutiha"'k. Nec decet fumare ca- B. Pahd-t mit kunihtnni-tevutihat sanpfric. How they used to play-smoke maple Io- 214 leaves ------219 zArixas kuniherAnhitihaf. When C. Pah-t puimitva 'ih8Tatihaphat pa'ana tc- rned to smoke 214 t pamitva kari kinihe ravavaOtihat iihi6. How they never smoked mis- dittftcas pakuphakka mhaIak. How tletoe- 221 D. Pahd-t mit 'ioln ux-.ssa'at kiri vai ni- r forced children to smoke at the ;t dance kyd pha 'Ah67ya-m'matc. Ahoyam- 215 221 )eh8-raha kunkupavictanni-nuva- matc's experiment k. How they used to get the XI. Pahd-t mit kunkupittihat 'ih8-raha mit kun?&-mtihatf. How they used to eat tobacco- 222 habit 215 XII. Pahd t pamitva pukupittihaphat, pumit 'ih8-raha mahyA-nnatihaphat', papu'ave cap fhot 'fn pa'u'Up. Tobacco never used as an insectifuge 224 XXII CONTENTS CONfTENTS

Page XIII. Pak6-vtra kumakkuha 'uyavhitihanik pehtraha'. XVIII. Pahd-t kunkupe-hro-hiti pehe-r Tobacco good for various ailments 225 How they use tobacco in the ne 1. Pah-t mit kunkupe-cnapk6-hitihat peh8Taha', 1. Pafatave nna~n pahf-t 'u patakunpiknI-vravaha'ak. How they used ha~n pamu'dhra'am. I to put tobacco on when they got hurt 225 always carries his pipe 2. Pahd-t mit kunkupe-cnapko-hitihat pehe raha 2. Pahd-t kunkupe-he-rana-b 'a v, pavuha kunimfirahitiha"'k. How they xak tukunniha'ak. Hi used to put tobacco on the face when they Katimin on the seconc had the toothache 226 shooting ceremony--- 3. Pahu-t mit kunkupafumpuhka-nnatihat pehe-- 3. Pahd-t mit kunkupittihat raha-mku-f tiAv su?, pa'aratta nva takun- sdppa'a. How they us ke-nnaha-k tiv. How they used to blow [called] "going toward tobacco smoke in the ear when they had 4. Pahfft kunkupitti F the earache 226 pe criv Katimfl"n. I XIV. Pa'e&mca pahd-t kunkupe-hro-hiti pehe-raha'. How last day of the 'icriv at the suck doctors use tobacco 227 XIX. Pahf-t mit kunkupe h8Tatihat pi 1. Pahdut pamitva kunkupitti pa'e mca', picci~p ka-mha'ak. How they smo kunihe rati', karixas takunpattumka'. How Ghost Dance the suck doctors do, how they smoke be- XX. Pahd-t mit kunkupe heratihal fore sucking 227 How they smoked at Indian ca 2. Pahd-t pa'e m 'ukupapimya-hvahitihat pehe-- XXI. Payieuva k6o kuma'an'nav, pak, raha-mkuf po'iPhtiha'ak, pakunpi-niknik- hiti peherahak. Various forr vana tiha'ak. How a suck doctor breathes tobacco- in the tobacco smoke while she is dancing 1. Kitaxrihara'araraxusipmt at a kick dance 228 tective smoking medic 3. Pahd-t 'Icra-mhirak Va'hra~r 'ukupararih- Winged Ikxareyav--- kyanhivA Ovdhiti pakkuhar. How Mrs. 2. Pahd-t mit kunkupe he Hoodley cured a sick person 229 va-ssan takunmhha'ak. XV. Pahd-t papiric an6-kyhvA-nsa picci~p kunkupamut- when they saw an enei pi-evahiti pehe-raha', pa'annav karixas kunik- 3. PahA-t Vi tvi~t ukupha- ya tti'. How the steaming doctors throw tobacco ra'f-n kinohffipanik p: around before they fix their medicine 231 'ukupe * *rahafiik. XVI. Paha-t 'ihe-raha kunkupatayvarahiti pa'akunva-nsa'. Dowitcher did when 1 How hunters "spoil" tobacco 235 ate up his children, h( 1. YiOea pakkuri po pivuyri nkYfiti pahd-t pe- 4. KahOuxrivickyfiruhar mu heraha kunkupe-ptayvaratti pakun ?kkun- 'u~m vura va; muppiri vutiha'ak. Song telling how hunters throw dhra'am. Kahfluxrivicl tobacco around 235 medicine, how he used XVII. Patcirixxu'us, pahu-t mit kyaru vura kunkupe-hro-hi- tihat. The tcirixxus, and what they did with them- 236 1. Pah-t KdJf 'ukupappi fkYuna hanik paka?- tim ?Pnye *ripaxvu-hsa', pamuppakkuri teirix- xubs 'upivuyri mkYfutihanik Kfif. How Skunk shot the Katimin maidens, how Skunk mentioned tcirixxus in his song 237 CONTENTS CONTENTS XXI11

Page Page :uha 'uyavhitihanik pehe-raha'. XVIII. PahA-t kunkupe hr8 hiti peh6Taha pa'irahivha"'k. various ailments 225 How they use tobacco in the new-year ceremony-- 241 unkupe-cnapk6-hitihat pehtraha', 1. Pafatav&nna~n pahd-t 'ukupa'8eOtihahiti hiti- kni-vravaha'ak. How they used ha~n pamu'uihra'am. How the fatavennan acco on when they got hurt 225 always carries his pipe with him 242 iunkupe-cnApk6-hitihat pehe raha 2. Pahf-t kunkupe-he-rana-hiti KatimP-n pa'hx- ha kunimfirahitiha'ak. How they xak tukunniha'ak. How they smoke at it tobacco on the face when they Katimin on the second day of the target- )othache 226 shooting ceremony- 242 unkupafumpuhka-nnatihat pehe-- 3. Pahd-t mit kunkupittihat 'uhi'hakkuv kuma- f ti~v sui, pa'arattanva takun- sdppa'a. How they used to do on the day tifv. How they used to blow [called] "going toward tobacco" 244 noke in the ear when they had 4. Pahd-t kunkupitti pata'ifutctimitcsdppa 226 pe-criv Katimi'1 n. How they do on the mkupe hr8 hiti pehe-raha'. How last day of the 'icriv at Katimin- 245 ise tobacco 227 XIX. Pahl-t mit kunkupeth6Tatihat pe h6Taha po-kuphak- tva kunkupitti pa'emca', picci~p ka-mha'ak. How they smoked tobacco at the i', karixas takunp&ttumka'. How Ghost Dance- 253 loctors do, how they smoke be- XX. Pahd-t mit kunkupe-he-ratihat pa'arare-Otittahi4. 227 How they smoked at Indian card games 254 m 'ukupapimyA-hvahitihat pehe-- XX1. PayiOiva k6, kuma'an'nav, pakui-k tcu -ph u'uimma- f po'i htiha'ak, pakunpi-niknik- hiti pehe-rahak. Various formulae which mention k. How a suck doctor breathes tobacco ------255 acco smoke while she is dancing 1. Kitaxrihara'araraxusipmurukkarih6-1ar. Pro- lance ------228 tective smoking medicine of the [Katimin] -mhirak Va'hra~r 'ukupararih- Winged Ikxareyav - 255 vahiti pakkuhar. How Mrs. 2. Pahlvt mit kunkupe-he-rahitihat pamukun- tired a sick person 229 va-ssan takunmhha'ak. How they smoked kyava-nsa picci~p kunkupamut- when they saw an enemy- 257 %ha', pa'annav karixas kunik- 3. Pahl-t Vitvijt ukiuphan'nik, pamarukara- steaming doctors throw tobacco ra'i-n kinohffipanik pamutdnvi'1v, pahd-t y fix their medicine 231 'ukupe-h-rahaifk. What Long-billed kupatayvarahiti pa'akuinnva-nsa'. Dowitcher did when the Mountain Giant il" tobacco 235 ate up his children, how he smoked 257 ri popivdyri nkYiiti pahd-t pe- 4. KahOuxrivickydruhar mutunveTahappific, pa nkupe-ptayvairatti pakun hkkun- 'u~m vura va; muppiric upikyA nik pamu'- Song telling how hunters throw uhra'am. KahOuxrivickyuruhar's childbirth ound 235 medicine, how he used his pipe as medicine- 261 mit kyhru vura kunkupe-hr6-hi- cus, and what they did with them 236 r 'ukupippi fkyuna hanik paka?- ipaxvuVhsa', pamuppakkuri tcirix- vuyri mkyfutihanik Kfif. How At the Katimin maidens, how itioned tcirixxus in his song 237 XXIV CONTENTS CNETCONTENTS

Page XXII. 'IhA-rah uolvuykfrahina-ti yiodiva kumbtcfv-pha'. Va- XXIV. Pa'apxanti-tc?ih9-raha'. White rious names which mention tobacco------263 4. Pe-kxurika7 1ihra'11m. The 1. Peh6-rahA-mva'an. The "tobacco eater" A. Pahdi.t pe-kxurika'iih [bird] ------263 karu pahd-t pamuc A. Pahdvt kunkupas8-mkirahanik 'alt paye~- How the cigarett( riphxvfi hsa', xas 'ih6 rah&-mva~n pu- called------xA-kkitc kunipp5,nik: "Nu,~ P& 'a It B. Pahidvt pakunkupe-yi How the maidens came to marry 'dihra'am, karu p Salmon, and Nighthawk and "Tobacco How they roll and Eater" said they were Salmon---- 263 C. PahdVt kunkupavictU 2. Peh6-aha-mvanvasih?ikxdiifk. The whip- pe kxurika'iihra'an poorwill back [basket] design------266 habit ------3. Pak6-kk~ninay peh.6rah 'u~vuykfrahin5,ti'. D. Pe kxurika'uhramIbd Places named by tobacco ------266 holder ------4. 'Avansa 'ih.9rah 'uOvuykirahitihailik. A man E. Pe-kxurika'uhramfhh, named by tobacco ------267 rette case---- 5. PahA t mit 'ih-raha kunkupeflviykirahitihat', 5. PasikYA'a. The - -- patakunmftha~k Oiikkinkunic fA-t vaila. A. PasikYA- kunkupeflv How they called it after tobacco whenever are called - they saw anything green ------267 B. PahdPt kunkupetky XXIII. Kh-kum. ph.kkuri viira kitc 'ih.6raha 'upfviiyrink~ahi- kunkupatA -rahiti'. na-ti'. Only a few songs mention tobacco ---- 268 made and kept _- XXIV. Pa'apxanti-tc ?ih-raha'. White man tobacco---- 269 C. Karu pahfit kunku 1. PahO4t kunkuphsilnvahitihanik pamukun ?i- how they are smo' hA-raha pa'apxantinnihifc. How the white D. Pasikya-hIfhuP. Tb men brought their tobacco with them--- 269 E. PasikY&-hm~byA-nna A. Pahd-t mit potkupittihat 'Axvbhitc Va'- 6. Papu~e-h-raha'. Chewii Ara' ar, peh6-ra mit uph.ttanvutiha1f. 7. Pe-mcakar&hM-raha'. Si How Old Coffee Pot used to bum to- 8. Pahd-t pa'apxantinnihitc bacco ------269 rihvutihat mit pa'are-hi B. Pah6-t mit kunkup6-kviinvana-hitihat the white men tried at pa'ahikyl'ar karu mit va~ vura khAn tobacco ------pakunibh6-rana -tihat panamnikpe'hva- Index ------piOvktam. How they used to buy matches and smoke Indian pipes in the Orleans store ------270 2. Pehigrahia'. The tobacco------271 3. Po-hrim. The pipe ------271 A. Po-hramx6.hva'as. The pipe case --- 272 CONTENTS CONTENTS XXV

Page Page %hina-ti yiOiiva kumatcufpha'. Va- XXIV. Pa'apxanti-tcihh-raha'. White man tobacco-Con. ich mention tobacco 263 4. Pe lxurika'Ahra'am. The cigarette 272 mva'an. The "tobacco eater" A. Pahi.tpe-kxurika'(ihra~m'uflvdytti-hva', 263 karu pahd-t pamucvithv 'uOvfiytti-hva'. *tkunkupaso-mkirahanik 'ajt paye-- How the cigarette and its parts are hxvf-hsa', xas 'ihe-raha-mva-n pu- called- 272 kkitckunippa-nik: "Nuw PA'a'at." B. Paha-t pakunkupe-yruhahiti pe-kxurika- w the maidens came to marry 'dhra'am, karu pakunkupe-he-rahiti'. mon, and Nighthawk and "Tobacco How they roll and smoke a cigarette - 273 ter" said they were Salmon 263 C. Pahd-t kunkupavicthnni-nuvahiti peheT 'mvanvasihikxdfik. The whip- pe kxurika'uihra'am. The cigarette back [basket] design 266 habit- 274 minay pehe-rah 'uOvuykirahind-ti'. D. Pe-kxurika'uhramfthup. The cigarette amed by tobacco 266 holder- 275 e9rah 'uOvuykirahitihaifik. A man E. Pe-kxurika'uhramahya-nnarav. Ciga- )y tobacco 267 rette case- 275 'ihe-raha kunkupe -ovdykirahitihat', 5. Pasikya . The cigar- 275 mhhabk Otikkinkunic fa-t vura. A. PasikYA- kunkupe-6viyi-nnahiti'. How ,y called it after tobacco whenever cigars are called- 275 v anything green 267 B. Pahu t kunkupe-kyA-hiti karu pahd-t rira kitc 'ihMTaha 'upivdyri nkYahi- kunkupata-rahiti'. How they are few songs mention tobacco 268 made and kept- 276 raha'. White man tobacco 269 C. Karu pahd-t kunkupe hgTahiti'. And mkupasa nvahitihanik pamukun ?i- how they are smoked- 276 pa'apxantinnihifc. How the white D. Pasikyahfthup. The cigar holder 276 ught their tobacco with them 269 E. Pasikya hmahya nnaiav. The cigar case 277 t mit po-kupittihat 'Axvahitc Va'- 6. Papuoe-h-raha'. 277 '&r, peh6Ta mit uphttanvutihai'. 7. Pe mcakar&he-raha'. 277 w Old Coffee Pot used to bum to- 8. Pahd-t pa'apxantinnihitc piceftc kunikya-va- co 269 rihvutihat mit pa'are-h-raha ve-h le r. How t mit kunkupe-kva-nvana-hitihat the white men tried at first to smoke Indian ihikyA'ar karu mit vaX vura k&an tobacco- 277 unihtTana-tihat panamnikpe-hva- Index- 279 rfiam. How they used to buy ;ches and smoke Indian pipes in the 3ans store 270 The tobacco 271 The pipe ----- 271 tmxe hva'as. The pipe case- 272

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS

PLATES Page 1. 'ImkYhnva'an, Mrs. Phoebe Maddux- 2 2. a, b, 'UhtcA-mhat'c, Pete Henry. c, Tch kitcha'n, Fritz Hanson ------2 3. a, b, 'Icxhyripa'8 , Hackett. c, 'I0e xya vraO', Tintin. d, e, 'Asn6-piiax, Snappy 'asikthva'an (a woman). f, Khpita' 8n, Capitan- 2 4. a, Katim?'In vapikcip, view of Katimin. b, 'Iccipicrihak vapikcip, view of Ishipishrihak- 2 5. Reproduction of Plate XXVII of Watson, Sereno, Botany, in King, Clarence, U. S. Geological Exploration of the 40th Parallel, Vol. V, Washington, 1871, opp. p. 276. "1, 2, attenuata. 3, 4, N. bigelovii." The numbers in our reproduction of the plate are so faint they can scarcely be read. 1 is the specimen at lower right; 2, at lower left; 3, at upper right; 4, at upper center. Reduced to Y5size of Watson's plate, which shows the specimens natural size -48 6. Nicotiana bigelovii (Torr.) Watson var. exaltata Setchell. Drawings of a specimen prepared under direction of Prof. W. A. Setchell. Two-valved specimen. 1. 'Iheraha'ipaha'ipaha'1ppanitc pat6 Oriha', tip of tobacco plant in bloom. 3 natural size. 2. Peheraha'afivI'-tc vftssa'an, basal leaf of tobacco plant Rleaf from main axis]. 6x natural size. 2'. PehE raba'ippankam vAssa'an, upper leaf of tobacco plant [leaf from lateral axis]. % natural size. 3. 'Uhleva'as karu pamfissa'an, capsule with calyx. Y7 natural size. 4. '10riha', flower [corolla limb]. 1% natural size. 5. 'lOrlha', flower [longitudinal section]. 917 natural size. 6. 'Uhicva' a, capsule [transverse sec- tion]. 1% natural size - .------______48 7. Nicotiana bigelovii (Torr.) Watson var. exaltata Setchell. Drawings of specimen, prepared under direction of Professor Setchell. Two-valved specimen. 1. 'Ih6-- raha'ipaha'fppanitc pat6-Oriha', tip of tobacco plant in bloom. %tnatural size. 2. Sa'an, leaf. %4natural size. 3. Uhicva'as karu pamidssa'an, capsule with calyx. % natural size. 4. 'lOriha', flower [corolla limb]. % nat- ural size. 5. 'IJriha', flower [longitudinal section]. % natural size. 6. 'Uhfcva'as, capsule [transverse section]. 1% natural size -48 XXVII XXVIII LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS LIST OF ILLUSTRATI(

Page 8. Nicotiana biqelovii (Torr.) Watson var. exaltata, Setchell. 14. Shni'p, California Hazel sticks. %4natui Drawings of a specimen, prepared under direction of prepared shoots of the California Haz( Prof. W. A. Setchell. Two-valved specimen. 1. 'h-- tips of California Hazel sticks trii raha'ipaha'fppanitc pat6-Orlha', tip of tobacco plant in finished basket. [These are used f bloom. 94natural size. 2. Saran, leaf. 94 natural size. baskets]------3. 'IUhicva'Is karu pamiissa'en, capsule with calyx. 94 15. Panyiiiar, Bear Lily. 94 natural size .-- natural size. 4. 'l0rfha', flower [corolla limb]. 94 natural 16. Panyiirar karu likrithpkii', Bear Lily size. 5. '10riha', flower [longitudinal section]. 94 natural a, Panyurarathxxa~, a braid of 11 size. 6. '10riha', flower. 94 natural size. 7. 'U~hfcva~as, b, Coils of prepared Bear Lily strands capsule [transverse section]. 194 natural size------48 c, 'Ikritapkirapplific, Maidenhair leaf. 9. Nicotiana bigelovii (Ton'.) Watson var. exaltata Setchell. 17. a, 'Ikrithpkiif, Maidenhair stems [show's Drawings of a specimen, prepared under direction of tying up; another way is to tie themi Prof. W. A. Setchell. Exceptional three-valved speci- as shown in]]. b, 'A'1an, Iris twine [um men (see p. 60.) 1. 'Ih~'raha'ipaha'1ppanitc pat6,Orfhal, enhair stems into a bundle]. c, TAOO tip of tobacco plant in bloom. 94natural size. 2. Sagan, through the crack in the end of whii leaf. 94 natural size. 3. 'Uhicva as karu pamdissa~an, stems are pulled before they are split capsule with calyx. 94natural size. 3'. 'Axxak 'uhicva-s reddish "backs" which have been splii 'upiktcfirskihitil, two capsules are bunched together and are to be thrown away. e, To-1; [resulting from twin flowers]. 94natural size. 4. '10riha', pakunvikkyare'le,, bunch of theI flower [corolla limb]. 9 natural size. 5. '10riha', flower "fronts" already prepared for weavi [longitudinal section]. 9 natural size. 6. 'I0riha', flower. Maidenhair stems [tied into a bundle 94 natural size. 7. 'Ubfcvallas, capsule [transverse sec- 18. PahU-r t kunkupa'Mh'f6hiti pa'uhslpnu' ul tion]. 194 natural size ------48 the tobacco bask-et. 94natural si 10. Pfimitva 'ih6'raha'uh~arnhfranmdidk, 'Imky'anva~n 'ih6-- papicci'tc kunkupa'Mhffhiti', how raha' t6cetfiktil, former tobacco plot, Imkyanvan pick- Pakii'kam. 'u'hvahkamhitihe'ec pays ing tobacco [upslope of Grant H~illman's place, across tah, the obverse will be the outside [o the river from Orleans]------48 basket]. A, Obverse. B, Obverse. -- 11. a, 'Axxak pav6'Oh, two digging sticks. b, Otirri"v, va: 19. Pahd-t kunkupa'hff6-hiti pa'uhsipnu'u] md-k peh&raha takunpI~v~ssip', pamukun?ikrivra-m the tobacco basket. 94 natural si kd~k takunpfftv-4a, woven bag in which they carry the kunkupath.yP-hahiti', how they lash 1 tobacco home on their backs. c, 'Ikrivkif, disk seats. Obverse. F, Obverse, one-quarter ti d, 'Uhipihfktcdiiar, stem-tobacco pestle. Y7 natural G, Obverse, reversed on vertical axii size ------82 verse, reversed on vertical axis from 4 12. 'lDaklccap peh~rah~ssa1an. Tfthpu~s 'ftvahkam takunkic- 20. Pahd1-t kunkupa'h1Th-hiti pa'uhsipnu'u] capparaiiv, katasip?hvahkairh, a bundle of tobacco the tobacco basket. 94 natural s leaves. They tie Douglas Fir needles outside, outside kunkupat~yI-Ohahiti', how they laE the bracken [leaves]. 14 inches long, 6%2 inches wide, tinued]. I, Reverse, reversed on ye: 4% inches high------82 J, Reverse, reversed on vertical axi 13. Shi'um, Jeffrey Y6 Pine roots. About natural size, a, verse, reversed on vertical axis froni Sarumpaxaxhxxax', roots of the Jeffrey Pine, first split- versed on vertical axis from K. M, 0 ting. b, Sarum~arbkrak, roots of the Jeffrey Pine, turn to left from L. N, Reverse, r, second splitting. c, Sarum~apatapphrappu', roots of axis from M ------the Jeffrey Pine, third splitting. d, Sarumikiffuk, weaving strands of the Jeffrey Pine ------102 OF ILLUSTRATIONS LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS XXIX

Page Page r.) Watson var. exaltata Setchell. 14. Shnip, California Hazel sticks. Y%natural size. a, Shfip, nen, prepared under direction of prepared shoots of the California Hazel. b, Saripvikkik, Two-valved specimen. 1. 'Ih6-- tips of California Hazel sticks trimmed off from a it6-orfha', tip of tobacco plant in finished basket. [These are used for weaving small e. 2. Sawan, leaf. ; natural size. baskets]- 102 mdssa'an, capsule with calyx. % 15. Panydiar, Bear Lily. Y4 natural size 102 a', flower [corolla limb]. % natural 16. Panyurar karu likrithpkif, Bear Lily and Maidenhair. r [longitudinal section]. % natural a, Panyuraratfxxap, a braid of Bear Lily Rleaves]. ,r. % natural size. 7. 'Uhieva'as, b, Coils of prepared Bear Lily strands ready for weaving. tion]. IN natural size 48 c, 'Ikritapkirappfiic, Maidenhair leaf 102 r.) Watson var. exaltata Setchell. 17. a, 'Ikrithpkii, Maidenhair stems [showing one method of nen, prepared under direction of tying up; another way is to tie them into a round bunch Exceptional three-valved speci- as shown inJ]. b, 'A'an, Iris twine [used for tying Maid- he'raha'ipaha'1ppanitc pat6-OrIhal, enhair stems into a bundle]. c, Ttoeipai, carding stick bloom. % natural size. 2. Sawan, through the crack in the end of which the Maidenhair 3. 'Uhicva"'s karu pamdssa'an, stems are pulled before they are split. d, Bunch of the natural size. 3'. Axxak 'uhieva s reddish "backs" which have been split from the "fronts" capsules are bunched together and are to be thrown away. e, To-kya-hahiti', takkari wers]. 1%natural size. 4. 'lrihal, pakunvikkYarelec, bunch of the prepared blackish e natural size. 5. 'Iriha', flower "fronts" already prepared for weaving. f, 'Ikrithpkif, 64 natural size. 6. 'IOriha', flower. Maidenhair stems [tied into a bundle] 110 hievalas, capsule [transverse see- 18. Pahu t kunkupa'ffe-hiti pa'uhsipnu'uk, how they start 48 the tobacco basket. %2natural size. A-B, Pahfi-t nhiramhnih k, 'Imky'anva~n 'iht- papiccltc kunkupa'iffi-hiti', how they first start. Ler tobacco plot, Imkyanvan pick- Pakd-kam 'u'Vvahkamhitihe' ec pay6m va- 'bvahkam- of Grant Hillman's place, across tah, the obverse will be the outside [of the bottom of the ] 48 basket]. A, Obverse. B, Obverse- 110 digging sticks. b, oiixrillv, va, 19. Pahd-t kunkupa'Aff6-hiti pa'uhsipnu'uk, how they start unpfOvAssip', pamukun ikrivra-m the tobacco basket. % natural size. C-H, Pahd-t ,oven bag in which they carry the kunkupatayi-ehahiti', how they lash the base. C, D, E, r backs. c, Ikrivkif, disk seats. Obverse. F, Obverse, one-quarter turn to left from E. Atem-tobacco pestle. %; natural G, Obverse, reversed on vertical axis from F. H, Ob- 82 verse, reversed on vertical axis from G 110 In. Tahpu~s 'avahkam takunkfc- 20. Pahd-t kunkupa'Affe-hiti pa'uhsipnu'uk, how they start ,vahkarh, a bundle of tobacco the tobacco basket. Y2 natural size. I-N, Pahd-t iglas Fir needles outside, outside kunkupathyi-Ohahiti', how they lash the base [con- 14 inches long, 62 inches wide, tinued]. I, Reverse, reversed on vertical axis from H. 82 J, Reverse, reversed on vertical axis from I. K, Re- *ots. About YX natural size. a, verse, reversed on vertical axis from J. L, Obverse, re- ots of the Jeffrey Pine, first split- versed on vertical axis from K. M, Obverse, one-quarter rak, roots of the Jeffrey Pine, turn to left from L. N, Reverse, reversed on vertical Sarumfapatapparappul, roots of axis from M- 110 lird splitting. d, Sarumkiffuk, u Jeffrey Pine 102 ___-___ -

XXX LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS LSLIST OFFILSRT ILLUSTRATI

Page 21. Pahfft kunkupa'06f-hiti pa'uhsfpnu'uk, how they start 26. a, Kahhpxa'"-n, 'i'kya 'Affiv 'ukrjxxa' the tobacco basket. Y2 natural size. O-T, Pahd-t with a bunch of feathers on its top kunkupathyP-ehahiti', how they lash the base [con- specimen no. 24075, Klamath woma tinued]. 0, Observe, reversed on vertical axis from N. fn.j. b, Kahftpxalan, upriver hat P, Reverse, reversed on vertical axis from 0. Q, Ob- specimen no. 19293, McCloud Rive verse, reversed on vertical axis from P. R, Reverse, re- p. 129, fn.]. c, Va~ vura kuma]l versed on vertical axis from Q. S, Obverse, reversed on nuk?fkya4~, the same upriver hat vertical axis from R. T, Reverse, reversed on vertical tobacco basket. d, Va: vura kum axis from S ------110 pikyilrahiti pa~uhsf~pnu~uk, the sam 22. Pahd-t kunkupa'06ffhiti pa~uhsipnuluk, how they start already made into a tobacco basket- the tobacco basket. 1/ natural size. U-W, YOMa 27. PayiO~idva ki-y~k nilt kuma'dhralam, takunipvfkkir6-pi~va1, pi~o pass~xip takunpicrikkyas'- of pipe that there used to be. a, rar, they weave one course, taking four hazel sticks at kurihavaraxavic Iiihra' am, abalone a time. Pakd-kam lu'Avahkamhitihelec pay&m va~ pipe (Nat. Mus. No. 278471, collec 'fivahkamtah, hitfha~n 'u'Afvahkamhitihe ec. What is 5% inches long. See pp. 165-166.) going to be the outside [of the bottom] of the basket kyo&rar, manzanita pipe with a stone is on top [obverse] now, it is going to be on top all the men made by Yas and boughtI time [it will not be turned over any more after this]. 5Y16 inches long. See p. 166. Thc X-Z, KutiAramsiprivtil, pakh~n takum?ftramsij5, shrip this pipe is the whitish specimen ss karu shrum takunDyftkkuri kyn they start to twine c, Xavicluhram?ikY6-ri'pux, xavic?ii with three strands, where they start to three-strand wood pipe without stone pipe bow twine they always insert both a hazel stick and a pine- pipe. Made by Hackett. 3Y2 inche root strand. U. Obverse, reversed on vertical axis d, 'Uhrh~m apxantinihitc Iihra~m kii from T. V, W, X, Y, Z. Obverse------110 pipe made like a White man pip 23. Pa'uhsipndkvik, the unfinished tobacco basket, a, Pa'- 278473, collected by F. E. Gist, uhsipniikvik, 'utakr~vahiti su?, the unfinished tobacco wood, the form representing a hand basket with the hoop inside. b, Va~~pa~uhsipnuluk, 3Y8 inches long. See p. 136, fn.). pakari a? tuv6'rufar, the tobacco basket when it starts kY64ar, 'uhnamxanahivaiatc, arrow' to go up. 'Axxak vura passi.rum panydirar 'u'ftvah- stone pipe bowl, a slender pipe. Mai kambiti', both of the pine-root strands have bear lily 4 inches long. See p. 165. [Speci on top ------124 also shown in PI. 30] ------24. Pa~uhslpnuluk, muoxiippar vtir 'u'lPfky'util, kari p~iva 28. Yuxtchnnanitc karu. yux6&ian, small thkkukiihitil, kari takiikkwi~pux, the tobacco basket pendants. 3% natural size. a, Y together with its cover before they are cleaned out, kyO6'k kumayux~flran payfiffusak 'ukri not cleaned out yet ------124 pendants, the kind that are hmng 25. Pa'uhsfpnu~k karu pakahiuhsipnu'11k, the tobacco basket skin] dresses. b, Yuxtcftnnaiiitc, vi and the upriver tobacco basket, a, Pa'uhsfpnujk halippanito kunickyhsk6-tti pa'asil patupikyi-rahitil, pamuoxiippar 'umihitariricrfihva', the pendants, the kind that the womer finished tobacco basket with its cover tied on. About of their hair [braids] ------% natural size. b, Pakah?uhsfpnu'uk, la~n kunsfiri- phiti', the upriver tobacco basket, they use iris twine for hazel sticks ------124 -

' OF ILLUSTRATIONS LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS XXXI

Page Page riti pa'uhsipnu' uk, how they start 26. a, KahApxaIan, f'Okya 'Affiv 'ukrixxavkutil, upriver hat t. 3' natural size. O-T, Pahdt with a bunch of feathers on its top [National Museum ', how they lash the base [con- specimen no. 24075, Klamath woman's hat, see p. 127, D,reversed on vertical axis from N. fn.]. b, KahApxalan, upriver hat [National Museum d on vertical axis from 0. Q, Ob- specimen no. 19293, McCloud River woman's hat, see ertical axis from P. R, Reverse, re- p. 129, fn.j. c, Va: vura kumakahApxalan, 'uhsip- is from Q. S, Obverse, reversed on nuk?Ikya4, the same upriver hat being made into a '. T, Reverse, reversed on vertical tobacco basket. d, Va: vura kumakahhpxalan, patu- 110 pikya rahiti patuhsfipnutuk, the same upriver hat when iti patuhsipnu uk, how they start already made into a tobacco basket 124 t. 3' natural size. U-W, Yi6Oa 27. Payiftlva ky6Ok mit kuma'dhralam, the different kinds L', pif0 passArip takunpicrikkyas'- of pipe that there used to be. a, Yuxtcananitcitat- course, taking four hazel sticks at kurihavaraxavic dhral' m, abalone inlaid arrowwood Iu'Avahkamhitiheec pay&m va: pipe (Nat. Mus. No. 278471, collected by F. E. Gist. t:n lulAvahkamhitihelec. What is 5% inches long. See pp. 165-166.) b, Faoiptuhram~ik- side [of the bottom] of the basket kyo rar, manzanita pipe with a stone pipe bowl. Speci- ow, it is going to be on top all the men made by Yas and bought from Benny Tom. turned over any more after this]. 5Y6 inches long. See p. 166. The detached bowl of ivtil, pakan takunAramsip, shrip this pipe is the whitish specimen shown in PI. 32, c. hkkuri kyan, they start to twine c, Xavicauhram~ikY6 ri pux, xavicN1LhnA m'itc, arrow- where they start to three-strand wood pipe without stone pipe bowl, little arrowwood isert both a hazel stick and a pine- pipe. Made by Hackett. 3K inches long. See p. 165. bverse, reversed on vertical axis d, 'Uhrhnm apxantinihitc uhra~m kunic kunikyg-ttihal', Y, Z. Obverse 110 pipe made like a White man pipe (Nat. Mus. No. nfinished tobacco basket. a, Pa'- 278473, collected by F. E. Gist, "cut entirely from tvahiti su?, the unfinished tobacco wood, the form representing a hand holding the bowl." sop inside. b, Vat panuhsfpnuXuk, 3% inches long. See p. 136, fn.). e, Xavicuhramlik- the tobacco basket when it starts ky6 rar, 'uhnamxanahyvaatc, arrowwood pipe with a vura passarum panyfirar 'u'Avah- stone pipe bowl, a slender pipe. Made by Fritz Hanson. e pine-root strands have bear lily 4 inches long. See p. 165. [Specimen-, a and b are 124 also shown in PI. 30] 164 ppar viir 'u'fffky'util, kari puva 28. Yuxtchnnanitc karu yuxoaran, small and large abalone akdkkwi pux, the tobacco basket pendants. % natural size. a, Yuxohfan, va: pay ver before they are cleaned out, ky6&k kumayuxOfiran payhffusak 'ukrixavk8'hitil, abalone 124 pendants, the kind that are hung on women's [buck- ah uhsipnu' Uk, the tobacco basket skin] dresses. b, Yuxtcannatiitc, va: pay ky6-k ifuni- obacco basket. a, Pa'uhsipnu~k ha'fppanitc kunick"Ask6'tti pa'asikthva-nsal, abalone muOxdppar 'umhitarAricrihval, the pendants, the kind that the women bunch at the end Jet with its cover tied on. About of their hair [braids]. 164 Pakahiuhsfpnu Uk, la~n kunshri- bacco basket, they use iris twine 124 XXXII LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS LISTLS OFFILSRT ILLUSTRATI

Page 29. PayifOtiva ky8&k mit kuma'6hra~m karu yiO~a x4.hvallas, 33. a, Pahd-t kunkupattb.rukkahiti pakurn ikxurikak~mitcak?O-ssurapu pe-kxidrik, different kinds hy~kkurihe-ciiak, how they dig ou of pipes that there used to be and one pipe sack, copied the foreshaft is going to be inserted from an old book [reproduction of Powers, The Indians parison with digging out of pipe ho of California, Fig. 43, opp. p. 426, accompanying his sinew thread [such as is used for chapter on "Aboriginal Botany." Reduced Y2o from c, d, Yiffldva kumalippaihi, variou Powers' figure. These pipes and pipe sack have been c, 'Ipanmk~rmitfas, ordinary sinews. identified by the author as follows: No. 1 =Nat. Mus. leg sinew. e, ~Ipanmxippulun, coi No. 19301, McCloud River, Calif., collected by L. sinew. b, c, d, e. %4naturalsize----. Stone =Mason, P1. 16, No. 69 =McGuire, Fig. 33 34. X&hva'as, pipe sacks. X13 natural si; (mistitled by McGuire "wood and stone pipe"). hitihanx6-hvalas 'uhr~Am 'uhyA-ral No. 2=Nat. Mus. No. 21399, Feather River, Calif., sack with a pipe in it [pipe and I collected by Stephen Powers =Mason, P1. 15, No. 62= Tch-kitchalan]. b, Pa'Iihrala~m, the I McGuire, Fig. 26. No. 3=Nat. Mus. No. 21400, kya4~, tuviiyA-hitil, pipe sack in thE Potter Valley, Calif., collected by Stephen Powers = been cut out [to fit the pipe shown Mason, P1. 15, No. 64=McGuire, Fig. 27. No. 4. d, Pavasthifan, pamukiccap~rahe ec, Diligent search fails to find this in the Nat. Mus. is going to be tied with. e, Pax&I collections. No. 5= Nat. Mus. No. 19303, McCloud 'dkri"l, the pipe sack with the pipe River, Calif., collected by L. Stone =Mason, P1. 15, of this plate] inside it. [Pipe sack No. 61= MeGuire, Fig. 25. No. 6= probably Mason, van.] Specimens a (the pipe) and P1. 15, No. 66 =McGuire, Fig. 30. No. 7. This pipe P1. 30 ------sack can not be located in the Nat. Mus. collections. 35. 'JO6-xyd-vraO Wuimyiiricrihtil, Tintin No. 8=possibly Nat. Mus. No. 21306, , Calif., with Indian matches [fire sticks]- --- collected by Stephen Powers possibly Mason, P1. 16, 36. Tcirfxxulus, ceremonial buckskin bags. No. 72 =McGuire, Fig. 36 ------164 Mrs. Mary Ike. a, Large bag, 71~ 30. Xavicluhramhfkya4,; O6-txukfihina-ti su?; lippankam inches wide. b, Small bag, 3Y4 inc takunhIyva-yramni pa'aOkfffit; kh-kum t0t4-vahiina-ti wide. c, Small bag, 2%6 inches long, 'k~vahkarh; karu pf;O pa'iihra~m tupfkyA-rahiti'. YOUa faeip ?dhlra' &m, arrowwood pipes in the making; they TEXT FIGURES have been dug out; oil has been spilled in on top; some 1. The Karuk phonems------of them have been dressed on the outside; and four 2. Map showing places visited by Douglas finished pipes. One is a manzanita pipe, the third 63044O-32-3 from the right-hand end. [Fourth from last and last specimen are also shown in P1. 34; third and second from last specimen are also shownin P1. 27.] Ynatural size- - 164 31. 'Ik6'Wrfias, Pipe Bowl Rock ------164 32. a, Pa'asaxiislas Ka~timhi-n?Asti~p v~'as, the Soft Soap- stone Rock by the river at Katimin. b, Va~ kh~n pakuniknansiir6ti pe-kky6' 0r Pa'asaxus?asa'Avahkairh, where pipe bowls have been pecked off on top of the Soft Soapstone Rock. c, 'Axxak pe-kkY6' 0r, 'itxxak vura ashxxu~s po-kyt-rahitil, two pipe bowls, both made of soft soapstone. Pipe bowls % natural size. The whitish appearing specimen is that of the pipe shown in P1. 27, b ------164 ' OF ILLUSTRATIONS LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS 2EXXIII

Page Page kuma'ihra~m karu yiOOa x&hvalas, 33. a, Pahd-t kunkupattfrukkabiti pakunnihai, payd-v kuni- Lssurapu pelkxilrik, different kinds hyAkkuribe-ciiak, how they dig out the arrow where ised to be and one pipe sack, copied the foreshaft is going to be inserted. Shown for com- eproduction of Powers, The Indians parison with digging out of pipe bowl. b, lIpam~alan, 43, opp. p. 426, accompanying his sinew thread [such as is used for sewing pipe sacks]. ginal Botany." Reduced %0 from c, d, YiOOuva kumalippaxh, various kinds of sinew: tese pipes and pipe sack have been c, 'Ipamkemifcas, ordinary sinews. d, 'Apsih~fppaihL, ithor as follows: No. 1 =Nat. Mus. leg sinew. e, 1Ipanxippulun, connective tissue of ud River, Calif., collected by L. sinew. b, c, d, e. % natural size 172 16, No. 69=McGuire, Fig. 33 34. X&hvalas, pipe sacks. YA3 natural size. a, Ikritiptipa- Guire "wood and stone pipe"). hitihanxe hvalas 'uhrA~m 'uhylrahitil, fringed pipe No. 21399, Feather River, Calif., sack with a pipe in it [pipe and pipe sack made by n Powers=Mason, P1. 15, No. 62= Tchakitchalan]. b, Pa'uhralam, the pipe. c, Xe-hvasf- No. 3=Nat. Mus. No. 21400, kya4, tuvyiiyhitil, pipe sack in the making, that has df., collected by Stephen Powers= been cut out [to fit the pipe shown as b of this plate]. D. 64=McGuire, Fig. 27. No. 4. d, Pavasthian, pamukiccaparahelec, the thong that it Is to find this in the Nat. Mus. is going to be tied with. e, Pax6.hvalas, 'uhrhnm su? = Nat. Mus. No. 19303, McCloud 'iikri", the pipe sack with the pipe [that is shown as b 3ted by L. Stone=Mason, P1. 15, of this plate] inside it. [Pipe sack made by Irnkyan- Fig. 25. No. 6=probably Mason, van.] Specimens a (the pipe) and b are also shown in cGuire, Fig. 30. No. 7. This pipe PI. 30 ------172 cated in the Nat. Mus. collections. 35. 'IJOxya vraO 'ufimynyricrihtil, Tintin is making a fire at. Mus. No. 21306, Hupa, Calif., with Indian matches [fire sticks] 184 ,n Powers=possibly Mason, PI. 16, 36. Tcirixxulus, ceremonial buckskin bags. Models made by Fig. 36 ------164 Mrs. Mary Ike. a, Large bag, 71X6 inches long, 2X6 totarukahina-ti su?; lippankam inches wide. b, Small bag, 3% inches long, 3 inches pa'aOkfinit; kkkum totavallina ti wide. c, Small bag, 2%f6 inches long, 2% inches wide -- 184 >Opa'4hra~m tupikyA rahitil. Yi0a wwood pipes in the making; they TEXT FIGURES oil has been spilled in on top; some 1. The Karuk phonems -xxxv L dressed on the outside; and four 2. Map showing places visited by Douglas -20 Le is a manzanita pipe, the third 630440 32 3 d end. [Fourth from last and last own in P1. 34; third and second from 30 shownin P1. 27.] % naturalsize- 164 . Rock 164 imlhnftsti~p visas, the Soft Soap- e river at Katimin. b, VaA kan pe kkYB60r Pa'asaxusiasa'Avahkadi, lave been pecked off on top of the )ck. c, 'Axxak pe kkY6 0r, 'ftxxak kylerahitil, two pipe bowls, both stone. Pipe bowls % natural size. ring specimen is that of the pipe 164 - _ -. .-, ' '.

PHONETIC KE

Frontal-Continued. tc, ttc tco a, let us go. r3 ara' r, person. PHONETIC KEY n, nn-- nubu we. 'unnu Labial: Unnasalized vowels: PI pp ------pay, this. 'ippi' a, a, 'hri ras, people. f, ff_- fMoi', foot. '1ffui 4 - ,a!------yl e-hi, well! V ______vdia, it is. .'a e, e- pehe-raha', tobacco. die. i, i. pihnmttcit'cas, old men. m, mm ma'aO, heavy. 'I 0, 0.- kohomayl-tc k-, the right size. u, UI … 'il0 'ukrd m, out in the lake.

Nasalized : 2 a. 0 lo 0 / -'e e"f f- ha-, yes. The only word that has a nasal- X.

ized vowel. a a.a ' a Diphthongs': ay, a-y 'uvirayvuti', he is going around. 'Attay, salmon eggs. ta'ay, much. oy, o y -. ho"'y, where? 11y, u y- 'uyccarahiti', it is mixed. 'fiy, mountain.

CONSONANTS Laryngeal: 'as, stone. 'u'Amti', he is eating. ?2 SU?, '2 inside. Kar'imaikn, Katimin.8 hhrilay, year. 'akrA-h, eel. Radical: x,xx- xas, then. 'u"'x, it is bitter. 'Axxak, two. Dorsal: k, kk khfi, then. 'u'Akkati', it tastes. Antedorsal: yav, good. FIGURE 1.-The Karuk ph Frontal: DIACRITICALS t, tt- tayiv, all right. kunkupitti', they do that Length: way. 'ittark, to-day. Unmarked: short 0, 00 - ______- odkkinkiAic, yellow. yfOoa', one. *: long 5, Ss------shium, pine roots. 'aIas, water. vAssi', Pitch: back (of body). ': high C, cc _-- ___ tuoyclp, mountain. 'iccaha', water. I: middle ': low 1 w is represented in this paper by v, with the result that there ": final atonic, lower than '. are no diphthongs having w or " u " as second element. 2 Does not occur long. 3 r does not begin words, or double. 'We use the two symbols merely for convenience in writing the 4 Does not occur long. various positions of the glottal elusive. XXXIV PHONETIC KEY XXXV

Frontal-Continued. tc, ttc tco ia, let us go. pihlmttcifc, old man. IONETIC KEY r3- - 'ara'ar, person. n, nn nu'u we. 'dnnuhiec, kidney VOWELS Labial: pi pp-- pay, this. 'Ippi', bone. :ras, people. f, ff- fiMOi', foot. 'IffuO, behind. 4 - h&, well! V vilfa, it is. 'havan, male, husband. 'iv, to 8-raha', tobacco. die. mittcifcas, old men. m, mm -man, heavy. '`m'ma, salmon. omaya tc k8-, the right size. 'ukra-m, out in the lake. X . ii' i i.

/e Ee" .e te la 'e tL yes. The only word that has a nasal- d vowel. irayvuti', he is going around. 'attac, Imon eggs. ta'ay, much. )y, where?

,carahiti', it is mixed. 'fiuy, mountain. V

CONSONANTS

II Mn stone. 'u'amti', he is eating. ?2 su?, ide. KatimVln, Katimin." Aay, year. 'akrd-h, eel.

then. 'u'ux, it is bitter. 'Axxak, two.

, then. 'u'Mkkati', it tastes.

, good. FIGURE 1.-The Raruk phonems

DIACRITICALS v, all right. kunkupitti', they do that Length: Ly. 'ittar, to-day. Unmarked: short iinkfiAic, yellow. yifea', one. *: long im, pine roots. 'a'as, water. vAssi', Pitch: ck (of body). I: high -cip, mountain. 'fccaha', water. : middle paper by v, with the result that there I: low or " u " as second element. ": final atonic, lower than '. 3 r does not begin words, or double. 3 merely for convenience in writing the " Does not occur long. ;al elusive. XXXVI PHONETIC KEY

Level and falling tones: Unmarked: short or level high or middle falling low falling low falling atonic Additional marks: inlaut form of TOBACCO AMONG THE KARI inlaut form of CALIFORNIA inlaut form of indicating detached pronunciation of t.s and t.c indicating vowel nasalization By JOHN P. HARRING

I. PitapvavaOtcd-ph:

INTRODUCTION Knowledge and practice of the Californii tobacco has up to the present time beei There is practically no literature on the su method pursued by others has been wrong. study upon language is the only path to c ness. Every act and status must be traced psychology and mythology behind it. Withc error lurks near in every item of informati( Starting with the picturesque Karuk tril fornia, whose tobacco knowledge constitutes presentation, we shall formulate our gleanin tribes of several diversified areas throughc tribe the presentation will include quotin! determination of the variety of the toba gathering, curing, and storing; infumation, nances, procedure and customs; other uses mixed with or used like tobacco; other p1 materia medica, in shamanism, in ceremony, vocabulary, expressions and proverbs. Fin these findings there will be a summing u] difficult to write until the details from the duly worked over and presented. The first section, here printed, records t the Karuk, the second tribe encountered from its n.outh. This tril Katimin, Clear Creek, and Happy Camp, you Counties. The tribe or language is arra by Gibbs, Ara by Gatschet, Quoratea -

'HONETIC KEY

TOBACCO AMONG THE KARUK INDIANS OF CALIFORNIA pronunciation of t.s and t.c alization By JOHN P. HARRINGTON

I. Pitapvavaetcu-pha'

INTRODUCTION Knowledge and practice of the California Indians with regard to tobacco has up to the present time been insufficiently explored. There is practically no literature on the subject. Furthermore, the method pursued by others has been wrong. A constant basing of the study upon language is the only path to correctness and complete- ness. Every act and status must be traced through language to the psychology and mythology behind it. Without the linguistic method, error lurks near in every item of information. Starting with the picturesque of northwestern Cali- fornia, whose tobacco knowledge constitutes the present section of this presentation, we shall formulate our gleanings from carefully selected tribes of several diversified areas throughout the State. For each tribe the presentation will include quoting of previous literature; determination of the variety of the tobacco used; description of gathering, curing, and storing; infumation, its instruments, appurte- nances, procedure and customs; other uses of tobacco; other plants mixed with or used like tobacco; other plants smoked; tobacco as materia medica, in shamanism, in ceremony, in mythology; tobacconal vocabulary, expressions and proverbs. Finally, at the conclusion of these findings there will be a summing up and building together, difficult to write until the details from the varying areas have been duly worked over and presented. The first section, here printed, records the tobacco knowledge of the Karuk, the second tribe encountered as one proceeds up the Klamath River from its n.outh. This tribe centers about Orleans, Katimin, Clear Creek, and Happy Camp, in Humboldt and Siski- you Counties. The tribe or language is called Pehtsik or Arras arra by Gibbs, Ara by Gatschet, Quoratean by Powell, Ehnek and 1 2 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [BUJLL. 94

Ehnikan by Curtin, and KA-rok, Ka'-rok, and Karok by Powers,' evidently writing o by analogy with "Mo'-dok," for he spells very correctly "ka-ruk, up east" and misspells only the tribe name. BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY Karok is the mutilated incomplete first half of the native descriptive term Karuk Va'hra"'r, Upriver Person, or KAruk Kuma'Ara'1r, Upriver Kind of Person, a combination of words which can be, but scarcely is once in a lifetime, used to designate the tribe. The old and correct tribal designation is 'A tcip Va'Ara'ar (Achip Vahrar) la or 'I6ivean6-na tcip Va'Ara'ar (Ithivthan6nachip Vaftrar), Middle of the World Person; also expressions for "we," "we people," "our people," "our kind of people," and the like. The information was largely obtained from 'ImkY6lnva'an (ImkYan- van) (Mrs. Phoebe Maddux) (pl. 1) to whose linguistic genius and patient striving after knowledge the success of the present section of this paper is largely due, with the help of various older Indians: Ya"'s (Yas), 'UhtcA-mhafc (Pete Henry) (pl. 2. a, b), Tc6 kitcha'an (Fritz Hanson) (pl. 2, c), 'IcxA .yr1pa'1 (Hackett) (pl. 3, a, b), 'IO6xyA-vrab (Tintin) (pl. 3, c), 'Asn6ppifax (Snappy) ('asiktava'an, a woman) (pl. 3, d, e), John Pepper, 'Akramanahu'u (Sandybar Jim), KApitain (Capitan) (pl. 3, f), Pasamvar6-tti"m (Ned), and several others. The texts and Karuk words in this paper are all in the downriver dialect of Karuk as spoken at Ka~timV'n (Katimin), (pl. 4, a), on the southeast side of the Klamath River, and at 'Iccipicrihak (Ishipishrihak) (pl. 4, b), on the northwest bank of the Klamath opposite Katimin, Mrs. Maddux being of Ishipishrihak ancestry and raised at that village. Bearing out the policy of emphasizing the Indian language, we have also tried to retain in the English translation as much as possible of the Karuk English, a peculiar dialect of northern modified by the Karuk language. This Karuk English presents a rich and surprising field for philological study. Operating with a limited number of English words, which amount to the partial vocab- ulary of the farmers and miners who first settled in the country, with more modern terms and colloquialisms added, this dialect stretches the meanings of words, making them do double or triple service, and is molded by Karuk idiom and especially by the remarkable com- I Powers, Stephen, Tribes of California, Contributions to North American Ethnology, vol. 3, Washington, 1877. The standard spelling adopted by Powers is Karok, with o to agree with Modoc, as shown by his listing of "YA-rok, Ka'-rok, and Mo'-dok" (p. 19); he thought the Karuk words had the same ending as Modoc. Gibbs, MRS. PHOEBE MADDUX, CHIEI George, Bur. Amer. Ethn., MS. 846, collected on the Klamath River, 1852, under the letter T, has already "up (a river) kah-ruk," with the correct u. -001011110

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OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [BUIX. 94 1 K&-rok, Ka'-rok, and Karok by Powers, nalogy with "Mo'-dok," for he spells very ast" and misspells only the tribe name. BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY BULLETIN 94 PLATE 1 Lcomplete first half of the native descriptive Upriver Person, or Kkruk Kuma'Ara"'r, a .comjbingtan of wprds which can be, but tim~ae, used to designate the tribe. The old blirn is 'Atcip iVaI^ra~r (Achip Vahxar) "Ior t (Ithivthandnachip Vaarar), Middle of the ssions for "we," "we people," "our people," I the like. rgely obtained from 'Imky'Anva'an (Imkygn- ux) (pl. 1) to whose linguistic genius and )wledge the success of the present section ue, with the help of various older Indians: c (Pete Henry) (pl. 2. a, b), Tca kItcha'an o), 'Icxa-yrfpa- (Hackett) (p1.' a,ab ii), 3, c), 'Asngpitax (Snappy) ('aiktivag, John Pepper, 'Akramaft?&hu-u (Sandybar ) ;(pl. 3, J), 'P amvar6*tti"m (Ned), and 3 and Karuk words in this paper are all ifn laruk as spoken at Kaitimiin (Katimin), bast side of the Klamath River, -and at k) (pl. 4,1 b), on the northwest baik of' the' hi, Mrs. Maddux being of Ishipishiihak t village. emphasizing the Indian language, we haiv* English translation as much as possible of liar dialect of northern California nguage. This Karuk E*Iish preoents a for philological studi. Operating with os words, which amount to the partial voeab- iners who first settled in the country, with ofloquialisms 'added, this dialect' 'tretches king them do double or triple, service, and, a and especiallyi by theremarkable comn es of Califoria, Cpntributipns, to NoQh . 3, Wasbington, 1877. The standard ,is Kork, with o to agree with Modoc,ls 4i-rok) Ka'-rok, and Mo'-dok" (p. 19); hp 4a1 the same ending as Modoc. Gikbs, MRS. PHOEBE MADOUX, CHIEF INFORMANT MS. 846, collected qn the KlSatR River, ia alrea "up (a river) kai.rxuk,"i *

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BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY BULLETIN 94 PLATE 3

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BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY BULLETIN 94 PLATE 4

a. Katimin rancheria

b. Ishipishrihak rancheria HIARRINGTON] TOBACCO AMONG THE KARUK INDIANS 3 pounding of the Karuk language, with the result that occasionally English words are put together in a very original and poetic way. The rendering of Indian texts and expressions in this dialect is a valuable record, and to change it completely into "high English" would destroy this record and remove the translation far from its original form. One will therefore find in the following pages frequent lapses into Indian English, and retention of such words as "to pack," meaning to carry; "to spill," instead of to pour; "to mock," instead of to imitate; "to growl," for to scold. His wife is "his woman." is still "Shasty Butte." A cradle is a "baby basket." The sweathouse is contrasted with "the living house." A wood- pecker scalp is "a woodpecker head." We here boldly keep "pipe sack," "arrow sack," "jump dance," "kick song," "acorn soup," "pack basket," "baby basket," and many other compounds and choices of words, following the local dialect. The future is mostly formed by the auxiliary "going."~ A few Karuk words, such as names of persons and places, and other words which do not lend themselves readily to translation in English, have been given in the English part of the paper in simplified orthog- raphy, but the strict Indian original can also always be found. The Karuk are closely identified in culture with the Yuruk Indians of the lowest stretch of the Klamath River and adjacent coast and with the Hupa of the lower Trinity River, the largest southern tributary of the Klamath. According to the ' own impression, Yuruk and Hupa are larger, fatter, redder Indians than themselves. The Indians of the upper Salmon River, another southern tributary of the Klamath, are felt to be quite different in culture, although more directly in contact with the I•aruk than are the Hupa. The Shasta Indians, holding the Klamath for a long part of its course immediately upstream of the Karuk, belong in culture with the Salmon River Indians. The Smith River tribe, bordering on the Karuk to the north and west, were their enemies, and cut them off from inter- course with other tribes in that direction. The Karuk know the names of a surprising number of other tribes, including some far to the east. All good things were believed to come down the Klamath River, and the tribe of Klamath and Modoc Indians at the head of the river, famed as warriors and as holders of the Klamath Lakes in the mud of which dentalium money was believed to grow and be obtained, were almost deified, and were held to be the dwellers of the northern end of the world.' Occasion- 2 Even the White man came down the river from the great region of the Klamath Lakes, and horse is still occasionally called yuras- tcicci~h (Klamath) lake dog, or kahteciccih, upriver dog, instead of the usual mere tcicci h, dog. U

HARRINGTONI TOBACCO AMONG 4 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [BULL. 94 basket full of ally the Klamath were visited by Karuks. It was commoner for material and basl Karuk men to take a trip downriver, often as far as the mouth of men carrying a quiver each. 0 acorn the river. Of the location of the coast tribes the same adverb was soup, and if the arrange: used as when indicating position out in a lake or out in a river. The proceed, the men exchange their Humboldt Bay tribe was the farthest one south along the coast and next day, carrying with them t] her there A the Smith River tribe the farthest north along the coast for which as a married woman they had names. another kind of marriage distinc of the man tuv8 nfuf, he The Karuk were typical river Indians, and many features of their ente life strike one who has made a study of coast Indians as very similar. goes to live at the house of the { small, Their houses were all "downslope," and faced the river, the door but some payment is al being commonly in the upriver portion of the front of the house. marriages are that the girl's fan They were built of native hewn boards and were very warm and or desired by her kindred to rem, the comfortable in winter. They were clustered in 'arAri"k, or ranche- house, or the man may be ] rias, which contained in addition to the living houses, sweathouses for the girl to have a child withoul girls by such the men and boys, in which they slept, conversed, and told stories, a marriage beloi man who marries and which they heated up for sweating at least twice a day. The in this way is At living houses were reserved for the women and girls, and all the every rancheria there were men, called usually with disresp cooking and eating and storing of food and most other property was ka done in them. It is very rare for a living house or sweathouse to nnihitc. "As among the W. latter have a name; they are usually called by the name of the site where than of the former. Son they stand. would be noted for the richness Before The rancherias contained no rancheria chief. Whatever ruling the Whiteman turned was done was by the heads of the houses. Each house had its owner, his firearms upon the deer and ot often a leader of feuds between families. Each of the several sweat- the river and his canneries caug houses of the rancherias also belonged to a family or was frequented upstream, the Karuk had an abi only by members of certain families. The valuable fisheries along So wholesome and harmless was f to young children. the river and the acorn plots upslope were owned by individuals and Pa'avahaye families. they mean the staple food, is a Marriage was fixed up by older people, as it is to varying extent these in importance, the inform thought, pufitchi'ic, the world over. The common way to arrange marriage was for the deer meat. nuts, and different man, who was the buyer of his bride, to send another man, called kinds of gami 'unava'an, go-between, to the father of the girl, and if the price was The Karuk boys and men en boys right, she married (tuyAraraha', she marries), going a week or so later to have at the old swimmin custom, was the most athletic the husband's house, where she reared her family, formed new friend- ships, and was buried when she died.3 A less usual method of arranging none at all. According to old T marriage was when the girl herself to s6om'va, goes as an applicant on, he so glad of it he never will I on a trip in for marriage. She is accompanied by two men, the expedition being summer up or dow] arranged by the girl's father, or the one who has her to sell. They on but his quiver, into which som perhaps Indian money or go, after previous understanding that the girl will be accepted, to the other visited various house of the man to whom she is offered, the girl packing a pack rancherias in this sweathouses was his covering at I If a woman dies when on a visit to her parents' rancheria, her naked and without mattress undE body is carried to be buried at the rancheria of her husband; if she the warm flagstones, and if both is buried for any reason at the rancheria of her parents, payment out in the night and jump in the has to be made to her husband or to his kin. sleep, or he would take a smok HARRINGTON] TOBACCO AMONG THE KARUK INDIANS 5 ICAN ETHNOLOGY [BULL. 94 basket full of material and baskets for making acorn soup, and the Karuks. It was commoner for men carrying a quiver each. On her arrival, the girl starts to make ver, often as far as the mouth of acorn soup, and if the arrangement is accepted, she is allowed to coast tribes the same adverb was proceed, the men exchange their quivers for others, and go home the tt in a lake or out in a river. The next day, carrying with them the payment for the girl and leaving est one south along the coast and her there as a married woman without further ceremony. There is t north along the coast for which another kind of marriage distinct from the above, in which it is said of the man tuv8 nfuf, he enters. By this arrangement the man Ldians, and many features of their goes to live at the house of the girl and the payment made for her is Ly of coast Indians as very similar. small, but some payment is always made. The reasons for such i," and faced the river, the door marriages are that the girl's family may be rich, she may be needed iortion of the front of the house. or desired by her kindred to remain at home and carry on the work of boards and were very warm and the house, or the man may be poor or homely or may have caused clustered in 'arhri' k, or ranche- the girl to have a child without payment having been made. The othe living houses, sweathouses for girls by such a marriage belong partly to the wife's kin, and a slept, conversed, and told stories, man who marries in this way is not looked upon as a rich man. Mating at least twice a day. The At every rancheria there were rich men, called yA -sAfa, and poor 1he women and girls, and all the men, called usually with disrespectful or pitying diminutive 'anana- food and most other property was ka-nnimhitc. "As among the Whites," there were many more of the a living house or sweathouse to latter than of the former. Sometimes, however, a small rancheria Iled by the name of the site where would be noted for the richness of its few inhabitants. Before the Whiteman turned his pigs upon the acorn patches and rancheria chief. Whatever ruling his firearms upon the deer and other game, and before his mines ruled louses. Each house had its owner, the river and his canneries caught the salmon ere they could come milies. Each of the several sweat- upstream, the Karuk had an abundance of food and a great variety. iged to a family or was frequented So wholesome and harmless was food of all kinds that it could be given lies. The valuable fisheries along to young children. Pa'avahay cci'ip, "the best food," and by this ape were owned by individuals and they mean the staple food, is acorn soup and salmon. Next after these in importance, the informants mention, with pleasure at the r people, as it is to varying extent thought, pufftchi'ic, deer meat. Greens, berries, Indian potatoes, ty to arrange marriage was for the nuts, and different kinds of game furnished a delicious diet. ride, to send another man, called The Karuk boys and men enjoyed all the freedom which white ier of the girl, and if the price was boys have at the old swimming pool. Their costume, or rather . marries), going a week or so later to custom, was the most athletic and healthful possible, which was ared her family, formed new friend- none at all. According to old Tintin: "Indian boy no more clothes 1.3 A less usual method of arranging on, he so glad of it he never will put 'em on." Aman would start out If to so m'va, goes as an applicant on a trip in summer up or down the river with absolutely nothing I by two men, the expedition being on but his quiver, into which some lunch, his pipe in its pipe sack and bhe one who has her to sell. They perhaps Indian money or other small articles had been tucked; he ,hat the girl will be accepted, to the visited various rancherias in this condition and the warm air of their is offered, the girl packing a pack sweathouses was his covering at night; he slept in them absolutely visit to her parents' rancheria, her naked and without mattress under him or blanket over him, lying on he rancheria of her husband; if she the warm flagstones, and if bothered with sleeplessness he would go rancheria of her parents, payment out in the night and jump in the river and return to have a delicious )r to his kin. sleep, or he would take a smoke of the strong Indian tobacco and -- 11 I- . . -

6 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [BULL. 94 BARRINGTON] TOBACCO AMONG TH

go to sleep, or both bathe and smoke. The common clothing of the fireplace. Each evening as it got d women was a maple-bast petticoat, called pavirutva', the kind still a fire being built at the head of the worn by doctresses at kick dances; this was replaced at times by a and the like being placed on an op( "dress-up dress" consisting of a large and often heavy deerskin back the fire and burned. The fourth e, flap, called yAffuA, and an apron, called thnta'av, made of strings of person were packed upslope and d Digger Pine nuts ('axyfi s) or juniper seeds ('ip). them; they were not burned. The Daily life started with the morning sweat and plunge into the river death occurred the grave digger or d or splashing of water over themselves at the spring by the men and most in mourning, male and female boys, while the women and girls, who slept in the living houses, got house, after which they bathed, an up a little later and took their bath without sweating. The morning their bodies and drank some of the E meal or breakfast came rather late, at about 8 or 9 o'clock, after The principal ceremonies of the which all went upon their chores or trips of the day. In the late ceremony at Amekyaram, the jum afternoon the men prepared to sweat again, and sweating and bathing new year ceremony at Clear Creek occupied their time until about sundown, or even later, when they The spring salmon ceremony w went to the living house for the second and only hearty meal of the April moon, the medicine man offic day. All ate together in the living house and considerable time was house for a month previous. It wa spent over the meal, the acorn soup being sipped slowly, with much smoke, also 'IrurAvahiv', meaning conversation. Shortly after this meal the men and boys went over first salmon of the year was cut up to the sweathouse, where they conversed further, some of them some- It was forbidden that anyone shoi times sitting up until quite late before going to sleep. from this fire; even the medicine n The larger rancherias generally had more than one burying plot. look up. Of the smoke it was sa When a death occurred, the corpse was buried on the same or the fol- nanu'Avahkam 'uphttcakuti pa'Am] lowing day. It was tied on a board soon after death with the face ing up, that smoke, it reaches to up. Water, acorn soup, and acorn meal that had already been ground look at that smoke, from Requa, up preparatory to making acorn soup which happened to be in the Happy Camp, or as far upriver as houses of the rancheria were spilled out. On the day of the burial, man remained in the sweathouse fe people of the rancheria who desired to eat carried food with them Only after this ceremony was it r across the river or across some water before eating. The grave is ceremony gives name to one of the dug by male relatives just before burial. The dead person is not The jump dance at Amekyaram, taken through the door of the house, but a board or two is removed much talked of and also gave its i from the wall of the house to furnish exit. The dead person is jump dance is called vuhvuhhkka removed from the board on which he has been tied and is tied on but this jump dance at Amekyan another board before burial. The person is buried with head upriver. name 'hhavirahi4. It was last hi Shredded iris leaves, prepared for making string, are burned before every day and evening for 10 days. the grave is filled in, if the person is a man, but bear lily leaves, danced. prepared for basketry overlay, if it is a woman. The evening of the The new year ceremony was he day of the burial a basketry hopper is hung on a stick fixed so that it another year. It was held at Clea projects by the door of the house where the death occurred, a coil of and Orleans simultaneously in Sei bear lily leaves being placed on the stick so that they hung inside the Creek and at Katimin, but has b hopper, for the purpose of scaring the spirit from entering the house. 1912. For the first 10 days of the This hopper and coil were again hung in the same way the evening a fire at a different shrine upslope of the fourth day after the death occurred. The grave digger or there follows behind him a party diggers and the relative or relatives most immediately affected ate with arrows at different prescribed apart from other people for four days after the death occurred, mak- ing a separate fire upon the floor of the living house, aside from the 4 Referring to the smoke. ,ICAN ETHNOLOGY [BIJLL. 94 HARRINGTON] TOBACCO AMONG THE KARUK INDIANS 7

)ke. The common clothing of the fireplace. Each evening as it got dark food was burned on the grave, At, called pavirutva', the kind still a fire being built at the head of the grave, and acorns, dried salmon, i; this was replaced at times by a and the like being placed on an openwork plate which is then put in rge and often heavy deerskin back the fire and burned. The fourth evening the belongings of the dead called thnta'av, made of strings of person were packed upslope and deposited somewhere to get rid of per seeds ('ip). them; they were not burned. The morning of the fifth day after the ing sweat and plunge into the river death occurred the grave digger or diggers and the relative or relatives Ives at the spring by the men and most in mourning, male and female, sweated themselves in the sweat- who slept in the living houses, got house, after which they bathed, and then applied brush medicine to h without sweating. The morning their bodies and drank some of the same medicine. te, at about 8 or 9 o'clock, after The principal ceremonies of the Karuk were the spring salmon or trips of the day. In the late ceremony at Amekyaram, the jump dance at Amekyaram, and the at again, and sweating and bathing new year ceremony at Clear Creek, Katimin, and Orleans. undown, or even later, when they The spring salmon ceremony was held at the beginning of the econd and only hearty meal of the April moon, the medicine man officiating having stayed in the sweat- g house and considerable time was house for a month previous. It was called sarukhmku'uf, downslope ap being sipped slowly, with much smoke, also 'frurAvahiv, meaning what they get away from.4 The meal the men and boys went over first salmon of the year was cut up and roasted by the medicine man. versed further, some of them some- It was forbidden that anyone should look at the smoke which rose )efore going to sleep. from this fire; even the medicine man himself and his helper did not had more than one burying plot. look up. Of the smoke it was said: Kunniha kunic u'i-hya', pay- was buried on the same or the fol- nanu'avahkam 'uphttcakuti pa'hmku'uf, it is just like an arrow stick- trd soon after death with the face ing up, that smoke, it reaches to heaven. Everyone was afraid to meal that had already been ground look at that smoke, from Requa, at the mouth of the Klamath, to soup which happened to be in the Happy Camp, or as far upriver as it could be seen. The medicine -d out. On the day of the burial, man remained in the sweathouse for 10 days after making the smoke. red to eat carried food with them Only after this ceremony was it permissible to catch salmon. The vater before eating. The grave is ceremony gives name to one of the months. L burial. The dead person is not The jump dance at Amekyaram, held at the beginning of July, was ise, but a board or two is removed much talked of and also gave its name to one of the months. Any urnish exit. The dead person is jump dance is called vuhvuhAkka'am, meaning big deerskin dance, h he has been tied and is tied on but this jump dance at Amekyaram was called also by the special person is buried with head upriver. name 'Ahavirahi4. It was last held in July, 1895. It was danced making string, are burned before every day and evening for 10 days. Two men sang and a row of men on is a man, but bear lily leaves, danced. t is a woman. The evening of the The new year ceremony was held in order to refix the world for -r is hung on a stick fixed so that it another year. It was held at Clear Creek in August, and at Katimin where the death occurred, a coil of and Orleans simultaneously in September. It is still held at Clear e stick so that they hung inside the Creek and at Katimin, but has been discontinued at Orleans since the spirit from entering the house. 1912. For the first 10 days of the ceremony the medicine man builds hung in the same way the evening a fire at a different shrine upslope each day, and as he goes up the hill 1h occurred. The grave digger or there follows behind him a party of men and boys who target-shoot ves most immediately affected ate with arrows at different prescribed places along the route. This see- Lays after the death occurred, mak- of the living house, aside from the I Referring to the smoke. HARRINGTON] TOBACCO AMONG TI 8 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [BULL. 04 tion of the ceremony is called 'iciiv, meaning target shooting. It is winged, which were savage or wil( followed by an all-night vigil by the medicine man on the night of the rocks. There is a group of thes tenth day, he standing by an altar and facing a mountain, while a several individuals, who sometim deerskin dance or play deerskin dance is being performed. This part hurt at the time of the new year of the ceremony is called 'irahi4. The medicine man remains in the have medicine formulae for curing sweathouse for five nights after the conclusion of the ceremony; for suffered some accident. The majc 10 nights if he is officiating for the first time. The medicine man by the name of the animal, partic takes his seat in the sweathouse when the target shooting ceremony which they have been transformed i starts. is supposed to lie only a few genera Doctors acquired and kept their status by performing the ceremony The Karuk were not farmers, of mountain pilgrimages, which were usually accompanied by the agriculture. I would scarcely k doctor dancing in the sweathouse. Women doctors have in recent region in all the world where peop times outnumbered men doctors, and this probably holds true for this sole position in Karuk agricu earlier times. Text material on the method of curing by doctors is plant, but by a drug; not by a pl presented in this paper. but by one growing still wild all c The kick dance, a communal sing held for the benefit of a doctor the Indians were cultivating and en who has been sick, is an interesting institution, since it calls forth road from the wild tobacco by all the composition of songs with original words by various individuals. tobacco gardens, solely for the purp Indian men, women, and children, anyone that wants to come, They had as pets their dogs, 1 assemble at the house of the doctor for an all-night sing. Formerly fornia Woodpeckers, but only one the meeting was held in a sweathouse. The room is dark. The tobacco was Nicotiana bigelovii of doctor stands and dances. All others present sit and sing, kicking the plant mentioned in the acc( the floor in time to the song. among northern California coast I Myths (pikvah) were told only in the wintertime, at night, both in raised in gardens by the Indians the sweathouse and in the living house. They were told mostly lying Bodega voyage. Their agricultu down. Sometimes a man and boy would lie facing each other in the for raising tobacco by burning logs sweathouse, and the boy would repeat the myth as it was told him to be sometime previous to the so by the man, a passage at a time. An old woman would teach a myth right season, of harrowing the see, to a girl in this same way in the living house. Myths and the inter- harvesting the leaves, stems and s spersed songs were transmitted in this way with considerable exact- ing over a considerable period. V ness. soil about the plants, which was t Everything that the Karuk did was enacted because the Ikxareyavs in process by their dragging a b were believed to have set the example in story times. The Ikxareyavs weeding, and to irrigate or wate were the people who were in America before the Indians came. The curing of the tobacco was 1 Modern Karuks, in a quandary how to render the word, volunteer and the interesting point is that I such translations as "the princes," "the chiefs," "the angels." segregated as separate products These Ikxareyavs were old-time people, who turned into animals, stem tobacco, weak and woody, E plants, rocks, mountains, plots of ground, and even parts of the look something like leaf tobacco, house, dances, and abstractions when the Karuk came to the country, low-caste visitor at a house to sn remaining with the Karuk only long enough to state and start all to adulterate the latter. The customs, telling them in every instance, "Human will do the same." northwest coast and California These doings and sayings are still related and quoted in the medicine human religion in general are cur formulae of the Karuk. Several of the Ikxareyavs are known by the chief use of this poor, cheap name, such as 'IOyarukpihri'iv, Across Water Widower. There is to the Ikxareyavs made by hur mentioned a special class of Ikxareyavs called Kitaxrihars, meaning and others. The leaf tobacco we - -

HARRINGTON] TOBACCO AMONG THE KARUK INDIANS 9 RICAN ETHNOLOGY [BUTLL. 94 iv, meaning target shooting. It is winged, which were savage or wild, and which petrified into various representing Aemedicine man on the night of the rocks. There is a group of these rocks at Katimin, to get ir and facing a mountain, while a several individuals, who sometimes cause visiting strangers Indians nee is being performed. This part hurt at the time of the new year ceremony. The Katimin have The medicine man remains in the have medicine formulae for curing such individuals when they only ie conclusion of the ceremony; for suffered some accident. The majority of Ikxareyavs are known the like he first time. The medicine man by the name of the animal, particular rock (placename), or vhen the target shooting ceremony which they have been transformed into. The period of the Ikxareyavs is supposed to lie only a few generations back. status by performing the ceremony The Karuk were not farmers, and yet they were not without were usually accompanied by the agriculture. I would scarcely know where to point to another plant. And . Women doctors have in recent region in all the world where people cultivated only one by a food and this probably holds true for this sole position in Karuk agriculture was occupied, not has been lost in nature, ,he method of curing by doctors is plant, but by a drug; not by a plant which but by one growing still wild all over the Karuk country, but which a different ng held for the benefit of a doctor the Indians were cultivating and endeavoring to breed along sowing seed taken from their ing institution, since it calls forth road from the wild tobacco by always it "'ikpfhai, " strong, ginal words by various individuals. tobacco gardens, solely for the purpose of making They had as pets their dogs, bear cubs, raccoons, skunks, Cali- en, anyone that wants to come, but only one plant pet, which was tobacco. This or for an all-night sing. Formerly fornia Woodpeckers, bigelovii of the tall northern California form, thouse. The room is dark. The tobacco was Nicotianca mentioned in the account of Sir Francis Drake's visit thers present sit and sing, kicking the plant among northern California coast Indians and first described as being by the Indians of Trinidad in the diary of the in the wintertime, at night, both in raised in gardens Bodega voyage. Their agriculture consisted of producing potash ouse. They were told mostly lying for raising tobacco by burning logs and brush at the site of the garden y would lie facing each other in the previous to the sowing, of scattering the seeds at the epeat the myth as it was told him to be sometime in, of weeding the plants, and of An old woman would teach a myth right season, of harrowing the seed leaves, stems and seeds with careful attention, extend- iving house. Myths and the inter- harvesting the What they did not do was to till the i this way with considerable exact- ing over a considerable period. soil about the plants, which was unnecessary and closely approached their dragging a bush over the sown ground and by vas enacted because the Ikxareyavs in process by them, which was unnecessary. ple in story times. The Ikxareyavs weeding, and to irrigate or water its cultivation, Vmerica before the Indians came. The curing of the tobacco was less complicated than tobacco and stem tobacco were how to render the word, volunteer and the interesting point is that leaf products and assigned separate uses. The ,es," "the chiefs," "the angels." segregated as separate a cheap by-product, pounded up to people, who turned into animals, stem tobacco, weak and woody, is sometimes offered to some poor, of ground, and even parts of the look something like leaf tobacco, a house to smoke, or is mixed with leaf tobacco hen the Karuk came to the country, low-caste visitor at The strict and stingy money basis of long enough to state and start all to adulterate the latter. coast culture and the attitude of stance, "human will do the same." northwest coast and California human religion in general are curiously illuminated by the fact that related and quoted in the medicine was as an "offering" of the Ikxareyavs are known by the chief use of this poor, cheap stem tobacco made by hunters, priests of ceremony, doctors Across Water Widower. There is to the Ikxareyavs tobacco was saved to be smoked by men; the reyavs called Kitaxrihars, meaning and others. The leaf ------

10 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [BUJLL. 04 IIARRINGTON] TOBACCO AMONG TH

stem tobacco was thrown to the gods! And this with no belittling sack. The pipe is slenderest towai of the gods, but because it was the custom. end is always larger than the slender For storing tobacco, and leaf tobacco was the only kind to the the very practical purpose of keep storing of which any attention was paid, various containers were inside the pipe sack as it is being ce used, commonly a basket resembling the money or trinket basket of ordinary pipe sack made of deerski these Indians, but differing from it in some details. These baskets while the elk-scrotum pipe sack wa, were distinct, and had a distinct name. Occasionally an upriver Indian to brag on." (Shasta) tobacco basket found its way among these Indians, or an The procedure of smoking consis upriver hat was transformed into a tobacco basket, although such a sack; of filling it in a certain way, hat was never used by the Karuk as a hat, thus putting a foreign tobacco to the mountains; of light artifact to a modified usage for which it was not originally intended. methods; of variously holding the An elk scrotum bag as a container for storing tobacco is also a unique ing in; of taking the tobacco into feature. nation of the process and to which Tobacco was never chewed, drunk, or mixed with lime. It was of taking the pipe out of the mouth rarely eaten. Practically its sole employment was smoking. several times; and finally of putting Smoking pipes were made of three or more kinds of wood, one of Tobacco smoking entered into t these, the arrowwood, not only having suitable and handsome texture male Indians and the women doctor for a pipe, but being provided by nature with a hole of the right size on various occasions during the day, which needs only to have its pith rammed out. The Karuk also had came after eating the evening meal the playful custom of letting a dried salmon beetle larva, the kind living house. There was not alwa3 which were so plentiful about the houses, do this ramming instead very frequently was. The second of the Indian, which with the larva, of course, assumes the form of back into the sweathouse after their eating. The pith was soaked with grease, as can be readily done It was then that smoking was regula in a short time, and the grub was imprisoned in the bowl, which is passed around. dug out early in the process of shaping the pipe for the reason that The Karuk did not know "the p the wood is worked easier when green. Death or tunneling confronts pipe of friendship. When men or the grub, who is tempted to do the latter, since the only place where the trail or elsewhere it was the ri he can find a bite of anything soft is at the one point where the pithy their pipes, each himself smoking tunnel commences. The grub, if victorious, passes the pith through smoking was regarded the same as his body and conies out at the "mouth end" of the pipe. The "good" mutual smoking was not practiced pipes had the bowl lined with a funnel-shaped piece of soapstone, up, although there was a definite inserted in the tobacco-containing end like an abbreviated stone when an agreement was made after pipe. This kept the pipe from burning out, and also increased its was, within the recollection of t1 value and good appearance. The merits of different kinds of soap- Indians. stone for this purpose were distinguished. The Karuk also had a Tobacco was therefore used as a soapstone pipe, made like the wooden pipes in shape but all of stone. an embrace of friendship. It was X Pottery pipes were not known. Wooden pipes were occasionally producer. It was classed by the decorated with abalone inlay. midnight bathing. When a man ca 5 The "good" pipe was not complete without its pipe sack. This he smoked and bathed. was made of buckskin and tailored to fit the pipe. It was a carrier Tobacco was also regarded as go both of the smoking tobacco and the pipe. The mouth end of the sweathouse. pipe was so tied that it protruded somewhat from the mouth of the Again it was recognized as a her sack, a custom which is explained on the pretense that when exposed ache and toothache. It was also i in this way it does not get so much the taste of tobacco. The shape hurts. of the pipes should also be noticed as regards their tying in the pipe 6 See pp. 206-207. MAN ETHNOLOGY [BULI.. 94 BARIUINGToN] TOBACCO AMONG THE KARUK INDIANS 11 ds! And this with no belittling sack. The pipe is slenderest toward its mouth end, but the mouth ^ custom. end is always larger than the slenderest portion, which has apparently acco was the only kind to the the very practical purpose of keeping the pipe from slipping down s paid, various containers were inside the pipe sack as it is being carried around. In addition to the the money or trinket basket of ordinary pipe sack made of deerskin, those of elk skin are reported, in some details. These baskets while the elk-scrotum pipe sack was considered as something "for an name. Occasionally an upriver Indian to brag on." vay among these Indians, or an The procedure of smoking consisted of taking the pipe out of the tobacco basket, although such a sack; of filling it in a certain way, accompanied by a "spoiling" of as a hat, thus putting a foreign tobacco to the mountains; of lighting the pipe by several different .h it was not originally intended. methods; of variously holding the pipe while smoking; of smack- r storing tobacco is also a unique ing in; of taking the tobacco into the lungs, which was the culmi- nation of the process and to which everything else was subservient; k, or mixed with lime. It was of taking the pipe out of the mouth; of repeating the act of smoking nployment was smoking. several times; and finally of putting the pipe back into the pipe sack. e or more kinds of wood, one of Tobacco smoking entered into the regular daily life of the adult Lg suitable and handsome texture male Indians and the women doctors. Although tobacco was smoked ture with a hole of the right size on various occasions during the day, the first regular time for smoking imed out. The Karuk also had came after eating the evening meal, while the men still tarried in the d salmon beetle larva, the kind living house. There was not always smoking at this time, but there iouses, do this ranmming instead very frequently was. The second occasion was when the men went of course, assumes the form of back into the sweathouse after their evening meal at the living house. grease, as can be readily done It was then that smoking was regularly participated in, the pipes being mprisoned in the bowl, which is passed around. ing the pipe for the reason that The Karuk did not know "the pipe of peace," but they knew the a. Death or tunneling confronts pipe of friendship. When men or doctor women met together on latter, since the only place where the trail or elsewhere it was the regular custom to offer each other at the one point where the pithy their pipes, each himself smoking first in true Indian style. This ,torious, passes the pith through smoking was regarded the same as a friendly embrace. But similar Laend"ofthepipe. The "good" mutual smoking was not practiced when family feuds were patched innel-shaped piece of soapstone, up, although there was a definite ceremony of peacemaking, nor end like an abbreviated stone when an agreement was made after a fight with another tribe, which ning out, and also increased its was, within the recollection of the informants, the Smith River aerits of different kinds of soap- Indians. uished. The Karuk also had a Tobacco was therefore used as a part of the day's routine and as n pipes in shape but all of stone. an embrace of friendship. It was also used as a sedative, as a sleep Vooden pipes were occasionally producer. It was classed by the Karuk in this aspect along with midnight bathing. When a man could not sleep in the sweathouse 5 Ate without its pipe sack. This he smoked and bathed. to fit the pipe. It was a carrier Tobacco was also regarded as good, since it gave its smell to the ie pipe. The mouth end of the sweathouse. cmewhat from the mouth of the Again it was recognized as a benumber of pain and used for ear- the pretense that when exposed ache and toothache. It was also used occasionally as a poultice on lIe taste of tobacco. The shape hurts. s regards their tying in the pipe 5 See pp. 206-207. 12 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [BUJLL. 9X HARRINGTON] TOBACCO AMONG TH

Tobacco was also regarded as a poison or help to medicine which ing by boys was prohibited, smokii was being recited. It was smoked in this connection when one was If prescribed custom made its use e in trouble, which was conceived of as one's being bedeviled by one's of its being a habit and there was li enemies. It was like a weapon and, together with medicine formula, It is a curious fact that while tl was used by a winged Ikxareyav for overcoming even the power of tobacco from the Indians, they took the sun. that accompanied it, nor were they Tobacco smoke was blown and leaf tobacco and stem tobacco a world, and, again, that after all ti (usually the latter) were thrown to the Ikxareyavs. Karuk cere- since its introduction among the w] mony is completely permeated with this puffing and tossing of at all into their psychology and m tobacco, and all pursuits where luck is strived for, such as hunting shrined among the Whites only as a and gambling, have plenty of it, as do many kinds of curing and with the seeking after mild and tas other medicine. For instance, at the annual new year ceremony tobacco a heritage from the gods, a the medicine man carried his pipe wherever he went and both puffed world and leads to the very ends of n and threw tobacco in connection with his kindling of the daily fires. In the way of acknowledgments Even the young unpriestly target shooters paused to sit and pass the patient Indians whose memori( around the pipe amid their shooting. The use of tobacco by suck- The late W. E. Safford, of the B ing doctors, and of tobacco pipes -as the instruments through which Department of Agriculture, assisted to do their sucking, is a subject of vast importance for comparative C. V. Morton, Mr. Paul C. Standle' studies. the Division of Plants, United Sit Smoking tobacco at a kick dance in the sweathouse, so that the Professors W. A. Setchell and W. I smoke will fill the air and prevent the voices of the singers from Botany, University of California, I getting hoarse through the night, is another purpose attributed to and much valuable information, bo the use of tobacco. H. E. Bolton, Director of the Ban( The thoughts of the Karuk were so filled with tobacco that it fornia, and to Fr. Zephyrin Engelh entered the names of places and individuals, gave rise to the name I am indebted for information a of a bird and a basket design, figured in songs, and produced a color research, and for access to Spanish sn adjective. illustrations are from photographs 1 As a result of careful and thorough experience with the material Karuk tobacco plant were prepared presented in the Karuk section of this paper, we can state that to by Mrs. Agnes Chase, of the Bureai the Karuk tobacco is merely and uniquely tobacco. The tube in of Agriculture, and Mrs. Gill's rare which tobacco is burned is to the Karuk mind an escapement from them lifelike, in addition to their the boredom of life and the entrance to a world of medicine, cere- W. A. Setchell provided me with otl mony, myth-an entrance reaching out in various ways into the in connection with his special study unknown. Tobacco was never smoked for pleasure, but always for and these have been substituted for some definite purpose, if only that of filling out the daily routine Chase and are here published for the prescribed by the Ikxareyavs and followed by the ancestors. It was prepared with the greatest accuracy not medicine, it was not magic, it was not personified. Only its illustrating the early stages of mak strength was sought; and it was used only in the way to produce wish also to express my heartfelt the most acute poisoning. Custom and superstition entirely Mr. and Mrs. W. P. Reese, who as guided its use. There was no question as to whether it was good B. Shellenbarger, of Dr. Edgar L. I or bad to smoke tobacco, whether one should or should not smoke, Mrs. Walther Kurze; and, last but if one were a man or a woman doctor. Practically all men smoked, and Dr. J. Walter Fewkes, former c and smoked at the same times and in exactly the same way. Women Matthew W. Stirling, present chief, doctors smoked only because they were doing a man's job and must fornia aboriginal botany and the ref do as men did. Women who were not doctors never smoked. Smok- 6.30440-32 4

- [CAN ETHNOLOGY [BULL. 91 HARRINGTON] TOBACCO AMONG THE KARUK INDTANS 13 poison or help to medicine which ing by boys was prohibited, smoking by youths was frowned upon. in this connection when one was If prescribed custom made its use a habit, there was never any talk as one's being bedeviled by one's of its being a habit and there was little individual variation. L,together with medicine formula, It is a curious fact that while the whites took over the material or overcoming even the power of tobacco from the Indians, they took with it no fragment of the world that accompanied it, nor were they at first aware that there was such leaf tobacco and stem tobacco a world, and, again, that after all the generations which have elapsed to the Ikxareyavs. Karuk cere- since its introduction among the whites, it has woven itself scarcely ith this puffing and tossing of at all into their psychology and mythology. Lady Nicotine is en- ,k is strived for, such as hunting shrined among the Whites only as a drug, as a taste, as a habit, along as do many kinds of curing and with the seeking after mild and tasty forms, while the Karuk make the annual new year ceremony tobacco a heritage from the gods, a strange path which juts into this rherever he went and both puffed world and leads to the very ends of magic. ith his kindling of the daily fires. In the way of acknowledgments I can not help but think first of shooters paused to sit and pass the patient Indians whose memories were ransacked for the study. g. The use of tobacco by suck- The late W. E. Safford, of the Bureau of Plant Industry of the Ls the instruments through which Department of Agriculture, assisted with many suggestions. To Mr. vast importance for comparative C. V. Morton, Mr. Paul C. Standley, and Dr. William R. Maxon, of the Division of Plants, United States National Museum, and to e in the sweathouse, so that the Professors W. A. Setchell and W. L. Jepson, of the Department of t the voices of the singers from Botany, University of California, I am indebted for identifications is another purpose attributed to and much valuable information, botanical and otherwise. To Prof. H. E. Bolton, Director of the Bancroft Library, University of Cali- le so filled with tobacco that it fornia, and to Fr. Zephyrin Engelhardt, of Mission Santa Barbara, Ldividuals, gave rise to the name I am indebted for information along another line of California Bd in songs, and produced a color research, and for access to Spanish manuscript sources. The halftone illustrations are from photographs by the author. Drawings of the agh experience with the material Karuk tobacco plant were prepared by Mrs. Mary Wright Gill and this paper, we can state that to by Mrs. Agnes Chase, of the Bureau of Plant Industry, Department uniquely tobacco. The tube in of Agriculture, and Mrs. Gill's rare talent in this line of work made Raruk mind an escapement from them lifelike, in addition to their correctness; but later on Prof. ice to a world of medicine, cere- W. A. Setchell provided me with others more standard because made g out in various ways into the in connection with his special study of the California tobacco species, )ked for pleasure, but always for and these have been substituted for the drawings of Mrs. Wright and t of filling out the daily routine Chase and are here published for the first time. Mrs. George Mullen )lowed by the ancestors. It was prepared with the greatest accuracy of detail the series of drawings t was not personified. Only its illustrating the early stages of making a Karuk tobacco basket. I ised only in the way to produce wish also to express my heartfelt appreciation of the kindness of tom and superstition entirely Mr. and Mrs. W. P. Reese, who assisted the work greatly, of Mrs. stion as to whether it was good B. Shellenbarger, of Dr. Edgar L. Hewett, of Mr. John T. Linkins; one should or should not smoke, Mrs. Walther Kurze; and, last but not least, of Mr. F. W. Hodge ;or. Practically all men smoked, and Dr. J. Walter Fewkes, former chiefs of the bureau, and of Mr. a exactly the same way. Women Matthew W. Stirling, present chief, for furthering this study in Cali- vere doing a man's job and must fornia aboriginal botany and the reachings around of plant custom. t doctors never smoked. Smok- 63044 032.4

A ______-_ - __ __ _

HIARINGTON] TOBACCO AMONG THE

1853 Schooleraft, Henry R., Historica Respecting the History, Condition an of the United States, parts I-VI, P1 II. FA-t p6 xxdrikkyahitihanik pakuntcuphuruaOunatihanik pananu- laries of Indian Languages in No he-raha' Gibbs, Esq., in part III, 1853, pp pp. 440-445. (BIBLIOGRAPHICAL) "Pipe . .. Oh rahm [p. 442] [for 1. Pdmitva pakuntcuphfiruflunatihat payiOiva kuma'bvansas pana- "Tobacco ... Eh h6 rah [p. 44' nuhe-raha '6ok 'i6iv~an8 na tcip 1860 (MENTION OF TOBACCO AMONG THE KARUK) Taylor, Alex S., California Notes, More lengthy mention of tobacco usage among the neighboring California Farmer and Journal of IL tribes can be cited than among the Karuk themselves. What we San Francisco, Feb. 22, 1860, to Oc actually have directly on the Karuk usage in the form of published recorded by G. W. Taggert, vol. 13, i and unpublished documents is meager and is here presented. "Hay-rah, Tobacco [p. 6] [for 'ihx "O-ram, Pipe [p. 6] [for 'uhrd-m, 1852 1877 Bureau of American Ethnology Catalog of Manuscripts no. 846, Powers, Stephen, Tribes of Califo- stock Quoratean, language Arra-arra or Pehtsik, collector George American Ethnology, vol. III, Was] Gibbs, vocabulary in notebook containing 23 pp., 4" x 6". Note- Appendix, , edited by J. V book has original title: Pehtsik Klamath or Arra-Arra. " 1.- Ka'-rok. Obtained by Mr. "The only evidence of agriculture noticed is in the small patches of California, in 1872, from Pa-chi'-i tobacco plants around many of their houses" [p. 5]. alphabet is used [p. 447]. Powers' "leaves of trees ... shrAhn [under the letter LI [for sa"an, leafl." words for tobacco and pipe, or any "pipe ... oo-hoo-rahm [under the letter PI [for 'uhri-m, pipe]." " 2.-Arra-arra. Obtained by Lieu "tobacco ... e-heh-ra [under the letter TI [for 'ihg-raha', to- River, California, and is No. 398, S bacco]." transliterated by Mr. George Gibb Bureau of American Ethnology Catalog of Manuscripts, No. 130, sonian alphabet used. The latter stock Athapascan, Weitspekan, and Quoratean, language Hupa " ¶53.-Tobacco ... [2. Arra-Arra (Alikwa, Arra-arra, etc.), collector George Gibbs, in 1852, place raha', his tobacco]." " Tobacco (na Klamath and Trinity Rivers. [p. 459] [for 'ihg-raha', tobacco]." "Pipe [p. 40] ... oo-hoo-rahm [p. 41] [for 'uhrd-m, pipe]." u-hu-rAm [p. 450] [for 'uhri-m, pipe] "Tobacco [p. 48] ... e-h6h-ra [p. 49] [for 'ih-raha', tobacco]." " 3.-Arra-arra. Obtained by Mr

UNDATED 401, and 403, Smithsonian Collection as it was written in the Smithsoni Bureau of American Ethnology Catalog of Manuscripts, No. 209, Tobacco] [3. Arra-arra] i-he'-ra [p. stock Athapascan, Weitspekan, Quoratean, language Aliquah, Arra "¶[52. Pipe] [3. Arra-arra] u-hu-rdm Arra and Hopah, collector George Crook, place Klamath River, "4.-Peh'-tsik. Obtained by Lieu Calif. language of the Upper Klamath, fror "Pipe [p. 45] ... ooh-hoo-rhwm [p. 46] [for 'uhrd-m, pipe]." His spelling has not been changed "Tobacco [p. 55] ... Mo-hAre-rAh [p. 56] [for muht-raha', his Collections [p. 447]." "¶[53. Tobact tobacco]." [for 'iht-raha, tobacco]." "1[55. P 14 [p. 451] [for 'uhrg,-m, pipe]." HARRINGTON] TOBACCO AMONG THE KARUK INDIANS 15

1853 Schooleraft, Henry R., Historical and Statistical Information, Respecting the History, Condition and Prospects of the Indian Tribes of the United States, parts I-VI, Philadelphia, 1851-1857, Vocabu- )akuntcuphdruoeunatihanik pananu- laries of Indian Languages in Northwest California, by George ,raha' Gibbs, Esq., in part III, 1853, pp. 428-445, Eh-nek vocabulary, pp. 440-445. GRAPHICAL) "Pipe ... Oh rahm [p. 442] [for 'uhrg-m, pipe]." tihat payiduva kuma'&vansas pana- "Tobacco ... Eh h6 rah [p. 442] [for 'iheraha', tobacco]." ; 'i~ivOan6-na-tcip 1860 CO AMONG THE KARUK) Taylor, Alex S., California Notes, The Indianology of California, )acco usage among the neighboring California Farmer and Journal of Useful Sciences, vols. XIII-XX, the Karuk themselves. What we San Francisco, Feb. 22, 1860, to Oct. 30, 1863. Karuk vocabulary aruk usage in the form of published recorded by G. W. Taggert, vol. 13, no. 6, Mar. 23, 1860. ieager and is here presented. "Hay-rah, Tobacco [p. 6] [for 'ih8-raha, tobacco]." "O-ram, Pipe [p. 61 [for 'uhri-m, pipe]." 1852 1877 ry Catalog of Manuscripts no. 846, Powers, Stephen, Tribes of California, in Contributions to North a-arra or Pehtsik, collector George American Ethnology, vol. III, Washington, 1877, pp. 1-635. The containing 23 pp., 4" x 6". Note- Appendix, Linguistics, edited by J. W. Powell, pp. 439-613. Klamath or Arra-Arra. "1.-KaV'-rok. Obtained by Mr. Stephen Powers at Scott's Bar, ,ure noticed is in the small patches of California, in 1872, from Pa-chi'-ta, a chief. The Smithsonian ,heir houses" [p. 5]. alphabet is used [p. 447]. Powers' own vocabulary does not record [under the letter L] [for sa'an, leaf]." words for tobacco and pipe, or any word bearing on tobacco. er the letter P] [for 'uhra-m, pipe]." "2.-Arra-arra. Obtained by Lieut. George Crook on the Klamath or the letter T] [for 'ih-raha', to- River, California, and is No. 398, Smithsonian Collections. It was transliterated by Mr. George Gibbs, in No. 358, and the Smith- ,y Catalog of Manuscripts, No. 130, sonian alphabet used. The latter number is here given [p. 447]." and Quoratean, language Hupa "¶53.-Tobacco ... [2. Arra-Arra] mo-her-ra [p. 450] [for muh8-- ctor George Gibbs, in 1852, place raha', his tobacco]." "¶JTobacco (native) ... [2. Arra-arra] e-h6-ra [p. 459] [for 'ih6-raha', tobacco]." "¶55. Pipe ... [2. Arra-arra] m [p. 41] [for 'uhr&-m, pipe]." u-hu-rAm [p. 450] [for 'uhri-m, pipe]." ra [p. 49] [for 'ih-raha', tobacco]." " 3.-Arra-arra. Obtained by Mr. George Gibbs. It is Nos. 359, 401, and 403, Smithsonian Collections. No. 401 has been used here, rDATED as it was written in the Smithsonian alphabet [p. 447]." "¶[53. ry Catalog of Manuscripts, No. 209, Tobacco] [3. Arra-arra] i-he'-ra [p. 451] [for 'ih8Taha', tobacco]." Quoratean, language Aliquah, Arra ¶1[52. Pipe] [3. Arra-arra] u-hu-ram [p. 451] [for 'uhra-m, pipe.]" orge Crook, place Klamath River, "4.-Peh'-tsik. Obtained by Lieut. Edw. Ross, who says it is the language of the Upper Klamath, from the Indians of Red Cap's Bar. wm [p. 46] [for 'uhrf-m, pipe]." His spelling has not been changed. It is No. 318, Smithsonian ire-rhh [p. 56] [for muh6-raha', his Collections [p. 447]." "¶[53. Tobacco] [4. Peh'-tsik] heh-rah [p. 451] [for 'ihl-raha, tobacco]." "¶[55. Pipe] [4. Peh'-tsik] ag-hu-rahm' [p. 451] [for 'uhr&tIm, pipe]." BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY 16 ANu. 94 HARRINGTON] TOBACCO AMONG TH

" 5.-Eh-nek. Obtained by George Gibbs, and published in School- section on the Karuk language craft, Part III, page 440, from which it has been taken; the orthog- tobacco]. raphy is not changed. On page 422 of that volume, Mr. Gibbs says 192 that "Ehnek is the name of a band at the mouth of the Salmon or Quoratem River" [p. 447]. "¶[53. Tobacco] [5. Eh-nek] eh-he'-rah Dixon, Roland B., Words for T, [p. 451] [for 'ih6Taha', tobacco.]" "¶[55. Pipe] [5. Eh-nek] oh-rahm guages, American Anthropologist, [p. 451] [for 'uhrq-m, pipe.]" 1921, pp. 19-49. 1878 "Thus we have Karok -hera [p. for tobacco; for the last three syllal Bureau of American Ethnology Catalog of Manuscripts No. 845, stock Quoratean, collector A. S. Gatschet (obtained from Joseph A. 192 Thompson), place San Francisco, Calif., date Jan. 1878, remarks Olden, Sarah Emilia, Karoc Indh vocabulary, 6 pp. 10" X 14". (Also a copy.) [Does not contain any "Pipe ... Ooharalun [p. 190] [f( words bearing on tobacco. It is interesting in that it was obtained from a white man who had lived with the Indians.] 192 1889 Kroeber, A. L., Handbook of the American Ethnology Bulletin 78, Bureau of American Ethnology Catalog of Manuscripts No. 847, Karok, pp. 98-108. [The section stock Quoratean, language Ehnek, collector Jeremiah Curtin, place anything bearing on Karuk tobacco Klamath River, Calif., date June-July 1889, remarks: Powell Introd., 50 pp., partly filled. Title page: Ehnik Tribe [crossed out]. Ehnikan 2. Pftmitva pakuntcuphdruounatih Family [crossed out]. Quoratean family. [The preceding not in kuma'ArA-ras mi Curtin's hand]. Tribe, Ehnikan (ardr). Locality: Klamath River from Bluff Creek, Humboldt Co., Cal., to Happy Camp, Siskiyou (MENTION OF TOBACCO AMO Co., Cal. Recorded by Jeremiah Curtin. Date of Record: June Under the foregoing heading all t and July 1889. Closely related to Gatschet's Ara, which see. No. others bearing directly on Karuk to 845. Hewitt. [The last 10 words in J. N. B. Hewitt's hand.] tion of tobacco among certain neigh "35. Pipe, of stone ... d'sdhuram [p. 89] [for 'as6ra'am, stone for the sake of comparison. Most, pipe]." [This is the only word recorded bearing on tobacco.] known sources and no attempt at 1906-1907 linguistic material has been made treatment of the tribes in questiol Denny, Melcena Burns, Orleans Indian Legends, Outwest, vol. 25, Fletcher has been included here me] pp. 37-40 (July 1906), 161-166 (Aug. 1906), 268-271 (Sept. 1906), of the species of tobacco used by the vol. 25, 373-375 (Oct. 1906), 451-454 (Nov. 1906), vol. 26, pp. 73-80 Indians mentioned by Father Lasi (Jan. 1907), 168-170 (Feb. 1907), 267-268 (Mar. 1907). [This discovered by the writer in the Bai series of articles does not record anything bearing on tobacco.] to Nicotiana bigelovii var. typica. 1907 162 Merriam, C. Hart, Names for Tobacco in 56 California Dialects, It is interesting that the account ( 1907, Bureau of American Ethnology MS. No. 1563. [Does not the Indians of presumably Drak( contain Karuk words.] July 23, 1579, makes mention not c 1911 baskets and bags of it, and especially Kroeber, A. L., The Languages of the Coast of California North of paper, since the tobacco used by tb San Francisco, University of California Publications in American as that used by the Karuk, Nicoti Archeology and Ethnology, vol. 9, no. 3, pp. 273-435, Apr. 1911, --

ERICAN ETHNOLOGY FBtu. 94 HARRINGTON] TOBACCO AMONG THE KARUK INDIANS 17 eorge Gibbs, and published in School- section on the Karuk language [contains no words bearing on which it has been taken; the orthog- tobacco]. N 422 of that volume, Mr. Gibbs says 1921 band at the mouth of the Salmon or 1[53. Tobacco] [5. Eh-nek] eh-he'-rah Dixon, Roland B., Words for Tobacco in American Indian Lan- " "1[55. Pipel [5. Eh-nek] oh-rahm guages, American Anthropologist, N. S., vol. 23, no. 1, Jan.-Mar. 1921, pp. 19-49. 1878 "Thus we have Karok -hera [p. 30]." [Given as the Karuk word for tobacco; for the last three syllables of 'iht-raha', tobacco.] ,y Catalog of Manuscripts No. 845, Gatschet (obtained from Joseph A. 1923 lo, Calif., date Jan. 1878, remarks Olden, Sarah Emilia, Karoc Indian Stories, San Francisco. 1923. klso a copy.) [Does not contain any "Pipe ... Ooharalun [p. 190] [for 'uhri-m, pipe]." s interesting in that it was obtained . with the Indians.] 1925 1889 Kroeber, A. L., Handbook of the Indians of California, Bureau of American Ethnology Bulletin 78, Washington, 1925, chap. 5, The ,y Catalog of Manuscripts No. 847, Karok, pp. 98-108. [The section on the Karuk does not contain Dk, collector Jeremiah Curtin, place anything bearing on Karuk tobacco.] -July 1889, remarks: Powell Introd., Ehnik Tribe [crossed out]. Ehnikan 2. Pftmitva pakuntcuphdruounatihat payiedva kuma'Avansas payfO an family. [The preceding not in kuma'5rA-ras mukunih8-raha' n (drar). Locality: Klamath River Jo., Cal., to Happy Camp, Siskiyou (MENTION OF TOBACCO AMONG NEIGHBORING TRIBES) ah Curtin. Date of Record: June Under the foregoing heading all the material available recorded by to Gatschet's Ara, which see. No. others bearing directly on Karuk tobacco has been assembled. Men- Ls in J. N. B. Hewitt's hand.] tion of tobacco among certain neighboring Indian tribes is here added huram [p. 89] [for 'as6ra'am, stone for the sake of comparison. Most of these quotations are from well- ecorded bearing on tobacco.] known sources and no attempt at completeness or incorporation of 16-1907 linguistic material has been made, this being reserved for special treatment of the tribes in question later on. The quotation from ns Indian Legends, Outwest, vol. 25, Fletcher has been included here merely because it is the first mention (Aug. 1906), 268-271 (Sept. 1906), of the species of tobacco used by the Karuk, the tobacco of Monterey L-454 (Nov. 1906), vol. 26, pp. 73-80 Indians mentioned by Father Lasuen in his letter to Galves, 17-, )07), 267-268 (Mar. 1907). [This discovered by the writer in the Bancroft Library, probably referring anything bearing on tobacco.] to Nicotiana bigelovii var. typica. 1907 1628 Tobacco in 56 California Dialects, It is interesting that the account of Sir Francis Drake's visit among hnology MS. No. 1563. [Does not the Indians of presumably Drake's Bay, California, June 17 to July 23, 1579, makes mention not only of their tobacco, but of both 1911 baskets and bags of it, and especially so in connection with the present s of the Coast of California North of paper, since the tobacco used by those Indians was the same species California Publications in American as that used by the Karuk, Nicotianxa bigelovii var. exaltata, which . 9, no. 3, pp. 273-435, Apr. 1911, iT__

HARRINCTON] 18 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [BULL 94 TOBACCO AMONG THI

extended down the coast as far as San Francisco Bay and was the 178 only species., Fletcher, telling of Drake's visit i "The next day, after our comming to anchor in the aforesaid coast from the Karuk region and hf harbour, the people of the countrey shewed themselues, sending off the first to mention the tobacco a man with great expedition to vs in a canow. Who being yet but a exaltata, also tobacco baskets and t( little from the shoare, and a great way from our ship, spake to vs Maurello, in his journal of the voyag continually as he came rowing on. And at last at a reasonable dis- 1775, telling of Bodega's visit to the tance staying himselfe, he began more solemnely a long and tedious had merely a seacoast variety of t] oration, after his manner: vsing in the deliuerie thereof many gestures mention and describe the pipes used and signes, mouing his hands, turning his head and body many gardens of it. wayes; and after his oration ended, with great shew of reuerence and "They used tobacco, which they submission returned backe to shoare againe. He shortly came againe in form of a trumpet, and procurec the second time in like manner, and so the third time, when he brought had planted it*." *"It need scare with him (as a present from the rest) a bunch of feathers, much like an indigenous plant in North Ameri the feathers of a blacke crow, very neatly and artificially gathered vpon a string, and drawne together into a round bundle; being verie 182' cleane and finely cut, and bearing in length an equall proportion one with another; a speciall cognizance (as wee afterwards obserued) The following diary note on India which they that guard their kings person weare on their heads. With was written by a Scotch botanist, I this also he brought a little basket made of rushes, and filled with an behalf of the Royal Horticultural ' herbe which they called Tabdh. Both which being tyed to a short Fort Vancouver, on the Columbia B rodde, he came into our boate. Our Generall intended to haue recom- The specimen of Nicotiana multivah penced him immediately with many good things he would haue of several plant specimens collected ( bestowed on him; but entring into the boate to deliuer the same, he Vancouver down the Columbia RivE could not be drawne to receiue them by any meanes, saue one hat, (Douglas's "Multnomah") River ai which being cast into the water out of the ship, he tooke vp (refusing 56 miles up that river or 56 miles fi vtterly to meddle with any other thing, though it were vpon a board between the dates of August 19 and put off vnto him) and so presently made his returne. After which B. Pipes of the Oregon Historical S time our boate could row no way, but wondring at vs as at gods, they of the Bureau of American Ethno] would follow the same with admiration .. la points in tracing the route of Doug] "Against the end of two daies (during which time they had not The Willamette River has a nort againe beene with vs), there was gathered together a great assembly Sauvie Island between them. Th of men, women, and children (inuited by the report of them which situated on the north bank of the Cc first saw vs, who, as it seems, had in that time of purpose dispersed its mouth and between 5 and 6 m themselues into the country, to make knowne the newes), who came mouth of the Willamette River. ( now the second time vnto vs, bringing with them, as before had beene point of the trip on which Dougla! done, feathers and bagges of Tobdh for presents, or rather indeed was situated on the site of the presen for sacrifices, vpon this perswasion that we were gods."2 States military post, which adjoins east or upriver side. Fort Vancou 'N. glauca, introduced from South America (see pp. 35-36), now Bay Company in 1824 and was ti also grows wild in this region. This makes two wild tobacco species, 1846. After that date it was occup e. g., in Mendocino County, and both are used by the Pomo and few men until its final abandonmen neighboring Indians; formerly there was only the one species. 3 Barrington, Daines, Miscellanii la Fletcher, Francis, The World Encompassed by Sir Francis Drake, London, 1628, edition of 1854, p. 119. in 1775, to explore the Western Cof 2 Ibid., p. 122. p. 489 and fn. -

19 9BICAN ETHNOLOGY [BULL 94 EARRINGTON] TOBACCO AMONG THE KARUK INDIANS

as San Francisco Bay and was the 1781 Fletcher, telling of Drake's visit to a tribe considerably down the mming to anchor in the aforesaid coast from the Karuk region and having quite a different culture, is rey shewed themselues, sending off the first to mention the tobacco species, Nicotiana bigelovii var. Ain a canow. Who being yet but a exaltata, also tobacco baskets and tobacco bags. Francisco Antonio at way from our ship, spake to vs Maurello, in his journal of the voyage of Juan Francisco de la Bodega, l. And at last at a reasonable dis- 1775, telling of Bodega's visit to the Yuruk Indians of Trinidad, who more solemnely a long and tedious had merely a seacoast variety of the Karuk culture, is the first to i the deliuerie thereof many gestures mention and describe the pipes used for smoking this species, and the turning his head and body many gardens of it. d, with great shew of reuerence and '"Theyused tobacco, which they smoaked in small wooden pipes, tre againe. He shortly came againe in form of a trumpet, and procured from little gardens where they d so the third time, when he brought had planted it*." *"It need scarcely be observed that tobacco is rest) a bunch of feathers, much like an indigenous plant in North America, as it is also in Asia."8 3ry neatly and artificially gathered er into a round bundle; being verie 1825 in length an equall proportion one The following diary note on Indian tobacco in what is now Oregon nce (as wee afterwards obserued) person weare on their heads. With was written by a Scotch botanist, David Douglas, when traveling in t made of rushes, and filled with an behalf of the Royal Horticultural Society, of London, England, at Fort Vancouver, on the Columbia River, under date of Aug. 19,1825. Both which being tyed to a short The specimen of Nicotiana multivalvis Lindl. described by him is one 'ur Generall intended to haue recom- of several plant specimens collected on a trip made by canoe from Fort nany good things he would haue Vancouver down the Columbia River to the mouth of the Willamette o the boate to deliuer the same, he (Douglas's "Multnomah") River and up that river to a point either hem by any meanes, saue one hat, 56 miles up that river or 56 miles from Fort Vancouver, and return, it of the ship, he tooke vp (refusing between the dates of August 19 and 30, inclusive, 1825. Miss Nellie thing, though it were vpon a board B. Pipes of the Oregon Historical Society and Dr. John R. Swanton ;ly made his returne. After which of the Bureau of American Ethnology have assisted me at several but wondring at vs as at gods, they points in tracing the route of Douglas. mation .. .la The Willamette River has a northern and a southern mouth with (during which time they had not Sauvie Island between them. The present town of Vancouver is gathered together a great assembly situated on the north bank of the Columbia River about 90 miles from uited by the report of them which its mouth and between 5 and 6 miles upstream from the southern purpose dispersed i in that time of mouth of the Willamette River. Old Fort Vancouver, the starting lake knowne the newes), who came point of the trip on which Douglas collected his tobacco specimen, ging with them, as before had beene was situated on the site of the present Vancouver Barracks, the United bdh for presents, or rather indeed States military post, which adjoins the town of Vancouver on the we were gods." 2 a that east or upriver side. Fort Vancouver was founded by the Hudson )uth America (see pp. 35-36), now Bay Company in 1824 and was their principal establishment until uis makes two wild tobacco species, 1846. After that date it was occupied by the company's clerk and a I both are used by the Pomo and few men until its final abandonment in 1860. ,re was only the one species. 3Barrington, Daines, Miscellanies, Journal of a Spanish Voyage Encompassed by Sir Francis Drake, in 1775, to explore the Western Coast of N. America, London, 1781. 119. p. 489 and fn. 20 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [BULL. 94 nARRINGTON] TOBACCO AMONG THJ

Miss Pipes has been good enough to look up and trace for me the in the Rocky Mountains, or on the T early applications of the name Multnomah as follows: Captain Clark, am inclined to think it must be in tl of the Lewis and Clark expedition, explored about 6 miles of the the hunters it is more abundant tc Willamette River but designates the whole river by the name of amongst the Snake Indians, who freE Multnomah, stating that it was so called from a tribe of Indians ing the head-waters of the Missouri of that name living on its banks. Samuel Parker, a missionary who both directions. I have seen only was there in 1835, applies the name only to the section which flows an Indian two months since at thi down the southern side of Wapato [Sauvie's] Island, a distance of and although I offered him 2 ounces c about 6 miles. Dr. Forbes Barclay, a physician of the Hudson's Bay on no consideration part with it. 9 Co. who came to Fort Vancouver in 1837, said it was the Multnomah although I made diligent search for from the mouth to the Clackamas Rapids (about 25 miles). How- until now. They do not cultivate i ever, the name Multnomah is now forgotten and the whole river from it should be taken for use before r its source to its mouth is named the wood is chosen where there is dead Willamette. the seed in the ashes. Fortunately I i' The falls mentioned by Douglas are tions and supplied myself with see( Willamette Falls, and are situated in On my way home I met the ownei VANCOUVERw the Willamette River opposite the south appeared to be much displeased; b \\4, end of the town of Oregon City, which finger-lengths of tobacco from Eur( stands on the east bank of the Willa- we became good friends. He then I mette. Willamette Falls are 28 or 30 PO}?rLAND a cultivating it. He told me that wo( poRTLA4Y~e= miles upstream from the southern I was much pleased with the idea of River. 0 mouth of the Willamette that even the savages on the Coluh It is impossible to tell from Douglas's duced on vegetation by the use of ci account to what tribe the tobacco and their uses gained him another i O19loN Cir garden from which he obtained his specimen belonged. The N6malnomax we were all in all. S." 7 MILES (Multnomah), of Chinookan stock, had 187 FIOURE 2.-Map showing places visited villages along the lowermost course of Powers tells of the eagerness of tl by Douglas the Willamette, notably at Sauvies smoking tobacco: Island, formerly mentioned as Wapato Island and as Multnomah Island. "Sometimes, when wandering o The language around Oregon City and farther up the Willamette hills of the coast, keeping a sharp was Kalapuyan. The tribe was doubtless either Chinookan or have seen a half dozen tatterdemf Kalapuyan. (Fig. 2.) saldl-berries, when they saw me, q " (447) Nicotiana pulverulenta 4(?) of Pursh, correctly supposed by fingers and lips stained gory-red by Nuttall to exist on the Columbia; whether its original habitat is here through the bushes with their tw( 4 "This must be a slip of Douglas's, as the only specific name in shoulders and laughing with a wild Nicotiana for which Pursh is the authority is quadrivalvis, Pursh, Fl. 5 Celilo Falls, 14 miles east or upst Am. Sept. i, p. 141." This footnote and the question mark in miles up the Columbia from the site parenthesis following the reference to it are added by W. Wilks and Historical Quarterly for June, 1915, H. R. Hutchinson, who edited Douglas's journal. The editors did and Celilo Canal. not know that the locality alone is sufficient for determining that the ° Potash, rather. specimen which Douglas obtained was not N. quadrivalvis Pursh but I Douglas, David, Journal kept N. multivalvis Lindl.; Douglas was the discoverer of N. multivalvis travels in North America 1823-1827 Lindl. See my quotation from Setchell. the Royal Horticultural Society, I &ERICAN ETHNOLOGY [BUJLL.94 HARRINGTON] TOBACCO AMONG THE KARUK INDIANS 21 ough to look up and trace for me the Iultnomah as follows: Captain Clark, in the Rocky Mountains, or on the Missouri, I am unable to say, but ition, explored about 6 miles of the am inclined to think it must be in the mountains. I am informed by ,es the whole river by the name of the hunters it is more abundant towards them and particularly so as so called from a tribe of Indians amongst the Snake Indians, who frequently visit the Indians inhabit- 3. Samuel Parker, a missionary who ing the head-waters of the Missouri by whom it might be carried in iame only to the section which flows both directions. I have seen only one plant before, in the hand of pato [Sauvie's] Island, a distance of an Indian two months since at the Great Falls of the Columbia,' lay, a physician of the Hudson's Bay and although I offered him 2 ounces of manufactured tobacco he would *rin 1837, said it was the Multnomah on no consideration part with it. The natives cultivate it here, and Las Rapids (about 25 miles). How- although I made diligent search for it, it never came under my notice *wforgotten and the whole river from until now. They do not cultivate it near their camps or lodges, lest ; source to its mouth is named the it should be taken for use before maturity. An open place in the illamette. wood is chosen where there is dead wood, which they burn, and sow The falls mentioned by Douglas are the seed in the ashes. Fortunately I met with one of the little planta- illamette Falls, and are situated in tions and supplied myself with seeds and specimens without delay. eWillametteRiveropposite the south On my way home I met the owner, who, seeing it under my arm, d of the town of Oregon City, which appeared to be much displeased; but by presenting him with two tnds on the east bank of the Willa- finger-lengths of tobacco from his wrath was appeased, and *tte. Willamette Falls are 28 or 30 we became good friends. He then gave me the above description of les upstream from the southern cultivating it. He told me that wood ashes made it grow very large. )uth of the Willamette River. I was much pleased with the idea of using wood ashes. Thus we see it is impossible to tell from Douglas's that even the savages on the Columbia know the good effects pro- ,ount to what tribe the tobacco duced on vegetation by the use of carbon.' His knowledge of plants -den from which he obtained his and their uses gained him another finger-length. When we smoked scimen belonged. The Nemalnomax we were all in all. S." 7 ultnomah), of Chinookan stock, had 1877 ages along the lowermost course of Powers tells of the Willamette, notably at eagerness of the Yuruk in asking for American Sauvies smoking iato Island and as Multnomah tobacco: Island. "Sometimes, ty and farther up the Willamette when wandering on the great, ferny, wind-swept hills of the coast, keeping a 5 doubtless either Chinookan or sharp weather-eye out for the trail, I have seen a half dozen tatterdemalion , engaged in picking saldl-berries, when they saw (?) of Pursh, correctly supposed by me, quit their employment with their fingers and lips stained whether its original habitat is here gory-red by the juice, and come rushing down through the bushes with their two club-queues bouncing on their flas's, as the only specific name in shoulders and laughing with a wild lunatic laugh that made my hair authority is quadrivalvis, Pursh, Fl. tnote and the question mark in 6 Celilo Falls, 14 miles east or upstream of The Dalles and about 105 miles e to it are added by W. Wilks and up the Columbia from the site of Fort Vancouver. The Oregon Historical 'ouglas's journal. The editors did Quarterly for June, 1915, has a number of articles on Celilo and Celilo sufficient for determining that the Canal. 6 Potash, was not N. quadrivalvis Pursh rather. but Douglas, is the discoverer of N. multivalvis David, Journal kept by David Douglas during his tchell. travels in North America 1823-1827, published under the direction of the Royal Horticultural Society, London, 1914, p. 141.

I HARRINGTON] TOBACCO AMONG T 22 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [BULL. 94 stand on end. But they were never on 'butcher deeds' intent, 18 and never made any forey on me more terrible than the insinuating In his report on the Ray collectio question, 'Got any tobac?"' 8 Gaston on the Hupa Indian Res Wedged in between Yokots information, Powers also gives one tobacco as follows: sentence of information furnished to him by A. W. Chase to the effect "CPIPES AN that "the Klamaths" raise tobacco and no other plant. That by "the Klamaths" the Indians of the lower Klamath River is here to "The Indians of northern CE be understood is indicated by the frontispiece of Powers's book, which tobacco, (( is a sketch of a lower Klamath River llvinghouse and sweathouse, the der). It was smoked alone or i exact locality of which has not yet been identified by me, but is surely (Arctostaphylos glauca). Mr. Po in the Karuk-Yuruk area. The next sentence, following the dash, is peppery taste in the pipe, which i evidently Powers's own observation. The sentence following that, "The pipes are conoidal in shi speaking of having seen tobacco growing on earth-covered lodges, stone alone, or latterly of stone E may be a reminiscence of what Powers had seen when on the Klamath, further on. (Plates VIII-IX, Fig which he had visited before visiting the Yokots, in which case the a pipe would be a hollow reed, or lodges referred to would be sweathouses, and the growing of tobacco ited in one end. A plain cone of on Karuk sweathouses has been mentioned by several informants and artificial series. (Fig. 61.) Rud is described on page 78. The last sentence quoted refers again to laurel or manzanita and shaped the Yokots. I give the information from Chase in its setting, so one of the single-handed warclubi that the reader can interpret for himself: The length of stem is about 11 ince "Around old camps and corrals there is found a wild tobacco (pan), eter of bowl, 2 inches; of stem, which Prof. Asa Gray pronounces Nicotiana quadrivalvis and Professor shaped cavity, very shallow. Bolander N. plumbaginifolia. It is smoked alone or mixed with dried looking as though it has been ce manzanita leaves (Arctostyphilos glauca), and has pungent, peppery fish-knife. taste in the pipe which is not disagreeable. Mr. A. W. Chase, in a "The next grade of pipes are letter to the author, states the Klamaths cultivate it-the only described in type, but very ne instance of aboriginal cultivation known in California. I think the 14 inches long and Yf6ths of an in Indians never cultivated it more than this, that they scattered the inches in diameter. The bowl is seeds about camp and then took care not to injure the growing plants. 1 inch in diameter. (Fig. 64.) I have even seen them growing finely on their earth-covered lodges. "A small pipe of soapstone i The pipe, pan'-em-ku-lah, is generally made of serpentine (or of wood pipe is presented in its simplest f nowadays), shaped like a cigar-holder, from four to six inches long, "There are also pipes of fine-g round, and with a bowl nearly an inch in diameter." I resembling in shape a ball bat,, Powers's Fig. 43, opp. p. 426, accompanying his chapter on "Aborigi- thickest part. A very notewol nal Botany," is reproduced as P1. 29 of this paper, and shows northern extreme thinness of the walls. California pipes and pipe sack; for the identification of these with Nat. where it is thickest, the stone Mus. catalog numbers, provenance of specimens, and for identification inch, while through the upper p with illustrations run by Mason and again by McGuire see explana- of an inch in thickness. The ct tion of P1. 29. rings which appear in stone that longitudinal scratches fill the inn 8 Powers, Stephen, Tribes of California, in Contributions to North " The only solution of this E American Ethnology, Vol. III, Washington, 1877, p. 55. excavated by the use of a file oi 9Ibid., section on aboriginal botany, p. 426. of its interior, this pipe is conni the mounds called telescopes by

c-- 'RICAN ETHNOLOGY [BULL. 94 OHARRINOTON] TOBACCO AMONG THE KARUK INDIANS 23

never on 'butcher deeds' intent, 1886 more terrible than the insinuating In his report on the Ray collection made by Lieut. P. H. Ray at Fort Gaston on the Hupa Indian Reservation in 1885, Mason mentions riformation, Powers also gives one tobacco as follows: to him by A. W. Chase to the effect " PIPES AND SMOKING cco and no other plant. That by the lower Klamath River is here to "The Indians of northern California smoked formerly a wild frontispiece of Powers's book, which tobacco, Nicotiana quadrivalvis (Gray), N. plumbaginifolioe (Bolan- ver livinghouse and sweathouse, the der). It was smoked alone or mixed with dry manzanita leaves been identified by me, but is surely (Arctostaphylos glauca). Mr. Powers says that it has a pungent, lext sentence, following the dash, is peppery taste in the pipe, which is not disagreeable. ion. The sentence following that, "The pipes are conoidal in shape, and are either of wood alone, , growing on earth-covered lodges, stone alone, or latterly of stone and wood combined, as will appear wers had seen when on the Klamath, further on. (Plates VIII-IX, Figs. 61-73.) The beginning of such Sing the Yokots, in which case the a pipe would be a hollow reed, or pithy stem, with the tobacco depos- houses, and the growing of tobacco ited in one end. A plain cone of wood fitted for smoking starts the Mentioned by several informants and artificial series. (Fig. 61.) Rude pipes are cut out of one piece of Lst sentence quoted refers again to laurel or manzanita and shaped like a fisherman's wood maul or ,tion from Chase in its setting, so one of the single-handed warclubs of the Pueblo Indians. (Fig. 62.) iimself: The length of stem is about 11 inches; length of bowl, 2%inches; diam- there is found a wild tobacco (pan), eter of bowl, 2 inches; of stem, % of an inch. The bowl is a cup- Nicotiana quadrivalvis and Professor shaped cavity, very shallow. The whole specimen is very rude, s smoked alone or mixed with dried looking as though it has been chipped out with a hatchet or heavy glauca), and has pungent, peppery fish-knife. agreeable. Mr. A. W. Chase, in a "The next grade of pipes are of hard wood resembling the last Klamaths cultivate it-the only described in type, but very neatly finished. The stem is about known in California. I think the 14 inches long and V%6ths of an inch thick. The head is spherical, 1% than this, that they scattered the inches in diameter. The bowl is cup-shaped and the cavity nearly are not to injure the growing plants. 1 inch in diameter. (Fig. 64.) nely on their earth-covered lodges. "A small pipe of soapstone is also used, in which the straight ally made of serpentine (or of wood pipe is presented in its simplest form. (Fig. 65.) Length, 2%inches. lder, from four to six inches long, "There are also pipes of fine-grained sandstone of graceful outline, inch in diameter." 9 resembling in shape a ball bat, 7 inches long, 7% inches wide in the ompanying his chapter on "Aborigi- thickest part. A very noteworthy thing about this pipe is the 29 of this paper, and shows northern extreme thinness of the walls. (Fig. 63.) At the mouth part, the identification of these with Nat. where it is thickest, the stone does not exceed one-eighth of an of specimens, and for identification inch, while through the upper portion it is less than one-sixteenth Ind again by McGuire see explana- of an inch in thickness. The cavity does not present the series of rings which appear in stone that has been bored out, but innumerable longitudinal scratches fill the inner surface. lifornia, in Contributions to North "The only solution of this appearance is that the interior was ashington, 1877, p. 55. excavated by the use of a file or other hard tool. By the great size ;any, p. 426. of its interior, this pipe is connected with the tubular objects from the mounds called telescopes by some, sucking tubes by others, and r-r

24 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY IBULL. 94 HARRINGTON] TOBACCO AMONG THE pipes by others. (See Dr. Abbott's paper in Wheeler's Survey West Mason's plates 15 and 16 illustral of One Hundredth Meridian, Vol. VII, pl. VII and text.) figured by Powers (see explanation of "The stone pipes were taken from old graves, and this kind are specimens not shown by Powers are i now no longer in use. Mason, P1. 15, Nos. 63 and 65 al "We have, again, a little pipe no larger than some cigarette hold- California. ers. (Fig. 66.) Except in its diminutive size and simplicity, it Mason, P1. 15, No. 67=Nat. Mus. might have served as a model for the three to be next described or Lt. P. H. Ray.=McGuire, Fig. 31. for the type specimen mentioned at the head of this list. Length, Mason, P1. 16, No. 68= Nat. Mus. 2% inches; greatest width, three-fourths of an inch; depth of bowl, by Green.=McGuire, Fig. 32. (M %ths of an inch. (See Powers, Fig. 43.) stone pipe.") "They likewise use a tapering pipe of hard wood, 12% inches long, Mason, P1. 16, No. 70=Nat. Ml 1% inches wide at the larger end. What may be called the stem is lected by Lt. P. H. Ray. =McGuire, 7% inches long. The other portion is carved by a series of octagons Mason, P1. 16, No. 71.=Nat. Mu and chamfers which give to the specimen quite an ornamental ap- Band, Hasha [sic] Valley, Calif.," pearance. (Fig. 69.) The bowl is %ths of an inch wide and 2 inches McGuire, Fig. 35. deep. This example has been smoked a great deal, being charred Mason, PI. 16, No. 73. =McGuirn very much in the bowl. (Collected by Livingston Stone. Compare be found in the Nat. Mus. collection 5, Plate IX, Dr. Abbott's paper in Wheeler's Survey West Figs. 2 and 18C of One Hundredth Meridian, Vol. VII.) "Other beautifully finished pipes of the same type, evidently McGuire, in his interesting con greatest turned in a lathe to please the Hupa fancy, are kept with the smoking, which lacks only the re They care in leather pouches made for the purpose. (Figs. 71, 73.) have made it many times more v fea- are made of different woods highly polished. The remarkable on northern California smoking, v at ture is the bowl of serpentine set in a tapering shouldered socket messing up of Mason's wording in the wide end of the stem, and the whole turned and polished. The McGuire thinks he is talking about bowl is a conical cavity in serpentine. talking about specimens from all o "The next example consists of a pipe and case. The pipe has a stem "The Indians of northern Calif In gen- shaped like a club or ball bat, and a bowl of compact steatite. Mason, formerly smoked a wilk and they eral features pipes of this class resemble the cigarette holder, (Pursh) N. plumbaginifolia, which are found among the Utes and Mohaves, as well as in the mounds. the dry manzanita leaves, Arctostap "When it is remembered that many Indians recline while smoking, peppery taste which is not disagree it will be seen that this is the only sensible form of the pipe for them. as Professor Mason says, conoidal hold "Their tobacco pouches of basket-work are ovoid in form and stone alone, or latterly of stone an about 1 quart. (Plate VIII, Fig. 67.) They are made of twined "Fig. 25 1"&is simply a cone cut weaving in bands of brown and checkered grass, so common in the It is 13 inches long with a great loops are basketry of the Klamaths as to be typical. Six buckskin gradually to 14 inches at the smi attached to the rim of this basket in such a manner that their apexes in two one-third of the way from meet in the center of the opening. A long string is fastened to the apex of one loop and passed through all the others serially to close 10 " The Ray Collection from I the mouth of the pouch. Heights, 6 inches; width of mouth, 2% port, 1886, pt. 1, p. 219." inches. " "I 11 McGuire, Joseph D., Pipes a] can Aborigines, based on Mater' 9a Mason, Otis T., The Ray Collection from Hupa Reservation, Report of the U. S. National N 1889, pp. Smithsonian Report for 1886, pt. 1, Washington, D. C., 5 plates. Washington, 1899, p. 205-239, quotation from pp. 219-220. Plates 15 and 16 illustrate "a From McCloud River, Calif pipes, pipesack and tobacco basket. ERICAN ETHNOLOGY IBULL. 94 IfARIINGTON] TOBACCO AMONG THE KARTJK INDIANS 25

tt's paper in Wheeler's Survey West Mason's plates 15 and 16 illustrate some of the same specimens )l. VII, pl. VII and text.) figured by Powers (see explanation of PI. 29 for identifications). The from old graves, and this kind are specimens not shown by Powers are identified as follows: Mason, PI. 15, Nos. 63 and 65 are all-stone pipes from southern some cigarette hold- no larger than California. diminutive size and simplicity, it Mason, P1. 15, No. 67 =Nat. Mus. No. 126520, Hupa, collected by or the three to be next described or Lt. P. H. Ray. =McGuire, Fig. 31. d at the head of this list. Length, Mason, P1. 16, No. 68=Nat. Mus. No. 76198, "Shasta," collected -fourths of an inch; depth of bowl, by Green.=McGuire, Fig. 32. (Mistitled by McGuire "wood and Pig. 43.) stone pipe.") pipe of hard wood, 12M inches long, Mason, P1. 16, No. 70=Nat. Mus. No. 77182, Hupa, Calif., col- 1. What may be called the stem is lected by Lt. P. H. Ray.=McGuire, Fig. 34. ion is carved by a series of octagons Mason, P1. 16, No. 71.=Nat. Mus. No. 77179, "Natano [=Hupa] ! specimen quite an ornamental ap- Band, Hasha [sic] Valley, Calif.," collected by Lieut. P. H. Ray.= is 7ths of an inch wide and 2 inches McGuire, Fig. 35. ;moked a great deal, being charred Mason, P1. 16, No. 73.=McGuire, Fig. 37. This pipesack cannot ted by Livingston Stone. Compare be found in the Nat. Mus. collections. )tt's paper in Wheeler's Survey West 1. VII.) 1899 ?ipes of the same type, evidently ipa fancy, are kept with the greatest McGuire, in his interesting compilation on Indian tobacco and the-purpose. (Figs. 71, 73.) They smoking, which lacks only the results of field work which would hly polished. The remarkable fea- have made it many times more valuable, gives only the following , in a tapering shouldered socket at on northern California smoking, which is only a paraphrasing and ie whole turned and polished. The messing up of Mason's wording made more vicious by the fact that ntine. McGuire thinks he is talking about Hupa specimens when he is really t pipe and case. The pipe has a stem talking about specimens from all over northern California. a bowl of compact steatite. In gen- "The Indians of northern California, according to Prof. Otis T. iemble the cigarette holder, and they Mason, formerly smoked a wild tobacco, Nicotiana quadrivalvis Johaves, as well as in the mounds. (Pursh) N. plumbaginifoliac, which they smoked alone or mixed with nany Indians recline while smoking, the dry manzanita leaves, Arctostaphylos glauca, said to have a pungent, peppery taste which is not disagreeable. The pipes of the Hupa are, F sensible form of the pipe for them. iet-work are ovoid in form and hold as Professor Mason says, conoidal in shape, and are of wood alone, g. 67.) They are made of twined stone alone, or latterly of stone and wood combined. .. . 10 " 11 checkered grass, so common in the "Fig. 25 "a is simply a cone cut apparently from manzanita wood. be typical. Six buckskin loops are It is 13 inches long with a greatest diameter of 2 inches, tapering in such a manner that their apexes gradually to 1% inches at the smaller end. If this pipe were sawed in two one-third of the way from the smaller end it could not be dis- r. A long string is fastened to the )ugh all the others serially to close '0 "The Ray Collection from Hupa Reservation, Smithsonian Re- its, 6 inches; width of mouth, 2$' port, 1886, pt. 1, p. 219." " McGuire, Joseph D., Pipes and Smoking Customs of the Ameri- ollection from Hupa Reservation, can Aborigines, based on Material in the U. S. National Museum, . 1, Washington, D. C., 1889, pp. Report of the U. S. National Museum for 1897, pp. 351-645, with -220. Plates 15 and 16 illustrate 5 plates. Washington, 1899, p. 391. "IaFrom McCloud River, Calif. -U

BUREAU OF AMERICAN [BULL 94 26 ETHNOLOGY HARRINGTON] TOBACCO AMONG TH. tinguished in form from the elongated conical stone pipes usually "Fig. 29 differs in no material rn found in graves and burial places of the islands along the California conical tubes found throughout the coast. This pipe appears to have been perforated by burning. The raised rim around the smaller end. walls vary from one-sixteenth of an inch in thickness at the smaller length of 2% inches. This rim is s end to nearly one-half an inch at the larger. The outer sides appear unfinished pipe from Cook County to have been smoothed by means of sandpaper, though the same indicate that it was intended simp appearance could be imparted to the specimen with any gritty sand- attachment of a string. stone or with sand alone. These pipes are made from any available "Fig. 30 is of wood, being the wood, those which best resist fire being preferred, one of the best and present time, and is 3 inches long, v most usual being the laurel. fourths of an inch, the bowl being ab "Fig. 26 is an all-wood pipe of Hupa llb manufacture, 13% inches from which there runs a narrow ster long, that is of peculiar form. The bowl is 22 inches in greatest "Fig. 31 shows the shape of tl diameter, that of the stem being scarcely three-fourths of an inch and is made from strips of the root thick. The bowl cavity consists of quite a shallow cup, the specimen and woven together; six buckskin having been rudely chopped out by means of an extremely dull tool, such a manner that their apices m, which gives one the impression that it would be a difficult pipe to A long string is attached to one lo smoke unless the smoker laid flat on his back. all the others, by means of which tl "Fig. 27 'I belongs to the same type of all-wood Hupa pipes, and at will by drawing the loops apart is more carefully finished than the last specimen, its surface being bag would be found to differ little brought almost to a polish. It is 15 inches long, though the bowl is the continent. Some would make less than 1 inch in depth, with a diameter of 1% inches. Had the weave it from suitable fibers, an, preceding specimen been ground to a uniform surface, as these pipes fashion it from birch bark. usually are, they would have had bowls alike, though among the Hupa, "Fig. 32 is a wooden pipe, 11 it to a greater degree than has been detected among other natives, made in the hourglass form, similar pipes have been made of a greater variety in shape than has been in the Middle Atlantic States. Tb observed to be the case with almost any other type with which we tool, but upon the stem are a num are acquainted. They appear to be comparatively modern, and it is add to its ornamental appearance. strongly to be suspected that the multiform shape of the Hupa pipe bowl of which is carved in a series has been largely influenced by the outside demand for specimens as which give to this specimen quite ax curiosities. There is in no implement found in America a greater 12% inches long, the bowl being sever observance of conventionalism of form than is the case among the exterior diameter, and has a cavit3 pipes, and in those localities where the greatest variety exists investiga- inclusive, show the most modern f tion demonstrates that the smoking habit itself has been adopted made from different kinds of wood within the last century. These varieties are most marked along the most carefully polished, and are ev Pacific coast among the Hupa and Babeens. The remarkable feature of these pipe "Fig. 28 is a fine-grained tubular sandstone, showing unusual Fig. 35 is set in a tapering wood s( mechanical skill in its manufacture, being 7 inches long, with a diam- of glue, the whole surface being su eter at the larger end of three-fourths of an inch; the walls of the tube Fig. 37 shows the pipe in its origi do not exceed one-sixteenth of an inch at the mouth of the bowl, suspension. The American Indian ] increasing gradually to one-eighth inch at the smaller end. The fully guarded by their owners, in ca outer surface is ground to a dull polish, and the interior shows striae work, bark, or woven rags.' " running the length of the implement, made apparently by means of a file or similar tool. 12 Otis T. Mason, The Ray Col Smithsonian Report, 1886, Plates X llb Really from Feather River, Calif. Ile Really from Potter Valley, Calif. VERICAN ETHNOLOGY [BULL 94 HARRINGTON] TOBACCO AMONG THE KARUK INDIANS 27

longated conical stone pipes usually "Fig. 29 differs in no material respect from the simplest form of -es of the islands along the California conical tubes found throughout the continent, except in the slightly ve been perforated by burning. The raised rim around the smaller end. It is made of steatite, and has a f an inch in thickness at the smaller length of 2% inches. This rim is similar to one on the bowl of the it the larger. The outer sides appear unfinished pipe from Cook County, Tennessee (fig. 19), and would bans of sandpaper, though the same indicate that it was intended simply for ornament and not for the ,o the specimen with any gritty sand- attachment of a string. se pipes are made from any available "Fig. 30 is of wood, being the pipe used by the Hupas at the 'e being preferred, one of the best and present time, and is 3 inches long, with a greatest diameter of three- fourths of an inch, the bowl being about seven-eighths of an inch deep of Hupa l1b manufacture, 13Y4 inches from which there runs a narrow stem hole to the smaller end. The bowl is 2% inches in greatest "Fig. 31 shows the shape of the tobacco bag of these people, ng scarcely three-fourths of an inch and is made from strips of the roots of the spruce, split into, strings 3 of quite a shallow cup, the specimen and woven together; six buckskin loops are attached to its rim in by means of an extremely dull tool, such a manner that their apices meet in the center of the opening. that it would be a difficult pipe to A long string is attached to one loop and is serially passed through it on his back. all the others, by means of which the bag may be opened and closed ne type of all-wood Hupa pipes, and at will by drawing the loops apart or by drawing the string. This the last specimen, its surface being bag would be found to differ little, except in material, throughout is 15 inches long, though the bowl is the continent. Some would make it of skin, while others would a diameter of 1% inches. Had the weave it from suitable fibers, and others again would probably I to a uniform surface, as these pipes fashion it from birch bark. bowls alike, though among the Hupa, "Fig. 32 is a wooden pipe, 11 inches long, the bowl of which is )een detected among other natives, made in the hourglass form, similar in outline to certain tubes found %tervariety in shape than has been in the Middle Atlantic States. The bowl has been cut with a dull most any other type with which we tool, but upon the stem are a number of crossed lines, intended to ) be comparatively modern, and it is add to its ornamental appearance. Fig. 33 is made of hard wood, the e multiform shape of the Hupa pipe bowl of which is carved in a series of octagons, chamfers, and holes, he outside demand for specimens as which give to this specimen quite an ornamental effect. The tube is lement found in America a greater 12% inches long, the bowl being seven-eighths of an inch in its greatest )f form than is the case among the exterior diameter, and has a cavity 2 inches deep. Figs. 34 to 37, a the greatest variety exists investiga- inclusive, show the most modem form of the Hupa pipe, which is )king habit itself has been adopted made from different kinds of wood and serpentine. These pipes are varieties are most marked along the most carefully polished, and are evidently made with modern tools. id Babeens. The remarkable feature of these pipes is shown in the serpentine bowl. ibular sandstone, showing unusual Fig. 35 is set in a tapering wood socket, held in place by some kind .re, being 7 inches long, with a diam- of glue, the whole surface being subsequently ground and polished. [rths of an inch; the walls of the tube Fig. 37 shows the pipe in its original skin case, with its strap for an inch at the mouth of the bowl, suspension. The American Indian pipes have always been most care- ith inch at the smaller end. The fully guarded by their owners, in cases or coverings of skin, basketry polish, and the interior shows striae work, bark, or woven rags. 2 " .ent, made apparently by means of a 12 Otis T. Mason, The Ray Collection from Hupa Reservation Smithsonian Report, 1886, Plates XV, XVI, pp. 219-220. L 28 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [BULL. 94 i HARRINGTON] TOBACCO AMONG THl

The northwestern California pipe has been referred to by Mr. I on the outside, but it enters the fi Henry R. Schoolcraft, quoting Col. Roderick McKee, as "a straight i to line the bowl of the pipe. The stick, the bowl being a continuation of the stem enlarged into a knob deep. A shoulder is made on the v and held perpendicularly when smoking.'3 '' 1 stone is brought into shape with a I In another place in his report McGuire states: tried to insure a good fit. To ma] "The great variety observable in the tubular pipes of wood from wood and the stone, a little sand is I the Hupa Reservation suggests their being modern, and intended wear away any projections. The rather to supply tourists' demands than to comply with tribal con- similar but much longer, some of tl ventionalisms." 15 narrow stripes of mother-of-pearl X McGuire's figures 25 to 37, inclusive, showing northern Cali- pipe next to the stone facing. Pipe fornia pipes, pipesack, and tobacco basket, are merely Mason's cuts These are of the smaller size and run over again; McGuire in his carelessness has been misled by the with carvings. The Hupa occasih general title of Mason's paper to assume that all the cuts borrowed (P1. 17, Fig. 4.) Such pipes are frE from Mason's paper show specimens collected by Ray at the Hupa Klamath river. The pipe is carrm Reservation and he adds this statement to every title; McGuire's (P1. 17, Fig. 1) tied with a string c Figs. 25, 26, 27, 28, 29 and 33 are neither from Hupa Reservation nor put into the bag and then the pipe collected by Ray, and Fig. 36 is from Hupa Reservation but collected first, as Professor Mason has pictui by Powers. "The tobacco used was cultivat Logs were 1903 ture among the Hupa. ashes. The plant appears to be a Hupa tobacco is described by Goddard: wild Nicotiana bigelovii, but the I better. The wild form found aloi RAISING "PIPE MAKING AND TOBACCO It is believed that an enemy's dea "Smoking has been practiced by the Hupa from time imme- tobacco from plants growing on a morial. Their gods smoked. It is in fact a semi-religious practice. Goddard's Plate 17 shows Hup The pipe, kifiaigyan, was and is still made of selected wood of the and firesticks in excellent reproduce pipe (P1. 17, Figs. 2 and 3) is about manzanita or yew. The ordinary 191 four and one-half inches long, and cylindrical in shape. The diam- eter at the smallest part is about three-eighths of an inch. A gentle Dixon's Northern Maidu inform curve gives the mouth end a diameter of five-eighths of an inch and "Stone pipes (Fig. 9, a, b) woul the bowl end an inch. The pipes are worked down with sandstone objects of value, and to have bees and polished off with stems of the horsetail rush, Equisetum robustum, a wooden pipe being far more com in so fine a manner that even Professor Mason was deceived, thinking lar form. In general, the stone p them turned by white men in a lathe."8 to fifteen centimetres in length, anc "Usually the pipe is faced with serpentine or sandstone. The pipe used by the pehei'pe, or clovi face of stone (P1. 17, Fig. 5) shows only about one-half an inch made of soapstone. It has, moreo end (see Fig. 66). The pipes were 107, 141, Philadelphia, "North American Indian Tribes, Pt. 3, pp. antler, which was pounded with am 1847. the cavity was made. Sometime 4 of the American 1 McGuire, Joseph D., Pipes and Smoking Customs ated the work. It is claimed that Aborigines, based on Material in the U. S. National Museum, Report of the U. S. National Museum for 1897, pp. 351-645, with 5 plates, '7 "Smithsonian Report, 1886, 1 Washington, 1899, pp. 391-395. 18 Goddard, Pliny Earle, Life a] 1"Ibid., p. 627. sity of California Publications, Am 16 " Smithsonian Report, 1886, Part I, p. 220." Berkeley, California, 1903, vol. 1, 63044 O 325 &ERICAN ETHNOLOGY IBULL. 94 BARRINGTON] TOBACCO AMONG THE KARTJK INDIANS 29 i pipe has been referred to by Mr. on the outside, but it enters the funnel-shaped wooden part so as Col. Roderick McKee, as "a straight to line the bowl of the pipe. The bowl is three-fourths of an inch ttion of the stem enlarged into a knob 3 deep. A shoulder is made on the wood of the bowl; then the soap- smoking." A 14 stone is brought into shape with a knife. The pieces are constantly McGuire states: tried to insure a good fit. To make the joint perfect between the le in the tubular pipes of wood from wood and the stone, a little sand is put in, and the stone is twisted to s their being modern, and intended wear away any projections. The shaman's pipe (P1. 17, Fig. 6) is unds than to comply with tribal con- similar but much longer, some of them measuring 12 inches. Often narrow stripes of mother-of-pearl are neatly inlaid, lengthwise the inclusive, showing northern Cali- pipe next to the stone facing. Pipes entirely of wood are also used. icco basket, are merely Mason's cuts These are of the smaller size and are ornamented at the bowl end 3 carelessness has been misled by the with carvings. The Hupa occasionally make pipes all of stone. to assume that all the cuts borrowed (P1. 17, Fig. 4.) Such pipes are frequently to be seen in use on the Lmens collected by Ray at the Hupa Klamath river. The pipe is carried in a little sack of buckskin statement to every title; McGuire's (P1. 17, Fig. 1) tied with a string of the same material. Tobacco is *e neither from Hupa Reservation nor put into the bag and then the pipe is pushed in bowl first, not stem from Hupa Reservation but collected first, as Professor Mason has pictured it."7 "The tobacco used was cultivated, the only instance of agricul- 1903 ture among the Hupa. Logs were burned and the seed sown in the r Goddard: ashes. The plant appears to be and probably is identical with the wild Nicotiana bigelovii, but the Hupa say the cultivated form is ND TOBACCO RAISING better. The wild form found along the river they say is poison. It is believed that an enemy's death may be caused by giving him d by the Hupa from time imme- tobacco from plants growing on a grave." 18 , is in fact a semi-religious practice. Goddard's Plate 17 shows Hupa pipes, a pipesack, a pipe bowl, s still made of selected wood of the and firesticks in excellent reproduction. y pipe (PI. 17, Figs. 2 and 3) is about nd cylindrical in shape. The diam- 1905 t three-eighths of an inch. A gentle Dixon's Northern Maidu information on tobacco is the following: Lmeter of five-eighths of an inch and "Stone pipes (Fig. 9, a, b) would seem to have been at all times 'es are worked down with sandstone objects of value, and to have been on the whole, somewhat horsetail rush, Equisetum robustum, scarce, a wooden pipe being far more common. All pipes were of the tubu- ifessor Mason was deceived, thinking lar form. In general, the athe.'6 stone pipes were short, ranging from ten to fifteen centimetres in length, and usually made from steatite. vith serpentine or sandstone. The The pipe used by the pehei'pe, or clown, was larger, as a rule, and shows only about one-half an inch always made of soapstone. It has, moreover, a rim or ring about the mouth- ,es, Pt. 3, pp. 107, 141, Philadelphia, end (see Fig. 66). The pipes were drilled by means of a piece of deer- antler. which was pounded with another stone, till, after a long time, id Smoking Customs of the American the cavity was made. Sometimes sand was added, which acceler- the U. S. National Museum, Report ated the work. It is claimed that there was no twirling of the deer or 1897, pp. 351-645, with 5 plates, 17 " Smithsonian Report, 1886, Part I, P1. XVI." 18 Goddard, Pliny Earle, Life and Culture of the Hupa. Univer- sity of California Publications, American Archeology Part I, p. 220." and Ethnology, Berkeley, California, 1903, vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 36-37. 63044 °2 - ______- -- -~ ~ ~ ~~~~~I - I -- :-.

30 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [BULL. 94 ABMNGTON] TOBACCO AMONG THE: antler, or other method of drilling. The details of the manufacture pipes, being the first to report on the seem to have been to a considerable extent lost. It is also claimed means of beetle larvae. He also descri that occasionally a pipe was found, just as were mortars. The pipes "Pipe-tips were either of serpentin which were found were regarded as of mysterious origin, and were They were ground laboriously into sh to be handled with great care. To drop a stone pipe of any sort, pounding with a piece of antler, aided but in particular of this type, was very unfortunate, and bad luck a portion of a pipe wholly of stone waE or illness was sure to follow. As in the case of the mortars, the Honolulu, on the Klamath River. ( Shasta held the pipes as capable of independent motion, but this ferent from the type of pipe used by tl belief was not held by the Maidu. " [With picture of 2 stone pipes.] 19 them as mysterious, and probably enc "The clown then goes to the base of the main post, where his pipe It is nicely finished on the exterior.' is always placed. He fills it, if possible, from the shaman's supply ment of a stone pipe.] 22 of tobacco, and then smokes, puffing out as much smoke as possible. "Except for their bows, the Shasta Between the puffs he calls out, 'I like acorn bread! I like deer- ments, the most important of which meat! I like fish! I like soup! Be good to me, be good to me, my paddles. Spoons (Fig. 71) were mad, old woman! " [With picture of a steatite pipe.] 20 type they are closely similar to those l Hupa, although, as a rule, they were l1 1907 pipes (Fig. 72) used here were of the si In his interesting brief paper on the culture of the Takelma Indians the three tribes just mentioned livin of southwestern Oregon, who bordered the Karuk on the north with form was the usual tubular, trumpet-s only one intervening tribe, and are claimed by my informants to to twenty centimetres in length. TI have had customs much like the Shasta, Sapir states the following and beautifully made as to suggest I about their tobacco. of boring the piece of wood from whic The Takelma occupied the same position on the Rogue River as exceedingly ingenious, if we may belie the Karuk did on the Klamath, holding neither the mouth nor the informants independently. As descril headwaters. Although not identified by Sapir, the Takelma tobacco to only one variety of wood (unidentil was the same as that of their Shasta neighbors, Nicotiana bigelohii. hard, yet possessed a small, somewhat "The only plant cultivated before the coming of the whites was number of sticks of this wood were, s tobacco (6'Up') which was planted by the men on land from which dish of salmon oil, first on one end, a the brush had been burnt away. Smoking was indulged in to a con- means, the pithy, porous heart-wo siderable extent and had a semi-religious character, the whiff smoke much more than did the remainder of being in a way symbolic of good fortune and long life. The pipes heart-wood was then dug out at one ei were made of either wood or stone and were always straight through- fine-pointed bone awl. Then a sma out, some reaching a length of nearly a foot. The custom prevailed, dried salmon as preserved in the house of course, of passing one pipe around to all the members of an as- and this was then sealed with a bit sembled group." 21 prisoned is declared to have eaten th Dixon, in his paper on the Shasta, tells of finding a stone pipe in following the core, from one end to t the region and describes the construction and making of arrowwood out at the opposite end. Many of t kindly to the oil-soaked pith; but, ot 19 Dixon, The Northern Maidu, Bulletin of the American Museum sticks hung up under the roof during of Natural History, vol. 17, pt. 3, pp. 119-346. New York, May, is claimed, generally found bored in 1905, pp. 138-139. of a wooden tobacco pipe with stone 20 Ibid., p. 317. 22 Dixon, Roland B., The Shasta, tl 21 Sapir, Edward, Notes on the Takelma Indians of Southwestern Oregon, American Anthropologist, N. s., vol. 9, no. 2, April-June, dition, Bulletin of the American Mu 1907, p. 259. XVII, part V, New York, July, 1907, 23 Ibid., pp. 394-395. IERICAN ETHNOLOGY [BULL. 94 CGRMflTON] TOBACCO AMONG THE KARUK INDIANS 31

Lng. The details of the manufacture pipes, being the first to report on the boring of arrowwood pipes by rable extent lost. It is also claimed means of beetle larvae. He also describes the use of pipes by doctors. nd, just as were mortars. The pipes "Pipe-tips were either of serpentine, or other fine-grained stone. Id as of mysterious origin, and were They were ground laboriously into shape, the hole being pierced by To drop a stone pipe of any sort, pounding with a piece of antler, aided by sand. What is apparently was very unfortunate, and bad luck a portion of a pipe wholly of stone was picked up on the surface near As in the case of the mortars, the Honolulu, on the Klamath River. (Fig. 69.) It is, however, dif- ole of independent motion, but this ferent from the type of pipe used by the Shasta, and was regarded by . " [With picture of 2 stone pipes.] 19 them as mysterious, and probably endowed with great magic power. vase of the main post, where his pipe It is nicely finished on the exterior." [With illustration of a frag- possible, from the shaman's supply ment of a stone pipe.] 22 fling out as much smoke as possible. "Except for their bows, the Shasta used wood for but few imple- 'I like acorn bread! I like deer- ments, the most important of which were spoons, pipes, and mush Be good to me, be good to me, my paddles. Spoons (Fig. 71) were made of both wood and horn. In a steatite pipe.] 20 type they are closely similar to those used by the Karok, Yurok, and Hupa, although, as a rule, they were less decorated by carving. The 1907 pipes (Fig. 72) used here were of the same character as those made by ri the culture of the Takelma Indians the three tribes just mentioned living lower down the river. The rdered the Karuk on the north with form was the usual tubular, trumpet-shaped one, varying from fifteen are claimed by my informants to to twenty centimetres in length. The pipes are often so regularly e Shasta, Sapir states the following and beautifully made as to suggest machine-turning. The method of boring the piece of wood from which the pipe was to be made was me position on the Rogue River as exceedingly ingenious, if we may believe the account given by several holding neither the mouth nor the informants independently. As described, the method was applicable bified by Sapir, the Takelma tobacco to only one variety of wood (unidentified), a variety which was quite Esta neighbors, Nicotiana bigelovp. hard, yet possessed a small, somewhat porous pith or heart-wood. A efore the coming of the whites was number of sticks of this wood were, so it is said, placed on end in a ed by the men on land from which dish of salmon oil, first on one end, and then on the other. By this Smoking was indulged in to a con- means, the pithy, porous heart-wood absorbed considerable oil, religious character, the whiff smoke much more than did the remainder of the wood. This central core of i fortune and long life. The pipes heart-wood was then dug out at one end, as deeply as could be, with a e and were always straight through- fine-pointed bone awl. Then a small grub or worm, infesting the yarly a foot. The custom prevailed, dried salmon as preserved in the houses, was placed in the excavation, 0ound to all the members of an as- and this was then sealed with a bit of pitch. The grub thus im- prisoned is declared to have eaten the oil-soaked pith or heartwood, ista, tells of finding a stone pipe in following the core, from one end to the other, finally eating its way ;truction and making of arrowwood out at the opposite end. Many of the grubs died, or did not take kindly to the oil-soaked pith; but, out of a dozen or more prepared Bulletin of the American Museum sticks hung up under the roof during the winter, one or two were, it 3, pp. 119-346. New York, May, is claimed, generally found bored in the spring." [With illustration of a wooden tobacco pipe with stone pipe bowl.] 23

Takelma Indians of Southwestern 22 Dixon, Roland B., The Shasta, the Huntington California Expe- t, N. S., vol. 9, no. 2, April-June, dition, Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, vol. XVII, part V, New York, July, 1907, pp. 391-392. 3 Ibid., pp. 394-395. 32 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [BULL. 941 H %RRINGTON] TOBACCO AMONG THI

"Again she danced, and, speaking to those assembled, says, 'Kis twelve to fifteen feet long and are t4 apsfi'tohokwira' ('Now he reaches for his pipe'); then, 'Kils kwa'6k- dam. These poles have the bark talc wahir' ('Now he smokes'). Then, after a longer period of dancing, ". . . and fancy carved Indian pi the Ax6'ki speaks to the shaman, .. . 24 191V 1916 Loud, writing on the Indians abo Mrs. Lucy Thompson mentions tobacco and pipes among the Yuruk lowing mention of pipes and tobacc( Indians of the central part of the section of the Klamath River occu- "Tobacco, Nicotiana sp." 28 pied by them as follows: "A species of tobacco native to C "The Klamath people have the same kind of tobacco that grows tivated, and has been mentioned over a large part of the United States, which, when it grows up has discovery of Trinidad bay." 29 small leaves. They prepare the ground and plant the seed but will "Stone pipes.-One clay pipe was, not use any they find growing out of cultivation. They are very under another heading, and two pipe careful in gathering the plant and cure it by the fire, or in the hot tion of the stone pipes is as follows: sun, then pulverize it very fine, then put it up in tight baskets for "Museum no. 1-18038 (pl. 17, figs use. It becomes very strong and often makes the oldest smokers with human remains no. 2. Leng sick, which they pass over lightly, saying that it is a good quality of Museum no. 1-18239 (pl. 17, fig. 2) tobacco. The women doctors all smoke but the other women never 19. Length 108 mm., diameter 22 l do. Their pipes are made out of yew wood with a soapstone for a "These pipes show great extremes bowl, the wood is a straight piece and is from three to six inches long different from the majority of stone I and is larger at the bowl end where it joins on to the stone, it is among the modern Indians. There E indigenous to northern California, notched in so it sets the bowl on the wood, making the pipe straight. i They hold the pipe upwards if sitting or standing and it is only when attenuata, both of which were used b lying on the back that one seems to enjoy the smoke with perfect coverers of Trinidad Bay said that I ease, however they can handle the pipe to take a smoke in any posi- they smoked in small wooden pipes, ii tion. Some of these pipes are small, not holding any more than from little gardens where they plant thimble-full of tobacco. My people never let the tobacco habit get 1921 the better of them as they can go all day without smoking or quit smoking for several days at a time and never complain in the least. Kroeber in his Handbook of th, The men, after supper, on going into the sweat-house take their pipes Yuruk tobacco as follows. In his and smoke and some take two or three smokes before they go to bed. 108, no mention is made of tobacco. The old women doctors will smoke through the day and always take "All the tobacco smoked by the a smoke before lying down to sleep. All inhale the smoking, letting strange custom for a nonagricultural it pass out of the lungs through the nose." 25 26 Ibid. pp. 47-48, mentioned in tfi "These plug hat men now select twelve or less boys and put them ceremony. to making ribbons of bark which they stripe off very flowery by paint- 27 Ibid., p. 52, mentioned in Kappi ing and carving, also making fancy Indian pipes, carving and painting 28 Loud, Llewellyn L., Universit: them very artistically. These boys are called Charrah and the pipes American Archeology and Ethnolog and ribbons made by them are put on the top of long slim poles from p. 232. 2 4 Ibid., p. 487. 29 See description of tobacco and t 2s Thompson, Mrs. Lucy, To The American Indian, Eureka. Calif., "Objects of Steatite and Slate," p. ' 1916, p. 37. 30 "Don Antonio Maurel]o, op. c 489." [See quotation, p. 19 of pres( RICAN ETHNOLOGY [BULL. 94 HAREINGTON] TOBACCO AMONG THE KARUK INDIANS 33

ing to those assembled, says, 'Kas twelve to fifteen feet long and are to be used at the finish of the fish s for his pipe'); then, 'Kas kwa'6k- dam. These poles have the bark taken off and are clean and white." 26 n, after a longer period of dancing, and fancy carved Indian pipes that the boys made, . 27 a 24 1918 916 Loud, writing on the Indians about Humboldt Bay, gives the fol- tobacco and pipes among the Yuruk lowing mention of pipes and tobacco: section of the Klamath River occu- "Tobacco, Nicotiana sp." 28 "A species of tobacco native to California was the only plant cul- e same kind of tobacco that grows tivated, and has been mentioned in the Spanish account of the tates, which, when it grows up has discovery of Trinidad bay." 29 ground and plant the seed but will "Stone pipes.-One clay pipe was obtained, which will be described )ut of cultivation. They are very under another heading, and two pipes made of steatite. The descrip- d cure it by the fire, or in the hot tion of the stone pipes is as follows: then put it up in tight baskets for "Museum no. 1-18038 (pl. 17, figs. la and lb), found in association d often makes the oldest smokers with human remains no. 2. Length 240 mm., diameter 24 mm. saying that it is a good quality of Museum no. 1-18239 (pl. 17, fig. 2), found with human remains no. smoke but the other women never 19. Length 108 mm., diameter 22 mm. r yew wood with a soapstone for a "These pipes show great extremes in length, but are in no respect and is from three to six inches long different from the majority of stone pipes found in northern California here it joins on to the stone, it is among the modern Indians. There are at least two species of tobacco )he wood, making the pipe straight. indigenous to northern California, Nicotiana bigelorii and Nicotiana ;ing or standing and it is only when attenuata, both of which were used by the Indians. The Spanish dis- s to enjoy the smoke with perfect coverers of Trinidad Bay said that the Indians 'used tobacco, which 3 pipe to take a smoke in any posi- they smoked in small wooden pipes, in form of a trumpet, and procured ;mall, not holding any more than from little gardens where they planted it.' " 30 ple never let the tobacco habit get 1925 o all day without smoking or quit ie and never complain in the least. Kroeber in his Handbook of the Indians of California tells of nto the sweat-house take their pipes Yuruk tobacco as follows. In his chapter on the Karuk, pp. 98- three smokes before they go to bed. 108, no mention is made of tobacco. e through the day and always take "All the tobacco smoked by the Yurok was planted by them-a p. All inhale the smoking, letting strange custom for a nonagricultural people far from all farming con- he nose." 25 26 Ibid. pp. 47-48, mentioned in the description of Kappel fish-dam t twelve or less boys and put them ceremony. hey stripe off very flowery by paint- 27 Ibid., p. 52, mentioned in Kappel fish-dam ceremony. r Indian pipes, carving and painting 28 Loud, Llewellyn L., University of California Publications in Ts are called Charrah and the pipes American Archeology and Ethnology, vol. 14, no. 3, Dec. 23, 1918, t on the top of long slim poles from p. 232. 29 See description of tobacco and tobacco pipes under the heading, ie American Indian, Eureka. Calif., "Objects of Steatite and Slate," p. 234. 30 "Don Antonio Maurello, op. cit., Barrington edition, pp. 366, 489." [See quotation, p. 19 of present paper.] 34 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY ism,. 04 tacts. The custom, which extends also to southwestern Oregon, and in the opposite direction probably to the Maidu, is clearly of local origin. Logs were burned on a hilltop, the seeds sown, and the plants nursed. Those who grew tobacco sold to those who did not. A woman's cap full or not full was the quantity given for a dentalium III. FA-t pakunikxfiriktiha shell, according as this was of second smallest or shortest length-a high price. Tobacco grows wild also, apparently of the same species (BOTANI but is never used by the Yurok, who fear that it might as the planted, 1. YiOuva kum be from a graveyard, or perhaps from seed produced on a graveyard. The plant does seem to show predilection for such soil. Otherwise it (ToBAcco s sprouts chiefly along sandy bars close to the river; and this seems to The Karuk country lies well wit] have caused the choice of summits for the cultivated product. Nicotiana bigelovii. It is the only t( "The pipe was tubular, as always in California. Its profile was in the Karuk territory or probably concave, with the bowl flaring somewhat more than the mouth end. tribes, and was the only tobacco kr The average length was under 6 inches, but shamans' and show pieces them to exist. occasionally ran to more than a foot. The poorest pipes were of soft Prof. W. A. Setchell, of the depart wood, from which it is not difficult to push the pith. Every man who of California, is our best authority thought well of himself had a pipe of manzanita or other hard wood, fornian and other American toba( beautifully polished, probably with the scouring or horsetail rush, work of raising and thus further tes Equisetum, which was kept in the house for smoothing arrows. The to many of his friends. In the notes general shaping of the pipe seems to have been by the usual north- his important article in the Amei western process of rubbing with sandstone rather than by cutting. information furnished by Dr. Setcl bowl in these better pipes was faced with an inlay of soapstone, The the tall northern California form of which would not burn out in many years. Sometimes pipes had bits Setchell, here for the first time I of haliotis inlaid next the steatite; others were made wholly of this nudum, with his permission.1" Dr. stone. The pipe was kept in a little case or pouch of deerskin. It in his assistance to the author in I could be filled by simply pressing it down into the tobacco at the and deeply interested. bottom of the sack. Pouches have been found in California only the 14 species of tobacco kno, among the northwestern tribes. Tobacco was stored in small globular Of America, there occurred in Califoi baskets made for the purpose. These receptacles are also a localized making in all 5 forms of to type. (P1. 73, e.) 3 forms, bigelovii (Torrey) VW "A few old Yurok were passionate smokers, but the majority used 1. Nicotiana large area southeast of San Francis tobacco moderately. Many seem never to have smoked until they var. typica, since it is the tax retired to the sweat house for the night. Bedtime is the favorite called 2. Nicotiana bigelovii (Torrey) occasion for smoking throughout California. The native Nicotianas Setchell has suggested t are rank, pungent, and heady. They were used undiluted, and the Professor exaltata since it is the t natives frequently speak of them as inducing drowsiness.""31 called var. and the most robust, reaching a I 31 Kroeber, A. L., Handbook of the Indians of California, Bureau favorable circumstances. This is t of American Ethnology, Bulletin 78, Washington, 1925, pp. 88-89. San Francisco and of southernmos native of California, exce

l Setchell, William Albert, AboriE pologist, N. s., vol. 23, no. 4, Oct.-I la In his article in the American to this variety asforma alta. ERICAN ETHNOLOGY [BuIL. 94

ids also to southwestern Oregon, and k ily to the Maidu, is clearly of local

illtop, the seeds sown, and the plants I eco sold to those who did not. A ; the quantity given for a dentalium 3cond smallest or shortest length-a III. FAct pakunikxdriktihanik pekyd-varIhva-nsa' also, apparently of the same species by the Yurok, who fear that it might (BOTANICAL) from seed produced on a graveyard. 1. YiOiva kuma'ihe-raha' direction for such soil. Otherwise it (ToBAcco close to the river; and this seems to SPECIES) its for the cultivated product. The Karuk country lies well within the area of the tall form of ways in California. Its profile was Nicotiana bigelovii. It is the only tobacco which grew, wild or sown, )mewhat more than the mouth end. in the Karuk territory or probably in that of any of the contiguous riches, but shamans' and show pieces tribes, and was the only tobacco known to the Karuk or known by oot. The poorest pipes were of soft them to exist. t to push the pith. Every man who Prof. W. A. Setchell, of the department of botany of the University e of manzanita or other hard wood, of California, is our best authority on the botanical aspect of Cali- Tith the scouring or horsetail rush, fornian and other American tobacco species, and his fascinating e house for smoothing arrows. The work of raising and thus further testing the various species is known LSto have been by the usual north- to many of his friends. In the notes given below (pp. 38-44) we follow sandstone rather than by cutting. his important article in the American Anthropologist I and other as faced with an inlay of soapstone, information furnished by Dr. Setchell, including the designation of iy years. Sometimes pipes had bits the tall northern California form of Nicotiana bigelovii as var. exaltata ;e; others were made wholly of this Setchell, here for the first time published, although as a nomen ittle case or pouch of deerskin. It nudum, with his permissionls Dr. Setchell has been most generous tg it down into the tobacco at the in his assistance to the author in his tobacco studies in California, ave been found in California only and deeply interested. Tobacco was stored in small globular Of the 14 species of tobacco known to have been native to North 'hese receptacles are also a localized America, there occurred in California 3 species, one of which has 3 forms, making in all 5 forms of tobacco in the State: Late smokers, but the majority used 1. Nicotiana bigelovii (Torrey) Watson var. typica, occurring in a I never to have smoked until they large area southeast of San Francisco Bay. This is probably to be he night. Bedtime is the favorite called var. typica, since it is the taxonomic type. California. The native Nicotianas 2. Nicotiana bigelovii (Torrey) Watson var. exaltata Setchell. rhey were used undiluted, and the Professor Setchell has suggested to the writer that it may be well as inducing drowsiness."" called var. exaltata since it is the tallest of all the forms of bigelovii and the most robust, reaching a height of more than 6 feet under the Indians of California, Bureau favorable circumstances. This is the tobacco of California 78, Washington, 1925, pp. 88-89. north of San Francisco and of southernmost Oregon. It is the tallest of the native tobaccos of California, exceeded in height only by N. glauca 1 Setchell, William Albert, Aboriginal Tobaccos, American Anthro- pologist, N. S., vol. 23, no. 4, Oct.-Dec. 1921, pp. 397-414, with map. "IIn his article in the American Anthropologist Setchell still refers to this variety asforma alta. 85 ______qi ______F"W_

HIARRINGTON] TOBACCO AMONG THE KA 36 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [BULL. 94 Graham, Tree Tobacco, a species of tobacco introduced from South ferioribus in petiolem angustatis, superi( atis; panicula terminali laxiuscula; cn America and now growing wild in California and other States. i 3. Nicotiana bigelovii (Torrey) Watson var. wallacei Gray, from lacuniis lanceolato-linearibus inequalibus southern and Lower California, very distinct from nos. 1 and 2. tubo elongato calyce 2-3-plo longiore 4. Nicotiana attenuata Torrey, the species which occupies the area obtusiusculis. Knight's Ferry, Stanis] to the east of California and eastern southern California. unwilling to propose this as a new spec 5. Nicotiana clevelandii Gray, which occupies the southern Cali- others of the same genus that are vei fornia coast. plant does not agree with any Nicotian The writer has knowledge that all of these forms were used by the but it seems to approach the nearest to 3 California natives where they occur. It will be noticed that three of 1871 them are forms of N. bigelovii. Our Karuk tobacco, N. bigelovii var. Watson raises Torrey's questioned v exaltata, has the distinction of being the tallest native tobacco in the dicates that since Torrey's publication State. collected the species in California and t Outside of California two other species of native tobacco occur so had collected it in western Nevada. G closely related to bigelotii as to form with it a single group: 1. Nico- of California, is working on the inner tiana multivalbis Lindl., sown by the Indians of Oregon, Idaho and tobacco species, and only such studies c Montana, and 2. Nicotiana quadrivalvis Pursh., a species which has bigelovii resembles N. noctiflora of Chile, been "lost" in nature, never having been collected in the wild state, "NICOTIANA BIGELOVII. (N. plumba but known only as cultivated by the Mandan, Hidatsa, and Arikara 2 Torr. Pac. R. R. Surv., 4. 127.) Leavf Indians of the Plains area. It is interesting that according to calyx glandular-pubescent, with unequal Setchell both of these eastern species are probably N. bigelovii deriva- long, tubular-funnel-form, the elongated tives. the calyx, the lobes broad-ovate, subac The principal literature on Nicotiana bigelovii is presented in the 4-6" long, shorter than the calyx; othi following quotations. Collected by Bigelow, Fr6mont, (481, ] 1856 California, and by Anderson, (268,) in Torrey I was the first to describe and name Nicotiana bigelovii, sembling N. noctiflora, of Chili, but the regarding it as possibly a variety of N. plumbaginifolia. The speci- base and the corolla-lobes are not at a men was collected by Dr. John M. Bigelow, of the Whipple expedi- Fig. 3, Extremity of a branch. Fig. 4, tion, at Knight's Ferry, in the present Stanislaus County, Calif., in 1878 May, 1854, and is N. bigelovii (Torrey) Watsonf. typica. According to Watson it seems that a specimen had already been collected by Gray's description of N. bigelovii prei Fr6mont in 1846, but this is not mentioned or described by Torrey. knowledge of the species, except that N. plumbaginifolia Viv. is native to northeastern Mexico and crosses exaltata, following the type specimens wl the Rio Grande into Texas. a foot or two high, although he mentions "NICOTIANA PLUMBAGINIFOLIA, Dunal in DC. Prodr. 13, pars. 1, from Shasta County to San Diego, and i p. 569. Var.? BIGELOVII: annua; caule glanduloso-pubescente sub- County. Var. wallacei had, since I simplici; foliis oblongo-lanceolatis acutiusculis glabriusculis, in- described by Wallace and by Cleveland 4 2 Probably some neighboring tribes had it as well. Watson, Sereno, Botany, in King, Cla Torrey, John, Description of the General Botanical Collections, ical Exploration of the Fortieth Parallel in Reports of Explorations and Surveys to Ascertain the Most Engineer Department, U. S. Army, na Practicable and Economical Route for a Railroad from the Mississippi 276. PI. XXVII is opposite p. 276. Wal River to the Pacific Ocean, 1853-4, vol. 4, no. 4, House of Representa- the earliest published drawing of N. bigi tives, 33rd Cong., 2d sess., Executive Document No. 91, Washington, containing the drawing of N. bigelovii is. 1856, p. 127. present paper. r

[ERICAN ETHNOLOGY HARRINGTON] T013ACCO AMONG THE KARUX INDIANS 3of [BULL 94 es of tobacco introduced from South ferioribus in petiolem angustatis, superioribus sessilibus basi angust- in California and other States. atis; panicula terminali laxiuscula; calyce glanduloso-pubescente, i) Watson var. wallacei Gray, from lacuniis lanceolato-linearibus inequalibus, corolla hypocraterlinorpha, very distinct from nos. 1 and 2. tubo elongato calyce 2-3-plo longiore, limbi laciniis lato-ovatis , the species which occupies the area obtusiusculis. Knight's Ferry, Stanislaus river; May. We are tern southern California. unwilling to propose this as a new species, since there are so many , which occupies the southern Cali- others of the same genus that are very imperfectly known. Our plant does not agree with any Nicotiana described by Dunal (I. c.) t all of these forms were used by the but it seems to approach the nearest to N. plumbaginifolia." cur. It will be noticed that three of 1871 Our Karuk tobacco, N. bigelovii var. 5ing the tallest native tobacco in the Watson raises Torrey's questioned variety to a species, and in- dicates that since Torrey's publication (1856) Torrey himself had ,r species of native tobacco occur so collected the species in California and that more recently Anderson orm with it a single group: 1. Nico- had collected it in western Nevada. Goodspeed, of the University r the Indians of Oregon, Idaho and of California, is working on the inner and genetic relationship of 7rivalvis Pursh., a species which has tobacco species, and only such studies can determine how closely N. ring been collected in the wild state, bigelovii resembles N. noctiflora of Chile, as pointed out by Watson. the Mandan, Hidatsa, and Arikara "NICOTIANA BIGELOVII. (N. plumbaginifolia, Var. (?) Bigelovii, t is interesting that according to Torr. Pac. R. R. Surv., 4. 127.) Leaves sessile, attenuate at base; cies are probably N. bigelovii deriva- calyx glandular-pubescent, with unequal lance-linear lobes; corolla 2' long, tubular-funnel-form, the elongated tube 2-3 times longer than cotiana bigelovii is presented in the the calyx, the lobes broad-ovate, subacute; capsule obtuse, usually 4-6" long, shorter than the calyx; otherwise much like the last.- 856 Collected by Bigelow, Fr6mont, (481, 1846,) and Torrey, (355,) in California, and by Anderson, (268,) in western Nevada. Much re- ribe and name Nicotiana bigelovii, sembling N. noctiflora, of Chili, but the leaves are more attenuate at of N. plumbaginifolia. The speci- base and the corolla-lobes are not at all obcordate. PLATE XXVII. l. Bigelow, of the Whipple expedi- Fig. 3, Extremity of a branch. Fig. 4, A lower leaf; natural size." 4 resent Stanislaus County, Calif., in )rrey) Watsonf. typica. According 1878 nen had already been collected by Gray's description of N. bigelovii presents practically our modern mentioned or described by Torrey. knowledge of the species, except that he fails to distinguish var. to northeastern Mexico and crosses exaltata, following the type specimens which are var. typica and only a foot or two high, although he mentions the occurrence of the species Dunal in DC. Prodr. 13, pars. 1, from Shasta County to San Diego, and var. exaltata occurs in Shasta ; caule glanduloso-pubescente sub- County. Var. wallacei had, since Watson's description, been ;is acutiusculis glabriusculis, in- described by Wallace and by Cleveland from southern California. bes had it as well. 4Watson, Sereno, Botany, in King, Clarence, Report of the Geolog- the General Botanical Collections, ical Exploration of the Fortieth Parallel, Professional papers of the Surveys to Ascertain the Most Engineer Department, U. S. Army, no. 18, Washington, 1871, p. for a Railroad from the Mississippi 276. P1. XXVII is opposite p. 276. Watson's Plate XXVII contains vol. 4, no. 4, House of Representa- the earliest published drawing of N. bigelovii; the part of this plate ve Document No. 91, Washington, containing the drawing of N. bigelovii is reproduced as Plate 5 of the present paper. _ __ _ -__ - _ - _- .1 . . _46SEEMPM

OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [BUL 94 38 BUREAIU HARRINGTON] TOBACCO AMONG THE K oblong- "N. Bigel6vii, Watson. A foot or two high; leaves "The Nicotiana Bigelovii-grouP consi' long) with lanceolate, sessile or nearly so; the lower (5 to 7 inches varieties of N. Bigelovii (Torr.) Watsoi more acuminate, with tapering base: the upper (3 to 1%inches long) N. multivalvis Lindl. There is such a clasping base: inflor- either acute or some with broader and partly details of habit and structure that it cer flowers bractless: escence loosely racemiform, with all the upper five distinct genetic entities of the Bigelo the tube, sur- calyx-teeth unequal, linearsubulate, about equalling from one and the same stock, possibly t1 long, narrow, passing the capsule: tube of the corolla 1Y to 2 inches also complicated by more or less hybr limb 12 to with a gradually expanded throat; the 5-angulate-lobed in nature and under aboriginal cultivat 4; Gray, Bot. 18 lines in diameter.-Bot. King, 276, t. 27, fig. 3, with strong arguments. The three v Torr. Pacif. R. Calif. 1. c. 546. N. plumbaginifolia? var. Bigelovii, are found native in three separate po Diego, and east- Rep. iv. 127.-California, from Shasta Co. to San valvis was cultivated by the Indians ward to Nevada and the border of Arizona. tana, while N. quadrivalvis was similarl tube 12 to 16 lines " Var. Wallacei, a form of corolla smaller (the The distribution of this group runs fi hardly sur- long) and calyx-teeth shorter, but variable, sometimes through the entire State of California a broad and passing the capsule: upper leaves more disposed to have also entering the southeastern corner &c., more roundish or subcordate slightly clasping base; herbage, From Oregon, it bends eastward up Cleveland. viscid.-Near Los Angeles and San Diego, Wallace, Columbia River, across Idaho and at first some- " = = Ovary and capsule globular, 4-several-celled, descends the Missouri River into I membranous: what succulent: the valves at maturity thin and rather With these ideas as to the group an funnelform corolla with ampler limb and proportionally shorter more made ready for a consideration of its tube-Polydiclia, Don. Polydiclis, Miers." 6 "Torrey was the first to call attenti 1921 he named N. plumbaginifolia? var. b 1857. In 1871 Watson raised the var from N. bigelovii var. typica, It remained for Setchell to set aside a more complete description, as wet var. exaltata of northwest Cali- and ultimately to name, N. bigelovii type specimens came from the Sierra] a height of 6 feet. fornia, which sometimes attains and are low spreading plants, wit] Nicotiana is called the Petunioides- "The third section of the genus branches, large and conspicuous whit salverform and whose color is section, whose corollas are typically dular pubescence turning brownish, o0 green, red, or purple. About twelve white, although often tinged with found it in the general type region in section occur within the con- species or well-marked varieties of this and was kind enough to obtain seed i islands, but only seven of them fines of North America or the adjacent pure line for many years and find that as having been used by the Indians. are at all definitely known to me characteristics from generation to gei five species and varieties centering There is a most interesting group of nomic type of Nicotiana bigelovii, occ and one very widespread about Nicotiana bigelovii (Torr.) Watson of California which is definitely limit five species of this section of species Nicotiana attenuata Torr. The areas occupied by the other varieties to have been in use by the the genus which are not as yet known "The plant which has usually pass acuminatavar. parvmflora Comes. Indians are the following: Nicotiana bigelovii, however, is the tall erect Gray, in southwestern Cali- ?, in central California; N. clevelandii the dry washes of stream-beds to tl and other tribes of coast fornia, possibly used by the Santa Barbara from Sonoma, Mendocino, and Hi Texas and adjacent por- Indians; N. repanda Willd., in southwestern and possibly also other count Viv., in northeastern Mexico Shasta tions of Mexico; N. plumbaginifolia which as yet has no distinctive name Texas; and N. stocktoni Brandegee, and crossing the Rio Grande into as six feet, has long erect branches of Lower California. on Guadalupe Island off the coast with large flowers which are more sel part 1, type. In common with Gray, Asa, Synoptical Flora of North America, vol. 2, taxonomic p. 243. erect variety has a decided tends 1st edition, New York, 1878, p. 243, also 2d edition, 1886, and ERICAN ETHNOLOGY [BuLL. 94

HARRINGTON] TOBACCO AMONG THE KAR1UK INDIANS 39 foot or two high; leaves oblong- the lower (5 to 7 inches long) with "The Nicotiana Bigelovii-group consists of three very well-marked W inches long) more acuminate, with varieties of N. Bigelovii (Torr.) Watson, N. quadrivalvis Pursh, and ler and partly clasping base: inflor- N. multivalvis Lindl. There is such a close resemblance in so many ;h all the upper flowers bractless: details of habit and structure that it certainly seems probable that the ate, about equalling the tube, sur- five distinct genetic entities of the Bigelovii-group must have originated corolla 1d4 to 2 inches long, narrow, from one and the same stock, possibly through mutation, but probably it; the 5-angulate-lobed limb 12 to also complicated by more or less hybridization. Their distribution g, 276, t. 27, fig. 3, 4; Gray, Bot. in nature and under aboriginal cultivation reenforces this assumption olia? var. Bigelovii, Torr. Pacif. R. with strong arguments. The three varieties of Nicotiana bigelovii Shasta Co. to San Diego, and east- are found native in three separate portions of California, N. multi- )f Arizona. valvis was cultivated by the Indians in Oregon, Idaho, and Mon- olla smaller (the tube 12 to 16 lines tana, while N. quadrivalvis was similarly cultivated in North Dakota. ut variable, sometimes hardly sur- The distribution of this group runs from southern California north more disposed to have a broad and through the entire State of California and well into Oregon, possibly clasping base; herbage, &c., more also entering the southeastern corner of the State of Washington. fn Diego, Wallace, Cleveland. From Oregon, it bends eastward up along the tributaries of the ular, 4-several-celled, at first some- Columbia River, across Idaho and the continental divide, and urity thin and rather membranous: descends the Missouri River into Montana and North Dakota. )ortionally shorter more funnelform With these ideas as to the group and its distribution, the way is Miers." 6 made ready for a consideration of its various members. )21 "Torrey was the first to call attention to Nicotiana bigelovii which he named N. plumbaginifolia? var. bigelovii. This was as early as aside from N. bigelovii var. typica, 1857. In 1871 Watson raised the variety to a species and published evii var. exaltata of northwest Cali- a more complete description, as well as a good figure of it. The height of 6 feet. type specimens came from the Sierran foothills in central California Nicotiana is called the Petunioides- and are low spreading plants, with short internodes, ascending Llly salverform and whose color is branches, large and conspicuous white flowers, and prominent glan- reen, red, or purple. About twelve dular pubescence turning brownish, or rusty, with age. S. A. Barrett this section occur within the con- found it in the general type region in use amoug the Miwok Indians ,ent islands, but only seven of them and was kind enough to obtain seed for me. I have grown it in the s having been used by the Indians. pure line for many years and find that it retains its distinctive varietal r five species and varieties centering characteristics from generation to generation. This plant, the taxo- Watson and one very widespread nomic type of Nicotiana bigelovii, occupies an area in the very center The five species of this section of of California which is definitely limited and also separated from the nown to have been in use by the areas occupied by the other varieties of the species. ,a acuminata var. parvimlora Comes. "The plant which has usually passed under the name of Nicotiana ndii Gray, in southwestern Cali- bigelovii, however, is the tall erect variety found in abundance in Barbara and other tribes of coast the dry washes of stream-beds to the north of San Francisco Bay, ,hwestern Texas and adjacent por- from Sonoma, Mendocino, and Humboldt Counties eastward to lia Viv., in northeastern Mexico Shasta and possibly also other counties of California. This variety, 'exas; and N. stocktoni Brandegee, which as yet has no distinctive name, may reach a height of as much of Lower California. as six feet, has long erect branches with elongated internodes, and with large flowers which are more separated than in the plants of the f North America, vol. 2, part 1, taxonomic type. In common with the type of the species, this tall 3, also 2d edition, 1886, p. 243. and erect variety has a decided tendency toward a three-celled ovary ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ir-

40 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [BULL. 94 HARRINGTON1 TOBACCO AMONG TI

and such are to be found in most well-developed plants although in a ing originated in Guinea and havin [5a small percentage of the total number of capsules matured. 1 Chest- of California, the only place whe nut 6 states that this variety is used for smoking and also for chewing through any human agency, tak by all the Indian tribes of Mendocino County, California. Thanks "prima Jacie proof" and yields al to P. E. Goddard 7 and S. A. Barrett, I have perfectly reliable evidence tobacco of Hispaniola may have that it is still used by the Hupa and the Pomo. The Hupa, at least, Guinea rather than that any sp knew it both wild and cultivated, 8 but the Pomo seem to have used brought from Guinea to Hispan only the wild plant. As to how far the use of this variety extended American Continent. into Oregon I am uncertain, but I have the opinion that, towards its "The third variety of Nicotian northern limits and beyond them, attempts were made to cultivate is found in a limited area in south it, as certainly was the case among the Hupa. Northern California rated, in its distribution, from eit represents the limit of the spontaneous distribution of any coastal of the species. Var. wallacei is species of Nicotiana and in Oregon we find that the cultivated tobacco and much more slender than eit] of certain Indian tribes was a nearly related species, or possibly derived and of northern California. It variety, of N. bigelovii, viz., N. multivalvis Lindl. slender tube and I have never seen "There can be little doubt that it was some form of the Bigelovii- thousand examined, all the ovari group of the genus Nicotiana which was used by the Indians whom found to be two-celled. While il Drake encountered in 1579, when he landed on the coast of California, may have been used by the In( somewhere in the vicinity of Drakes Bay. Wiener I remarks on occurs, I have been unable to ob Drake's account as follows: 'That tabacco, first mentioned in Hispa- was the case. Its relations wit] niola, should have found its way so far to the northwest, in addition botanically and as to aboriginal u to the rest of the continent, is a primaafacieproof that the distribution "When Lewis and Clark visit of tobacco follows from its first appearance under Arabic influence, Dakota in 1804,10 they found t from Guinea to all countries where Spanish, Portuguese, and French tobacco never seen previously by sailors navigated via Guinea or after having taken part in Guinea mens and seed for their collectio expeditions.' The extreme improbability of Nicotiana bigelorii hav- The specimens brought back b3 Nicotiana quadrivalvis Pursh " a 6 [Professor Setchell has furnished me the following additional collections of the Academy of the tall form of information on this point: "I have found that in The seed, or some of it at least, ovaries are 3-celled. Nicotiana bigelowii [sic] a small percentage of the source of the plants grown in v in this variety is to be The occurrence of occasional 3-celled condition and its descendants are still to l which, so far as contrasted with the situation in the variety Wallacei, A few years ago, through the cou indicated, is constantly the examination of several thousand capsules of the American Museum of N of 4-celled and 2-celled, and gives some indication of the possibility I was enabled to obtain from Ge of mutation. of many-celled varieties arising from it by simple process and from Melvin Randolph Giln capsules' [quot- I should say that this is not a matter of 'abnormal species, which was still being c of a tendency ing letter of J. P. Harrington], but an indication have grown the descendants of i occur usually on the lower within the species. The 3-celled capsules pure line for several generation parts of the plant."] lutely true to type as described b, California, 6" Plants used by the Indians of Mendocino County, by the Lewis and Clark specimen pp. 386, 387, 1902." Contr. U. S. National Herb., vol. 3, those of the type of Nicotiana i 7 "Life and Culture of the Hupa, in Univ. Calif. Pubs., Amer. Arch. and Eth., Vol. I, no. 1, p. 37, 1903." '° "Cf. Thwaites, Original Jov " Goddard, loc. cit." tion, 1804-1806, vol. 1, pp. 18 9 " Loc, cit., p. 141." 149-151, 158, 1905, New York." "1 "Flora Americae Septentrion 1ICAN ETHNOLOGY tB tLb. 94 CARRINGTON] TOBACCO AMONG THE KARUK INDIANS 41 well-developed plants although in a ing originated in Guinea and having been brought thence to the State er of capsules matured. [la] Chest- of California, the only place where it has ever been known, and d for smoking and also for chewing through any human agency, takes away the effectiveness of this cino County, California. Thanks "prima Jacie proof" and yields another strong probability that the At, I have perfectly reliable evidence tobacco of Hispaniola may have been carried from Hispaniola to id the Pomo. The Hupa, at least, Guinea rather than that any species of tobacco may have been I but the Pomo seem to have used brought from Guinea to Hispaniola or any other portion of the ar the use of this variety extended American Continent. have the opinion that, towards its "The third variety of Nicotiana bigelovii, the var. wallacei Gray, attempts were made to cultivate is found in a limited area in southern California and distinctly sepa- g the Hupa. Northern California rated, in its distribution, from either, or both, of the other varieties meous distribution of any coastal of the species. Var. wallacei is a plant of medium height, erect, we find that the cultivated tobacco and much more slender than either of the two varieties of central related species, or possibly derived and of northern California. It has a smaller flower with more Itivalvis Lindl. slender tube and I have never seen a three-celled ovary among several it was some form of the Bigelovii- thousand examined, all the ovaries, and ripe capsules, having been ,h was used by the Indians whom found to be two-celled. While it is very probable that this variety Le landed on the coast of California, may have been used by the Indian tribes of the region where it akes Bay. Wiener 9 remarks on occurs, I have been unable to obtain any direct evidence that such tabacco, first mentioned in Hispa- was the case. Its relations with Nicotiana clevelandii Gray, both o far to the northwest, in addition botanically and as to aboriginal use, are still very uncertain. mafacie proof that the distribution "When Lewis and Clark visited the Mandan villages in North :pearance under Arabic influence, Dakota in 1804,1° they found the inhabitants smoking a kind of Spanish, Portuguese, and French tobacco never seen previously by white men. They obtained speci- fter having taken part in Guinea mens and seed for their collections as well as data for their report. )ability of Nicotiana bigelovii hav- The specimens brought back by them served as the type of the Nicotiana quadrivalvis Pursh 1' and are now preserved among the me the following additional 3hed collections of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia. in the tall form of ve found that The seed, or some of it at least, was distributed so that it was the ovaries are 3-celled. -centage of the source of the plants grown in various botanical gardens in Europe this variety is to be -d condition in and its descendants are still to be found in some such institutions. e variety Wallacei, which, so far as A few years ago, through the courtesy of the Anthropological Section Ad capsules indicated, is constantly of the American Museum of Natural History of New York City, of 4-celled and l of the possibility I was enabled to obtain from George F. Will, of Bismarck, N. Dak., -n it by simple process of mutation. and from Melvin Randolph Gilmore, of Lincoln, Nebr., seed of this tter of 'abnormal capsules' [quot- species, which was still being cultivated by a Hidatsa Indian. I indication of a tendency but an have grown the descendants of the plants from this seed and in the apsules occur usually on the lower pure line for several generations and find that it still comes abso- lutely true to type as described by Lewis and Clark and as represented of Mendocino County, California, by the Lewis and Clark specimens. The plants very closely resemble D 1902." pp. 386, 387, those of the type of Nicotiana bigelovii, but the flowers are neither in Univ. Calif. Pubs., Amer. Arch. ,, 10 "Cf. Thwaites, Original Journals of the Lewis and Clark Expedi- tion, 1804-1806, vol. 1, pp. 183, 186, 187, 1904; vol. 6, pp. 142, 149-151, 158, 1905, New York." 11 "Flora Americae Septentrionalis. vol. 1, p. 141. 1814." -1-1-- 1 ----

EAIUMGNTON] TOBACCO AMONG THE 42 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [Be. g4 knowledge was of the Hidatsa tob quite so large nor so graceful. The chief difference from any of the quadrivalvis was cultivated by all c varieties of N. bigelovii, however, is to be found in the ovary. This lost as soon as they came into is constantly 4-celled in N. quadrivalvis, while in N. bigelovii it is was completely that not even the oldest preponderatingly 2-celled, although 3-celled examples are frequent vation. It seems fully as probable in the type and in the northern variety. Nicotiana quadrivalvis is nomads, may not have cultivated t( not only the tobacco of the Mandan, but of the Arikara and the by trade. In this case it seems jui Hidatsa Indians as well. How they obtained it is not known, but obtained from In it is not known outside of cultivation. This latter fact, taken in Area or N. attenuata from those connection with the close resemblance to Nicotiana bigelovii, the only received N. quadrivalvis from any c essential difference being the increase in the number of carpels as of North Dakota. shown by the 4-celled ovary, makes it appear reasonably certain that Indians "Nicotiana multivalvis Lindl., tb N. quadrivalvis is only a derivative from some form of N. bigelovii. bigelovii group to be considered, be It may possibly have arisen by a single mutation or it may be a type of N. bigelovii and also to N. derivative from a cross between N. bigelovii and N. multi- hybrid shape-as well as color-of the flc valvis. I have obtained forms very close to N. quadrivalvis as usually more than 5-lobed, varying descendants of such a cross and such forms have appeared in the The ovary is the characteristic fe botanical garden of the University of California as the result of a posed of two circles of cells, one wit probable spontaneous cross between the two species mentioned. It ovary of the navel-orange. The is of decided interest to find a bigelovii derivative so far from the fertile seeds in all, or at least in n bigelovii home and this interest is increased by the fact that N. ovary as this is evidently monstrot is connected in distribution with the Californian area quadrivalvis of the normal ovary of Nicotiana, E by the area in which N. multivalvis, itself seemingly a bigelovii deriva- derived from a form such as the t; tive, is found under aboriginal cultivation. simple mutation. An additional a] "The Hidatsa tobacco, which is fairly certainly Nicotiana quadri- 2 tion of this species from some simp valvis, has been the subject of study by Gilbert L. Wilson." He been found outside of cultivation. says that the Hidatsa cultivate tobacco, but does not mention the " Nicotiana multivalvis was dis species. It is not used by the young men because it prevents running August, 1825. The first specimen shortness of breath. It is not planted near corn because by causing an Indian at the great falls of the tobacco has a strong smell that affects corn. In harvesting, the offered two ounces of manufacture blossoms are picked first, the white parts (corollas) being thrown tion, the Indian would not part wil away, and the stems and leaves are picked last. Both blossoms and from the villages so that it could n stems are treated with buffalo-fat before being stored. The Hidatsa burned a dead tree or stump in the name for their tobacco, according to Lowie," is 6pe. over the ground to be planted. I "Melvin Randolph Gilmore,"4 in treating of the uses of plants by little plantations and helped hims the Missouri River Indians, writes as if they all used Nicotiana ever, he met the owner who appei quadrivalvis,"5 although he mentions specifically that his definite plants under Douglas's arm. A 12 "Agriculture of the Hidatsa Indians, an Indian Interpretation, tobacco appeased him and the pre Univ. of Minnesota Studies in the Social Sciences, no. 9, Minneapolis, him to talk of the Indian tobacco 1917, pp. 121-127." it. Douglas learned from the In 13 "The Tobacco Society of the Crow Indians, Anthrop. Papers, the ground because it was suppose Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., vol. 21, pt. 2, 1919." plants to grow very large. He also 14 " Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, "Loc. cit. p. 113." S3rd Ann. Rep. Bur. Amer. Ethnology (for 1911-12), pp. 43-154, 7 "Journal Kept by David Dou 1919." 1 (sub. N. pulverulenta Pursh)." lb "Loc. cit. p. 59."

__ JCAN ETHNOLOGY *OARRMGTON] TOBACCO AMONG THE KARUK INDIANS 43 ie chief difference from any of the knowledge was of the Hidatsa tobacco only. He states that N. s to be found in the ovary. This quadrivalvis was cultivated by all of the tribes of Nebraska,' but ivalvi8, while in N. bigelovii it is was lost as soon as they came into contact with Europeans and so 'h 3-celled examples are frequent completely that not even the oldest Omaha had ever seen it in culti- variety. Nicotiana quadrivalvis is vation. It seems fully as probable that the Nebraska tribes, being dan, but of the Arikara and the nomads, may not have cultivated tobacco, but probably obtained it ey obtained it is not known, but by trade. In this case it seems just as likely that they may have ition. This latter fact, taken in obtained Nicotiana rustica from Indians of the Eastern Woodland ace to Nicotiana bigelovii, the only Area or N. attenuata from those of the Plains Area, as to have 3ase in the number of carpels as received N. quadrivalvis from any one of the three tribes of village it appear reasonably certain that Indians of North Dakota. e from some form of N. bigelovii. "Nicotiana multivalvis Lindl., the fifth and last member of the single mutation or it may be a bigelovii group to be considered, bears a striking resemblance to the tween N. bigelovii and N. multi- type of N. bigelovii and also to N. quadrivalvis in habit, leaves, and ery close to N. quadrivalvis as shape-as well as color-of the flowers. The corrolla, however, is uch forms have appeared in the usually more than 5-lobed, varying to as many as 12 or more lobes. , of California as the result of a The ovary is the characteristic feature of the species. It is com- a the two species mentioned. It posed of two circles of cells, one within the other as in the case of the relovii derivative so far from the ovary of the navel-orange. The capsule of N. multivalvis bears ; increased by the fact that N. fertile seeds in all, or at least in most, of its cells. Such a form of )ution with the Californian area ovary as this is evidently monstrous, at least from the point of view itself seemingly a bigelovii deriva- of the normal ovary of Nicotiana, and may be supposed to have been vation. derived from a form such as the type of N. bigelovii by a relatively fairly certainly Nicotiana quadri- simple mutation. An additional argument as to the possible deriva- dy by Gilbert L. Wilson.' 2 He tion of this species from some simpler form is the fact that it has not :acco, but does not mention the been found outside of cultivation. men because it prevents running "Nicotiana multivalvis was discovered by David Douglas 17 in is not planted near corn because August, 1825. The first specimen he saw of it was in the hands of Afects corn. In harvesting, the an Indian at the great falls of the Columbia River, but, although he be parts (corollas) being thrown offered two ounces of manufactured tobacco, an enormous remunera- picked last. Both blossoms and tion, the Indian would not part with it. The Indians planted it away efore being stored. The Hidatsa from the villages so that it could not be pulled before maturity. They >Lowie,11 is 6pe. burned a dead tree or stump in the open wood and strewed the ashes treating of the uses of plants by over the ground to be planted. Later on, Douglas found one of the 3 as if they all used Nicotiana little plantations and helped himself to specimens. Soon after, how- as specifically that his definite ever, he met the owner who appeared much displeased on seeing the plants under Douglas's arm. A present of an ounce of European dians, an Indian Interpretation, tobacco appeased him and the present of an additional ounce induced cial Sciences, no. 9, Minneapolis, him to talk of the Indian tobacco and to answer questions concerning it. Douglas learned from the Indian that he put wood ashes over Crow Indians, Anthrop. Papers, the ground because it was supposed that the ashes make the tobacco ', 1919." plants to grow very large. He also learned that this species of tobacco s of the Missouri River Region, Fogy (for 1911-12), pp. 43-154, 16 "Loc. cit. p. 113." 1 "Journal Kept by David Douglas, etc., London, 1914, pp. 59,141 (sub. N. pulverulenta Pursh)."

I 44 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [BULL. 94 HARRINGTON] TOBACCO AMONG THI grew plentifully in the country of the Snake Indians, who may have But there is also another, old nan brought it from the headwaters of the Missouri River which they sponds to words of similar sound in annually visited, and have distributed it from this region and in both western North America,"9 " and sui directions east and west of the Rocky Mountains. This suggestion although the independent form of of the Indian probably represents a portion of the truth as regards restored by any speaker, and has the travels of this species, but the general trend must have been The following words, and some o0 rather from the coast to the eastward and into the interior, if the identical in meaning with 'ihe-raha-, botanical probabilities are duly considered. it in the words here given except in "Through the kindness of Dr. Robert H. Lowie, of the American one may also say 'ih6-rahasipnu'uk. Museum of Natural History, I have been able to make certain that (1) 'dhat, nicotine, the pitchy su the tobacco which is of so much ceremonial importance among the Karuk smoking pipe. The literal Crow Indians is Nicotiana multizalris. I have examined photographs Cp. siccat, semen; viOOaf, mucus s4 of the tobacco gardens of the Crows, in which the plants showed crement. their characters remarkably well, and also a pressed specimen of an (2) 'uhi'hhakilr4, name of one of th entire plant concerning whose identity there can be no doubt. literally a going toward tobacco. (6 Dr. Lowie 1' has since published his paper on the subject and (3) 'uhippi', tobacco stem, tobac. brought forward much detail concerning the planting and cere- pendent 'ippi', bone, and 'ippa', tree monial use of this species. In his preface, Dr. Lowie says that the (4) 'uhrE-m, tobacco pipe of any Tobacco Society loomed large in the tribal life of the Crow, its (5) 'dhsipnu'uk, tobacco basket, = ceremonial activities probably ranking next to the Sun Dance. The storage basket. (See pp. 103-131.) Crows insist that their tobacco is different from that of the Hidatsa (6) 'uhtatvhra'ar, sweathouse tot (Nicotiana quadriralvis), and botanically this idea is correct. In bacco [coal] tong-inserter. (See pp. connection with the query as to whence the Crow, and the Hidatsa (7) 'uhOi crihra'am, mg. where the as well, may have obtained their particular , Dr. p. 267.) Lowie, in addition to the botanical evidence, calls attention to the (8) 'uhtayvarara'am, mg. where fact that in the languages of several of the tribes using the bigelovii (See p. 267.) group of tobaccos, the root of the word for tobacco is op or up and that the Diegueaos, the Shasta, the Takelma, the Crow, and the 3. Pak6-vura pananuppiric puyiO0a Hidatsa agree in this, while the tribes using other species of tobacco hara peh-raha'ippa', vura tcicih] apply terms from different roots.18a This linguistic evidence is of kya4, pa'apxanti tc 'in takinipp8 decided interest and importance, especially when taken in connection (OF ALL KARUK PLANTS THE BLACK NI with the close botanical relationship of the species and varieties THE WHITES concerned." 19 The plant most closely related 2. Pahtft 'uOvfiytti-hva pehb-raha' growing in the Karuk country is (THE NAME OF TOBACCO) nigrum L., called tcicihpditi, dog I 'IhMTaha', tobacco, tobacco plant, means merely that which is 'ImxaOakk6 m. Puffd-t vura smoked, being a -ha' derivative of 'ihe'er, to smoke, just as 'Avaha', 'i n 'h-mtihao. K6-kaninay vur o food, is derived from 'av, to eat. 'u'V'fti'. Payd-m vura van khtn ' tafy 'u'Vfti', pakatn pi-ns kun- I 'B "Loc. cit." ?dhOA-mhitihifak. Vat vura pdrio I I'l [Karuk Vu'uh, tobacco, see p. 45, is the same word.] 'umissahiti', kdna vura 'axvi0oirar I 19 Setchell, William Albert, Aboriginal Tobaccos, American Anthro- pologist, N. S., vol. 23, no. 4, Oct.-Dec. 1921, pp. 397-413, quotation 19 See quotation from Setchell, p froni pp. 403-410. 20 See p. 244, line 10. 63044 02 RICAN ETHNOLOGY [BULL. 94 HARRINGTON] TOBACCO AMONG THE KARUK INDIANS 45 the Snake Indians, who may have But there is also another, old name for tobacco, Vu'uh, which corre- of the Missouri River which they sponds to words of similar sound in a number of Indian languages of uted it from this region and in both western North America,""a and survives in Karuk as a prepound, ,ocky Mountains. This suggestion although the independent form of the word can be separated and 3 a portion of the truth as regards restored by any speaker, and has very rarely been volunteered.20 ;he general trend must have been The following words, and some others, have it. It is felt to Lward and into be the interior, if the identical in meaning with 'ihe raha-, which can not be tnsidered. substituted for it in the words here given except in the case of 'uhsfpnu'uk, for which Robert H. Lowie, of the American one may also say 'ih6-rahasfpnu'uk. .ve been able to make certain that (1) '`haf, nicotine, the pitchy substance which accumulates in a ceremonial importance among the Karuk smoking pipe. The literal meaning is tobacco excrement. vis. I have examined photographs Cp. siccat, semen; viefat, mucus secretion of the vagina; Va'af, ex- 'ows, in which the plants showed crement. and also a pressed specimen of an (2) 'uhAhAkiiv, name of one of the days of the new-year ceremony, dentity there can be no doubt. literally a going toward tobacco. (See p. 244.) I his paper on the subject and (3) 'uhippi', tobacco stem, tobacco stalk. With -'ippi' cp., inde- ncerning the planting and cere- pendent 'ippi', bone, and 'ippa', tree, plant. (See pp. 51, 89.) preface, Dr. Lowie says that the (4) 'uhrd-m, tobacco pipe of any kind, -ri m, place. the tribal life of the Crow, its (5) 'uhsipnu'uk, tobacco basket, = 'ihU.rahasipnu'uk, from sipnu'uk, king next to the Sun Dance. The storage basket. (See pp. 103-131.) different from that of the Hidatsa (6) 'uhtatvhra'aT, sweathouse tobacco lighting stick, literally to- mnically this idea is correct. In bacco [coal] tong-inserter. (See pp. 188-190.) hence the Crow, and the Hidatsa (7) 'uhoi crihra'am, mg. where they put tobacco, placename. (See particular types of tobacco, Dr. p. 267.) LI evidence, calls attention to the (8) 'uhtayvarAra"'m, mg. where they spoil tobacco, placename. al of the tribes using the bigelovii (See p. 267.) word for tobacco is 5p or up and he Takelma, the Crow, and the 3. Pak6wvura pananuppiric puy106a xhy vura kunic van kum6 kyd- bes using other species of tobacco hara peheraha'ippa', vura tcicihpuriOippa kite van kinic kum6- la This linguistic evidence is of kyav, pa'apxanti tc 'Tn takinippe'er pecially when taken in connection (OF ALL KARUK hip of the species and varieties PLANTS THE BLACK NIGHTSHADE IS MOST LIKE TOBACCO, THE WHITES TELL US)

Jihva peh8Taha' The plant most closely related to tobacco botanically of those growing in the Karuk country is the Black Nightshade, Solanum E' TOBACCO) nigram L., called tcicihpduio, dog huckleberry. Of it is said: it, means merely that which is 'ImxaOakk&m. Puffg t vura They smell strong. Nothing 'ihM'er, to smoke, just as 'hvaha', '1in 'irmtihap. K6-kaninay vur eats them. They grow all over. 'u'Vfti'. Payem vura van kan They grow more now where tafy 'u'ifti', pakan pi-ns kun- beans are planted. They look ?dhOA 5, is the same word.] mhitihiiak. VaA vura pdriO like huckleberries, but the dog 'umussAhiti', inal Tobaccos, American Anthro- kiina vura 'axv160irar huckleberries are dirty looking, )ec. 1921, pp. 397-413, quotation 19a See quotation from Setchell, p. 44. 10 See p. 244, line 10. 630440 32 - 46 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [BULL. 94 HARBINGTON] TOBACCO AMONG THE 'umissahiti patcicihpdiio, 'uxra- they are sour, the leaves also are upslope tends, on the other hand, to 1 hhOka"'y, pappiric kyhru vur 'ax- dirty looking. It is good for It is inferred that it has escaped from vifOirarkunic. Vurapurafg-th ha, nothing, it smells strong. I guess itself as a volunteer crop at some lonq Wi'Ux. Tcicfi 'ata nik 'him vdr maybe dogs eat them, they are that this volunteer tapasihg-raha is n 'u'VAmti', 'ikki~tc 'Ath, v6-OvTi-yt1 called dog huckleberries. it was sowed in ashes, weeded tcicihpdfiO. and tapasiht-raha'. 4. Sahih6-raha karu mahihtTaha' It is said that even today, when b (DOWNSLOPE AND UPSLOPE TOBACCO) can distinguish them instantly: Sah-, downslope, and mah-, upslope, are sometimes employed, Pu'ikpihanhara pasahihi5-raha', always rather irregularly, to distinguish river and mountain varieties xg-t vaA 'hr ub6'er. 'Asti~p vur if of an object. Thus xanOi-n, crawfish (*sahxhnOu'un is not used); 'u'i'fti yuxn&-m. Vilra pu'uh- b mahxhnOu'un, scorpion, lit. mountain crawfish. XaNa6, grasshopper OQ-mhitihap. Viira yA-ntcip kdk- (*mAhxa'aO is not used); sahxa'aO, green grasshopper, lit. river grass- ku~m vura khon tupifcf prin. 2 hopper. 'iApxa'an, hat (*sahhpxa'an is not used); mahApxa'an, a 'Arajr 'u~m vdra pu'ih6-rAtihara di hunter's hat overlaid mostly with pine roots, also called taripanhp- pasahih6 *raha'. tc xa'an, dipper basket hat, lit. mountain hat. Vuhvudha', (1) deerskin Kuna vura patapasih6-raha dance in general, (2) jump dance; but sahvuhviha', deerskin dance, 'u~m kunic 'axvhhahaf, ti-kyan regular name of the deerskin dance, lit. river deerskin dance.22 'ar uxvkhahiti patu'hfficaha~k So also with tobacco. The Indians go beyond the botanist and patapasihe-raha'. Tfrihca pamfip- make what is for them a very necessary distinction. SahihMTaha', pfric, 'ikpihan, 'imxaOakk&e0m. river tobacco, is applied only to the wild tobacco, self-sown. It is very properly named, since wild tobacco is known to be fond of sandy 5. Pehe-raha'ippa mupikyutunvhrar stretches of river bottoms and is rumored to be particularly vile. (MORPHOLOGY OF THE But none of the informants had ever heard Goddard's statement that such tobacco is poisonous.23 River tobacco was never smoked, A. K6'vfira pehe but volunteer tobacco growing about the sweathouses was often picked (THE PLA and smoked (see p. 78), and sweathouses were mostly downslope institutions and so this comes painfully near to smoking river tobacco. Piric means (1) leaf, (collective); The other, sown, people's tobacco was called in contradistinction except that when applied to trees, whi mahiht-raha', mountain tobacco, although the term was seldom used. its meaning of foliage, referring either Tapasih-raha', real tobacco, was felt to be a more proper distinction, branchy or leafy sprig or piece of the or one could say 'arar4-h6-raha', people's, or if you will, Indians', word for bush or brush, being used in t: tobacco. brush, brushy place. PIric is comm The term for any volunteer plant is piffapu'. This is applied to tobacco plant (see p. 52), but can also either sahiher-aha' or tapasih6-raha', provided the tobacco has not as a whole; it is sometimes employed been planted by people. All native tobacco is piffapu' now. mahat pamih6erahappffic, I saw your I It is thought that the seeds of sahihe-raha' float down from upriver. or with reference to the plant or leave This gives it a foreign, extraneous aspect. Any tobacco growing soil: Yatn vur 'u'ikkyuisuinftihatc peh

21 Cp. again kahxa'aO, upriver grasshopper, a species living at the 24 Or pehM-raha'ippa pak6^ 'uOvilyt Klamath Lakes, said closely to resemble sahxa"'O. kyutunvAramu'u, its joints, is applical 22 The writer has many. additional examples of this distinguishment. is the proper term, but can not be s 23 "The wild form found along the river they say is poison." object, like a pipe, of which pamuevit Goddard, Life and Culture of the Hupa, p. 37. must be used. -

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1ICAN ETHNOLOGY IBULL. 94 HABRINGTON] TOBACCO HONG THE TRUE INDICES 47 they are sour, the leaves also are upslope tends, on the other hand, dirty looking. It is good for to be identified with tapasihe-raha'. It is inferred that it has escaped nothing, it smells strong. I guess from the plots, or to have perpetuated itself as a volunteer crop at some long maybe dogs eat them, they abandoned plot. They realize are that this called dog huckleberries. volunteer tapasih6-raha is not as robust and strong as when it was sowed in ashes, weeded and tended, but it is, nevertheless, tapasih6 raha'. iru mahiht8raha' It is said that even today, when both kinds are growing wild, one UPSLOPE TOBACCO) can distinguish them instantly: pslope, are sometimes employed, Pu'ikpihanhara pasahihi -raha', That river tobacco is not strong, guish river and mountain varieties xlat vat 'Ar uh~e'r. 'Asti~p vur if a person smokes it. It grows wfish (*sahxanou'un is not used); 'u'ifti yuxnfi-m. Vira pu'uh- by the river in the 8 sand. They ;ain crawfish. Xa' 0, grasshopper Ohamhitihap. Vdra ykntcip kdk- do not sow it. Every year it green grasshopper, lit. river grass- ku~m vura khon tupifcf-prifi. grows up voluntarily. The In- a'an is not used); mahhpxa'an, a 'Arajr 'u~m vdra pu'iht-rqtihara dians never smoke it, that river pine roots, also called taripanihp- pasahiht-raha'. tobacco. Ltain hat. Vuhviha', (1) deerskin Kuna vura patapasiht-raha But the real tobacco is pithy, but sahvuhviha', deerskin dance, 'u~m kunic 'axvAhahai, ti-kyan it makes a person's hands sticky 22 i, lit. river deerskin dance. 'ar uxvhhahiti patu'hfficaha~k when one touches it, the real to- lians go beyond the botanist and patapasiht-raha'. Tirihca pamip- bacco does. It has wildish leaves, cessary distinction. Sahihl-raha', pfric, 'ikpihan, 'imxaOakk6'em. it is strong, it stinks. wild tobacco, self-sown. It is very co is known to be fond of sandy 5. Peh6 raha'Ippa mupikyutunvaramu'u, karu k6'vura pamiiOvuy. 24 rumored to be particularly vile. (MORPHOLOGY ever heard Goddard's statement OF THE TOBACCO PLANT) River tobacco was never smoked, A. K61vdra peh6-raha'ippa' it the sweathouses was often picked eathouses were mostly downslope (THE PLANT) ully near to smoking river tobacco. Pfiic means (1) leaf, (collective) foliage, (2) plant of any kind, co was called in contradistinction except that when applied to trees, which are termed 'ippa', it resumes [though the term was seldom used. its meaning of foliage, referring either to that of the entire tree or to a 3lt to be a more proper distinction, branchy or leafy sprig or piece of the tree. Pliic is also the common people's, or if you will, Indians', word for bush or brush, being used in the plural equivalent to piricri"k, brush, brushy place. PIric is commonly used of the leaves of the at is piffapu'. This is applied to tobacco plant (see p. 52), but can also be applied to the tobacco plant a', provided the tobacco has not as a whole; it is sometimes employed contemptuously, e. g. 'ip nim- e tobacco is piffapu' now. mahat pamihMrahappific, I saw your good for nothing tobacco weeds; iih8-raha' float down from upriver. or with reference to the plant or leaves when first pricking above the is aspect. Any tobacco growing soil: Yatn vur 'u'ikkyiisuintihhtc peh6 rahappfric, the tobacco is just

asshopper, a species living at the 24 Or peh6 raha'ippa pak6, 'uOvdytti hva pamucvitava. Pamupi- emble shhxa'a0. kyutunvAarmu"u, its joints, is applicable to the parts of a plant, and I examples of this distinguishment. is the proper term, but can not be said of the parts of a one-piece the river they say is poison." object, like a pipe, of which pamucvit&aa, its various parts or pieces, [upa, p. 37. must be used. - I

48 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [BuLt. 94 starting to come up. The diminutive of pific, piric?anamimahatfc, pl. pinictunv6 -ttcaA, is used especially of grotesque or useless leaves or plants, or of little weeds coming up, e. g., in a tobacco plot. BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY Tree is 'ippa', although this caii also be applied to smaller plants, and the compound 'ih6-raha'ippa', tobacco plant, is actually volun- teered. Vine is 'atatfirAgn'nar, one that grows all over. Garden plants are distinguished from wild ones by such an expres- sion as 'uh~amhako -kfA-ttcas, different kinds of planted ones. Veg- etables are 'uh~amha'Avaha', planted food. A tobacco plant is usually called merely 'iht-raha', tobacco; but one may also say 'ih6-raha'fppa', 'ih-rahappffic, or 'uhippi'; the last properly meaning tobacco stalk, can be used of the entire plant. (See p. 51.) 'Ih6raha'ippa' is sometimes used of the stem. (See p. 51.) The topmost part of the tobacco plant is called 'ih6-raha'ipaha'1p- paimitc ('1ppaIiitc, top). The top in contradistinction to the root is called pamu 'ippa', its stalk or plant, or pamuppifiic, its foliage. The last word is used, e. g., of carrot tops as contrasted with the roots. The base or lower part of the tobacco plant is called 'ih6-raha'ipa- ha'hvffi4~('affi4~, base). The following general observations were volunteered on habits of growth of the tobacco plant: 'A?ya-tc vur uve-hrim'va po-- The tobacco plant stands 'I-fti' peh-raha" .25 Ko'mrahitc straight up as it grows. Its vura powv6hp11ovuti pamiipti"k. branches just spread a little. Peh6-raha'ippa 'u~m vura 'ivbix- The tobacco plant is all dryish, ra kunic k6w~ia, pu'hssarhai~a, it is not juicy, it is tough. The shikri'v. Peh~~rahh-pti'k, pa'u- tobacco-branches, the tobacco------/1 hippi shkri-vca', puya'-mahukitc stems are tough; they do not kup6 -cphttahitihafa. Patakik- break easily. When they pick ya-ha'ak pa'uhippi', takunvuphk- the tobacco stems they cut them si-prhI. off. Kh-kum vura 'A?vhri po-'ifti', Some [tobacco plants] grow karu khkum vura 'A-punifc. Va~ low, some high. The highest vura 'a ?varittA -pas 'u'f ~fti' 26 pa'a- that they grow is higher than a vansa 'hvahkam vani tu'iffaha'~k. man. But most of the time they Va,~ 'u~m vilra hitfha~n 'arar46-0 come up to a person's chest. vi-yvdri va~ k6- vA-ramashiti'. They are tall. VA rarhas.

26 Or peh~~raha'ippa'. REPRCD)UCTICN OF PLATE XXViI 01 TRATION OF I 21 Or va,~ vur 'upifyi-mmuti', the highest it ever grows. RIC AiN ETHNOLOGY [BuLL. 94 itive of pffic, piricianammahafc, p1. ly of grotesque or useless lea'ves or ip, e. g., in a tobacco plot. BRA FAEIA-~~ TNLG ULTN9/ LT ii also be applied to smaller plants, BRA PAEIA TNLG ULTN9 LT tobacco plant, is actually volun- grows all over.

Ifrom wild ones by such an expres-/- rerent kinds of planted ones. Veg- ited food. led merely 'ihirahia", tobacco; but 'ih-rahappikic, or 'uhippi'; the last/ in be used of the entire plant. (See 1 les used of the stem. (See p. 51.) ,o plant is called 'ih6-raha'ipaha'fp- /' in contradistinction to the root is ,nt, or pamuppinfic, its foliage. The ops as contrasted with the roots. jobacco plant is called 'ih6-raha'ipa-

,ions were volunteered on habits of

The tobacco plant stands ~N straight up as it grows. Its i branches just spread a little. The tobacco plant is all dryish, it is not juicy, it is tough. The tobacco-branches, the tobacco- - : stems are tough; they do not break easily. When they pick /' the tobacco stems they cut them off. Some [tobacco plants] grow

low, some high. The highest - that they grow is higher than a man. But most of the time they come up to a person's chest. They are tall.

REPRCIDUCTION OF PLATE XXVI I OF WATSON'S REPORT, 1871, FIRST ILLUS- - L-1 - TRATION OF NICOTIANA BIGELOVII e nignest it ever grows. BUREAU CF AMERICAN ETHNCLCGY BUL LETIN 54 FLATE 6 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY

A (TORR.) WATSO NICOTIANA BIGELOVII (TORR) WATSON VAR EXALTATA SETCHELL. DRAWINGS NICOTIANA BIGELOVII OF 2-VALVED SPEC[ OF 2-VALVED SPECIMEN, W. A. SETCHELL BULLETIN S4 FLATE 6 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY BULLETIN 94 FLATE 7

%R EXALTATA SETCHELL, DRAWINGS NICOTIANA BIGELOVII (TORR.) WATSON VAR EXALTATA SETCHELL. DRAWINGS I. W. A. SETCHELL OF 2-VALVED SPECIMEN, W. A. SETCHELL BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY

BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY BULLETIN 94 PLATE 8

3 7

NICOTIANA BIGELOVII (TORR) WATSON VAR. EXALTATA SETCHELL. DRAWINGS NICOTIANA BIGELOVIE (TORR.) WATSON VP OF 2-VALVED SPECIMEN. W- A SETCHELL OF EXCEPTIONAL 3-VALVED SF BULLETIN 94 PLATE 9 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY

BULLETIN 94 PLATE 8

3JI

3 7

VAR. EXALTATA SETCHELL, DRAWINGS SON VAR. EXALTATA SETCHELL, DRAWINGS NICOTIANA BIGELOVII (TORR) WATSON 3-VALVED SPECIMEN, W. A. SETCHELL _CIMEN, W. A SETCHELL OF EXCEPTIONAL BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY BULLETIN 94 PLATE 10

MRS. PHOEBE MADDUX AT FORMER TOBACCO PLOT UPSLOPE OF GRANT HILLMAN'S PLACE. ACROSS THE RIVER FROM ORLEANS. CALIF.

,4- _ + _ --

AT F R E TO C OP LO

THE RIVER.FROM ORLEAN. CALIFt

It4, c i!, eI. ijg7N~ap!.4'iS^ 4 t~i; llil : two, ''i ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~#~~~~~~~~~~~>w0 - | \ - - - = ------

- | - : - - -

llABBINGTON] TOB ACCO AMONG THE K^RU1Q INDIANS 49

a. Pahd t 'u'iftakantakkanti', 'umxa 6ti', 'u'kkati', 'umuissahiti'

(SENSE CHARACTERISTICS) The following sense characteristics are attributed to the tobacco plant: u, O) a'. Pahd-t 'u'iftakantakkanti' 0 U (FEELING)

Li U Xuis kunic 'ar u'iftakankotti patu'Afficaha'ak, tobacco is smooth and sticky when one feels of it. z b'. Pahd-t 'uImxaOti'

J (SMELL) -I Karu vura peh8-raha vur imxaOakk6'em. Ha-ri vura 'axvh-hkdha- z haha pat6.mskkkaraha'ak. And tobacco stinks. Sometimes it makes a person's head ache when he smells it. LLU 0 . c'. Pahd t 'u'kkati' (TASTE) a Z 0< Peh8-raha 'apmhnn 'ukrixydp- Tobacco burns a person'smouth, xuipti 27 'ara, 'u'ux, xara vur ap- it tastes bad. mftnn u'atkkati'.

ULJ VaA takunpip fa-t vurava pa- They say when anything tastes 'u xha"'k: "T'Ji'ux, 'ihe-raha ko~ bad: "It tastes bad, it tastes as q0 'uiVx." Nanitta~t mit 'up8vo - bad as tobacco." My mother tihkf, pafa-t vurava 'd-xh'a'k: used to say when anything tasted

zI ". lIh8-rah6,xiJkYunic kY6- 'V'dx." bad: "'It tastes as bad as green Lii tobacco." 0 Ha-ri takunpakatkat paya-f, Sometimes when they taste of LI. U pakari kuntAkkiritiha'1k, karixas acorn dough, when they are still takunpf-p: "'Ihe-raha vura kari soaking it, they say: "The acorn LUJ 0 kY6A 'A'q'x paya-f." dough tastes as bad as smoking m tobacco yet."

a d'. Pahdi t 'umussahiti' 0 0~ (SIGHT) I Payafn vur 'u'iftiha'-k puxxwitc edkkinkuAic, pehe-raha'ippa', patcim 'umtuppe-caha'1k, vaA kari tavattavkunic. When it is just growing, the tobacco plant is real green, when it is already going to get ripe, it is then light-colored. For the turning yellow of tobacco leaves, see page 100. For obser- vations on the color of tobacco flowers, see page 55.

27 Cp. 'apmanikrixYdpxup, (black) pepper, lit. that which burns the mouth. -7-

i HARRINGTON] TOBACCO AMONG TH 50 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [BULL. 94 I b. 'Imnak karu 'hmta'ap Iasikthva'an, woman, female; (2) 1 sprout, but have a bunch of leaves: (CHARCOAL AND ASHES) being designated as the female. Chemically changed tobacco plant material would be designated resembles the undressed Indian ni as follows: suggest the Indian woman with I 'Ihe rah&mnak, tobacco charcoal. stalks called 'avan, the series of cai 'Ihe rahh .mta'ap, tobacco ashes. pounded, meaning so and so many n use the ordinary cardinals; thus 'it c. Peh6-raha'dihOamsa' pa'avan, 10 stalks. (TOBACCO PLOTS) A young, succulent sprout or sti come up and is still leafless, is desi, A tobacco plot, and now any garden, orchard, or plantation, is None of the terms for stalk or st called 'fihOa"'m, whence 'dhOd-mhh', to plant, to sow. Here 'uh- the tobacco stalk or stem, the latte is not the old word for tobacco, but to be connected with 'dhic, seed; 'uhippi', tobacco bone. The prepo -0a'am, to put. More specifically: 'ih6Taha'dhOa'am, tobacco plot. as the old designation of tobacc Also 'ih6-raha'uh~amhifam, tobacco garden; pamitva 'ihd-raha'uhOam- the common word for bone. Cp. hiramhdiAk, former tobacco plot. Of any place where tobacco grows, stalks of other plants. Neither sfia sown or unsown, one may say: pe-h6-rah u'f-ftihiiak, place where is applied to the stem of tobacco. tobacco grows. Plate 10 shows 'ImkYanva'an at a former tobacco plot. is because the harvested and prel In contrast to the above words, should be noticed piffapu', any modity and also had use in religious volunteer plant; 'iherahapfffapu', volunteer tobacco plant or plants. probably find no special terminoloE One should note also sah?ih&-raha', used for distinguishing the wild '1he raha'ippa', meaning strict from the sown variety of tobacco. (See pp. 46-47.) applied to the stalk. d. Pa'e pu'um A joint in a stem, such as is co called 'ikyutunvhramu'u, and this (ROOT) internodes between the joints, e. g 'Iheraha'6ppu'um, tobacco root, from 'eppu'um, root. Rootlet the sections between its joints (lit. is called 'e-piimanammahatc, pl. 'e-pumtunve'etc. The bottom of the the case of tobacco there is no api root is called 'e pum~afivi' ttc, from 'afivi"tc, bottom. A correspond- 'Apti"k is the common word for ing 'e pum~ipanni"tc, top of the root, would scarcely be applied. The same word is applied to the bi Only for bull pine roots used for basketry is the special term 'ictcg- main stalk of the tobacco. The tcip, and 'e6ppu'um is not applied. 'ihe-raha-ptiktunv8-ttca§, little to] in the diminutive: or muptiktunv e. Pa'uhippi' 'Apti"k is derived 'aptikkyar, it I

(STALK) used about the same as 'dpti khiti' The following remarks were ma( The commonest word for the stalk of plants is sfi f, fish backbone, 'Unihyd-tcbs pa'uhippi, su? ki which also means pith. (See p. 52.) Or 'Ahup, wood, stick, can be used. Oip ivaxra', pa'uhippi', patuvaxrf Thus of a sunflower stalk one can say mfissu'uf, its fish backbone, or The tobacco stems are round [ir mu'hhu', its stick. But of the backbone of animals other than fish are like 'hkoi"p [grass sp.], like dr. sdffaA must be employed; while the backbone of a deer from which they get dry. the ribs have been cut is called 'ilztc&uhrAhA'. Leaf stem is never called sfuf (see p. 53), but flower stem is regularly so called (see p. 56). 28 'UssdriLvirbhiti', it is hollo, Another equally curious term, which has to be applied to certain hollow, suggests a larger cavity ti stalks, is 'Avan, husband, male, applied (1) to the leafless stalks of well known to the Karuk that the scouring rush in contradistinction to the leafy ones, which are called 51 UICAN ETHNOLOGY [Buu~. 94 EARRINGTON] TOBACCO AMONG THE KARUK INDIANS

aru 'Amta'ap 'asikthva"'n, woman, female; (2) to stalks which are bare, like a sprout, but have a bunch of leaves at the base, in this case the leaves AND ASHES) being designated as the female. The idea is that the bare stalk ant material would be designated resembles the undressed Indian male while the leafiness or leaves suggest the Indian woman with her dress. In enumerating these Li. stalks called 'avan, the series of cardinal numerals with -'avan post- pounded, meaning so and so many men, can not be used, but one must use the ordinary cardinals; thus 'itAhAxrA5an, 10 men, but 'itrA-hyar a'dhOd-msa' pa'avan, 10 stalks. o PLOTS) A young, succulent sprout or stalk, especially one which has just come up and is still leafless, is designated as kippat. garden, orchard, or plantation, is None of the terms for stalk or stem above listed can be applied to a', to plant, to sow. Here 'uh- the tobacco stalk or stem, the latter being called by the special term t to be connected with 'dhih, seed; 'uhippi', tobacco bone. The prepound is for uuh, already discussed tobacco plot. : 'ih6Taha'dhOa'1`m, as the old designation of tobacco in the language, while 'Ippi' is 'ih6Taha'uhOam- ogarden; pamitva the common word for bone. Cp. sfuf, fish backbone, applied to the Of any place where tobacco grows, stalks of other plants. Neither sfif, 'ahup, nor 'btan, discussed above )e-h-rah u'Wftihifak, place where is applied to the stem of tobacco. The reason for the special term kYknva'an at a former tobacco plot. is because the harvested and prepared tobacco stems were a com- , should be noticed piffapu', any modity and also had use in religious performances; otherwise we should volunteer tobacco plant or plants. probably find no special terminology. ',used for distinguishing the wild 'Ih6-raha'1ppa', meaning strictly tobacco plant, is sometimes pp. 46-47.) (See applied to the stalk.

.pu~Um A joint in a stem, such as is conspicuous in the scouring rush, is called 'ikyutunvhramu'u, and this word is also loosely applied to the )T) internodes between the joints, e. g. vA-ramas pamu'ikyutunvhramu'U, ,, from 'e6ppu'Um, root. Rootlet the sections between its joints (lit. its joints) are long. Here again in pumtunve-etc. The bottom of the the case of tobacco there is no application of the word. 'afivf"tc, bottom. A correspond- 'Apti"k is the common word for limb or branch, such as a tree has. root, would scarcely be applied. The same word is applied to the branches or stemlets which leave the asketry is the special term 'ictcl- main stalk of the tobacco. The tendency would here be to say 'ihe-rahaptiktunv9-ttcaA, little tobacco branches, putting the word in the diminutive: or muptiktunve'ttca4, its little branches. From hippi' 'hpti"k is derived 'aptikkyai, it has many branches, it is branchy, nK) used about the same as 'dpti'khiti', it has branches, limbs. The following remarks were made with regard to tobacco stems: lk of plants is suif, fish backbone, 'UnuihyA-tcas pa'uhippi, su? kunic 'Arunsa'. 2 8 'Ak61ipkfihic, 'ak- Or 'AhuP, wood, stick, can be used. Oipiv&xra', pa'uhippi', patuvaxrhha'ak. ;ay mdssu'Uf, its fish backbone, or The tobacco stems are round [in section] and empty inside. They other than fish -kbone of animals are like 'akOi"p [grass sp.], like dry 'AkOi"p, the tobacco stems, when e backbone of a deer from which they get dry. &tcdrAhdhA'. Leaf stem is never m is regularly so called (see p. 56). 28 'UssdravArahht1', it is hollow, 'ussuruvArahiti', they tpl. are hich has to be applied to certain hollow, suggests a larger cavity than the tobacco stems have. It is 'plied (1) to the leafless stalks of well known to the Karuk that the stems are hollow. o the leafy ones, which are called ___ ~~ - ~I - - I-

[BuLL. 04 52 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY HARRINGTON] TOBACCO AMONG THE

J.Pamiimma"In The corresponding verbs used of (BARK) piricha', sh-nha', and xiltha'. Leaf stem, called scienti term for skin or bark is ma tan. Thus the same word The general called sanhpti"k, leaf branch. P' of a person or the bark of a tree. Miimma san, is applied to the skin term, since it suggests the branch, li its skin or bark; 'ummh-nhfti', it has skin or bark. e. g., from a tree, rather than leaf s cedar and grapevine is called the same; one The shreddy bark of Leaf stem is never called su'uf, a it 'imyA t k(inic 'upiya ttunvftrim6 hiti', it is like fur all may say of (See p. 56.) compressed together. A maple leaf stem is called by th( (consisting mostly of bark) of hazel sticks and willow The peelings miipsi'1 , maple leaf its leg; or sanh] are called by the special term eariiffe lep. sticks used in basketry stems come into prominence from of May these sticks were gathered and at once peeled, About the first maple leaves together into shee- piles of the peelings. These peelings were some- resulting in big as can be explored, this terminob floor of the living house as a mattress for sleeping; times spread on the any other kind of leaf stem, but ci as a rag for wiping things; and among the Salmon they were used in the text below, second paragraph sometimes made of the peelings to be River Indians a dress was Of tobacco leaves in general, the worn by a girl during the flower dance. xas The outside of the tobacco stem is regularly called mndiuma"an, 'Afiv'hvahkam 'alvhnnihitc its skin or bark-, although botanically speaking tobacco has no po -ppirichiti 30 pamu'ih6Tahds- bark. sa'an, 'Afliv 'u~m vura piricciv-puk g. Pamilssu'uf Peb.Erahassa~n tinihyilttcaA, va~ pakun ~hhgrati'. Va' ramsa', 'ip an- (PITH) yittcihca' peb.6rahappific. Pinec- The pith, e. g., of arrowwood, which is removed when making yl-matcaA, xiitnAhitc&bs, tinih- an arrowwood pipe, is called sfi-f, fish backbone, the same word y5,tchs, 'ipanyittcihca', tirinxyfi-s- 3 that is applied to the stalks of plants, since the pith lies in the stalk kfinicaA. ' 'A -nkfi'nic su? 'usasip- or wood as the backbone lies inside the fish. The tobacco stem is said to have pith: peh.6raha'ippa 'usfiifhiti vftrAhit1', k6-vfira vo-kupitti pa- Su?, the tobacco plant has pith inside. muppfiic, 'Avtcip 'ii nkunic 'uVicip- vhrA hit1'. Pu'imyhttarashaifa. h. Pamfissa'an Peh6 rahhssa~n x-d~s kunic 'iov&y- (LEAF) kyamkarh, k6 mahitc vur 'u 'x- peh6-rahasanvhs- The most general term for leaf is pifiic, which also means plant, vahahitihafc as fully discussed above. (See pp. 47-48.) slhky~mk~rh. pii'ivrhrh~s- Another general ;.vord for leaf is sa'an, already recorded in the Pamuppiric vura also means maple tree, which is Gibbs vocabulary of 1852. Sa"an 3 2 noted for its useful leaves. (See p. 53.) 'Ippam kunic pamupiric?hpsi", shkri-- Tender, young green leaf of plants, when they first come up, is pak&~n 'u'ifciir6-tihirhk 9 called by the special term xi"t.2 The All of the above terms may be applied to tobacco leaves. 30 Or po-ssh-nhiti'. forms with the word for tobacco prepounded are 'ih6-rahappffic, 3' Or xu-skdnicas pamiltti-m. 1 'ih6-rahh~ssa'an, and 'ih6-rah~xxi' t. One can not say *san?ih6.raha' 32 A term carried over from ma or *piricehM-raha' for leaf tobacco; only 'ih6-rahhssa"an. leaf stems, which are stuck throi. 1 making maple leaf sheets, look ju 2' For color description mentioning the xi' t of the tobacco the bottom, and are regularly plant, see p. 267. at while one could also say sa~n mt1i ------

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:RICAN ETHNOLOGY [BULL. 94 EABRINOTON] TOBACCO AMONG THE liARUll INDIANS 53 ndmma' n The corresponding verbs used of such leaves being put forth are ARK) piricha', sh-nha', and xi-tha'. ark is mayan. Thus the same word Leaf stem, called petiole scientifically, and also leaf branch is or the bark of a tree. Mdmma'an, called sanApti'1k, leaf branch. PiricApti"k is not a very good has skin or bark. term, since it suggests the branch, limb, or twig of a piece of foliage, I grapevine is called the same; one e. g., from a tree, rather than leaf stem. a-ttunvAram6-hiti', it is like fur all Leaf stem is never called su'uf, although flower stem is so called. (See p. 56.) .of bark) of hazel sticks and willow A maple leaf stem is called by the special term '&psi", leg: sanpiric ed by the special term Oardffe'ep. mdpsi'", maple leaf its leg; or sanhpsi", maple leaf leg. Maple leaf s were gathered and at once peeled, stems come into prominence from their use in pinning and tying lings. These peelings were some- maple leaves together into sheets. (See footnote 32.) As far ing house as a mattress for sleeping; as can be explored, this terminology is never actually applied to g things; and among the Salmon any other kind of leaf stem, but can easily be extended as is done times made of the peelings to be in the text below, second paragraph. Lance. Of tobacco leaves in general, the following was dictated: em is regularly called mfumna'an, 'Afiv'fqvahkam 'aivannihitc xas Somewhat up the stem the mically speaking tobacco has no po *ppirichiti 30 pamu'ihe-rahAs- leaves commence; the base is sa'an, 'hffiv 'u~m vura piricci-ppuk without leaves. The tobacco atfssu'uf PehU-rahassa~n tinihy5ttcaA, vaA leaves are widish ones; those are TH) pakun ihh-rati'. Va ramsa', 'ipan- what they smoke. The tobacco yittcihca' pehi-rahappfiic. Piric- leaves are long, pointed. They , which is removed when making ya-matcas, xdtnAhiteAA, tinih- are nice leaves, thin [sheetlike], f, fish backbone, the same word ya,-tcas, 'ipanyittcihca', tf-iefi-us- not very wide, sharp pointed, Lnts, since the pith lies in the stalk kfinicas. 3 l 'A-nkdnic su? 'usasip- smooth-edged. They have little e the fish. pi Ova', 'a tcip 'i-nkunic 'uVicip- threads in them, with a filament ave pith: pehe raha'ippa 'usdlfhiti varahiti', k6-vdra vo-kupitti pa- running down the middle; they ide. muppiric, 'a tcip 'a-nkunic 'u'icip- are all that way, with a filament Lissa' n var5-hiti'. Pu'imyAttarashaia. running down the middle. They AF) Pehe-rahassan xuis kunic 'iOva y- are not hairy. Tobacco leaves kyamkarh, k6-mahitc vur 'u'ax- are smooth on top, but a little is piric, which also means plant, vahahitihatc peh6-rahasanvas- hairy on the underside. 47-48.) sihkyimkh~m. is saran, already recorded in the Pamuppiric vura pu'ivrarhs- The leaves do not fall off, they also means maple tree, which is sfiratihhAf, sakri-vea painipsi'i, are tough leaf-stemmed, their . 53.) 'ippam kunic pamupiriclapsi'",3 2 leaf-stems are like sinew, where ints, when they first come up, is pakahn 'u'ifcidro-thirAk sAkri- the leaves grow off [from the vcA'. stem] is tough. applied to tobacco leaves. The prepounded are 'ihb-rahappific, 30 Or po-ssa-nhiti'. One can not say *santih6-raha' 31 Or xu-skdnicas pamfittim. only 'ih6 rahAssa'an. 32 A term carried over from maple leaf nomenclature. The maple leaf stems, which are stuck through the leaves and tied together in Eming the xi't of the tobacco making maple leaf sheets, look just like a leg with a little round foot at the bottom, and are regularly called sanlapsi'i, maple leaf foot, while one could also say sa~n mdpsi", maple leaf its foot. - I -

xAR"ROG'TON] TOBACCO AMONG TH'l 54 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [13ULL. §4 On tobacco flowers in general the On the differing characteristics of leaves at the different sections of the plant, the following was volunteered: 'Ih-rahe-Oriha.. vupxhrahsa', 'ierihax~qrahsa'. 'Arara 'f n kyunic 'Ipansidhnukitcva~ kkn payt-p- Toward the top they are good 'immyiAustihap peh6-re Oriha'. ca', 'ikpfhan peht-raha', kunic leaves, it is strong tobacco, like 'ar u'iftakank8-tti', va~ peh6Ta- it would stick to a person, they Y&-matcas pamuorlha pe-h9-- 3 hay8pca k&~n vifi.Y 'Affi v~ri are good tobacco leaves that side. raha', tcfhntcAfkfin~cAs. Virh~m Iu~m pu'ifyayt-pcahara peht-ra, Toward the base the tobacco e-mxa~akkt-msa'. leaves are not so good, they are Piivak6- tcantch-fkdnicashara vura 'iimvd-ytl', karu vura paOrl- wilted, they are wilted with the pa'arare hr~iapasah?ih6- hhmii'uk, pa~rfh~mU-r karu vura sunshine and also with the rain, raha k6& tc6,ntca-fkunlicas. Pfi- 'iimv5,yti1'. Va: 'u~m yfOOu kun- with the rain also they are wilted. puxwf tc~ntcA,.fkiinicashara pa- y6-cri-hviit', patakunikyalha'ak. They put it apart when they work muoriha pa'arare-htraha'. it. Any bunch or cluster of flowers iu i. Pamuxvhha' the same term which is applied, e 'i~rihapiktcuA, a bunch of flowers (GUM) TA-k phykyu~k papiktcfis, give me 'Axvhha', pitch, also any gum, also asphalt, and bitumin, now that But 'hkka'11, a bunch of thing they know this substance through the Whites. Much attention and bouquet of flowers. 'Ioriha'Akka" mention in conversation is given to tobacco gum, it being called 'Uplktcfi-sk~hiti pamuoriha peh 'axvhtha', gum, 'ihi rahh-xv~iha', tobacco gum, or muxvhha', its gum. a bunch. Pehfrahe-oriha 'upiktc From 'axvhtha' is formed t6-xv~hhha', it is gummy. are in bunches; this refers to seN Va: kunippitti': `'Imxa~akke-`em, 'ikpihaiA, pehi5rahA-xv~ha'." never has just one bunch on it. Va: karixas kunxidti t6-mtu pehe'raha', pathkunma t6-xvbhaha', where there are bunches of tobacc Xhs to -ppi*p: "Tcimi nictfikkelee, t6 -xvfihaha'." plants. Peht-raha va~ tukupa'if They say: "It stinks, it is strong, the tobacco gum." tobacco flowers grow in bunchc Then they know the tobacco is ripe, when they see it is gummy. tceisk6-hiti pamueriha', when it gi Then one says: "Let me pick it, it is gummy."~ all over. 'Ih-raha'ippa pamuOri plants have bunches of flowers all .j. Pe-Orlha karu pahd-t 'u~viiytt1-hva pamusvitb.4a One set of expressions for bud ai (a) 'iiruha', (THE FLOWER AND HOW ITS VARIOUS PARTS ARE CALLED) (2) egg. These are: (1) to bud, (2) to lay an egg. I Any flower is called 'iorfha', and from this is formed 'ierfhaha', to riche~eC, the willow trees are bu bloom, often contracted to 'ierfha'. The diminutive is 'itcnihibhi'tc, This verb is never used of young e. g., a child will say 'itcnihffii~tc nica'nviiti', I am packing little lit, knob is on. This is used bo flowers. Willow catkins can be called 'ifriha', but there is also a being on the plant, especially ol special term for them, s~pru'uk, olivella, they being likened to the since the growing seed capsules E ocean shells known to the K~aruk through trade; thus kufipshpru'uk, interest to the Indian who is ab( catkin of kiiffi~, Arroyo Willow. Corn tassel is called k6 -n?iOriha', buds. Tu'urfikku'u, tcim 'uoriha corn flower. Flower is never applied to "sweetheart" as it is among to blossom. Tu'ur~ikku'u, tu'ilhi some Indians, uxndhifc, strawberry being used instead. Nani'uxnh- it, it is going to seed. The noun hifc, my girl, lit. my strawberry. Tobacco flower is called although this usage is rare and r, 'ih6 -rahe Oriha'. other words. See the sentence I 'Uriikku' also can be used as E "" Referring to that part of the plant. kRUIGsToNI TOBACCO AMONG THE KARUK INDIANS 55 RICAN ETHNOLOGY [ULL. 94

of leaves at the different sections On tobacco flowers in general the following was dictated: unteered: 'Iherahe-erihaA vupxhrahsa', Tobacco flowers are long 'iOrihaxArahsa'. 'Arara 'f n kyunic necked, they are long flowers. Toward the top they are good 'immyfistihap peh-re-Orfha'. The tobacco flowers are like leaves, it is strong tobacco, like somebody looking at you. it would stick to a person, they The tobacco has pretty flowers, are good tobacco leaves that side. YA-matcas pamuoriha pe-h- raha', tcAntcalkinichs. Vfurkm white ones. They are strong Toward the base the tobacco e-mxaoakk8-msa'. smelling ones. leaves are not so good, they are The people's tobacco flowers wilted, they are wilted with the Pdvak6- tcantca-fkinicashara pa'arare-hg-re-orfha', pasahihg- are not as white as the river sunshine and also with the rain, raha k6- tcintca-fkunicas. Pu- tobacco flowers. The people's with the rain also they are wilted. tobacco flowers are not very work puxwi tcantca-fkdnicashara pa- They put it apart when they white. it. mueriha pa'arare-ht-raha'. Any bunch or cluster of flowers intact on the plant is called piktcfis, uxvhha' the same term which is applied, e. g., to a bunch of grapes. Thus UM) 'iorihapiktcus, a bunch of flowers. 'AypiktcuA, a bunch of grapes. TA-k pbykYu~k papiktcfis, give me that bunch. lso asphalt, and bitumin, now that But 'fkka"', a bunch of things picked and assembled, e. g., a the Whites. Much attention and bouquet of flowers. JIoriha'hkka'a, a bunch of [picked] flowers. to tobacco gum, it being called 'Upiktcfi-skAhiti pamuoriha peht-raha', the tobacco flowers are in bacco gum, or muxvhha', its gum. a bunch. PehC-rahe-Priha 'upiktcdssahina-ti', the tobacco flowers ha', it is gummy. are in bunches; this refers to several bunches, for a tobacco plant n, 'ikpfhaA, pehUTahh-xv~ha'." never has just one bunch on it. 'Ih6-rahe-0rihapiktciissai, a place h8raha', pathkunma t6-xvahaha', where there are bunches of tobacco flowers, e. g., on one or on many t6-xvhhaha'." plants. Peht-raha vat tukupa'iffaha pamueriha: 'upiktcusko-hiti', a, the tobacco gum." tobacco flowers grow in bunches. Payav tukupa'iffaha'1k 'upik- ripe, when they see it is gummy. tcuisko-hiti pamuOriha', when it grows well it has bunches of flowers t is gummy." all over. 'Ih6-raha'ippa pamuorih 'upiktcusk6-hina-ti', the tobacco plants have bunches of flowers all over them. Oviiytti hva pamusvit4av One set of expressions for bud are derived from 'diu, (1) to be round, VARIOUS PARTS ARE CALLED) (2) egg. These are: (a) 'iiruha', lit. to put forth something round, (1) to bud, (2) to lay an egg. E. g. pakiffip tu'Aruha', tcim uppi- from this is formed 'ierihaha', to riche'ec, the willow trees are budding, they are about to leaf out. The diminutive is 'itcnihahi'tc, This verb is never used of young seed pods. (b) 'Urukku'u, to bud, rnic'nviti', I am packing little lit. knob is on. This is used both of buds and of young seed pods ailed 'iariha', but there is also a especially of the latter in the case of tobacco, livella, they being likened to the being on the plant, since the growing seed capsules are more conspicuous and of greater ;hrough trade; thus kufipsApru'uk, interest to the Indian who is about to harvest them than the flower Corn tassel is called k6-nioriha', buds. Tu'urdkku'u, tcim 'ufrihahe'ec, there is a bud on it, it is going ed to "sweetheart" as it is among to blossom. Tu'urdkku'u, tu'fihicha', there are young seed pods on r being used instead. Nani'uxnh- it, it is going to seed. The noun for bud is simply 'dru, round thing, brry. Tobacco flower is called although this usage is rare and restricted to a very limited setting of other words. See the sentence given under "Phases of Flowering." 'Urdkku' also can be used as a noun, better with more narrowly 56 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY (BULL. 94 HA=MflGTON1 TOBACCO AMONG defining prepounds: 'ioriha'uriikku: tanimmR, I see a flower bud; marb~xvu', corn whiskers, and ol 'uhic?uriikku~ taninmmA, I see a budding out seed pod. Tobacco bling body hairs one may say' flower bud is 'ih6Tahe-0riha'ur11kku'u, tobacco bud is 'ih6Taha'u- has body-hairs, the latter ones rlikku'lu. of the plant called pufitcti"v, n Another way of referring to some buds is to call them 'axvA'1a, head, Of knobs on stamens and pisz the same term that is sometimes applied to anther and stigma. The kHiti', there is a knob, lit. a lit bud at the top of a wild sunflower stalk at the stage when it is picked broken off and handed to a Pe for greens is called muxv~A', its head, or 'imkyanv-h-xvA'1a, wild sun- yAgatc, here is a little knob. flower head. The wild sunflower buds are broken off and thrown heads, is pressed into service for away as the stalks are gathered, "they won't pack them into the that both of the terms used fo house." To-xv&-ha', it has a bud, lit, a head. This term is used of applied to anther and stigma. buds surmounting a stalk, which look like a head, but can not be Pollen is called 'ierhbmta'ap applied to tobacco buds. hA'xv166iA, flower scurf, or anyt' One also says of a bud va~kkln po.oriliahelec, where it is going to The following textlet was v flower. stamens and pistil of a tobacco backbone. 'Ih- Flower stem is called 'i~rihhssiftuf, flower fish 'Itr8-ppakan pakdi.k 'uvt& rah6.6rih~sst1'uf, tobacco flower stein. mditi I, pamnuoriha', karu 'itr6-pp Flower stem and also flower branch can also be spoken of as 1 kan po-xfivahiti po-ve-hcii&6h 'ierihh'pti' k, flower branch. kumh,'-tci~. K6-v~ra po'xurv dim. Of the calyx or base of the flower may be said 'ieriha'Aiffi4~, hinA-ti va~ kh~n 'itcfunmahi be said of it: 'itcniha'fiffi~ritc, flower base, but more naturally might 'u'ccipmahiti pamdi'a'an. 'A. v! Va~ khAn po'iihichelec, pe-tcniha'Affi~itc, that is where the seed Wil 3 xas Po 'ffciiro ti', 6 'itr8-p pi be, at the baselet of the flower. ti,~m po "if cdrS ti su?. YlO~a may be called 'iG ihe-Oxflppai', flower cover. The sentence, 'fi tcip vura po-'i-fcfprivti pa'(il was rendered by: Yh~n vfir Vud'ttiNi- the flower has its cover on yet, 'ui'Orirak va~ kfi,~n po "1'ifrift trlhv~itl', it is about to burst. 'fi.xxakan pa'iihic VuI'Ora si for petal. A natural way to speak of a There is no standard word 'Axxak tA-ppitcas 'u'innukfil petal is yi00 'i~rihalidcvit', a piece of a flower. One old Indian volun- hatc pamu'Wnippai'iitc, kuna vlt a flower merely: 'Itr6 pamutcftntcA-kunicitcas teered of the petals of pa'&'tcip 'i'hyan va~ 'u~nm vi. out. similar expres- 2uvt.hciiru~u,1 it has 5 white ones sticking Cp. yitt6-patc pamuxvg"a. 'Iflrihfl' of the gamopetalous sions for stamens and pistil. Of the 5 lobes tcip 'uv6-hrfccukva pamuxvl'a. corolla of the tobacco these same verbs are used (see p. 57): 'Iorihap- pific, or 'i~rih~ssi'an, both meaning flower leaf, would not be likely The common term for hone; to be applied to the petal, but would convey rather the idea of a ment, the term for the yellow leaf associated with a flower, or of the leaf of a . to apply to the white man yell Of stamens and pistil nothing would be likely to be said further yellow jacket's food is extended than such expressions as the following: 'A-tcip 'utniccukti' or 'A.'tcip in a flower, however, an old I 'uhy~riccuk, they are sticking out in the middle. Va, kA~n po-'idbic- kitc 'ikpihaii, 'ar u'iftakank6lli he~c k6-viir e-Oriha'A-tcip 'uv6'hn~ccukvatfc, they are sticking out in It was stated by the informE the middle of every flower where the seeds are going to be. because they know that other It also does the language no violence to say of stamens 'ierihh-p- 15 Or 'uv6-hciir6-hiti', both ny marb~xvu', flower whiskers, ~i~rih6d'a"an, flower threads, or even 11 The stamen frees itself froi 'i~rih6-mya'11t, flower hairs. Corn silk is regularly called k6-n?ap- halfway up from the base of tU 11Or 'uv6-hmdti.' 31 Not distinguished in name ;RICAN ETHNOLOGY (BULL. S4 R E G.EHAGTON]TOBACCO AMONG THE XARUK INDIANS 57 cu: tanimmq, I see a flower bud; marhxvu', corn whiskers, and of fuzziness or hairs on a plant resem- budding out seed pod. Tobacco bling body hairs one may say 'imy&'t, body-hair, or 'dmyi-thlti', it kku'u, tobacco bud is 'ih6eraha'u- has body-hairs, the latter ones having been volunteered of the hairs of the plant called pufitcti"v, meaning deer's ears. Le buds is to call them 'axvVa', head, Of knobs on stamens and pistil is said: 'Ippan 'unuhyA-tc 'ukriv- %ppliedto anther and stigma. The kOti', there is a knob, lit. a little round thing, at the top. If it is stalk at the stage when it is picked broken off and handed to a person one might say yaxa pay 'unuh- Lead, or 'imkYanvh.xv'a', wild sun- yga'tc, here is a little knob. On other occasions the term 'axvA'a, buds are broken off and thrown heads, is pressed into service for anther and stigma. Thus it happens "they won't pack them into the that both of the terms used for flower bud (see pp. 55-56) are also lit. a head. This term is used of applied to anther and stigma. look like a head, but can not be Pollen is called 'ierihh-mta'ap, flower dust. It is not called *'ieri- hh-xviOOiA, flower scurf, or anything but 'amnta'ap, dust. 1 po Orihahe'ec, where it is going to The following textlet was volunteered after examining carefully stamens and pistil of a tobacco flower: ajuf, flower fish backbone. 'Ih&-- 'ItrS'ppakan pakdk 'uvt-h- The corolla has 5 lobes and In. 35 branch can also be spoken of as mdti pamuorlha', karu 'itr6 ppa- 5 sinuses between the lobes. kan po-xivahiti po-ve-hedr6-hiti There is a stamen opposite each ver may be said 'iAriha'hffi4, dim. kuma'A-tcip. K6-vdra po-xuva- sinus. They stick off high up, aore naturally might be said of it: hind-ti vat kfi~n 'itefimmahite 5 stick off around the sides. ,ffiWitc, that is where the seed will Vufccipmahiti pamd'a"'n. 'A~vhri And one [the pistil] grows up in xas po V'ifcro ti',36 'itr6 p pat- the middle, it grows out of the :par, flower cover. The sentence, ti~m po-'ifouro-ti su?. YffOla 3 ovary, which has 2 cells. Two is rendered by: Yarn v-dr 'u'ittA- 'A'tcip vura po-'i-fcfprivti pa'dhic little round things [cells] sur- 'u'iVOrirak va: kahn po-'1ifruk, mount each stamen filament, but Ital. A natural way to speak of a 'Axxakan pa'4hic 'u'V'Ora su?. the middle one [the pistil] has an f a flower. One old Indian volun- 'Axxak td-ppitcas 'u'dnnukfihi- undivided head. Anthers and ely: 'Itr8 pamutcAntca'fkunicitcas hate pamu'hnippaiiitc, kuna vura stigma are peeking out of the sticking out. Cp. similar expres- pa'i tcip 'i hyan va: 'u~m vura flower. the 5 lobes of the gamopetalous yitt6-patc pamuxvAi'. 'IDrihi'A- Drbs are used (see p. 57): 'lfrihap- teip 'uv6-hriccukva pamuxva'a. g flower leaf, would not be likely The common term for honey is piepichlha'af, yellow-jacket excre- )uld convey rather the idea of a ment, the term for the yellow jacket, piepicci', having been extended he leaf of a flowering plant. to apply to the white man yellow jacket, i. e., the honey bee, and the rould be likely to be said further yellow jacket's food is extended to the honeybee's food. Of the honey ing: 'I tcip 'utniccukti' or 'A'tcip in a flower, however, an old Indian volunteered merely: V-ira 'u~m n the middle. Va: kAn po-'dhic- kite 'ikpihafi, 'ar u'iftakank8'tti', it is just strong tasting, it is sticky. cukvatc, they are sticking out in It was stated by the informants that tobacco flowers have honey 3 seeds are going to be. because they know that other flowers have. In this statement they lence to say of stamens 'iOriha'p- A'a'n, flower threads, or even 35 Or 'uv6-hcdr6-hiti', both mg., it sticks off. silk is regularly called k6-n ap- 38 The stamen frees itself from the wall of the corolla approximately halfway up from the base of the corolla. a7 Not distinguished in name from the stamens. - I w.-

58 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY (BULL. g4 EARBUNGTON] TOBACCO AMONG THE are correct, although the honey is scant and is secreted at the base of In imitation of these and helped al, the corolla where access of insects to it is prevented by the slender- PI-cag, peach; pitcfis?as, peach sto ness of the tube. 'Ih6Tahe-oriha 'u~msu? 'upicpicrih?U-hiti', tobacco 'Aprikots, apricot; 'aprik6ts?as, a, flowers have honey. More than half the varieties of names are acorns. Beyond acorns, a'. Pahidt 'ukupe-erfihahahiti pe-erffia'. quapin nuts, and pepper nuts. XI of and to t (PHASES OF' FLOWERING) acorn of all species Xdiic is applied to shelled acorn of Of the phases of flowering may be said: xuntf~ppaf' compounded before it, I Pilva xay vura '(iruha', it has not budded yet. which are not acorns the tendenc3 Yft~n vur 'u'tiruhiti', it is starting in to have buds on it. xunthtppaIA before it: thus, e. g., I' Pamu'-dru tu'iittiit&1rhvA,, its buds are bursting to flower. xd~fic, shelled tanoak acorn; but 'a6i T6-Orlhaha', or t6orfha', it is blooming. shelled hazelnut. Passing over ti Kar uorihahiti', it is still blooming. which involves considerable ternil T6-vrhrasur pamufriha', its flowers are falling off. of nuts and their forms with xuntft 'A-pun tWvrftrasui, they are falling to the ground. Hazel is distinguished by two Tapidffa~t pamueriha', its flowers are all gone. from su'un, hazelnut, the other f To-vrarasur~fll~, they have finished falling off already. hazel bush is called either sd5iip (siL of sulun, here preserved; -lip, tr k. Pa'hiih6 *sunxunt~kppaA~ is never used, buj (sEED) hazelnut. Sunyieoi', chinquapin nut, app. the exception of (a) the '1.bi, seed, is applied to all seeds with yiooi', probably connected with these pits (i. e., single large seeds) of fruits (the native fruits having xunthppaA, chinquapin nut. and being perhaps some 10 in number), pits being called 'as, stone; pph, pepper nut; pahxuntpiLP also (b) large edible seeds of the kind classed as nuts and acorns, nuts get old and wilted inside, t term borne by perhaps some 10 species of plant, to such nuts the they are turning like hazel nuts, being xunt~ppaA, which is usually translated as unshelled acorn, usually dry and partly empty insi applied. 'ih-raha'd~hi6~, tobacco seed. The cut-off tops of the tobacco plants, containing seed capsules 'OChicha', to go to seed. with seeds in them, kept hung up in the living house for sowing in Of tobacco seeds is said: the spring (see pp. 89-91) are always called 'ih6Taha'(ihi~, tobacco fixing, seeds, or 'ih~raha'uhicikya4~, tobacco seeds that they are puqikxhramkunichiruravsahafa, kil although the tops include much more than the seeds. )'Uhipih~ippanitc tu'ur15.kku'u pitted fruits Pit is called as in English usage 'as, stone. Native to kk6-citcasha', pa'uhicpu'vichit be listed in and the compounded forms designating their pits may tub. Karixas taxftnnahicitc tul, part as follows: pad(hic tue~hA-sha', patumatnfis,~ Pamn, wild cherry; pidn?as, wild cherry pit. The seeds are very small. Thi ground- Pdi'af, a kind of blue-colored berry, also called 'axOhypu'lua, of them are not so black, some of squirrel's wild cherry; purhf?as, 'axoaypiin?as. are 'N Fa'1a6, manzanita; f~Oas. 88 The seeds of Nicotiana 'Apiinfa'1aO, ground manzanita; 'apunffto?as. they are little developed when s Faeli'ruhsa', manzanita sp.; faO?uruhsq'as. Or pa'uhicplavi6, the seed Pah&-v, black manzanita; pahbv~as. seed baskets, or pa'uhicva~s~ifc, 40 Or tumatnusi'itnug. RICAN ETHNOLOGY [BULL. 94 HARRINGTON] TOBACCO AMONG THE KARUK INDIANS 59 scant and is secreted at the base of In imitation of s to it is prevented by the slender- these and helped along by the English usage so also: usm su? 'upicpicrih?9-fhiti', tobacco Pi-caA, peach; pitcastas, peach stone. 'Aprikots, apricot; 'aprik6ts'as, apricot pit. More than half the varieties of nuts for which the Karuk have )rfhahahiti pe-Orilha'. names are acorns. Beyond acorns, there are only hazelnuts, chin- quapin nuts, and pepper nuts. XuntappaA is applied to unshelled FLOWERING) acorn of all species of oak and to these three other species of nuts. be said: Xd5ic is applied to shelled acorn of any oak species, with or without ot budded yet. xunthppaAS compounded before it, but when applied to shelled nuts ig in to have buds on it. which are not acorns the tendency would be to always compound ads are bursting to flower. xunthppaA before it: thus, e. g., xunyavxuiic or xunyavxuntapan- )oming. xufic, shelled tanoak acorn; but 'aoiexuntapanxtific (never 'aOioxdfic), ng. shelled hazelnut. Passing over the subject of acorn designations, 'ers are falling off. which involves considerable terminology, we list the other species ing to the ground. of nuts and their forms with xunthppaAi postpounded: s are all gone. Hazel is distinguished by two sets of designations, one derived hed falling off already. from su'un, hazelnut, the other from 'ftooi'l, hazel withe. Thus hazel bush is called either sdiip (sur-, nondiminutive prepound form L'uihic of su'un, here preserved; -'ip, tree), or 'aeiofppa' ('ippa', tree). *sunaxunthppaAt is never used, but 'afiexuntAppaA is common for ED) hazelnut. eds with the exception of (a) the Sunyioei', chinquapin nut, app. thorny hazelnut (sun-, hazel nut; iits (the native fruits having these yie0i', probably connected with yaOfa', sharp pointed); sunyioih- ), pits being called 'as, stone; and xunthppaAi, chinquapin nut. classed as nuts and acorns, also PA-h, pepper nut; pahxunthppaA, pepper nut. When pepper of plant, to such nuts the term nuts get old and wilted inside, t0-sd-nha', they are hazel-nutting, aslated as unshelled acorn, being they are turning like hazel nuts, is said of them. Hazelnuts are usually dry and partly empty inside, hence the expression. plants, containing seed capsules 'Ihe-raha'ihi6, tobacco seed. in the living house for sowing in 'O0hicha', to go to seed. rays called 'ih6Taha'6hi6, tobacco Of tobacco seeds is said: acco seeds that they are fixing, TA-ppitcAsitc pa'dhi.8 'IkxAnnamkunicitcaspa'dhi6. KA-kum ire than the seeds. pu'ikxAramkunichiruravsahafa, k&-kum kunic 'amtA-pkunicaA. 3 'as, stone. Native pitted fruits 'Uhipihtippanitc tu'urukku'u va: kan po 'dhiche~c su?. Xas Lating their pits may be listed in to-kk6e-citcasha', pa'uhicpd-vichitcas.3 9 Karixas tuvAxra', pat6-m- tup. Karixas taxannahicitc tumAtxaxv&4 0 pa' fssipitk. Va, vura herry pit. pa'ihic tuThA-sha', patumatnfissaha'ak. y, also called 'axeAypu'un, ground- The seeds are very small. The seeds are little black ones. Some Oaypdn as. of them are not so black, some of them are gray. 33 The seeds of Nicotiana are very small, few seeds being smaller. ,punfhoias. they are little developed when shed. iruhsh'as. a Or pa'uhicpd-vi6, the seed bags, or pa'uhicassipifc, the little &as. seed baskets, or pa'uhicva ssifc, the little seed blankets. 40 Or tumatnusdtnuA. V______- I - _ _ I -- I w

HARILNGTON] TOBACCO AMONG T 60 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY (BuLL. 94 At the top of the tobacco stems they swell out round ones [the seed 'uxn~b'hanammahafc. The corn capsules] where the seed are going to be inside. Then they get food, used originally of a class c bigger, the little seed capsules. Then they get dry, when they get used to cover all kinds of Whil ripe. Then after a while the seed capsules burst. Then the seeds "fruit." The tobacco having n( scatter all around, when they burst. the above words in its terminolog., There are three expressions for seed capsule: 1. Pahi'-t 'ukupa'ikky~irfiprava- 'Uhicva"as, seed capsule, lit. seed blanket."' Dim. 'Uhicviissitfc. hiti'. 'Uhicpd'vi6, seed capsule, lit, seed bag. Dim. 'uhicpd-vichife .4 2 'Up6.'vichitchina'ti patu'iihicha~ak, it has little bags when it goes to 'A-pun 'iivraricrihti pamu'dhi&. seed. Phyux 'Avahkamn tu'6-ntapi- 'Uhici'Assipifc, seed capsule, lit, little seed basket ('Assip, bowl cri'hvh pa'biih&. Xas va: taxhn- basket). nahicitc patupheri lhkyahia'ak, Of two seed capsules grown together resulting from coalescence of karixffhs va: tusaksiiru. pa'i'ihiL. flowers is said: 'Axxak 'uhfcva~s 'upfktcf3.sk~hiti', two seed cap- HA-ri pu'i'ftihap k6-viira pa'ii- suiles are bunched together. bid. Va: kunipitti': "HA-ri kAvk- Pa'uhicpd.'vicitcas su? 'axdk- Inside the seed capsules the Tiduppitcas pamusaks15.ruu, are inside in two different ya~n po-'f-Ora yieoukfinva pa'Aihi6, seeds tcitntcA'fkiinicAA, 'iffuni viira xfts rarely in three different hl-ri kuyr~ka~n po-fT6ra yiOeu- cells, k6~samifcas. Patu'ikkyi'irfipr~v get good k~nva pa'(ihi~. 42a Pato'mtuph,- cells.", When they va: vura 'ippan pa'(thic 'ukniip- 8 ripe, the seed capsules burst, yii-tcha' lk, kar umhttx5,xvfiti' and ti'hvhfc. Xas 'fAxxa kitc vura the seeds fall to the ground. pa'uhic su? uetor-Inn&'i'ak, pa'fihic pamuppfi'ic papiccf'tc tu'ikkyti- 'A;-pun t6'vrai'ic. When they are going to sow rfiprh,*. Patcimikun ~dh05,mhe-caha'ak, 'u'ifti patu'lffa- them, there is a flat thing on top Tc6-mya~tc 'Ippankam 'dkni-vkfitihatc tinih- vura tavA-- [of the seed capsule], they pull ha'~k, taxhnnahicitc yA"atc, va: takunlecvf't.cur, karix- raffias. as va: pa'fihic ti-kyan, t6yvii-y- that off [with the finger], then ricuk, karixas takunmfitpi'Ova'. the seeds spill out onto the hand, 6. Payieiiv then they scatter them. (CLASSIFICATI a'. 'Uxrah?ftvaha' 'Ippa', tree. Also any plant, i thus 'ih6-raha'fppa', tobacco plai (FRUIT) Pific, primarily leaf, foliage, it Any kind of berry is called 'uxri-h, but this word can not be or bush, with exception of trees. to their foliage. applied to pitted fruits, for which there is no general name, each stood to refer being called by its own special name. Thus the huckleberry is derived pirickyfiffic, green. or 'atatura-nan 'uxra'h, but the manzanita berry, with its pit, is to the Indians 'Ataturl-n'nar, kin( not a berry. 'Imky~q-n'va, greens of any moss or lichen of ni The diminutive of 'uxrg-h, 'uxn~hilfc, has taken on the special 'Asaxx&m, to many kind meaning of strawberry. To express little berry one must say Xayvi-c, applied Tobacco is classed as pffic, i3 11Cp. mahyanbvA'ls, paunch or rumen of the deer, lit. stuffed name, 'iht-raha', and pinic is blanket. 'ihU'rahappfric means tobacco le 42 Even in talking English a Karuk will say of seed capsules, is suggestive of contempt. Ui e. g.: It was just hanging like little sacks all over. applied to tobacco, but 'ih6-ra 42a, See List of Illustrations, PI. 9, exceptional three-valved speci- tobacco plant and is sometimes men of N. bigelovii var. exaltata. 63044O-32-7 ERICAN ETHNOLOGY BunLL.94 EARRNGTON] TOBACCO AMONG THE KARUK INDIANS 61 Ls they swell out round ones [the seed I 'uxnAhtanammahafc. The compound 'uxrahiAvaha', lit. berry poing to be inside. Then they get i food, used originally of a class of Indian food (see p. 62), is now Then they get dry, when they get I used to cover all kinds of White man fruit, as a translation of ,ed capsules burst. Then the seeds "fruit." The tobacco having no fruit or berry does not employ urst. the above words in its terminology. 3r seed capsule: sed blanket." Dim. 'UhfcvA-ssifc. l. Pahu-t 'ukupa'Ikkyaruprava- GERMINATION * seed bag. Dim. 'uhicpd vichitc.42 hiti'. k, it has little bags when it goes to -'Ipun'fivraricrihti pamu'dhi&. Its seeds fall on the ground. Phyux 'Avahkam tu'6ontapi- The dirt gets over them. Then it. little seed basket ('Assip, bowl cri-hvA pa'fihiL. Xas vaA taxfin- after a while, when it gets rained nahicite patupheri hkYaha'ak, on, the seed sprouts. 'gether resulting from coalescence of karixyhs va: tusaksiiruA pa'dhi&. As 'upiktca-skihiti', two seed cap- HA-ri pu'i-ftihap k6-vdra pa'fi- Sometimes all the seeds do not hi6. Va: kunipitti': "HA-ri k&-k- grow up. They say sometimes - Inside the seed capsules the ikum 'uxl tti pa'dhic." some of the seeds get rotten. seeds are inside in two different Td-ppitcas pamusaksliru', Its sprouts are small, white - cells, rarely in three different tcAntcA-fkinicA§, 'iffuni vfira xhs ones, pretty near the size of a hair. 4 - cells. ", When they get good k6^samiiecas. Patu'ikkyibuiprAv Whenever it is just peeping out, and ripe, the seed capsules burst, va: vura 'ippan pa'dhic 'uknip- its seed is on top of it. Then they the seeds fall to the ground. ti-hvafc. Xas 'Axxa kite vura just have 2 leaves, when they pamuppific papiccf-tc tu'ikkya- first peep out of the ground. When they are going to sow rfipra4. them, there is a flat thing on top Tcemya~tc 'u'Ifti patu'fffa- They grow quickly when they . [of the seed capsule], they pull ha'ak, taxhnnahicitc vura tavA-- grow, in a little while they are . that off [with the finger], then raihas. tall ones. the seeds spill out onto the hand, 6. Payiodva kuma'ippa' then they scatter them. (CLASSIFICATION OF PLANTS) *ahavaha' 'Ippa', tree. Also any plant, when the plant name is prepounded, thus 'ih6-raha'fppa', tobacco WITIT) plant; muitmuttippa', buttercup plant. Pific, primarily leaf, foliage, is used of any kind of plant, grass, uxrA-h, but this word can not be or bush, with exception of trees. When applied to trees it is under- Dh there is no general name, each stood to refer to their foliage. From its application to verdure is name. Thus the huckleberry is derived pirickyfifc, green. y, with its pit, is to the Indians 'Ataturg-n'nar, or 'atatura-narappific, vine. 'Imkya n'va, greens of any kind. xnihit'c, has taken on the special 'Asaxxe'm, moss or lichen of many kinds. press little berry one must say Xayvi c, applied to many kinds of mushroom. Tobacco is classed as pific, although it is called by its specific Dr rumen of the deer, lit. stuffed name, 'ih-raha', and pific is rarely applied. The compound 'ih`Tahappiiic means tobacco leaves, or when applied to the plant Karuk will say of seed capsules, is suggestive of contempt. Uncompounded .e sacks all over. 'fppa' can never be applied to tobacco, but 'ihe-raha'ippa' is the common word for 9, exceptional three-valved speci- tobacco plant and is sometimes used for 'uh'ppi', tobacco stalk. 630440 32-7 P- ---- ~~~~~~~~~- --- ~U ______I______I______

62 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [BULL. 94

7. Payiefiva kuma'ivaha'

(CLASSIFICATION OF FOODS) IV. Pahtit pakunkupb,'I-fma Food is classed as follows: 'Arara('a)vaht'ci~, lit, best food, applied to salmon and acorn soup, (KARUJK Al regarded as the best food for Indians. 1. Va; vura kitc mit paki MA'kam kii~k va'hvaha', lit. upslope food, applied to the meat of mammals and birds. (THEY SOWED 'A's va'hvaha', lit, water food, applied to all kinds of fish. 'Imkyanva'&vaha', lit, greens food, applied to greens of all kinds. The Karuk were acquainted A Pirici'hvaha', lit, brush food, applied to all kinds of pinole. Although they raised only tobacc( 'Uxrah~hvaha', lit, berry food, applied to all kinds of pitless berries it, (3) weeded it, (4) harvested, c and to White man fruit. not till it, and their nearest appi Tobacco is not classed as food. Neither is it classed as 'nnv (1) that weeding was advantageo medicine, It is regarded as sui generis in Indian life. ground when digging cacomites the ground come up better. For tobacco being the only c by Gibbs, page 14, and by Chase For early mention by Douglas of certain Columbia River Indiani referring to setting fire to brus] sowing, see p. 21.

2. Pahiat mit pakunkupa'ahic'h. vahitihate

Phnu, kuma'&Hr-r~s 'u~mkui mit vura pupioyiiro'ravutihaphatf

vura mit 'uh066'mhitihaph~f, va, vura kitc 'ih-raha'. Va, mit vuri kitc kunkupittihat pakun?ahic, rihvi'itihat papiricri~k yioouku. n8-k, yakiinva 'um y6-pc 'u'ft pako 'kfa -ttcag. Va; 'u~m y6pc Vu'ffti pappi-i fiO, 'ir~mxilf, kunipp6'nti 'iritm xie.? Karu passdihip, passhril kumk'i'i takunhi-hkaha"ak, 'axak hhrinay 2 xas kunictfi-ktl', va, Yu~m y6-pca', saripyt-pca', tusak I'Any kind of a young berry b 2 They burna the hazel brushi second summer afterwards. RICAN ETHNOLOGY [BUILL 94 , kuma'Avaha'

[ON OF FOODS) IV. Pahd-t pakunkupit'ifmaoahitihanik pa'ipahahtunv~letC

1,applied to salmon and acorn soup, (KARUK AGRICULTURE) ans. pslope food, applied to the meat of 1. Va; vura kitc mit pakunhihih6Imhitihat peht-raha'

(THEY SOWED ONLY TOBACCO) %pplied to all kinds of fish. od, applied to greens of all kinds. The Karuk were acquainted with all the processes of agriculture. plied to all kinds of pinole. Although they raised only tobacco, they (1) fertilized for it, (2) sowed tpplied to all kinds of pitless berries it, (3) weeded it, (4) harvested, cured, stored and sold it. They did not till it, and their nearest approach to a knowledge of tillage was . Neither is it classed as 'fn'nav, (1) that weeding was advantageous, and (2) that the breaking of the eneris in Indian life. ground when digging cacomites made tiny cacomites which were in the ground come up better. For tobacco being the only cultivated plant, see the statements by Gibbs, page 14, and by Chase, page 22. For early mention by Douglas of the fertilization of tobacco plots of certain Columbia River Indians by burning dead wood, apparently referring to setting fire to brush and logs preparatory to tobacco sowing, see p. 21.

2. Pahfrt mit pakunkupa'ahic-h- HOW THEY USED TO SET FIRE TO vahitihat THE BRUSH Panus kuma'hra-rrs 'u~mkun Our kind of people never used mit vura pupiOydro-ravutihaphaf, to plow, they never used to grub pumit 'ikyiutri-ht~hAphAt', pufl-t up the ground, they never used vura mit 'uhOA-mhitihaphAt', vaA to sow anything, except tobacco. vura kite 'ih8-raha'. VaA mit vura All that they used to do was to kite kunkupittihat pakunahic- burn the brush at various places, rihviutihat papiricri~k yiOouku- so that some good things will n8-k, yaklinva 'u~m y-pc 'u'lfti grow up. pako-kfg-ttcaA. Vas 'u~m ywpc 'u'i fti pappii- That way the huckleberry HiO, 'irhmxif3, kunipp6-nti 'irhm- bushes grow up good, the young xif'.' Karu passdiip, passarip huckleberry bushes, they call kumA'i'i takunhahkaha'ak, 'axak- them 'irnuxit. And the hazel harinay 2 xas kunicta-kti', vat bushes, when they burn them off 'u~m y pea', saripyt pca', tusak- for hazel sticks, they pick them ' Any kind of a young berry bush. 2 They burn the hazel brush in summer and cut the "sticks" the second summer afterwards. 63 64 B3UREAU OF AMER][CAN ETHNOLOGY (BULL. 94 BIBINGTON] TOBACCO AMONG 1 nivhhyA-tchW'. Karu papanyurar two years, then they are good, Vura 'ihe raha kitc 'ihOa-mhit1- va: kahn kunthicri-hvuti', yan- good hazel sticks, they get so hahIk. Picci~p va, kakn takun- tci-pkyam xas kuniictu-kti ku- hard. And the bear lilies also ithic maruk, pimnian'ni, pinuani mapimnan'ni, 'ahvarakkuisra',3 they burn off, they pick them the kyhrn takunhthi6, 'ikkydk takun- kari papanydrar kunhictu-kti'. next summer, in July; that is the ?hhku'u. Pukid sra t6-ntihhp pa- time that they pick the bear kunAhk6-tt1'. Harivurava vudra lily. pakunAhk6ti', pimnan'ni. Pa- Pe-kravapuhippa karu pata- And the wild rice plants also vura maruk kunifydkkatF', pa- kunthku'u, yakinva 'u~m yepc they burn, so that the wild rice piccijtc takdnmh yA-k 'ihe-ra- 'u'i fti pe-kravappu'. MA2ninay will grow up good. They burn ho- eamhiiam, paya-k takunma, yi~v kunmahicr1-hvit1'. it far up on the mountains. va: kh~n takuntahku: p6ekkyfik. Ha-ri xuny&pri~k karu kun- And sometimes they also burn ?ahicri-hvuti', xay piricri~k pa- where the tan oak trees are, lest Karu va: kari patapas ?Apsun kunliffike~c paxuntappah. Pu- it be brushy where they pick up pamaruk takunhvyi hra'", kun- xutihap kir u'i-nkya puxwitc, kun- acorns. They do not want it to lipitti va: karu vura kuma'i'i xuti xay 'u'iVn pa'ippa'. burn too hard, they fear that the pakun Iahfcrihvutihai~ik, pa'apsun oak trees might burn. va: kunkupe kkyarahitihafiik. Karu ha-ri va: mit kyhon And sometimes they used to Ka-kum pakuma'ippa va: kari kuntahicri-hvuitihAt pije'ep, tam- set fire there long ago where they yt-pea patamit 'u'finkyaha'1k, va, yur mit kunikya-ttihat', patta~y saw lots of acorns on the ground, kari yepca to ppif. Kuna vura takunmhha~k 'a-pun paxuntap- in a tanbark oak grove, they ka-kum pakuma'ippa patu'i n- paA, xunye pri'1k, kuntahicri-h- made roasted unshelled acorns. kyaha'8k, vura tak'-, pukdkku~m 4 vuitihat mit. Vura 'u~m pu- They do not set the fire for vaA katn yio 'iPftihaia. Pafa6- 'ahicrihtftnmahtlhap. FA-t xas nothing, it is for something that ei~p vura pupi ftlhArA ylO, patu- vuira kuma'i'i kunahicri-hvuti'. they set the fire for. 'i nkyiha'ak, pataxxara va'ippa Karu pak6~n pe-he-raha kun- And where they are going to va: 'u~m yi~v yepc u'i fti kfu, iihOa mhe'ec, va: karu kunlhhic- sow tobacco, too, they burn it, Xuny-p karu puyAvhafa, patu- ri-hvfti'. Va: 'u~m pavura yg- too. It is the best place if there 'i nkyfha'ak, va: vura tu'iv kicci'1 p pak6on 'ikyukhttay, va: are lots of logs there, for there pa'ippa'. PatakunahicrI-hvitL- 'u~m ta~y 'amta'8 p, pe kyukht- are lots of ashes; where lots of hha'k, kunxuti xay 'u'i n pa'ippa' of ta~y tu'inkYkha'ak va: 'u~m ta~y logs burned there are lots 3. Vura nik mit va: kunfapun. pa'hmtaop 'apun. Va: 'u~m yav ashes. Ashes are good on the mutihat pa'iuhic u'iffelec. 'a-pun pa'amta'ap, 'jOarip ikyuka- ground, where fir logs have Nu: vdra pakuma'Ara-ras vurt 'i nkydiam, va, 'u~m 'axvahahar burned, where pitchy stuff has burned. pufa-t 'u1hic 'ipcxrbktihAphaiik po -'i -nkydti'. xa-t miruk kunifydkkutihainiik Pimna-ni pakun ahicr1 -hvdti It is in summer when they set Kuna vura va: kunal punmuti papirlcri"k, pewaxrahhri: kari, fire to the brush, at the time hanik pa'ara'1r, ho-y vfirava pa'd va: kari payakpa'ahicri~hva, pic- when everything is dry, that is hic po kyivicrihbak, va: vnri yavp;-c kari papuvapaOri'. Pa- the time that is good to set fire, 'ikki~tc Vuliffe'ec, kun~h.punmu 'ararama-kkamninay pakun lahic- in the fall before it starts in to tihanik vura va"'. Kun?&-pun ri-hvuiti', rain. At different places up back of the people's rancherias they set mutihanik vura nik pa'uhic nil the fires. vura kunshnpI-ovutihanik pak6-k fa-ttcas. 3 They burn the bear lilies in summer and gather the grass stalks 4 Or pi-ftfhafa. the second summer afterwards. [CAN ETHNOLOGY [BULL. 94 HARINGTONI TOBACCO AMONG THE KARUK INDIANS 65

two years, then they are good, Vdra 'iht-raha kite 'dheO-mhIRt- Tobacco was all that one used good hazel sticks, they get so hAAik. Picci~p va, khon takun- to sow. First they set fire up- hard. And the bear lilies also iAhic mAiuk, pimnA n'ni, pimngini slope, in the summertime, in the they burn off, they pick them the ky7an takunahi6, 'ikkydk takun- summertime they set fire there; next summer, in July; that is the iAhku'u. Puke sra to ntihbp pa- they set fire to logs. They do time that they pick the bear kunAhk6-tt1'. Hbrivurava vdra not go by the moon when they lily. pakunAhk6-t1', pimnafn'ni. Pa- burn it. They burn it any time, And the wild rice plants also vura mhruk kunifydkkitW', pa- in the summer. When walking they burn, so that the wild rice piccftc takdnmA ya-k 'iheTa- around upslope first they see a will grow up good. They burn ho- Oamhfiam, payA-k thkunma, good place to plant a tobacco it far up on the mountains. vat kan takuntahkuA p6-kkyfik. garden; when they see a good And sometimes they also burn place, they burn the logs. where the tan oak trees are, lest Karu vat kari patapaslhpsun Then too the rattlesnakes go it be brushy where they pick up pamhruk takunhvyi hra'1, kun- upslope; they say that that also acorns. They do not want it to ?ipitti vat karu vura kumAi'i is what they set fire for, to kill burn too hard, they fear that the pakunahicrihvutiha~ik, pa'Apsun snakes that way. oak trees might burn. vat kunkup8kk5Arahitihafiik. And sometimes they used to Kft-kum pakuma'ippa vat kari Some kinds of trees are better set fire there long ago where they y9pca patamit Vui nkYaha'ak, va: when it is burned off; they come saw lots of acorns on the ground, kari ytpea to ppif. Kuna vura up better ones again. But some in a tanbark oak grove, they ka-kum pakuma'ippa patu'i n- kinds of trees when it is burned made roasted unshelled acorns. kYaha'ak, vdirA tak6'-, pukfikku~m off disappear, another never They do not set the fire for va: khn yiO 'i ftihafa. 4 Pafb6- comes up again. The manzanita, nothing, it is for something that Oi~p vura pupi-ftihArA yi0, patu- another one does not come up, they set the fire for. 'i nkYAha'ak, pataxxbra va'fppa when it is burned off. An old And where they are going to vat 'u~m yIfv ye pc u'i fti kaku. tree bears way better, too. And sow tobacco, too, they burn it, Xunygp karu puyhvhafa, patu- the tan oak is not good when it too. It is the best place if there 'i nkYAha'1k, va: vura tu'iv is burned off, the tree dies. When are lots of logs there, for there pa'ippa'. Patakun ahfcrl-hvAt1- they are burning, they are care- are lots of ashes; where lots of hA'ak, kunxdti xhy 'u'Vn pa'ippa'. ful lest the trees burn. logs burned there are lots of 3. Vura nik mit va: kunf-pun- (THEY KNEW THAT SEEDS WILL ashes. Ashes are good on the mutihat pa'dhic u'iffelec. GROW) ground, where fir logs have burned, where pitchy stuff has Nub vdra pakuma'Ara-ras vura Our kind of people never used burned. pufA-t 'fihic 'ipcarxktihAphaiiik, to pack seed home, I do not care It is in summer when they set xa-t maruk kunifyidkkutihaiik. if they had been going around fire to the brush, at the time Kuna vura va: kunh-punmuti- upslope. But the people knew, when everything is dry, that is hanik pa'fraara, ho-y vurava pa'd- that if a seed drops any place, it 8 the time that is good to set fire, hic po-kyivicrihA' k, va: vdra will maybe grow up; they knew in the fall before it starts in to 'fkki~tc 'u'iffe'ec, kunIh.punmu- that way. They knew that seeds rain. At different places up back tihanik vdra va'a. Kun?&apun- are packed around in various of the people's rancherias they set mutihanik vura nik pa'uhic nik ways. the fires. vura kunsanp I-vutihanik pak6-k- fa-tteas. mmer and gather the grass stalks 4 Or pi-ftihafa. - --

BARRINGTON] TOBACCO AMONG 66 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY (BULL. 94 pahu HA-ri 'axmayik vura fhtta~k Sometimes they see at some B. 'I~yarukpihrivpikva, takunma va: vura ttay pata- place a lot of Indian potatoes, 'ukipha-n'nik, karuk 'un6 yi.O, xas su? patakunIA-pvakuii. and then they dig in under. Be- vafnik, pa'a pun uvyihicrIl Yane-kva vudra 'u~m tUy sill. hold there are lots underneath. tihanik pamusarahliydtyuf nearby there they see Ha-ri va: khon vura muppf-matc Sometimes 'IJyarukpfhri~v 'ubm vo xu straw under the takunma 'akoiptunve-tcivhxra' lots of wild oat sa-n'nik: "H6oy 'if phttce~tc ni is something that is 'a pun 'iOiv6an-nsfituk. Fa-t va: ground. It k8 vicrihelec. Tcimi va: vu a gopher. vfira va, phva: kupittihaA, man doing that, maybe pe-cke-c kanlh6-kkin. Karun is doing that, is pack- ?at axra-s. Vura fa-tvava vdra Something kunipitti ta~y takunifci-p. Pe-] down under the phva: kupittihaii, su? 'ieiveanan- ing it around xariya fappi-ttca khfuk. Fa suruk usanpfi iitl'. ground. ata xhkka~n panupke vicrihe" (THIE STORY ABOUT SUGARLOAF Tcimi kyanlhhu'u. Tcimi kya. A. 'Aikr6-npikva BIRD) ?Appivan.5 Karuma na: k Pikva.hahirak karu vura vo kup- And in the myths Gopher did Ikxareyav." 'UOittimtl vfif ha-nik 'Axra s, va: kari karu that same thing; he did it already phva: kunipitti', pak&kanini vura vo kupha-n'nik, kari kar when he was an Ikxareyav yet, ticra m 'uta-yhiti', viri va: vu Ikxare-yavhaniik, 'ui pva'amatyav he packed 'fupva'amh'av [tubers] kunipitti 'axyarava paticra: 'usaraO0Kinatihililk, 'ushrA,00anhti- around; he packed them around. pa'ifappi ttca,'. brought them in from Ta'ittam va: kitc 'upicv.tt hahik. 'A'ikre-n 'u~m Ticra-m 'A'ikr~eon 8 'usa-nsIpre-nik pa'u pva'amayav, Scott Valley, he brought some nihe~n pamuvikkyapu'. Sa pamuvi mdtca~s 'upiky6-hafik. 'lTpp6n- in for his younger brother. He kitc 'uoh-nnhmnihanik tihanik pamfittca'ls: "Xay fa~t said to his younger brother: kyapuhak, karu pamu'idhra'i 'ik 'umma pe 'amti pananihro ha, "Do not let my wife see you Karixas po-ah5-n'nik. Xas vdi pa'uipva'amayav, xay fa~t 'ik when you are eating the 'u pva- vo-'h6-ti', vura vo-'ArihrA-n'ni "Ho y 'a 'i'ima pe 'amti'. Viri va: ku- 'amayav, do not let her see you Va: vura kitc uxuti': ma'i'i pammaruk xas 'u'&-mtiha- eating them." And that is why panimmYihe~c paticra m." V nilk, mhrak xas, 'Axra-s. Va: vur he used to eat it upslope, upslope k8 kkaninay vur upd-nvutihar u'ifei prinatihafnik, pak6-kkaninay then, Gopher. It came up, every po-pd nvaramhina ti'. Viri ky6 'uvurayvuitihaAik, va: vura k&hn place he went; those were the kaninay, po-pd-nvutihanik v I kitc pa'u-pva'amayavhiti', pakh~n only places where there was vur ukupa'ifci prinahitihanik 'uvdrayvutihaflik. 'u pva'amayav, the places where xunye"Op, pako-kkaninay pair he went. sar u'a mti', pamusarahliyity Karu patta'as, 'Iccipicrihama-m And the soaproot, only up- pa'a pun 'uvyihicrihti'. kitc 'uta-shiti'. Va: vura kaon slope of Ishipishrihak is there Tcavura tayinv u'fum. ' soaproot. That is as far as it may vura xas 'utvAv'n kitc 'u'ippanhi-ti', yi5mvannihitc 7 'urm vura purafatta'ak. Kaltim- goes, there is none just a little Xe panhippaA. Viri pakkar Pi nkyam 'u~m vura puffa~t 'ioyfi- downstream [of Ishipishrihak]. 'utr6Ovati'. Yanava vo-kupitt On the Katimin side there is rAkkiriikarh. Kuna vura 'u~m 6 For the Ikxareyav maidens none, on the other side of the 'apapasti~p kitc po ta:shiti', ko-k- 6 From where it was hanging Only on one side of the katninay vura kuma'ararama-k- river. I Place on the old trail, upsl, there is soaproot, along kam. Karukkukam 'u~m tcavu- river lahif am, a New Year ceremon every place upslope of the ran- ra yi v, tcavuira ho-y variva place. ku-kkam cherias. Upriverward it just runs vuia, 'fccipicrihakam 8 Or: va: kunkupitti'. Both far, I do not know to where, only kitc. used in this oonstruction. on the Ishipishrihak side. JICAN ETHINOLOGY [BULL. D4 HARRINGTON] TOBACCO AMONG THE KARUK INDIANS 67

Sometimes they see at some B. 'Ioyarukpihrivpikva, pahfi-t (THE STORY ABOUT ACROSS-WATER place a lot of Indian potatoes, 'ukfiph-n'nik, kAruk 'un6- WIDOWER, HOW HE WENT UP- and then they dig in under. Be- vanik, pa'apun uvyihicrih- RIVER DROPPING ACORN BREAD hold there are lots underneath. tihanik pamusarah 'iydtyuf CRUMBS) Sometimes nearby there they see Across-water Widower thought: lots of wild oat straw under the 'IJyarukpihri~v 'u~m vo xfis- sa-n'nik: "H16 y 'if pattce~tc nip "I do not want to be trans- ground. It is something that is kt vicrihe'ec. Tcimi va; vura formed alone. Let me travel doing that, maybe a gopher. along the river. They say there Something is doing that, is pack- pe-ckt-c kanAh6-kin. Karuma are many Ikxareyav girls being ing it around down under the kunipitti ta~y takunifci-p. Pe k- raised upriver. I wonder whom ground. xariya-fhppi-ttca kftuk. Fa-t ata xakka~n panupkt-vicrihe'ec. I am going to be transformed (THE STORY ABOUT SUGARLOAF Teimi kYaniahu'u. Teimi kyan- along with. Let me go. Let me BIRD) ?Appivan. 5 Khruma naA kir look for them. I am an Ikxare- And in the myths Gopher did Ikxar&ya4." 'UoittI-mti vfifa, yav, too." He had heard said that same thing; he did it already phvaA kunipitti', pak6okaninay that there were flats scattered all when he was an Ikxareyav yet, ticra m 'ut,-yhiti', viri vaA vura over, and that those flats were he packed 'fiapva'amh'av [tubers] kunipitti 'axyarava paticra~m full of girls. around; he packed them around. pa'ifkppi-tteh'. 'A'ikre'en brought them in from Ta'ittam vaA kite 'upiev.ttu- He just took down his basketry Scott Valley, he brought some nihe~n pamuvikk3apu'. 6 Sara quiver. He put nothing but in for his younger brother. He kite 'u0a-nnamnihanik pamuvik- acorn bread and his pipe into his said to his younger brother: kyapuhak, karu pamu'dhra'am. basketry quiver. Then he trav- "Do not let my wife see you Karixas po-hon'nik. Xas vura eled. He was traveling along, when you are eating the 'flpva- vo-'&h5h-t1', vura vo 'Arlhrd-n'nik. he was walking upriver. All he 'amayav, do not let her see you VaA vura kite uxuti': "H8-y 'ata was thinking was: "I wonder eating them." And that is why panimmyAhe~c paticra m." Viri where the flats are." He rested he used to eat it upslope, upslope ko kkaninay vur upu-nvutihanik everywhere at the people's rest- then, Gopher. It came up, every po pd nvaramhina ti'. Viri kY6-k- ing places. Everywhere he rest- place he went; those were the kaninay, po-pu-nvutihanik vaA ed, Tan came up from it, only places where there was vur ukupa'ifci prinahitihanik pa- wherever he ate his acorn bread, '-dupva'amayav, the places where xuny8'ep, pako-kkaninay pamu- wherever the crumbs of his acorn he went. sar u'a mti', pamusarahliyfityut bread fell on the ground. And the soaproot, only up- pa'a pun 'uvyihicrihti'. slope of Ishipishrihak is there Tcavura tayiv u'fium. 'Ax- Then he was far along. Then soaproot. That is as far as it may vura xas 'utvA-v'nuk, all at once, at Xepanippan, he goes, there is none just a little X6epan~ippah.7 Viri pakkaruk looked over. He looked upriver downstream [of Ishipishrihak]. 'utr6Ovdti'. Yanava vo kupitti',8 direction. Behold they were dig- On the Katimin side there is 5 For the Ikxareyav maidens that he has heard of. none, on the other side of the 6 where it was hanging up or tucked in. river. Only on one side of the From 7 Place on the old trail, upslope of Camp Creek. Patevanayvatc- river there is soaproot, along ?ahif am, a New Year ceremony fireplace, is downriverward from this every place upslope of the ran- cherias. Upriverward it just runs place. 8 Or: vaA kunkupitti'. Both s. and the more gramma~tical dpl. are far, I do not know to where, only used in this construction. on the Ishipishrihak side. -I

68 BUREAU OF AMERIICAN ETHNOLOGY B(uTu.94 7 HAKRINGTON] TOBACCO AMONG TH 'apxantahko-sammdrax pakun- ging, all of them with new hats on. xuny&e0p. Vura 'u~m kl rim Mi pvana.ti'. Karixas mxxas: Then he thought: " I am an uxuti po-'ah6-t1 'Ieyarukpfhri'1v. "Na. kar Ikxare-yav. Teimi Ikxareyav, too. Let me go and Po`'aho ti' vaA vur uxuti: kyanimmnydssaA." Uxxus: "Ka- see them." He thought: "That "Vira pukaf na'fpaho-vicaia. ruma vaA Papanamnihticra' m." is the Orleans Flat." Then he Tamit kanateakka'^t." VaA Karixas kudk 'u'fum pakund-pva- walked over toward where they mdrax vur uxdti: "Vura puka, na-tihifak. Karixas 'a tcip I kdik were digging [roots]. Then he na'ip 'ah6-vlcAfA, Papanamnihti- 'u'm, as k&,n 'uV'fim. Xas went to the midst of them. Then cra'ain, panipnfvppaha'^k." Vur 'apun 'u06hric pamuvikk~apu'. he got there. Then he laid his ut6 xvi.pha'. Vab 'tdpan'n'k Karixas uxxus: "Tcimi 'a-tcip basketry quiver on the ground. 'IOyarukpihri'v:"Panamnihlasik- kyanikri crihi'." Xas xatkkarar Then he thought: "Let me sit tava nsa vura 'araratcakaya-n- )upakAvnf kvanP','° pa'ifappI-t- down in the midst of them." sahe'ee, paya star u'i'nnicri- tca'. Karixas kunpi p: "H&--, Then he put his arms around the hal'k.''ll Va: kunkii-pha picf'te tanuv ha'. HB-y 'Ikxare-yav girls on both sides of him. Then pakunmah, k6-vdra 'dpas kunyuh- tcaka-haha tu'aramsf-p?" Xas they said: "Ugh, we do not like sdru'u,2 k6-va kuntcakkay. yiOO upi p: "H&-, tanutcakkay." you. Where did this so nasty Karixas taxannahitc karixas ux- Ikxareyav come from?" Then Xas 'u~itti mti 'AMioufticra~m18 xus: "Tcimi kYan~hhu'u. Puya one of them said: "Ugh, we karutta~y pa'iffappl-ttce'. Viri 'if takanatcakkay." Karixas think you are nasty." Then va: k&tn po va ramuti'. "XA-tik 'u'ah6-n'nik. Vura vo-'ah6-tl'. after a while he thought: " I va: kuna kaon kanatcakkay." would better travel. They think Tcavura tayifv 'u'ftm. Kdk- I am so nasty." Then he traveled ku~m va: ka:n vo-kui-pha', kdk- again. He was traveling. kubm va: kan vo-kd-pha', 'ax- Karixis vo-kupltti po-'ah6-ti', He was doing that way, travel- may vura xas 'utvA vnuk.14 pak6-kkaninay 'upiu-nvaramhiti', ing; at all the resting places Yanava sdrukam kunic 'uOrf-kva viri va~k 6Bkkanlnay vura 'ukrf-c- everywhere he would sit down. paticra'am. Va: mdrax uxxdti': rihti'. Me kva pamu'ilhra~m Then he would always take out "Na: kar Ikxare-yav." Karixas tu'e-Qrichk, karixas tuhter. Kar- his pipe and smoke. And he kdik u'u m. Karixbs uxxus: ixas pamu'amkinva kuna tu'e0- would take out his lunch, too. "Karuma tani'ft'm Pa'aOiOuf- richk. Sara pamu'amki-nva- It was acorn bread, his lunch. ticra'am." Yanava vura 'bxyAr hAiilk. Vura vo-kupitti po 'a- He did that way when he was pa'ifaippI-ttea'. Karixais Axxihs: hoti', vaA vura kite uk-hpitti traveling, all that he did was to z Teimi kydok kbntf-m'm1." pakB -kkaninay 'upd-nvhramhiti smoke at all the resting places. Khrixas kuik u'fium. Yaln kB kkaninay vAr uhe rati'. Karu And he would eat his acorn bread. yi-mm-dsite 'u'irmmdti'. Tama pamussara tL'av. VaA vur uku- And it was that Tan Oak trees k6-vdra 'In kunimmui-stV. YiO- pitti', 'ukupa'ifcIfprinahiti pa- came up. When the bread eumas upitti': "Na: 'u~m nani- xunye'ep. Viri po-oivicri-hvuti dropped in little pieces as he ate, 'Avanhe'ec." Xas uxxus: "Na. passara po-'a-mtl', viri va~ uku- Tan Oak trees came up, that is hinupa kite 'Ikxare-ya." 15 Xas pa'ifcfiprinahiti paxuny8'ep, va. what they say, Tan Oak. There pakunipitti', paxunyt'ep. Yij. are still lots of Tan Oak trees " Orleans and Redcap girls had vdra yuruk karivari tta.y pa- way downriver. Across-water rejecting even rich suitors from oth 12 Just spit saliva out on the gr D Of the girls who were strung out standing and sitting as they were between them. engaged in digging roots. 13 The flat at Doctor Henry's pla 10As he sat down between two girls. 14 As he had done on reaching Or] 16 Referring to his sudden seeminE ICAN ETHNOLOGY IBUU. 94 HARRMNOTON] TOBACCO AMONG THE KARUK INDIANS 69 ging, all of them with new hats on. xunyPe'p. Vura 'u~m kg-rim Widower felt bad when he was Then he thought: " I am an uxdti po-'ah&-ti 'I~yarukpihri'1v. traveling. As he was traveling Ikxareyav, too. Let me go and Po`&Uhoti' van vur uxdti: along that was all that he was see them." He thought: "That "Vdra pukAk na'1pahowvicata. thinking: "I am not going to pass is the Orleans Flat." Then he Tamit kanatcflkka'at." Vat through there. They thought walked over toward where they mdrax vdr uxdti: "Vura puked me nasty." All he was think- were digging [roots]. Then he na'fp 'ah8-vlcMa, Papanamnihtf- ing was: "I am not going to went to the midst of them. Then cra'am, panipnfk ppaha'ak." Vur pass through Orleans Flat, when he got there. Then he laid his ut6 xvi.phA'. Va^ 'dpa n'nik I go back downriver." He was basketry quiver on the ground. 'I0yarukpihri'1v:"Panamnih?asik- mad. That is what Across-water Then he thought: "Let me sit It.vansh. vura 'araratcakfayAn- Widower said: "Orleans women down in the midst of them." shhe'ec, payb shr u'0-nnicri- always will be thinking that any- Then he put his arms around the ha'ak."'l' Vas kunkd-pha pieftc one is nasty, whenever Human girls on both sides of him. Then pakunmah, k6wvdra 'dpas kunyuh- comes to live there." They did they said: "Ugh, we do not like sdru'Ul 2 k6 va kuntcfikkay. that way, spit, they thought he you. Where did this so nasty was so nasty. Ikxareyav come from?" Then Xas 'u01ttiamti 'Aeieuftfcra~mU3 Then he heard that also at one of them said: "Ugh, we jkarutta~y pa'ifhppI-ttcA'. Viri A0iOufticram there were lots of think you are nasty." Then vat khan po vAramuti'. "Xa-tik girls. Then he was heading for after a while he thought: " I va: kuna khan kanatchkkay." that place. "Let's see if they would better travel. They think Tcavura tayf~v 'u'pm. Kdk- think I am nasty again." Then I am so nasty." Then he traveled ku~m va: k&hn vo-kf-pha', kdk- he got far. He did that same again. He was traveling. kubm vat khan vo-ki-pha', 'ax- way again, did that same way He was doing that way, travel- may vura xas 'utvA.vnuk.'4 again, all at once looked over. ing; at all the resting places Yfanava surukam kunic 'uOrf-kva Behold it looked as if there was everywhere he would sit down. paticra'8m. Vat mdrax uxxdti': a flat right under him down- Then he would always take out "Nat khr Ikxar6-ya4." Kfirixas slope. He just thought: "I am his pipe and smoke. And he kdnk u'i-m. KaxixAs uxxus: an Ikxareyav, too." Then he would take out his lunch, too. "Khruma toni'c m Pa'aeiOuf- walked toward there. Then he It was acorn bread, his lunch. ticra'am." Yinava vura 'Axyar thought: "I have reached Aei- He did that way when he was pa'ifhppi-ttcA'. Karixfis tkxxtis: eufticram." Behold it was full traveling, all that he did was to " Tcimi kyukk khn?fu-m'm1." of girls. He thought: "Let me smoke at all the resting places. Kf.xixas kClk u'thm. Yafn go over there." Then he went And he would eat his acorn bread. yi-mmdsite Vu'uimdti'. Taima there. He walked on a little And it was that Tan Oak trees k6-vdra '1n kunimmyuistl'. YiO- way. They all looked at him. came up. When the bread Oumas upitti': "Nag 'u~m nani- Each said in turn: "He will dropped in little pieces as he ate, 'Avanhe'ec." Xfs uxxus: "Nab be my husband. " Then he Tan Oak trees came up, that is hinupa kite 'Ikxar6-ya0." 11 Xas thought: "Behold I am the only what they say, Tan Oak. There are still lots of Tan Oak trees 11 Orleans and Redcap girls had the reputation of being proud, parts. way downriver. Across-water rejecting even rich suitors from other 12 Just spit saliva out on the ground in disgust, as he sat there ut standing and sitting as they were between them. I The flat at Doctor Henry's place at Happy Camp. 41As he had done on reaching Orleans Flat. 16 Referring to his sudden seeming good luck. - I ______

TOBACCO AMONG TH 70 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [BULL. 94 BARRINGTON] kan 'ukrf-c. Yi-mmdsitc vur Ikxareyav." Then he sat down me-c Panamnihticra'^am, xas ux- uOaric pamuvikk3apu'. Tcavura there. Beside him be laid down xus: "Teimi 'o-k tanikri-crihi', kimate~tc p6-kxhramha', xas va: his basketry quiver. Then in teimi kYaniht'en. 'tckyi vura va: vura katn kunikv8 crihvAna'. the evening, when night came, kan ni'ippAb.6-v1c. Teimi kyani- HA- teimi vdra po1'f nne'6c. Tca- they all stayed there. He did h.e&n." Karixas uh`e-r. Xas ux- vura xfikkarari vura p6 ptdra y'- not know what to do. Then he xus: "'P:0 vari vura ni'ippah6-- va. Pbykyukmas upitti': "Na: looked to either side of him. vic."' Xas popihtrariar, "Tcimi 'ifra~m vura pay '6-k ni'Assive'ec.'' 18 Viri They were saying in turn: "I kYanippahu'u. Nani vo-ku-pha pakunipOimcdru'u, pa- am going to sleep here." Then n ~i'pMec." Viri pama-ka pay kunaslcri hvAna'. Teavura ku- they all lay side by side when uku pha'.?" Yanava vura va: matetc 17 ht-t va: vura tu'in they slept. Then in the night kunidpvana-ti'. Viri paxanna- 'Ioyarukpfhri"v, kunic t6-kuha'. Across-water Widower did not hicitc uhyarihic. Karuma 'ip Nikik to-xus kiri nikvli-tha'. Va: know what was the matter with uxdssa'at: "Vura 'icki ni'ipah6- kite xAs 'u'iruvo ti Panamnih- himself, he felt sick. He tried to vic." Viri taxannahicitc vura tfcra'am. Va: kite uxxuti': " Kiri go to sleep. He just kept think- kunic tuydnyf-nha'. Mu'avah- nipva ram." Ka-n 'u~m yon vur ing of Orleans Flat. He just kam xas kunic pakunhivri-n- usuippa-hiti'. Xas 'upe nvana'a: kept thinking: " I want to go nhti', pakunpakiui-hvilti', pak- "ThnipvA-ihm. Na: nixxuti na: home. " It was nearly getting unO.pvana ti'. vura nani'ifra~m ni'i-pmPe'c." morning there. Then he told Ta'ittam pamuvikkyap upe-ttcip- them: "I am going home. I re he'en, to-pvA-fAm. Viri pas- think I will go back to where I up saru kdik 'upoitti m'ma. Viri was raised." Then he picked Song by the Orleans maidens pakfik 'up~ittIm'mA.18 Va: kite his basketry quiver, he started 'a, po xxanA ti', pakunivunti'. home. Then he listened in down 'I i i i 'I- nani'avan, "Nax vura tanipvaram." Kite slope direction, listened in that uxxuti': "Na: vdra tanipvAlram." direction. They were all crying, T6 kparihrup, iv. Va: kite kunipitti: "'f, nanu'avan crying for him. "I am just 'Ioyarukphi' to pvA ram," pakunivunti'. going home." He just thought: !Uxxus: "Na: vuira nani- "I am just going home." They 'ifra~m ni'i pm6'ec, na: vura pu- were just saying: "Oh, our hus- ma-ka ne trippa-tihe-cara. Tahi- band is going home, " as they nupa puna'i pmara." Vura t6 x- were crying for him. rarati kite. " Xa-tik nipara- Ta'ittam kikku~m vura vo- He went back down by the tanma-hpa'," va: vura kite ixxis. 'ippaho he'en pamitv o-'aho'ot. same road by which he had Karixas 'uparatanma-hph'. Pap- Kidkku~m vura varihu~m u'ippa- traveled [upriver]. He returned piric tu'axaytcakki6." Tu'um- hu'u. Vura hd-tva tu'im. Vura by the same road. He did not tcuinkiN.` SA-mvAnnihitc xas t6-kkdha', po 'aho ti'. know what was the matter. He going to skirt the flat on was feeling sick as he walked 19 Am girls. along. avoid the supercilious 20Viri pama-k utrippa ti', looked Teavura yiv tu'l pma', yifv Then he got far back, he got tu'i pma'. Tcavura tcim 'u'ip- far back. Then just before he got but understood, here. 21 To keep himself progressing ul 16 Gesturing at positions near Across-water Widower. They slept spell. right there in the flowery field. 22 He pulled the bushes that he In the early night, after he lay down. strong was the formula of the Oi 18 As he was climbing the hill by Doctor Henry's place. them. TOBACCO AMONG THE KARUK INDIANS7 71 CAN ETHNOLOGY (IJuu 94 HABBINGTON] 8 m, xas ux- back to Orleans Flat, he thought: Ikxareyav." Then he sat down me-c Panamnihticra' '6-k tanikri-crihi', "Let me sit down here, let me there. Beside him he laid down xus: "Tcimi 'Tckyi vira va; take a smoke. I am going to his basketry quiver. Then in tcimi kYanih&e'n. vie. Tcini klani- walk back through there fast. the evening, when night came, kh;n ni'ipph6w uh9'er. Xas ux- Let me take a smoke." Then all stayed there. He did h6'en." Karixas they vari vura ni'ippAh6-- he smoked. Then he thought: not know what to do. Then he xus: "' `Y.e 9 po'pih rarhar, "Tcimi "I am going to pass around river- looked to either side of him. vic.' Xas Nani 'ifra;m vura ward as I go back. " Then as he They were saying in turn: " I kYanhppahu'u. Viri pamg-ka pay finished smoking, [he said:] "I am going to sleep here." Then nP1i meec." YAnava vfira va; would better travel. I am going they all lay side by side when ukdrpha'.'O Viri paxanna- back to where I was raised." they slept. Then in the night kunfpvana-ti'. Karuma 'ip Then he looked upslope back of Across-water Widower did not hicitc uhybrihi6. 'icki ni'ipah6- the flat. Behold they were dig- what was the matter with uxdssa'at: "Vura know vura ging. He stopped and stood himself, he felt sick. He tried to vic." Viri taxannahicitc Mu'hvah- there for a little while. He had sleep. He just kept think- kunic tuydnyi-nha'. go to thought: "I am going to walk of Orleans Flat. He just kam xas kunic pakunhivri-n- ing pak- fast. " For a while it was as if he thinking: "I want to go nati', pakunpakdr1-hvtitl', kept was crazy. It seemed as if it was It was nearly getting un?d-pvana ti'. home." on top of him when they mounted there. Then he told morning in the high parts of the song as "I am going home. I them: they sang [root] digging. think I will go back to where I was raised." Then he picked up Song by the Orleans maidens Song by the Orleans maidens his basketry quiver, he started 'I i i i 'a, 'I i i i 'a, home. Then he listened in down 'I- nani'Mran, Oh, my husband, direction, listened in that slope T6-kphrihrup, Is walking downriver, direction. They were all crying, 'IOyarukpihri' v. Across-water Widower. crying for him. "I am just nani- He thought: "I am going back going home." He just thought: 'Uxxus: "Na; vfira vura pu- to where I was raised, I am not just going home." They 'ifra;m ni'i pm1eoc, na; "I am going to look upslope back of the saying: "Oh, our hus- ma-ka n6-trippa-t1h6-cAPA. Thhi- were just I can not get back home." home, " as they nupa puna'i pmAiA." Vura t6 x- flat. band is going He was just crying. "Let me crying for him. rarati kitc. " X&-tik nipara- were turn back," was all he thought. He went back down by the tanma-hpa,'," vaA vura kite ixxAs. Pap- Then he turned back. He grasp- same road by which he had Karixas 'uparatinmA-hph'. 2 Tu'flm- ed the brush. He pulled it out. traveled [upriverl. He returned piric tu'axaytcakki6. 1 22 xas He fell back downslope. Then by the same road. He did not tcuinkiN. SA-mvhnnihitc He know what was the matter. 19 Am vninv to skirt the flat on its outer or riverward side so as to as he walked was feeling sick avoid the supercilious girls. along. flat, is omitted, 20 Viri pamA-k utrippi ti', looked upslope back of the far back, he got Then he got but understood, here. far back. Then just before he got his sudden weak 21 To keep himself progressing upslope when he felt They slept spell. Across-water Widower. roots, so 22 He pulled the bushes that he was grasping out by the Orleans girls to make him return to ay down. strong was the formula of the )yDoctor Henry's place. them. _ -~~~~~~~~~~-

72 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [BUTLL. 4 HARRSNGTON] TOBACCO AMONG TI tupikylvic. Karixas uxxus: "NaA he thought: "They made out I takunpui-hkin. Pe-Orihar karu mit vura takanatcakka~t 6'ok."y was nasty. " As he was walk- kunpaora-mvdti-hva 26 paye-ri- Khan 'u~m yu-nnukamitc po-pik- ing up the hill a little downriver paxvu-hsa', 'iOasdppa: kunpao- ffi-kr~a, vura tapu'ah6-tihara ku- [of them], it seemed as if he could ra-mvfiti-hva', karu ka-kkum Ailo. 'Apsif karu vura to-mfira- not walk. His legs were bother- 'u~mkun kuntavti-hva ydppih. hina'8 . ing him, too. Then he went Pu'impd-tctihara 'ioaslipa"'. Xas khon u'ifpma'.? Vura back there. The girls were sing- Takunpitcakuva'4n, paye-ripax- vaA kunpakuri-hviti pa'ifappi- ing. Then the one who had vi-hsa'. tca'. Xas yi06a pamitva 'in kun- said that he was nasty, before he tcakka'^t, yi-mmdsitc yh;n u'ip- had gotten back close yet, put 5. Pahu-t pakunkupittihanik xhns pah-tl', tam6 kfu kkir&'a. Xas her arms about him. Then she vura kunic 'ixAyxya ytihaphaAik uppi p: "T, nani'avan ti'ippak. said: " Oh, my husband, you have Va: vura kite pumitkupittihap- Karuma mit na: va: nixiissa'at: come back. I thought: 'I do haf, pumit 'ikxftyxyA ytihaphat', 'Xat h8-y variva Ti'u'um, va: not care where you go, you will va: takunpi-p: Va: vura pa'am- vura 'Ippake'ec."' Xas 'IOya- come back.'" Then Across- thpyu~x nik yav. rukpihri~v uppi-p: "Tcexh, na: water Widower said: "All right, Kuna va: vura ni kunh-pun- vura 'im xAkka~n nupk-vicri- we will be transformed together. " mutihafiik, pamukunv6ohm5'uk25a he'ec." Viri 'u~m va: 'IOyaruk- That is what Across-water Wid- va: ka~n ta~y 'u'fti', pakhon pihri~v 'u~m vo-kupha-n'nik. Xas ower did. Then he said it: hitfha~n kuntd pvutiha~k pata- (ipa n'nik: "YA-stara hinupa vo- "Human will do the same. If yiO0, vaA katn ya-ntcip ta~y kuphe'ec. 'Asiktiva~n tutapkd-p he likes a woman, he will think, 'u'ifti', pakftn kund.pvutiha'ak. paha'ak, 'uxxusse c, 'tani"v,' ' I am going to die,' Human Va: kunippitti' pakund-pvuti- YA-sAfa." will. " ha~k patayi-0, va: yhvntciop 'u'ifti'. Ta y 4. Kuna viura mit puhairi 'dhic (BUT THEY NEVER PACKED SEEDS kdkku~m ta-y tu ppitcas 'u'i fti su?, va: mup- 'ipcA*nmutihaphat' HOME) pi matcitc patayiO. Purafa-t vura karu kuma'uhic And they never sowed any Va: vura ni kuniApunmuti- 'uOh-mhltihaphafiik, vura 'iheTa- kind of seeds, they operated only hani kyftu, va: 'u~m yav pappiric ha'uhic kitc kunikya ttihasiik. with the tobacco seeds. And 'avahkam kuni~yfiru06unatiha'ak, Purafa-t vura karu kuma'uhic they never had any kind of seeds patakunpfihOiAmpimarahaak .27 'i-nnak ta yhitihas'iik, vur 'ihe-ra- stored in the houses, only the Va: vura ni kyhru kunapun- ha kite, 'ihe-raha'uhic vira kitc. tobacco, the tobacco seeds. mutihanik, va: 'u~m yav pappiric 'Jorihar karu vura pu'nna-k And they had no flowers in the kunvitri-ptiha'ak. 'Affe-r takun- ta-yhitihanik. Paxi-ttitcas kitc houses either. Only the children vitrip, va:'u~m pukilkku~m pi-f- 'u~mkun vura tav 24 kunikya-tti- used to make a vizor, weaving the tihara, pava: kuninni'ctiha'ak, hafik, kunvi-ktihanik pe-Orihar flowers with string, shooting stars, phyu~x 'uxw6-ttcitchiti'. 'Anmd'uk, 'aksanvahitc, kar 'ax- and white lilies, and bluebells, pahe knikinatc, karu tiv'axnu- and they put it around their fore- 25 These clubs come from above kuxndkkuhitc, xas va: yuppin heads. Flowers also the girls and are worn on the front of the s 25a For illustration of v6'oh, digg 23 The formula of the girls was too much for him. He turned and 2 These tiny "potatoes" are cal] walked back to the Orleans girls. 27See p. 9. 24 The stems of the flowers are twined with a single twining of string, just as the feather vizor used in the flower dance is made. 'AN ETHNOLOGY [BUM 94 AARRINGTON] TOBACCO AMONG THE KARUK INDIANS 73 ae thought: "They made out I takunpu hkifi. Pe-Orihar khru wore as their hair-club wrap- was nasty. " As he was walk- kunpaOra-mvdti-hvA 26 paye-ri- ping, wearing them as wrapping ing up the hill a little downriver paxvu-hsa', 'iOasdppaX kunpaf- all day, and some of them wore [of them], it seemed as if he could ra-mvuti-hva', karu kh-kkum a vizor on the forehead. It did not walk. His legs were bother- 'u~mkun kuntavti-hva ydppih. not get wilted all day. They felt ing him, too. Then he went Pu'impd-tetihara 'ioasupa'a. so proud, those girls. back there. The girls were sing- Takunpitcakfiva'n, paye-ripbx- ing. Then the one who had vf-hsa'. said that he was nasty, before he 5. Pahd-t pakunkupittihanik xh-s (PRACTICES BORDERING ON A had gotten back close yet, put vura kunic 'ixhyxya ytihaphaAik KNOWLEDGE OF TILLAGE) her arms about him. Then she said: "Oh, my husband, you have VaA vura kite pumitkupittihap- The only thing that they did come back. I thought: 'I do hat, pumit 'ikxbyxyi ytihaphaf, not do was to work the ground. not care where you go, you will vaA takunpi-p: VaA vura pa'am- They thought the ashy earth is come back.'" Then Across- tapyu~x nik yav. good enough. water Widower said: "All right, Kuna vaA vura ni kunia-pun- But they knew indeed that we will be transformed together. " mutihafiik, pamukunv6 hmf'uk25a where they dig cacomites all the That is what Across-water Wid- va: kan ta~y 'u'iVfti', pakh-n time, with their digging sticks"" ower did. Then he said it: hitihan kun~d-pvutiha~k pata- many of them grow up, the fol- "Human will do the same. If yiN, va: khnn yh-ntcip ta~y lowing year many grow up he likes a woman, he will think, 'u'ifti', pakhrn kunfipvutiha'ak. where they dig them. They ' I am going to die,' Human Va: kunippitti' pakunld-pvuti- claim that by digging Indian will. , ha~k patayi 0, va: yh ntcip potatoes, more grow up the next kukku~m th-y Vui-fti'. Ta-y year again. There are tiny ones SEEDS (BUT THEY NEVER PACKED tfioppitcas26 'u'i fti su?, va: mup- growing under the ground, close HOME) pi matcitc patayiO. to the Indian potatoes. And they never sowed any Va: vura ni kunh-punmuti- They also knew that it was kind of seeds, they operated only hani kyAiu, va: 'u~m yav pappiric good to drag a bush around on with the tobacco seeds. And 'Avahkam kuniOydrueounatiha'ak, top after sowing. they never had any kind of seeds patakunp-dh6i.mpimaraha'ak . 7 stored in the houses, only the Va: vura ni kyhru kunA-pun- And they also knew that it is tobacco, the tobacco seeds. mutihahiik, va: 'u~m yav pappiric good to pull out the weeds. Root And they had no flowers in the kunvitri-ptiha'ak. 'Affe-r takun- and all they pull them out, so houses either. Only the children vitrip, va:'u~m pukikku~m pi f- they will not grow up again, and used to make a vizor, weaving the tihaifa, phva: kuninni'ctiha"'k, by doing this the ground is made flowers with string, shooting stars, phyu~x 'uxw6 ttcitchiti'. softer. and white lilies, and bluebells, and they put it around their fore- 25 These clubs come from above the ear at each side of the head heads. Flowers also the girls and are worn on the front of the shoulders. 25a For illustration of v6o°h, digging sticks, see P1. 11, a. jo much for him. He turned and 21 These tiny "potatoes" are called by the special name xavinfifri". 7 See p. 9. twined with a single twining of Ed in the flower dance is made. - I

HARRfMGTON] TOBACCO AMONG ' 74 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [BULL 94

6. Va: vura kite pakunmahara- (JUST FOLLOWING THE IKXA- 7. Pahd-t kunkupamahahanik tihai'k Pe-kxare-yavsa' REYAVS) pehtTaha' Vura va: Petkxare6yav kunip- K6 vura va: kunkupittihanik, All did the same, the way that pa n'nik. Va: vura pappiric ku- pahd-t Pe-kxar6yav kunkupit- the Ikxareyavs used to do. And nipcamkir6-n'nik, k6-vura va fa:1 tihainik, va: kunkupitti', xas what the Ikxareyavs ate, that was pappiiic, pananuppiric. K6-var piva: pakuna-mtihanik Pe-k- that they ate. They told all va: pappiric kunippA nik 'annav- xare-yav, viri va: kite pakun- them: "Ye must eat this kind." he'ec. Viii va: pakunippa-n'nik ?AYmti'. Va: kinIpprTaAik: "V6ek The Ikxareyavs ate salmon, they "Va: Paya sira kuninakkirit pay kyu'A mtih'ec.." Pa-kxare-- spooned acorn soup, salmon along tlhe'ec." yav 'a ma kun?h-mtihafiik, xiin with acorn soup. And they ate Xas va: pe-h-raha', yi0Oa Pe k- kunpAttatiha~ik, 'a ma xakka~n deer meat. And they claimed xare-yav 'astI~p 'upippatcicriha. xfi-n. Karu pufitc'i~ckunA'mti- that the Ikxareyavs had two nik sah'ih8-raha'. "Kfina viirf hafiik.21 Va: vura pakunfuhi-c- meals a day, and they also did Ya-s?ara pilva 'ih.-rAtihe-cafa tihafik, Pe-kxar6-yav 'axakya-- only that way. When the whites pasah'iheraha'." Xas kdkku~n nite vura kunippamtihai~ik, va: all came, then they said: "They yiOO 'upipatcicrihanik tapas?ih8 vura kitc pakunkupittihai~ik. eat poison, poison food, world- raha'. "Ya-s?ara pay 'u~m vdrf Pa'apxanti-tc pakunivyihukafik, come-to-an-end-food." The mid- va: pay 'uh8rtihe'ec, pehrTa. xas va: kunIppA-n'nik: "K8-mic dle-aged people were the first to hay8-pea' Ya-s?ara 'u~m va: pa3 pakunamti', ke-mica'avaha', 'i- eat the white man food. When 'u'uhOa mhitihe'ec, pamuh-raha' 6ivOan6-ntaniha'avaha'." 'Ateip- they liked it, they liked it. They Ya-s?ara mumma-kkam 'u'nh han vura va'ara rhs va: kite good." told each other: "It tastes Oa mhitihe'ec, pamuh8-raha'. Ya papicct-te kunavanik pa'apxan- They said: "He never died, I am kuin va: 'u~m 'ikpihanhe'ec ti-tc?avaha'. Viri pakunvictar going to eat it, that bread." But Ya-s?ara 'u~m 'u'uhOA-mhitih6^' vura kunvictaf, purh~n kunipptT: the old men and old women did pamuhATaha'. Yakun va: Tu y "Vuira 'u~m 'amayav." Xas not eat it till way late. We are cip 'upftkkihtih6:c pamuhe takunpi-p: "Nikyat vura 'u~m the last ones that know how the raha'." Va: kunippa-n'nik Pe-k pu'imtihafa, na: tani'av, passara. Ikxareyavs used to do, how they xare`yav. Yakun ka-kkum Tu y Xas va: k6-vura papihni-ttcitchs used to eat, the way our mothers cip kunparihicrihanlik, Pe kxare karu pake-vni-kkitcas xara xas told us. And even we do not eat yav. kunavaAik. Nu: ta'ifutetf mitcas any more what they told us to Viri va: kuma'i'i pe h6Taha phva nu' a punmuti pava: Pe-k- eat. And what will they who are kun?fihOAmh6ti', yakun 'u~mkui xar yav pakunkupittihafiik, va: raised after us do? Pe-kxareyav kunpippbtcieriha pakun?&-mtihafiik, pamitva va: Aik, Pe-h8-raha'. kinipp6-ntihat panandtA t TI'n. Viri va: vura nu: karu va: tapu- 8. Pakhon kuma'-pun va: m kin?a mtihara, pamitva kinippe- takunxus va: kan panu'dh rat: "Ve ku'& mtihe'ec." Ha-t- OA mhe'ec he-c pananu'iffuO va'iffapuhsa'. Pe kkidka'inkyiram va: yep 28 In the New Year's ceremony there is little mention of deer ce-cip 'u'iVfti. Ticnamnihitc 'u~n meat in the ritual, but many observances regarding salmon and vura pu'uhoh-mhitihap. Marul acorn soup. 'ipdtribk xas pakundheamhiti'. HARRMGTONI TOBACCO AMONG THE KARUK INDIANS 75 'AN ETHNOLOGY [BULL 94 7. Pahfrt kunkupamahahanik (ORIGIN OF TOBACCO) tJUST FOLLOWING THE IKXA- peheraha' REYAVS) Vira vat Pe-kxare-yav kunip- The Ikxareyavs said it. They way that All did the same, the pan'nik. Va. vura pappiric ku- left the plants, all the plants, our to do. And the Ikxareyavs used nipeamkir6 n'nik, k6 vura vaA fast plants. They said the plants ate, that was what the Ikxareyavs pappific, pananuppific. K6-vdra will all be medicine. Then they ate. They told ill that they vas pappiric kunippgnik 'Annav- said: "Human will live on them." this kind." them: "Ye must eat he'ec. Viii vat pakunippamn'nik: ate salmon, they rhe Ikxareyavs "Vax Pay&.sAra kunlinakklrit- spooned acorn soup, salmon along they ate tlh6'ec." with acorn soup. And Xas vaA pe-h-raha', yleea Pe-k- Then tobacco, one Ikxareyav claimed leer meat. And they xare-yav 'astifp 'upipphtcicriha- threw the downslope tobacco had two that the Ikxareyavs nik sah'ihg-raha'. "Kdna vfira down by the river bank. "But they also did meals a day, and Yk-sara puiva 'ih6-rdtihe-cafa, Human is not going to smoke it, way. When the whites )nly that pasah'iheraha'." Xas kdkku~m that downslope tobacco." then they said: "They ill came, yiOO 'upiphtcicrihanik tapasMih&- Then again, he threw down world- 3at poison, poison food, raha'. "Yh-sAra pay 'u~m vira another kind, real tobacco. -ome-to-an-end-food." The mid- vaA pay 'uhATAtih^'ec, pe-hMTa- "Human will smoke this, the were the first to ile-aged people hayt-pea' Yh-shra 'u~m va: pay good tobacco. Human will sow -at the white man food. When 'u'uhea .nhitihe'ec, pamuh8-raha'. this, his own tobacco. Human it, they liked it. They bhey liked YA s ara mumma-kkam 'f'ih- will sow it back of his place, his other: "It tastes good." bold each 65..mhitihe'ec, pamuhgTaha'. Ya- own tobacco. Behold it will be never died, I am rhey said: "He kun va: 'u~m 'ikpihanhe'ec. strong. Human will sow his bread." But ;oing to eat it, that YA-sIhra 'u~m 'u'uhOPmhItihb.c tobacco. Behold he will be feed- old women did bhe old men and pamuh6Taha'. Yakdn va: Ti-y- ing his tobacco to Mountains." it till way late. We are rot eat cip 'upAkklhtih6^c pamuh8- They said it, the Ikxareyavs. ones that know how the the last raha'." Va: kunippa-n'nik Pe-k- Behold, some of them became do, how they lkxareyavs used to xar&yaO. Yakdn kh-kkum Tu y- mountains, the Ikxareyavs did. eat, the way our mothers used to cip kunphrihicrihafiik, Pe-kxar6-- told us. And even we do not eat yav. more what they told us to Eny Viri va: kuma'i'i pethftaha' So this is why they sow smoking And what will they who are Bat. kunIdheA-mh6ti', yakfin 'u~mkun tobacco, behold the Ikxareyavs raised after us do? Pe-kxar6 yav kunpippbtcicriha- threw it down, the smoking hik, PeheTaha'. tobacco. 8. Pakhnn kuma'a pun va: mi (THE KIND OF PLACE CHOSEN FOR tfkunxus va: kahn panu'fih- PLANTING TOBACCO UPSLOPE) OA mhe'8 c P6ekkydka'1nk1&ram vat y6p- Where logs have been burned there is little mention of deer ce-cip Vu£f-ti. Ticnhmnihitc 'u~m the best ones grow. They never servances regarding salmon and vira pu'uhh-nmhitihaf. Mbruk sow it in an open place. Upslope 'ipdtrixk xas pakundhOA5mhti'. under the trees is where they sow it. 76 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [BUILL.94 BARRINGTON] TOBACCO AMONG THE

Xuny6.pri~k 'iputribk takuniaih- Where the tanbark oaks are, 11. HA-ri 'umdkifkyar pakun- hOa-mhh'. Pu'ippahasdrukhAia, near the foot of a ridge, where ?dhOA mhitihaliik 'ipahapi-m vira, pe-mtcaxah there are dead trees. Not under ?(k-yvati', vhA kh-n pakunl6- the trees, but near the trees, Karu ha-ri mit vura 'ivXf h- heoAmhitl'. Pirfcri~k 'u~m vura where the sunshine hits them, kyam kun?'ihOA mhitihAf. 'Iv- p pu'uhOf-mhItihap. Pe kkyuka- that's the place that they plant pf m'mate, 'ikmahatcra~m pf.- 'inkydram vaA khon payt-pc it. They don't plant it in a mate mit kyar Wi ftihat. Tapa n- 'u'ifti, 'a? vAr uTfti' tirihca brushy place. Where the log has pay nakicnakic29 hi n mit kuntAy- pamuppiric viri vaA pe-h-raha'. been burned, there the best ones vArattihaf, kari mit kunk6-hat tA grow, grow tall, the tobacco has pa'f-hkyam kundhOA-mti'. Mi p wide leaves. takunpi-p: "Xay kyuxaptcakkic pe-he-raha'." 9. Pakuma'Ara~r peh6-raha 'u'ih- (WHO SOWED) 6A.mhitihahik 12. Kakumni~k vab kahx (SOME OF THE PLACES WHEJ Vura puk6-vura pa'axa~r Not all the men [of a rancherial 'uhoa-mhitihap pehe-raha'. Vuira plant tobacco. A few only are The locating and mapping of th tcimitc 'u~mkun pa'uhOa-mhiti- planters. From a single rancheria subject of Karuk placenames rather hansa'. PayiOeakan kuma'i6iv6a-n- only a few plant. It is the head of can still be located, together with Fo na-n vura tcf-mitc vura 'u~mkun a family that is the tobacco owners. Some of them are identici pa'uhOA-mhitihansa'. Pa'i-nna-k planter. When they go out to (See below.) pa'a~varihhavansa vaA pa'dhOa-m- plant tobacco, they never tell any- A specimen of the kind of inform hitihan peh8-raha'. Vura pe-he- body; in the early morning they line follows, telling of two plots in th raha takun uhOa mharaha"'k, go without breakfast, nobody The tobacco plot upslope of GrE vura 'upn po-kara'e-0i-htihap, knows. All the Indians have river from the lower part of Orleans, mahl1-tnihatc vura patuva-ram, different places where they plant. annually of its own accord (see pl. 1 'avippux, pu 'akara vura 'a pun- Each person has a different place. sown by and belonged to 'As6oso'o mutihafa. Vura 'u~m k6-vura They do not plant as two partners younger brother, both of Kattiphiia yioOukkanva pakunfihOa-mhi- together. Upslope, at their own Ruben's present home, just uprivei na-ti ph'a'ar. PAy kyu karu 'u~m acorn place, upslope of their own were Katiphira'Ara-ias. vura yi00uk mu'dhoa'am. Vura places, there is where they plant The plot at the site of Mrs. Pho pu'Axxak yittca~tc 'uh6a-mh1ti- tobacco. That's their own, that's kinAvahkam, near Big Rock, on t: hap. Maruk pamukunpakku- their land, that's the place they above the Orleans bridge, and some huiam, pamukunmatuk, va- kahn plant, they do not plant in other also still comes up, was sown by pakuni'ih65a-mhiti pe-he raha'. people's ground. 'Imkiya'ak (Old Muggins) and Ma? Pamukdn u'up, pamukun i'iiv- of Tei-n'natc, the large rancheria at 1 eaflnneen, vaA kan pakun'i6hea m- were TcinatcAra-ras. hiti', vudra 'u~m puyiOfuk uhOa-m- 'Apsu'un, Old Snake, a resident ol hitihap pee Ara~n~ifiv0A nna'ea. plot at the big tanbark oak flat calle( lick that lies upslope of Ishipishrihal 10. Puyittcakanitc hitiha~n 'uh- (THEY DO NOT SOW AT ONE PLACE partly under the acorn trees. Gard a *mhitihaphauik ALL THE TIME) other people gathered acorns there, Pu vaA kafn hitiha~n 'uhOa m- They do not sow at the same him before doing so. 'Apsu'un even hitihap, hATi vifukanva kun- place all the time, sometimes they which he used when camping there. kunpik- puiheamputi', yiOukanva sow at a different place, they -9Or nakic. ya-tti pa'uhOamhikam. make a garden elsewhere. 6304032-o8 [CAN ETHNOLOGY [B=. 94 CARRINGTON] TOBACCO AMONG THE KARUK INDIANS 77

Where the tanbark oaks are, 11. HAii 'um-dik?1fk1ar pakun- (SOMETIMES THEY USED TO SOW near the foot of a ridge, where ?ih69bmhitihafiik NEAR THE HOUSES) there are dead trees. Not under the trees, but near the trees, Karu hA ri mit vira 'ivy h- And sometimes they used to where the sunshine hits them, kyam kun~ihOa-mhitihbX. 'Iv- plant outside the living house. that's the place that they plant pi m'matc, 'ikmahhtcra~m pi.- Near the living house, near the it. They don't plant it in a matc mit kyarii'fftfhaf. TapA n- sweathouse too it used to come brushy place. Where the log has pay nakicnakic 29 hP n mit kuntay- up. But later on the hogs used been burned, there the best ones vfrattihaf, kaxi mit kunk6-hat to spoil them, and they then quit grow, grow tall, the tobacco has pa'lhkyam kunhihOA-mti'. Mi planting it outside. They used wide leaves. takunpi-p: "Xhy kyuxaptcAkkic to say: "Do not step on the pe *h-raha'." tobacco." (WHO SOWED) 12. Kakumni~k va~ k&hn 'uh~a-mhIrAmhAnik Not all the men [of a rancheria] (SOME OF THE PLACES WHERE THEY USED TO SOW) plant tobacco. A few only are The locating and mapping of the tobacco plots belongs to the planters. From a single rancheria subject of Karuk placenames rather than here. A number of them only a few plant. It is the head of can still be located, together with Something in regard to the former a family that is the tobacco owners. Some of them are identical with acorn gathering places. planter. When they go out to (See below.) plant tobacco, they never tell any- A specimen of the kind of information still obtainable along this body; in the early morning they line follows, telling of two plots in the vicinity of Orleans. go without breakfast, nobody The tobacco plot upslope of Grant Hillman's place, across the knows. All the Indians have river from the lower part of Orleans, where the tobacco still comes up different places where they plant. annually of its own accord (see pl. 10), was until some 20 years ago Each person has a different place. sown by and belonged to 'As6-so'o (Whitey), and Vakirhyav, his They do not plant as two partners younger brother, both of KattiphiUAk rancheria (site of Mrs. Nellie together. Upslope, at their own Ruben's present home, just upriver from Hillman's). These men acorn place, upslope of their own were Katiphira'Ard-fAs. places, there is where they plant The plot at the site of Mrs. Phoebe Maddux's house at 'Asaou- tobacco. That's their own, that's kinb.vahkam, near Big Rock, on the south side of the river just their land, that's the place they above the Orleans bridge, and some 150 feet upslope, where tobacco plant, they do not plant in other also still comes up, was sown by and belonged to 'Uhri v, alias people's ground. 'Imkiya'ak (Old Muggins) and May8-c (Rudnick), his son-in-law, of Tci-n'natc, the large rancheria at the foot of the hill there. They were Teinate xra-rhs. 'Apsu'un, Old Snake, a resident of Ishipishrihak, had his tobacco plot at the big tanbark oak flat called Na-mkirik, upslope of the deer lick that lies upslope of Ishipishrihak. The garden was among and (THEY DO NOT SOW AT ONE PLACE partly under the acorn trees. Garden and grove belonged to him; ALL THE TIME) other people gathered acorns there, but it was necessary to notify They do not sow at the same him before doing so. 'Apsu'un even had a sweathouse at Na-mkifik, place all the time, sometimes they which he used when camping there. sow at a different place, they 9 Or nakic. make a garden elsewhere. 630440-32-8 I - --.- 1-1 --- I - I I -

]BUREAU OF AMERJ[CAN ETHNOLOGY [BULL. 94 78 HARRINGTON] TOBACCO AMONG TH]

13. Ta-yhanik vura peh8-raha OCCURRENCE OF VOLUNTEER hara kir u'if 'axviOeinnihak 'ih8-- 'iknivnamp1 m'matc pehe-raha- TOBACCO ABOUT THE HOUSES raha'. Nu: puva nanuyA-ha- piftanmahapu ta-yhanik vura haira, 32 pa'axvi0finnihak 'u'iffa- 'arari"k. ha'ak. 'Ah~ipmO-k takunitvi- Ta~y mit vur u'ifpf-6vTt1hAt Much used to be coming up tcip 33 pa va: kh~n tu'iffaha'ak. 'ikrivramhPkyarh, pehe-raha', kuna every place about the houses, the Va. kunippe-nti k-mic, ke-mi- vura pdvaA mit 'ihrd'vtihapha', tobacco did, but they never used ca'ihe-raha', puyahare-h8-raha'. pa'd-mukitc veh8-raha', papiffa- that, the tobacco near the houses, Takunpi-p k8-mic pa'axvioinni- pnhsa'. the volunteer stalks. hak 'u'i ftiha'ak pethtTaha'. Va: vura 'u~m pu'ih&ratihap. Si~t 14. 'Ikmahatenampi-matc karu VOLUNTEER TOBACCO BY THE '1in kdl kunsanm6otti pa'uhic vura 'upi-ftihanik 'iftanmaha- SWEATHOUSES kunxuti'. 'U~mkun vura pu'ax- puhsahatik viOinnihak vir&-yvdtihAp. Pax- 'Ikmahatcrampfimatc har Sometimes it grows by the viOinih tfmukitc takun ?A.maha'ak u'ifti', karu ha-r ikmahhtcra~m sweathouse and sometimes on top va: thpa~n kari takunpa-tvar 'avahkam. Pakhtn tu'iffaha~k of the sweathouse. When it grows saruk 'ickY6'ec. pi~m'matc va: 'u~m vura kun- around there, they like it, they 17. Ha-ri vura maru kunikya-tti- ?al-tcitchiti', kunxuti y8 pea', 61dk- think they are good ones, its hanik papiffapu' kinkyunic puxxwitc pamdssa'sn, leaves are very green there on the va: 'u~m khAn 'ikxaramkiunic black dirt, by the sweathouse. Paxuntapan 'u'iffiktiha~k na- payu"'x, 'ikmahatcrampim'matc, nihkyd smit, va: khAn hA-r ihrTa t va: 'urm vura kunictu kti'. mit 'uistui-ktihat, pah6-yva t6-m- mhha'ak, mit 'usa nm6-ttihat pa- V 15. 'Ahtd-y kyaru vur upi fti- (VOLUNTEER TOBACCO ON THE mukrivra'am. Mit 'usuvaxra-h- t, hanik papiffapu' RUBBISH PILE) tihA'. d 'Ahtd-y3 0 mit kyaru vura ta~y Much grew also on the rubbish PeheTahapiffapu pe-krivram- 'u'i-ftihat'. VaA ka~n pa'hmta~p piles. They throw the ashes pf-m 'u'iftiha'1k, va: 'u~m vura a karu kuniyve-cri-hvuti'. Vura there, too. It is dirty; they do pu'ikyA-ttihaP. p 'u~m puyavhara, puva: 'ih8-rati- not smoke it; they spoil it, they 18. Pak5hn mi takun~dhOi-mhiti- (I hap takuniptay'va, 'Ahupmi- hit it with a stick. They did not hiiak, va. kktn 'upiftanma-hti kuntakk-tti'. Puxuitihap kiri want to smoke it; they were kari. va: nuh'er, kunIh-yti', pu'a puin- afraid of it, they did not know mutihap vura h8-yva pa'uhic where the seeds came from. Pay8-m vura va: kahn kar 'u'aramsi privtl'. u'i fti', pataxarav8-tta kAon kun- ti ?(hOa-mhitihanik, xh~t karu vura 16. 'Axvioinnihak karu vura (TOBACCO SOMETIMES IN THE kuyrakitaharaharinay v6-ttak mit Si 'u'Pftihanik hA-fi GRAVEYARDS ALSO) kunk6-hat pak&an kunIhOa mhi- 'Axvioinnihak tvupan hAkr u'Tf- It even grows in the graveyard ti'. ti'.3 1 Nu: viira puva~kinxfiti- sometimes, too. We do not want HA-ak's blood," Russell, Frank, th 30 The 'ahtu-y, rubbish pile, was usually just downslope, riverward Ann. Rept. Bur. Amer. Ethn., Washb of the living house, a large constituent of it was ashes. It was also lieved that an enemy's death may b the family excrementory. from plants growing on a grave." G 31For association of the tobacco plant with graves compare: Hupa, Univ. of Cal. Pubs. on Arch. i "Tobacco plant grew from grave of old woman who had stolen 32 Or Puva ya-hahafa, that is not 33 Or takunakku'u. RICAN ETHNOLOGY [BuLL. 94 HARRINGTON] TOBACCO AMONG THE KARUK INDIANS 79 OCCURRENCE OF VOLUNTEER hara kir u'if 'axvioeinnihak 'iht-- tobacco to be growing in the TOBACCO ABOUT THE HOUSES raha'. NuA pdva nandya-ha- graveyard. That is not right hata,32 pa'axviooinnihak 'u'iffa- for us when it grows in the ha'ak. 'Ahtipmh-k takunitvi- graveyard. They knock it off Much used to be coming up tcip3 pa vaA kh~n tu'fffaha'ak. with a stick if it grows there. every place about the houses, the Va. kunipp6 nti k-mic, ke-mi- They say it is poison, that it is tobacco did, but they never used ca'ihe-raha', puyahare-hg-raha'. poisonous tobacco, that it is dead that, the tobacco near the houses, Thkunpi-p k-mic pa'axvioinni- person's tobacco. They say it the volunteer stalks. hak Vufiftiha'ak pe-h-raha'. Va: is poison, when tobacco grows vura 'ujm pu'ihe'ratihap. Si~t in the graveyard. They never VOLUNTEER TOBACCO BY THE 'in kdi kunsanm6-ttl pa'dhic smoke it. They think that mice SWEATHOUSES kunxdti'. 'U~mkun vura pu'ax- packed the seed there. People vi~innihak vfirAyvdtihAp. Pax- never go around a grave. If they Sometimes it grows by the viOinihd-mukitc takun?di.maha'ak go near the grave they, indeed, sweathouse and sometimes on top va; tapa~n kari takunpatvar then have to bathe down in the of the sweathouse. When it grows saruk 'ickY8'ec. river.

* around there, they like it, they 17. Ha-ri vura mhru kunikyA-tti- (VOLUNTEER TOBACCO SOMETIMES * think they are good ones, its hanik papifffapu' PICKED UPSLOPE) leaves are very green there on the black dirt, by the sweathouse. Paxuntipan 'u'iffiktiha~k na- When my deceased mother used nihkyfismiV, va; khon her ihg-ra to pick up acorns, sometimes she mit 'dstd ktihAf, pah6-yva t6-m- would pick some tobacco, any mAha'ak, mit 'us nm 6ttlhat pa- place she would see it, she used (VOLUNTEER TOBACCO ON THE mukrivra'am. Mit 'usuvAxrd-h- to bring it home. She used to RUBBISH PILE) tihAf. dry it. r Much grew also on the rubbish Pehe-rahapiffapu pe-krivram- The volunteer tobacco growing ) piles. They throw the ashes pi-m 'u'I ftiha'ak, va; 'u~m vura about the rancheria they do not t there, too. It is dirty; they do pu'ikyAttihap. pick. - not smoke it; they spoil it, they 18. Pakakn mi takun?(hOa-mhiti- (VOLUNTEER TOBACCO STILL COMES * hit it with a stick. They did not hiiak, va; ka&n 'upfftanma-hti UP AT FORMER PLANTING PLOTS) i want to smoke it; they were kari. - afraid of it, they did not know where the seeds came from. Payerm vura va; kahn kar It nowadays still grows up u'Pfti', pataxaravt-tta ka&n kun- there at the former planting plots, ?(hOA-mhitihafiik, xgat karu vura even though it has been 30 years (TOBACCO SOMETIMES IN THE kuyrakitaharahhrinay vd-ttak mit since they quit planting it there. GRAVEYARDS ALSO) kunk6-hat pak&;n kunThOa-mhi- - It even grows in the graveyard ti'. - sometimes, too. We do not want HA-Ak's blood," Russell, Frank, the Pima Indians, Twenty-sixth Es usually just downslope, riverward Ann. Rept. Bur. Amer. Ethn., Washington, 1908, p. 248. "It is be- ,ituent of it was ashes. It was also lieved that an enemy's death may be caused by giving him tobacco from plants growing on a grave." Goddard, Life and Culture of the )acco plant with graves compare: Hupa, Univ. of Cal. Pubs. on Arch. and Ethn., vol. 1, 1903, p. 37. sve of old woman who had stolen 32 Or Pdva ya-hahafa, that is not right. 33 Or takuniakku'u. -I

80 BUREAU OF AMER:[CAN ETHNOLOGY [BULL. 94

Phva~ kh~n tu'fPnvftha'ak, ph, And when it burns over at the mitva 'ih~ raha'uhoamhiramha- former planting plots, it just Ailk, va: karu vura kumat6-citc grows up all the more again too, kitc upi-tfi ky-n xht va: kftn even though it burns over. It 'fV.nv,'. Pa'iihic 'ata vura must be the seeds do not burn. I pu'inkyiitihaia. 'Ata vira 'iOiv~a- guess they are under the ground, V. Pahtdrt pakupa'dh6i-mhahitihai nilnsiiruk 'ukrfttu4~, ku03 4 papu- and that is why they do not burn. hanik pel 'Pnk~itihafa. 'Uppi-fti kyhn It comes up again itself there (How THEY USED TO kiikku~m vidra pataxxhra v~-ttak where they used to plant. SOW pakhvn kun ?iih0A mhitih~Aik. 1. Pa'6&k 'i~iv~an6-nhf

34Or kumk'ii. (THE KARUK The Karuk hfixii~iay, or year, I 'itrf~hyar karu kuyrhkkilvsra', in on moons, beginning with the moon in December, have numerical names, to replace or to be coupled with s( numerical and descriptive name is : named months. Thus 'It~h~rdhMi h~rAhAA, 'Ir~kkd-srA'; 'Itaharahftn or '1taharah~nkfivsrA', 'IrAkkT1 srA' remaining 3 moons, September, 0, numerical names and are said to sequence of the 10 numbered moon: downriver new year ceremonies at is unique in having an unanalyzabli gathering moon. Possibly the cum] names beyond 10 accounts for the I task which the language apparentl practically finish. *'Itrfthyar ka would for example be so awkward t Nanuhfirinay tu'fi-m, our [new] 3 pressions, are used of the starting of of refixing the world for another Mourning restrictions of various kir are discontinued and world and yeai the upriver Karuk starts a moon eE Karuk, as a result of the Clear Cree days before the disappearance of thi

and Orleans new year ceremonies, 'v other, start 10 days before the disap: rrhe IKaruk year begins therefore in tribe at a point in a lunation, wher the sighting of the new moon. RICAN ETHNOLOGY [BULL. 94

And when it burns over at the former planting plots, it just grows up all the more again too, even though it burns over. It must be the seeds do not burn. I guess they are under the ground, V. Pahd-t pakupa'dhOA-mhahitihanik, karu pakunkupe-ctfikkahiti- and that is why they do not burn. hanik pehdTaha' It comes up again itself there l where they used to plant. (HOW THEY USED TO SOW AND HARVEST TOBACCO) 1. Pa'6-k 'iOiv6an n ?a tcip vakusrahlevuy

(THE KARUK CALENDAR) The Karuk hbrinay, or year, had 13 moons. Va: 'iOahirinay 'itrbhyar karu kuyrhkkf-sra', in one year there are 13 moons. Ten moons, beginning with the moon in which the sun starts to come back, December, have numerical names, although descriptive names tend to replace or to be coupled with several of these. Sometimes both numerical and descriptive name is mentioned in referring to double- named months. Thus 'It~hArihAA, Karuk Va('irh)kkA-sra'; 'It&- hArAhhA, 'Irhkkd-srA'; 'Itaharahinkfisra', Karuk Va('ira)kki-srA'; or 'Itaharahhnki-srA', 'Irhkkd-sra', for designating August. The remaining 3 moons, September, October, and November, have no numerical names and are said to begin the year, preceding the sequence of the 10 numbered moons. September is named from the downriver new year ceremonies at Katimin and Orleans. October is unique in having an unanalyzable name. November is the acorn- gathering moon. Possibly the cumbersomeness of forming numerical names beyond 10 accounts for the failure to number all 13 moons, a task which the language apparently starts but would be unable to practically finish. *'Itrahyar karu YIOOa-hai, eleventh moon, would for example be so awkward that it would never be applied. Nanuharinay tu'iam, our [new] year has arrived, and similar ex- pressions, are used of the starting of the new year ceremonies. Ideas of refixing the world for another year permeate these ceremonies. Mourning restrictions of various kinds practiced during the old year are discontinued and world and year are restarted. The new year of the upriver Karuk starts a moon earlier than that of the downriver Karuk, as a result of the Clear Creek new year ceremony starting 10 days before the disappearance of the August moon, and the Katimin and Orleans new year ceremonies, which are simultaneous with each other, start 10 days before the disappearance of the September moon. The Karuk year begins therefore in each of the two divisions of the tribe at a point in a lunation, whereas the Karuk month starts with the sighting of the new moon. 81 ----__ I - .1 -1

82 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [BuL. 94 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETI Therefore both the downriver Karuk and our Gregorian calendar start with nonnumerically named moons and have numerically named ones at the end. And the -hafA suffix of Karuk numerals to form moon names is as anomalous as the -bris of our Latin Septembris, etc. The downriver Karuk moon names follow. To change these to the upriver Karuk nomenclature, the 2 terms given in the list for Sep- tember are to be applied to August, and September is to have its descriptive term changed to Yd-m Va('ir)kkf-srh', mg. somewhat a. downriver (new year ceremony) moon (to distinguish from *Ydruk Vlkkfisrh', which would mean the Requa to Weitspec section moon). The Karuk are still somewhat bewildered in their attempts to couple their lunar months with the artificial months of the Gregorian calendar. Most of their month names now have standard English equivalences, but occasionally they hesitate. There is also a ten- dency to replace most of the month names by the English names when talking Karuk while the most obviously descriptive ones, such as Karuk V~kkd-srh', are retained. Before the spring salmon ceremony of Amekyaram was discontinued, Mrs. Nelson informed the Indians for several years by her Whiteman calendar the dates of March 1st and April 1st, which were substituted for the appearances of the new moons of 'Itr6-ppahai and 'Ikrivkiha'1n, respectively. 1. (a) '6-k Va('irh)kka-srW', mg. here moon (of the 'irahi4, new year ceremony), so called because the Katimin and Orleans new year ceremonies began 10 days before this moon disappears, and lasted 15 or 20 days. (b) Nanu('irh)kki-srA', mg. our moon (of the 'irahiv, new year ceremony). "September." 2. (a) Na sse'ep, no mg. (b) NA se pkyufsra', adding -kfi-srh', moon. "October." 3. (a) Pakuhhkki-sra', mg. acorn-gathering moon. They stayed b. Woven bag in wh out formerly about a month gathering acorns. (b) PA-kkuhi4, acorn-gathering time, is sometimes used synonymous with the name of the moon. "November." 4. (a) YiOOhaA, mg. first moon. (b) YiOa-hbnki-srA', adding -ku-sra', moon. (c) Kusrahke'em, mg. bad moon, called because of its stormy weather. (d) Kusrahke-mku-sra', adding -kfiusra', moon. "December." This is the month in which the sun enters for 5 days inside the "kusri v." In this month men run about at night when the moon is not shining, bathe, pronounce KitaxrihaP formulas, and thus obtain luck and strength. 5. (a) 'Axxakhaii, mg. second moon. (b) 'Axakhanku-sra', adding -kuisra', moon. "January." 6. (a) Kuyra-khani, mg. third moon. (b) Kuyrakhanku-sra', adding -ki-sra', moon. Also loosely identified with "January." 7. (a) Pi-Ovhhafi, mg. fourth moon. (b) Pievahbnkiu-srh", adding -ki-sra', moon. TcanimansupahhkkA'am, Chinaman big day, for- d. St

-U_ [CAN ETHNOLOGY [UU 04 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY aruk and our Gregorian calendar oons and have numerically named uffix of Karuk numerals to form -bris of our Latin Septembris, etc. es follow. To change these to the atst id September is to have its cks LmVa.(,iA)k1kx1-wm somewhat . Digging sti. Loon (to Aistingush 'from *Ydruk Requasto Weitstiec section moon). bewildered in their attempts to artifibiaIl months of the Gregorian awes now have standqlrd Enish y hesitate. There i!soirt'^Jw- namAee, by th,, ngl" ames wbWn viously ,dSptive onesJ,"Bch 3efore the springsamon oarompay Ars.. Nelson ifoxmedbthe IndiAns caie~iar thb dates of Manh, -let ted. for the appas'ioes of the Iow iha'&,, respectivey. , r. here moon (of te 'frhiiWj new the KXatimin aed Drleeps, iawwyear .s moon disappears, and lao .15 W, mg. our moon (of ,the 'Irahiw NAs6pk'ii-srk', adding A*xi,'

rn-gathering moon. They *tayed b.Woven bag in which picked bobacco is carried home ;athering acornms (b) PEEkau1i* used synonynious with We nameom On, (b) Tiesahunklr C', ading ,,mg. bed moono called lheause e$ 4nik4isra', adding -klw*?,rxuooh hi in which the sun entersi fort 5 ts is month men run about ,at ;ight c.Disk seal ie, pronounce Kitaxrlhaf formulai

io. (b)AxLkhbkffiW,; _a_ .moon. (b) Kuyrakhukisr,'V ly deantiied with. "Jalnu4ary. " o_ t oon. (6) iPievahkinki^srW,-i d Stem- ikkki.m, Chinaman big day, for- pestle

I IS! ff 'DJJAjha- a-- - X -=- 7-- - 7=------:------

BULLETIN 94 PLATE 12 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY

AND THEN IN BRACKEN LEAVES. PREPARATORY To CARRYING BUNDLE OF PICKED TOBACCO LEAVES TIED IN DOUGLAS FIR TWIGS HOME

*1

I ,

_w'

d - - l ------: - - - -

- - E

83 IIARRINOTON] TOBACCO AMONG THE UE INDIANS zS merly cocelebrated by some of the Karuk at Orleans and other Chinese contact places, falls in this moon. "February." 8. (a) 'Itro ppahfA, mg. fifth moon. (b) 'Itrb-pahinkf-sra', add- U "March." 0 ing -ki-sra'. H 9. (a) 'Ikrivkiha'an, mg. sixth moon. (b) 'IkrivkihA-nkf-srA', -kui-sra', moon. (c) 'Ame kya rimkfvsrh', mg. Amekyaram 0 adding I- moon, so called because the spring salmon ceremony of Amekyaram begins at the new moon of this month. (d) 'IruravahivkYidsrA', mg. LI salmon ceremony. "April." cr moon of the 'ir9rvAhi4, spring 0 10. (a) Xakinivkiha'1n, mg. seventh moon. (b) Xakinivkihh/n- I) LI kid-srh', adding -kfi-srb', moon. "May." 3 &n, mg. eighth moon. (b) Kuyrakiniv- LI 11. (a) Kuyrakinivkiha -J kiha-nkfvsrA', adding -ku-sra', moon. "June." z LI 12. (a) 'Itr6-paticr-mnIhAf, mg. ninth moon. (b) 'Itro-patica-m- U niha-nkf-sra', adding -kid-srh', moon. (c) 'Ahvarakku-sra', mg. held at m moon of the 'ahavarahiv, special name of the jump dance z Amekyaram starting at new moon of this month and lasting 10 days. z LI "July." I tenth moon. (b) 'Itaharahankfi-srA', I- 13. (a) 'ItahhrAhkA, mg. 0 adding -ki-srW', moon. (c) Karuk Va('ira)kkui-sra', mg. upriver Ln moon (of the 'irahiv, new year ceremony), so called because the S Clear Creek new year ceremony begins 10 days before this moon disappears, and lasts either 15 or 20 days. (d) 'Irakkiu-sri', mg. H0 new year ceremony moon, used when it is understood which one is U- U, designated.

S (SEASONAL INFORMATION AS TO :3 2. PakumakuT-sra pakunIdhOi-m- 0 karu pakumaki-sra pa- SOWING AND HARVESTING) 0 hiti z kuntictud-kti' 0 XhttikripmA pakunidhOa m- It is in the springtime that they LI hiti pe-he-raha', 'Itro-ppahan pa- sow the tobacco, it is in March U) they want the Li kun dora-mhiti', kunxuti kiri vaA when they sow it; Li md-k 'u'&-sha paxatikrupmapaOri', spring showers to wet it, they -J to come up quick. They 0 kiri tce-tc 'u'u nnuprav kunxuti'. want it U the U Vura vaA khon 'uvarfari-hva taOu- are hanging there on the rack, m seeds, then all at once they get 0 vikkyak, pa'dhi6, 'axmay ik vura H tapurafatta'ak, hinupa takunTh- no more; it is that they have 0 Li 60amh6'en.l Papinictunve-ttas planted them. When the little U tu'ifecfp, vaA kari pakunihod m- weeds are coming up is when 0. they plant it. They plant it LI. hiti'. VaA kari pakuntuheA-mhiti 0 thha~k pafata- when the fatavennan is in the Li pe-kmahhtcra~m -J in the Amekyaram 0 venna'an, 'ikriripan 'ikmah6tc- sweathouse, z :3 raaIm. sweathouse. I Or takunlhOd mhahe'en. mu _--'-.- - ______

84 BUREAU OF AME]RICAN ETHNOLOGY [BULL. 94 HAIWINTON] TOBACCO AMONG

Patakun IuhOamha'ak, vura When they sow it, it comes up pay8 pa'. Pay8 pea k6-vt 'u~m tc-tc 'u'ifti', 'itaharasippa: quickly; in 10 days it grows, takunikya ffip. va: kari vura tu'ikkyfdrfiprAv. pricks up. Pamitva passhrip nustu ktihaf, When we used to gather hazel Xas Na-ss8p 'ica-ppf-ttitc ve 7Ikrivkiha~n patcim usiWr caha~k sticks, at the end of April, we kari vura hitfha~n 'uphOri hti pakki-sra', mit numma-htihat saw the tobacco already growing; Va: kari mupicci~p takunpikya pe h6Taha' tu'if, va: kari mit that was the time we saw it, when ruffip peheraha', pa'uhippi kyfr panuma-htihat', passarip nis- we were picking hazel sticks. vura, karu vura pa'iihiL. tu -ktiha'Vk. 'Icvit ky8- ta'h? 'Ahvarfakki-sra It is halfway grown at the end 3. Pahd-t kunkupa'dhO-mhiti' to-si ntihat'c. of July. Peh6Taha takunIdheO mha'al Va: kfi,~n vura ho-yva Karuk Sometime about August they va: khon takunsa-nma pa'uhi( Vekki-sra papicef-tc kunictu kti first pick the tobacco leaves, they ?ippa'. Va: vura ti-kmdik kur 2 peh6Tahhssa'1n, kunikfi~sdro-ti', pick them downward, they start ?Akkii-tl', pa'uhichippa'. Kkarixo 2 'Affivkyam kunarAvf1-kti'. Kun- in at the base of the plant. They kunkitnusutnlssuti', & patakur xuti xay 'uvaxra pamdssa'an. Pa- are afraid the leaves will get dry. ?iihOM mha'ak, takunmiitpi Ov kari kari eOkkinkfinic pamdss'8 n, When it is green yet, they pick it, pa'amthpnihifc. va: kari pakunictu-kti', va: 'u~m so the tobacco will be strong. By 'ikpfhanhe~c pehe-raha'. Pakaruk August it is already blooming and 4. 'Ih6-raha'dhfl-mhai Vakku-sra vaA kari vura t6 Orlha' it is already well leaved out. Pe-h8-raha pakun ?hOii-Imhil karu va: kari tay6-pea pamup- viri va: kunve nafipky6oti pa'fihi( piric. takunpi p: "Hu kka hinupa 'ilrr Xas takunpikrhrnti', kunpimu- Then they wait again; they '65k 'IOivOan6-n'A-tcip Ve-kxar6 sank-tti', xas va: kdkku~m keep looking at it, then they pick yav. 'Im va: pay mih8-rah ik vura takunpictuk. Pavura it again. As long as the leaves 'hihOa-mharAhAik. Viri na'f- hO-tva k6- kari y8-pcaha~k pa- are good yet, they keep going to nu'a pilnmiiti'." 'Viri phy nanu miassa'an, vura va: kuniictukfin- pick it. 'ivahkam 'i'ifrippbn^6c pe'iffe ko-tti'. ha'ak,' 'i m ve-ppan'nik. 'Yk Xas takunpikrO.-nti xa-t ik Then they wait again until the 'f.ra va: pay 'u'iho-mharAti 'ukke-citcasaha pehg-rahAssa~n tobacco leaves on top get bigger, he'ec, ta'f-n nh'apumahh'ak," 'ippankarh, va: 'u~m pay8-pea those are the good ones; the to- 'Ippankam 'u~m paxvahaharas bacco leaves on top are pitchy. 5. Pah4-dt pakunkupe-vrarakku peh9 rahassa'an. Xas '6-k Vak- Then in September they pick it rihmaOahiti pa'fihi6 ku-sra va: kari kyukku~m takun- again. That is when they finish, Patakunipmutpi-evamaraha4l pictuk. Karixas vura patakun- when it is all ripe, yellow; in pa'd hi6, xas piric4 takuntppii ko-ha' pavura t6-mtupfip, t6om- September they finish. xas va: 'avahkam takunieyfiruf vay, '6-k Vakki-sra va: kari takunko-ha'. eun pappirc, va; 'ubm pa'uhi yuxsuruk 'uvrhrhkkdrihe'ec Xas pi-nmar xas takunikyav Then after the new year cere- pa'uhic. Kari vura 'akka-y vu- mony they gather the seeds. 2a For further detail on breaki rava t6-kya, ha-ri vura puk6- That is when anybody picks it, when sowing, see p. 60. vura 'ictiukfiptihap, tapufa-t kari sometimes they [the owners] do 3 Imkyanvan used this formula "'Growing mayst thou grow t( 2 J. e., they pull them off from the stem in downward direction as grew so high that Imkyanvan coi they pick them. 4 Any kind of bush is used, th [CAN ETHNOLOGY DWELL. 94 HABRIUGTON] TOBACCO AMONG THE KARUK INDIANS 85

When they sow it, it comes up pay pca'. Payt-pea k6 vdra not pick it all off, there are no quickly; in 10 days it grows, takunikyA-ip. more good ones then. The good pricks up. ones they pick all off. When we used to gather hazel Xas Na-sst-p 'ich ppi ttitc vat Then when the October moon sticks, at the end of April, we kari vura hitiha~n 'upaOri-hti'. first starts in, it always rains. saw the tobacco already growing; VaA kari mupicci~p takunpikya- Before that they are through that was the time we saw it, when ruffip pehlTaha', pa'uhippi kybru with the tobacco, the stems, too, we were picking hazel sticks. vura, khru vura pa'dhib. and the seeds, too.

It is halfway grown at the end 3. Pahd-t kunkupa'iihO-mhiti' (SOWING) of July. Pehl traha takun ?ihhOamha'1k, When they sow the tobacco, Sometime about August they vaA khAn takunsh-nma pa'uhic- they carry the seed stalks to the first pick the tobacco leaves, they ?ippa'. VaA vura ti-kmd~k kun- place. They carry them in their pick them downward,2 they start iAkki-ti', pa'uhichppa'. Kfrixas hands, the seed stalks. Then they in at the base of the plant. They kunkitnusutndssuti',2a patakun- break them open, when they sow, are afraid the leaves will get dry. ?hihOamha'1k, takunmutpi-Ova they scatter them over the ashy When it is green yet, they pick it, pa'amthpnihifc. place. so the tobacco will be strong. By August it is already blooming and 4. 'Ih6-raha'ihOa-mhaf (TOBACCO SOWING FORMULA) it is already well leaved out. Pe-lt-raha pakunhihOi-mhiti When they plant tobacco they viri vaA kunv6 naffpky6oti pa'fihi6, talk to the seed, saying: "Where takunpi p: "Hdrkka h'nmpA 'iam, art thou, Ikxareyav of the Middle Then they wait again; they '6-k 'I~ivOan6-n'A-tcip Ve-kxar6-- of the World. Thou wast wont keep looking at it, then they pick yav. 'I~m vaA pay mihe-raha to sow thy tobacco. I know about it again. As long as the leaves 'dhK-mharAhbiiAk. Vfri naA'n thee. 'Growing mayst thou grow are good yet, they keep going to nu'h-pitnm~iti'." 'Viri pay nanu- to the sky,' thou saidest it. pick it. '1vahkam 'i'ifrupphn6~c pe-'iffa- 'Human will sow with these ha'ak,' 'inm ve-ppi-n'nik. 'Yhs words, if he knows about me."' Then they wait again until the 'nra vaA pay 'u'ihOa mhxrAti- tobacco leaves on top get bigger, hVe'c, ta'i-n nA&9pfinmahVak, "'a those are the good ones; the to- bacco leaves on top are pitchy. 5. Pahd-t pakunkup6-vrArakku- (HARROWING THE TOBACCO Then in September they pick it rihmaOahiti pa'ihic SEED IN) again. That is when they finish, Patakunipmdtpi evamaraha~k After they scatter the seeds, when it is all ripe, yellow; in pa'6hic, xas piric4 takunfppi4, then they hunt a bush, then they September they finish. xas vaA 'bvahkam takunioydruo- drag the bush around over it, so Oun pappiiic, vaA 'ubm pa'iihic that the seeds will go in under the yuxsuruk 'uvrhrAkkurihe'ec. ground. Or they merely sweep Then after the new year cere- mony they gather the seeds. 2a For further detail on breaking the covering off the seed capsules That is when anybody picks it, when sowing, see p. 60. sometimes they [the owners] do s ImkYanvan used this formula recently when planting string beans. "'Growing mayst thou grow to the sky,' thou saidest it." They he stem in downward direction as grew so high that Imkyanvan could hardly reach to the top. 4 Any kind of bush is used, the first loose one they see. --.- - I - .

86 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [BULL 94 I HARRINGTON] TOBACCO AMONG TE

Karu hari 'avahkam takuntat- on top of it with brush. They 8. Pahd-t 'f-n kunpi kkyarati ha-ri tuycur kitc pfriemia'uk. 'A-pun sweep over where they have sown. 1aOi kmd'uk takuntatuytattuy pa'ipa kAn It is soft ground, it is ashes, where kun'dh6oAmhAfl. Xe-tcitenihifc, they burned the logs. HA-ri vhA takunpi-p: "'Aoik 'amtapnihifc, pamitva kh~n 'ikkyi ?f-n takunpifkkyar nanihe.raha', kunAhko -'t. tupimxankurihva'." TupimxyaP, tupimxyankdrihva pananihe-- 6. Pahf-t kunkupavitrippahiti' (WEEDING) raha', 'aOikf-n takunpf kk~ai, 'u~m vura va, tapupi frdpravaia, Xas vaX vura kunpimusankotti They go and see it often. They tu'i vufia. tcemyhtcva'. Kunvitri-ptl pay1O thin out the other weeds, lest they kumappiric, xay vo-'ffcai. Vura grow up with it. They do not 9. Pahd-t kunkup6-ctukkahiti pu'ikxAyxd-ytihAp, kunvitrI-pti hoe it, they just weed it out. pam11ssa'an viura kitc. The little weeds do not come 'Affi vari papicci~p 'u'i fti pap- VaA 'u~m katn pdtta~y 'I-ftihara up much where they have burned. piric tirihca', Kunimmyf-sti vura papinictunvge'tc, pak&nn pe kkyd Only bracken comes up. I do pakari kunictikke'ec.s Pat6-m- kunAhk6-ttihaAik. Va vurakitc not care how much they burn it 5 tup 'afiv'avahkam pappiric, xas pakatassip, xhat karu vura hd-tva off, the bracken is growing there. picci~p vaA kari takunictuk. ko- kunIhhku'u, vaA vura 'uifti Takunimmyfi sti vufa. EKaruk pakatassip. vakki-sra va: kari papicef-tc 7. PahA-t 'ukupa'iffahiti' (HOW IT GROWS) kunicti-kti'. 'Afiviavahkam va: kunictfi-ktl' papirictirihca',pe-he-- Ha-ri puyav kupayfflAhitihaia. Sometimes it does not grow rahAssa'an. 'AfivIhvahkam taku- Pakunic 'ivaxra pe-he-raha'1ppa', good. When the tobacco plant nictdksdru'u, takunikfieunni h- kari takunpi p: " Pu y6 peahe cara is kind of dry looking, they say: va'. 'Ippan 'u~m vura pu'hf- pe-ht-raha', sarip kyunic tu'ifxa- "It is not going to be good, it is fictihal. Po kke citcasha'ak xas nahsl-pninhtc." 6 Pakupatak- going to be coming up slender i kunictdkke'c. ka-msa tu'iffaha'lk, va: pakun- like hazel sticks." It is when they xuti yt pca', tc&mya~tc 'utitkhI- have big [large diametered] stalks, na ti'.7 Xas kunipitti': "Vab that they think that they are Xas kunikrd nti xat i kydkku m peh6Taha y9 peahe'ec. Kunic good ones [good plants], that they kU-citcas pappific. Xasikydkku~m 'aptikkYArah'eec, thAyhUc pamuis- will soon be branchy. Then they kunpictdkke'ec, pe h6Tahbssa'1n. sa'an. Va: pe-he-raha yt-p- say: "They will be good tobacco Vura hA-ri vurava pato-kk6-ci- cahe'ec," kunipitti', patAkunmA- plants. They will be branchy, tcasha pamnssa'an, 'al kunictfik- hak kupatakka-msa'. they will have many leaves. They kura-ti'. Xas kukku~m '6i-kVak- will be good tobacco plants," ku-srA', patcimupaOrihM cbah'ak, they say when they see the fat patcimupicyavpficrih cAha'ak, stalks. vaA khri k6-vira takunfkya4, pa- uhic kyAru vura. KuynakyA n- 6 The kind of fern used for wiping off eels. nitc vura kunpIcti-ikti', ha-ri vura 6 An old expression. 'axakya-nnitc kunpicta-kti'. Pa- 7 They like to see the tobacco growing branchy, for it indicates tupAOrI1kkYahVak va- kari tapu- that it will have many leaves. But when gathering hazel sticks for 'amaya-hara, tapu'ikpf-hanhaia. basketry they do not want the hazel to be branchy: Passarip 'u~m va: pataptilkkYArisha"'k, tapdv6-ctf.-ktihAp, the hazel sticks, when they 8 The old expression for going to get branchy, they no longer pick. ustukkaiat, he has gone to pick to] CAN ETHNOLOGY [BuLL. 94 HARRrNGTON] TOBACCO AMONG THE KARUK INDIANS 87 on top of it with brush. They 8. Pahf-t Tfn kunpI-kkyarati ha-ri (TOBACCO SOMETIMES KILLED BY sweep over where they have sown. faOf-kmtniuk THE COLD) It is soft ground, it is ashes, where Sometimes they say: "The cold they burned the logs. HA-ri viA thkunpi p: "'AMik &fn takunpi-kkyar nanihg.raha', killed my tobacco, it is wilted tupimxhnkidrihva'." Tupimxyai, down." It is touched by the tupimxyankurihva pananihg- frost or cold, it is burned to the (WEEDING) raha', 'aOikf-n takunpf kkyai, ground, the cold killed it. It will 'u~m vura va, tapupi fridpravaia, never come up again, it just dies They go and see it often. They tu'i vida. down. thin out the other weeds, lest they grow up with it. They do not 9. Pahfrt kunkup6-ctdikkahiti (PICKING THE LEAVES) hoe it, they just weed it out. pamuissa'an The little weeds do not come 'Affi vari papicci~p 'u'Vfti pap- The broad leaves come out first up much where they have burned. piric tirihca', Kunimmyiu-sti vura near the base [of the stalk]. Only bracken comes up. I do pakari kunictilkke'ec.8 Pat6-m- They watch it as to when they not care how much they burn it tup 'afiv'&vahkam pappiric, xas are going to pick the leaves off. off, the bracken is growing there. picci~p vaA kfri takunictuk. When the leaves get ripe above Takunimmyui sti vufa. Karuk the base of the stem, then they vakki-srh vaA khri papice-tc pick for the first time. They va: watch it. It is about August (HOW IT GROWS) kunictfu-kti'. 'Afivhvahkam kunicti'-kti' papirictirihca',pe-he-- when they pick it the first time. Sometimes it does not grow rahhssa'an. 'AfivAvahkam taku- From above the base they pick good. When the tobacco plant nictdksdru'u, takunikfiOImni-h- the broad leaves, the tobacco is kind of dry looking, they say: va'. 'Ippan 'u~m vura pu'aff- leaves. From the base of the "It is not going to be good, it is fictihap. Po kkecitcasha'ak xas stalk they pick them off. They going to be coming up slender i kunictuikke'ec. never touch the top. When they like hazel sticks." It is when they [the leaves of the top] are bigger have big [large diametered] stalks, then they will pick them. that they think that they are Xas kunikria-ti xg-t i klidkku-m Then they wait until the leaves good ones [good plants], that they k6-citcaspappific. Xasikydkku~m come out big again. Then they will soon be branchy. Then they kunpictdkke'ec, pe -hTahAssa'an. will pick them again, the tobacco say: "They will be good tobacco Vura ha-ri vurava pato-kk6-ci- leaves. They pick the leaves plants. They will be branchy, tcasha pamdssa'an, 'a? kunictfik- from time to time as they get big, they will have many leaves. They kura-ti'. Xas kdkku~m '6dkVAk- they pick them, proceeding up- will be good tobacco plants," kui-sra', patcimupaOrfhU.cahhh&k, ward. Then again in September, they say when they see the fat patcimupicyavpi crfhe chha'ak, when it is going to rain, when the stalks. va: khri k6ovfira takunikya4, pa- fall of the year is going to come, uihic kyfru vufa. Kuynakyl n- then they pick [lit. fix] it all, and ig off eels. nitc vura kunpicti-kti', hA-ri vura the seeds too. Three times it is 'axakyt-nnitc kunpictf-kti'. Pa- they pick it, or sometimes they crowing branchy, for it indicates tupiOrikkYAha'ak va- kari tapu- pick it twice. When it rains on it when gathering hazel sticks for 'amayg-hafa, tapu'ikpf-hanhafa. it, it does not taste good any I to be branchy: Passbrip 'u~m va: ihhp, the hazel sticks, when they I The old expression for going to pick tobacco is, e. g.: 'IhtTah ip ustdkkaiat, he has gone to pick tobacco.

L. ET3. i1inimiiTrrrt11i11rinrrThT1rrrr I ______

88 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [BULL.94 HARRINGTON] TOBACCO AMONG

'6-k Vakku sra t6si-ntihatc va. more, it is not strong. By the vuira Ouxrivpd-vicak takunmAh kari kunxuti kiri nupikyajr end of September they try to ya-nnati '4 pakiccao. k6-vura. get through with everything. 10. Pahd t pakunkupeyxW6rari- 11. Pahf-t pa'uhippi kunkupe-c vahiti pehe-rahasanictukkapu' (WRAPPING UP PICKED LEAVES) tuikkahiti' Patcimi kunkiccape-caha~k pe- When they are going to tie the Pukaru vura va~ kitc 'ikyAtihi he rahAssa'an, katassip 9 takun- tobacco leaves up, they hunt pamfissa'^n, vura pa'uhippi kyari ?hppi4, "a pun vaA takuniy6-cri-h- some Bracken. They spread it vura kunikyA-tti ha-fi, patuvax va', xas 'avahkam takunpanap- on the ground. Then they stack raha-k pa'uhippi'. ku'u, pakatassiphvahkarh, pehe- the tobacco leaves on top of it, 'AvAnnihitc vura patakunik rahAssa'an, kuyra-kkan ha-ri, 'a? on top of the Bracken, in may be paksidru'u yuhfrimmd'uk. Va takunpanhpsi~p phssa'an. Ya 3 piles; they stack them high, 'uzm kari mit vura simsi~m taku vura takunkupapanapra-mnihva'. they stack them up in there good. nihru-vtihat' pAmitva naA nimmya Xas kathssi~p 'avahkam takunPi-- Then they wrap Bracken around hat'. 'Ipcdnkinatcas vura taku xy6&rfiv. Karixas takunkic- them outside. Then they tie it nikpakpak. Xas kunkfccapvut cap, 'a nm"'uk, vura fa'ut v-drava up, with twine, or with anything pa'uhippi kyaru viuia, 'A-nmui'uk m-k takunkiccap. Ya vura ta- they tie it up. They fix it good. fA-t vura va: mi-k takunpiccap kunikya4. Kunxuti xay 'uvA- They do not want it to get dry. Takunsuvaxra', 'i-nna-k takun xra'. 'U'ixaitcxi4cti pakunafic- It gets broken up when handled suvaxra'. Takunikyav k6-vuin cennati patuvaxrAha'fk. Kari- if it gets dry. Then they put it patapicyavpi criha'ak pamu'ippi xas Ouxri-vak'" takunOa-nnAni'ni, in the network sack,'0 sometimes karu vura takunfkya4, viii va hA-ri 'axakiccaP. 'Axakiccap kitc two bundles." Two bundles is pa'uhippi'. Va, hoy vura va vur uy hiti paOiixri"v. about all that a network sack will takunsuvaxra yo-ram 'a? pa'u hold. hippi', 'a? takunakataAhU'k. Sometimes they tie Douglas Fir Ha-ri tahpu~s 'ivahkam takun- 12. Pahh-t pa'uhic kunkupe c needles outside, outside the Brack kiccapparafiv, katasip ?Avahkarh, tuikkahiti' kunxuti xay 'umputc. Ouxri va en [leaves], they are afraid it kunickyfiruhti, hA ri kun 11 viiti'.'2 might get wilted.' 2 They carry it Xas patu'uhicha'ak, vura pu Xas Ouxrl-va kicap takuniuru- (the net bag of tobacco) in their 'ipcinvarihviutihap pa'uhic paku rA-mnihva'. Payve-m 13 'u m hands or on their back. They nikyA-vic. 'IpAnsunnukitc taku nikpaksdru'u. Kari 'asxayAVt D Bracken, Pteris aquilina L. var. Ianuginosa (Bory) Hook. They vura pakunikyA-tti', kunfapuin spread Bracken leaves on the ground, stack tobacco leaves on them mAti 'i-nna k xas ik 'uvaxrahe'ec side by side, then wrap the stacks with Bracken leaves, then tie the Puxxar ikru-ntihap, kunxuti xAi bundle by wrapping iris twine or other tying material about it. Such 'uhrup pa'uihic. 'Ippanvari paku a bundle is sometimes 6 inches high and as long and wide as the nikpaksur6-ti', va: vura kit( leaves make it. kunipp6-nti 'uhic, pehieTaha'dhi6 For illustration of Ouxri"v, network sack, see P1. 11, b. hA-ri vura va: kunipp6-nti pehe one "The term for bundle is kiccat. 'Jeakiccap pehe rahassa'an, raha'uhicfkya .'5 bundle of tobacco leaves. 1' For bundle of tobacco tied with both Bracken and Douglas Fir, 14 Or takunmahyan. see Pl. 12. The dimensions of this bundle are 14" long, 6%" wide, '1 See p. 58. 434" high. 13 Or payvhhe~m. [CAN ETHNOLOGY IBVU.94 CHARROGTON) TOBACCO AMONG THE KARUK INDIANS 89

more, it is not strong. By the vdra euxrivpd-vicak takunmbh- put the bundle(s) in the network end of September they try to ya nnAtti 14 pakiccap. sack. Nowadays they put the get through with everything. bundle(s) in a gunny sack. 11. PahO-t pa'uhippi kunkupe-c- (PICKING THE STEMS) (WRAPPING UP PICKED LEAVES) tukkahiti' The leaves are not all that they When they are going to tie the Pukaru vura vaA kite 'ikyA tiha pick, the tobacco stems, too, they tobacco leaves up, they hunt pamfissa'an, vura pa'uhippi kyhru pick sometimes, when the stems some Bracken. They spread it vura kunikyg-tti ha'ifi, patuvax- are already dry. They cut them on the ground. Then they stack raha-k pa'uhippi'. [the stems] off a little up from the the tobacco leaves on top of it, 'ANvannihitc vura patakunik- ground [some 6 inches up], with a an on top of the Bracken, in may be paksdru'u. yuhirimmA'uk. Va. flint knife. They were using They cut 3 piles; they stack them high, 'u~m khri mit vura simsi~m taku- iron knife in my time. they stack them up in there good. nihru-vtihae pbmitva naA nimmyf- them into short pieces. And they Then they wrap Bracken around haf. 'Ipc-nkinatcas vura taku- tie the tobacco stems into bun- them outside. Then they tie it nikpakpak. Xas kunkiccapvuti dles, with twine, or with anything. up, with twine, or with anything pa'uhippi kyhru vfifa, '-nd'u'k, They dry them, they dry them in they tie it up. They fix it good. fg-t vfira va: mnrk takunpiccap. the living house. They tend to They do not want it to get dry. Takunsuviqxra', 'i-nnA-k takun- it all in the fall, to the stalks too It gets broken up when handled suvaxra'. Takunikyav k6-vdra they tend, called the 'uhippi'. if it gets dry. Then they put it patapicyavpi-criha'ak pamu'Ippa They dry them anywheres above in the network sack,'0 sometimes khru vura takunikya4, vin vaA the y6-fam, the tobacco stems, two bundles." Two bundles is pa'uhippi'. VaA hoy vura va: they pile them there above. about all that a network sack will takunsuvhxra y8-ram 'a? pa'u- hold. hippi', 'a? takunakfItA-kA'u. Sometimes they tie Douglas Fir 12. Pahti-t pa'dhic kunkupe-c- (PICKING THE SEEDS) needles outside, outside the Brack tdkkahiti' en [leaves], they are afraid it might get wilted.'2 They carry it Xas patu'ahicha'ak, vura pu- And when it goes to seed, they (the net bag of tobacco) in their 'ipcinvarihvuitihap pa'uhic paku- do not forget to "fix" some seed. hands or on their back. They nikya-vic. 'Ipansiunnukitc taku- They cut them off pretty near the nikphksdru'u. Kari 'asxaya tc top. They pick them still green, r. lanuginosa (Bory) Hook. They vura pakunikya-tti', kunIh-pan- they know they will dry in the and, stack tobacco leaves on them mAti 'i-nng k xas ik 'uvaxrhhe'ec. living house. They do not wait with Bracken leaves, then tie the Puxxar ikru-ntihap, kunxuti xay too long, they are afraid the seeds her tying material about it. Such 'uhrup pa'uhic. 'Ippanvari paku- will fall. The cut-off tops they the igh and as long and wide as nikpaksur6ti', va: vura kitc just call seeds, tobacco seeds, or kunippe-nti 'dhi6, pehe-raha'uhi6, they call them " tobacco seeds that twork sack, see P1. 11, b. hA-ri vura va: kun1ppe nti pehe- they are fixing. " b. 'leakiccap peherahAssa'1n, one raha'uhiclkya4 11 - th both Bracken and Douglas Fir, 4 Or takunmahyan. Ls bundle are 14" long, 6%" wide, 16 See p. 58. I - a' ____________" - I - I -

90 BUREAU OF AMEStICAN ETHNOLOGY [BULL. 94 HlARRINGTON] TOBACCO AMONG T]

ThffirApumA k takunkiccap vaA They wrap them [the stems pakka-nnimitcas pa'Ara"'r. 'Tri- 'u~m pa'ibhi&, pu'h-pun 'ivraric- with seeds on them] up in a buck- ha nsa', kunic takunsi-tva'. Ta- rih6-cAM. Tcf-mitemahitc'6 ta- skin so the seeds will not drop off. kunxus: "Xay 'u'a-sha', ti- vidra kunkiccap, vaA vura kunkupasu- In small bunches they tie them na: kansi-tvi'." Va: vura karu vaxrfhahe'ec. up, they always dry it that way. ha-ri kunsf-tvAtl', takunte-tcur Xas takunipe-nsip pa'dhib, Then they take the seeds home, tatnakarari mvak, fa-t vurava ta- 'i-nnA-k xas takunsuvaxra', y6- they dry them in the house, they kunt&ttcur patakunmdha'ak, faf-t ram takunvhrhri-hvk', y8-iam, hang them up in the yo-ram, vurava kum ahavickYA n'va. hl-ri kyaru vura 'hxxaki~tc pakic- sometimes a couple of bundles, cap, karu lif-ri vura kumatt citfc. sometimes more. They hang TaOuvikkyak takuntfkkarati, sa- them on the rack, top down, the ruk u'ipanhlidnnfhva', puxxwitc seeds get awfully dry there, and 'uvaxra ti va. kan pa'uich, 'urn- sooty too. They say it will be y8 -hiti kyafu. Kunippitti vaA 'u~m strong, that tobacco, when it 'ikpihanhe'6 c, peh8-raha', pa'ahi- hangs by the fireplace all winter, rftmti~m 'i06 cyav tutakkarari- that the tobacco will be strong vaha'ak, vura utm 'ikpihanhe~c when they plant it. The seed is peh8-raha pakun~dhOi-mhha'k. turned downward when they are SAruk 'u'uhich.-mnnihva pakun- drying it. suvaxra-hti'. TakunvupaksdruA paiu'ippaA, They cut off the tops, the to- pehe-raha'ipaha'ippai, pakun- bacco plant tops, when they are xa yhe~c pa'uihi6. Tcimitemahitc going to save the seed. They tie vura patakunkiccap, taffirapuhhk. them up in buckskin in small bun- 'f-nna-k yo-ram kunvarari-hvfuti', dles, with Indian string. They 'iO-cya. vura va: khon 'uvara- hang it up in the living house, in ri-hva'. the y6Tam. It hangs there all winter. Va: khtn vura takunvarari-h- They hang them there. When va. PatcimikundhOA-mh-ch- they are ready to sow it, then they h"a'k, karixas vura takunpaffic, touch it, then they take them xas takunipcarmnni-hvh'. Va: down. They are kept there. vdra kfion 'uta-yhiti'. Karixas When they are about to plant vura takunpaffic patcimikundh- they take it down. Ol mhe .caha'k.

12. Pahl-t pa'araraka-nnImitcas (POOR PEOPLE STEALING TOBACCO) kunkupitti ha-ri kunipci-tvuti pehe-raha' HAITi vura pakka-nnimitcas Sometimes the poor people pick pa'ara~r va: kan takunpictuk- it over again, when the owners ta'an, pa'd pparas takunko ha'ak. have finished with it. They " fix " Pa'uhippi kybru takunikya4, lih-i, the stems, too, sometimes, the poor

1BLit. a little at a time. CAN ETHNOLOGY [BULL. 94 CNTOG .4HAnRRNGTON] TOBACCO AMONG THE KARUK INDIANS 91

They wrap them [the stems pakkA-nnimitcas pa'Ara'8r. 'ltYri- people do. They are lazy ones, with seeds on them] up in a buck- ha-nsa', kinic takunsi-tva'. Ta- they just like to steal it. They skin so the seeds will not drop off. kunxus: "XAy 'u'V-sha', ti- vdra think: "It might get wet, I might In small bunches they tie them nab kAnsitvi'." VaA vura karu as well steal it." And sometimes, up, they always dry it that way. hA-ri kunsi-tvihtl', takuntE-ttcur too, they steal; they take off of Then they take the seeds home, tatnakarar-imvak, fA-t vdrava ta- a trap, take anything if they see they dry them in the house, they kune-ttcur patakunmAha'ak, fa't it, any kind of game animal. hang them up in the y iram, vurava kum ahavickya n'va. sometimes a couple of bundles, sometimes more. They hang them on the rack, top down, the seeds get awfully dry there, and sooty too. They say it will be strong, that tobacco, when it hangs by the fireplace all winter, that the tobacco" will be strong when they plant it. The seed is turned downward when they are drying it.

They cut off the tops, the to- bacco plant tops, when they are going to save the seed. They tie them up in buckskin in small bun- dles, with Indian string. They hang it up in the living house, in the y6Tam. It hangs there all winter. They hang them there. When they are ready to sow it, then they touch it, then they take them down. They are kept there. When they are about to plant they take it down.

(POOR PEOPLE STEALING TOBACCO)

Sometimes the poor people pick it over again, when the owners have finished with it. They " fix " the stems, too, sometimes, the poor

1 I .- -.- - I- - __ -- I I- I- i- "I I -. 11. I -

HARRINGTON] TOBACCO AMONG THE

vaA kuma'i'i pattc6etc 'uvaxra-h- so hti'. Karixas takunikxuk. HA ri taffirapuhak pakunikxui kti', ha ri h VI. Pahfrt kunkupe kya hiti (HOW THEY CURE TOBACCO AFTER murukkah. Xettcit'c, pe h8 raha', 5] peheTaha patakunpictfukma- PICKING IT) patuvaxnahaya tcha'ak, x6 ttcitc. raha'ak Takunikxuk mundk anammahat- 1. Pahd t pakunkupasuvaxraha- (CURING TOBACCO LEAVES) tcak, haMri thffirapuhak. Patak- t] hiti pehe rahAssa'an unpikya'ar, takunpi p: "'Ikxukka- ri pu', 'ihe rahe kxiukkapu'," takun- Ii Pathkunhi pmaha'ak, 'ikma- When they reach home, they pip: "Tak 'iherahe kxukkapu'." 0 hhtcra~m vura takuni0va'a. pack them into the sweathouse Pu'ikpurkunic 'ikya tihap, ka k- Katn xas (fi takunsuvaxra matl m'- on their backs. Then they dry kum kunic tinihyattcas. VaA mite. them there in the ma~ti m'mitc. 'u~m 'umnanpti' pu'inkydtihaia b Takunpippur. Xas takunsu- They untie them. Then they 'uhra-mmak shW pe mpydrkdnic- vaxra'. 'f vhArak takun0impi-0- dry them. They spread them on ha"ak. d va'. Pa'i vhartiriha'ak, kuyrhok a board. If the board is broad, 'u'ahohlti takunOimpi Ova', karu they spread it in three rows, but fl pa'i vhartcfryyitcha'ak, 'axxa if the board is narrow, in two i-I kitc vur 'u'atho6hiti'. rows. Karu ha ri pattftyha'ak, 'f n- And sometimes when there are 2. Pahd-t 'ikmahftcra~m kun- na-k vura takunpavar 'irnvaram- lots [of the leaves], they get from kupekya hiti pappiric, kuna tifri, ta nniprav. 'Imvaravak su? the living house a wide openwork vura 'innak 'ikrivramak xas takunoimpi Ova', ta~y vur u'ah6- plate basket, a ta nnipra4. They po tta yhiti' hiti 'imvaravak sii?. spread them on the plate, many rows on the plate [in concentric 'Ikmahhtcra~m vura pakuni- circles].2 kya ttiv. 'VnnAk 'u~m vura Pa'iwvhar pakunsuwvaxra pu'ikyattihap, kunxuti': "Xay h- The boards that they dry them 3 kiritti', 'ikmahatcra~m kunsarav- on they pack into the sweat- 'avak 'ukyi mnamni pe h8- ra -Oviutl', 'ikkyam vur uta' yhiti house, there are always some raha'." pa'ivhar. Va~ 'um puk&hn boards outside. They do not Maiti mitc 'u~m vura hitiha~n pusuvaxrahtihap pamukun ?6- dry them on their sleeping boards. pakunsuvaxra hti'. VaA 'u~m a. niOv&iak.' kh~n vura pu'ifye fyukkutihap n Ha ri vura pu'i vharak suvax- ma~tifmitc pa'hra'ar. Yo ram a Sometimes they do not dry it t ra htihap, ha ri vura 'imvaravak on any board or openwork plate 'u~m ke tcri' k, pdvaA kan y karu vura pusuvara htihap. 'Asa- basket. They dry it on the rock suvaxrahtihap, vaA khmn 'u~m ti pataprihak vura kunsuvaxra hti', pavement [of the sweathousel, if kunifyukkuti'. pate .mmitcha"'k. there is little [of it]. Hu ntahitc papu'ikmahatc- Kuynaksuppahitc vura pakun- It is three days that they are ra~mtiAyhitihap pamnukun~ihh- k suvaxr hti'. Tame kuvaxra'. drying them. Then they get raha'. Vura vaA pamukunikyA- h VaA vura k&on kuniphi kkirihti', dry. They are sweating them- hAnk vurapuffa t 'ikmahhtcra~m ti 'avaha Ot-fa. 'Ikmahhtcram ti I Or pamukuniOvankifak. kuniky4 tti pamukunhih.6Taha', ti 2 'Ikravapu'in'nap, cakes of black oat pinole, are spread in con- kuna vura 'i nng k uta.yhiti'. centric circles on a basket in the same way. 3One may also say 92 'avahak. 6304440329 nARRINOTON] TOBACCO AMONG THE KARUK INDIANS 93

vaA kumA'i'i pattc6etc 'uvaxrA-h- selves in there [twice a day], that's hti'. why it gets dry quick. Karixas takunikxuk. HIari Then they rub it between their tAffirapuhak pakinikx1-kti', ha ri hands. It is either onto a buck- i (HOW THEY CURE TOBACCO AFTER mdrukkai. X- ttcit'c, pe ht-raha', skin that they rub it or onto a - PICKING IT) patuvaxnahAya tcha'ak, x4 ttcitc. closed-work plate basket. It is Takunikxfik mundk anammahat- soft, the tobacco is, when it is - (CURING TOBACCO LEAVES) tcak, hA-ri taffirapuhak. Patak- thoroughly dry, it is soft. They unpikya'^r, takunpi p: "'Ikxukka- rub it between their hands onto a pu', 'ih6-rah4-kxiikkapu'," takun- little closed-work plate basket, or - When they reach home, they pi p: "Ta-k 'ihe-rah6 kxukkapu'." onto a buckskin. When they . pack them into the sweathouse Pu'ikpurkunic 'ikya-tihap, ka-k- finish [crumbling it] they call it - on their backs. Then they dry kum kunic tinihya-ttcas. Va. "Crumbled stuff, crumbled to- them there in the ma~t1im'mitc. Yu~m 'umna pti' pu'i nk1'dtihafa bacco." They say: "Give me - They untie them. Then they 'uhra-mmak sWj p6empydrkinic- some crumbled tobacco." They * dry them. They spread them on ha"'k. do not make it fine (lit. like fine a board. If the board is broad, meal), some pieces are like flat E they spread it in three rows, but flakes. It fuses, it does not burn t if the board is narrow, in two in the pipe, if it is too fine. rows. And sometimes when there are 2. Pahd-t 'ikmahhtcra~m kun- (TOBBACO LEAVES ARE CURED IN lots [of the leaves], they get from kupe-kya-hiti pappiric, kuna THE SWEATHOUSE BUT STORED the living house a wide openwork vura 'f-nna-k 'ikrivra-mak xas IN THE LIVING HOUSE) * plate basket, a th nnfpra4. They po-tta-yhiti' spread them on the plate, many rows on the plate [in concentric 'Ikmahatcram vura pakuni- It is in the sweathouse that circles].2 kyA-ttiv. 'tnnA-k 'u~m vura they work it [the tobacco]. They * The boards that they dry them pu'ikya ttilhap, kunxuti': "Xaty do not work it in the living house; 3 they * on they pack into the sweat- 'Avak 'ukyi-mnamni pe-he-- think: "It might fall in the house, there are always some raha'." food." L boards outside. They do not Mati-mitc 'u~m vura hitihan The matf-m'mitc is where they * dry them on their sleeping boards. pakunsuvaxra-hti'. VaA 'u~m always dry it. The people do kh~n vura pu'ifye-fyukkutihap not go around. there so much, * Sometimes they do not dry it maftjfmitc pa'hra'ar. Y8-ram around the maftf-m'mitc. The on any board or openwork plate 'um k6-tcri'k, pdva; kan y6o-am is a bigger place, but basket. They dry it on the rock suvaxra-htihap, va~ kaAn 'u~m they do not dry it there, they kunifyuikkuti'. pavement [of the sweathouse], if go around there. there is little [of it]. Hu-ntahitc papu'ikmahatc- It is funny that they do not ra~mtayhitihap pamukunhiht- keep * It is three days that they are their tobacco in the sweat- raha'. Vura vaA pamukunikya house. It drying them. Then they get - is their old custom hAnk vurapuffl-t dry. They are sweating them- 'ikmahhtcra~m that they do not put any food in 'avaha 0*fa. 'IkmahAtcra~m the sweathouse. They work their kuniky4-tti pamukun ihhTaha', tobacco in the sweathouse, but lack oat pinole, are spread in con- kuna vura 'f-nna-k uth~yhiti'. they keep it in the living house. same way. 3One may also say 'avahak. 630440329 11.111,111- - ___1111 I- 1 I - .

94 BUREAU OF AME.RICAN ETHNOLOGY [BULL. 94 ARRMINOTON] TOBACCO AMONG THJ

3. Pahfrt Pihne ffitc p6-ktA-kva- (COYOTE SET SWEATHOUSE AND 4. Paht-t pa'uhippi kunkupe-k- ranik 'ikmahhtcra~m kar LIVING HOUSE APART) tcurahiti' ikrivra'am Karixas, pakunihr6-vicaha~k Pakuntcu phina tihanik 'ikma- When they were talking in the pa'uhippi', 'ikrivkirakt 4a akunvu- hhtcrabm hd-t 'ata Ya-sIhra pa- sweathouse how Human was go- pakpakkir. VaA vura thya~n vura kunkupittihe'ec, ho.t 'ata pakun- ing to do, how he was going to pakunvupakpakkiritti', karu vab kupa'ara rahitihe'ec, xas Pihne-f- live, then Coyote said: "Woman vura pakuniktcunkiritti pe-kriv- fitc 'uppip: "'AsiktAva~n 'urm is not to stay in the sweathouse. kiiak. Karu ha-ri 'assak a?. vura pu'ikmahatcra~m 'ikre-vi- Woman is going to smell strong Tci-mitc vura patakunsa nsip pa- 4 cafa. 'Asiktfxva~n 'u~m vura too. Man will be out of luck [if 'uhippi', patakunsa-nsi pa'uhippi', 'imxafakk9 mkhruhe'ec. 'Avans he smells a woman]. Woman takuni-tarankuiti pe -krivkikak, 'usumxa ktihe'ec. Pa'asikthvakn will not walk ahead on the trail, 'a.ppap kun~axaytckkkicrihti pa- 'u~m vura pu'avkam 'Aho-tihe-- she has a vulva-smell. A woman 'uhippi', karu 'appap yuhirimmd- cara pe-mpa-k, vifxa-ttar. 'U~m will walk only behind. She will kunvupakpa-ktl'. Tupitcasam- vura hitiha~n 'Iffuo kitc u'ah6o- do thus. And Woman will do it, mahitc pakunvupaksiro-ti', td-p- Uh-chrx 'asikthva'sn. VaA vura will make baskets. She will make pitcas pakunvupaksuir6-ti'. 'uAm 'ukupittihe'ec. Karu 'u~m a lot of trash, with her basketry Phvab takunipvupAkpA-kmara- vura vo kupittihe~c 'Asikthva~n materials. She will be scraping ha~k 'ikrivkiiak, xas 'b-k 'ahim- 'uvi ktfhelec. Thy 'asfit 'ukya t- [with mussel-shell scraper] iris, pak takun?68Oripa'1, xas 'uhipi- tihU'ec, pamuvikkYArAhimAuk. too. Man is doing it, making 'avahkam va~ takuniydruofun5 pa- 'U'icctimtIh6c karu pa'hpka'ls. twine. Man will be buying takuntasku -nti', vaA kunkupasu- 'Avansa 'u~m vura kitc 'ukupit- Woman." That is what Coyote vaxrahahiti'. Pa'a~h kun?6-oti tihesc po paricrf hvfutihe'ec. Ya- gave Woman so hard a job for. 'avahkamh. Pa'ahupkam pakun- kun 'Asikt&va~n 'u~m kunikvyA n- Woman will therefore stay only ?axaytchkkicrihti'. PRyavaA tihe'ec, 'Avansa '"'n." VaA ku- in the living house. pate-mfir pa'uhippi', pavupak- ma'i'i pe-ky4-kkhm 'u'-hanik patkkapu', karixas 'a-k takunip- Pa'asiktAva'an Pihne-ffit'c. Viri Oa-nkiri, p'a'1ah. 5 'urm vura 'inna kitc 'ukre-vic 'Asikthva'an. Khrixyas patakuniktcuf, vaA Pihneffitc 'u~m vaA 'upa-n'nik: Coyote said: "What is woman vura kh~n pe-krivkirak takunik- "Fa-t kuma'i'i 'u~m 'Asiktava~n going to be lazy for? They are tcunkir, 'iknavana'anammahatc 'u'-rrihtih6'ec? 'tTm tay kunik- going to pay lots for Woman. pakuniktcurarati'. VaX vur 6o0- vhraratihe'ec 'Asikthva~n. 'U~m She will be worth woodpecker vu-dyti 'uhipihiktcurar 6a pa'as. fidrax 'u'o rkhjtihe'ec. Karu ha-ri scarlet. And sometimes she will 'Ivaxra pa'uhippi', pusakri-vhAia. 'd-ttih o'o6Tah1tilh'ec. 'Icpdik be worth a flint blade. Money 'Icyannihitc vura takunikyaO, pa- kyarti vhra 'u'6rahitihe'ec. too she will be worth. She will takuniktcdraha'ak. PdyavaA 'Axiftc kyhru vur u'6nna-t!hUc be raising children in the living pat6ecyhnnihitcha'ak, xas taku- 'i-nna-k." house." nikxuk. Xas ti-kmf.-k takun- piktu-y'rar, xas takunkiccap taf- 4 Cp. Yuruk information that women used to live in the sweathouse, Kroeber, Handbook of the Indians of California, Bull. 78, Bur. Amer. 4 For illustration of 'ikrivkif, disk Ethn., p. 74. 6 Cp. description of the same met] tobacco preparatory to putting it intc 6a For illustration of 'uhipihiktct P1. 11, d.

-D U, ]RICAN ETHNOLOGY [BULL. 94 H GABRUNGTON]TOBACCO AMONG THE KARUK INDIANS 95

(COYOTE SET SWEATHOUSE AND 4. Pahd-t pa'uhippi kunkup6-k- (POUNDING UP THE TOBACCO STEMS) LIVING HOUSE APART) tcurahiti' Karixas, pakunihr6ovicaha~k Then when they want to use When they were talking in the pa'uhippi', 'ikrivkirakt 4 akunvu- the stems, they cut them up sweathouse how Human was go- pakpAkkif. VaA vura taya~n vura on a disk seat.4a Lots of times ing to do, how he was going to pakunvupakpakkiritti', karu vaA what they cut them up on and live, then Coyote said: "Woman vura pakuniktcunkiritti pe-kriv- pound them up on is a disk seat. is not to stay in the sweathouse. kiiak. Karu ha-ri 'assak a?. Sometimes they do it on a rock. Woman is going to smell strong Tcf-mitc vura patakunsh nsip pa- They pick up a little bunch of too. Man will be out of luck [if 'uhippi',patakunsa-nsi pa'uhippi', the stems, they hold it down he smells a woman]. Woman takuni-tUrankiiti pe-krivkiiak, on the disk seat; they hold one will not walk ahead on the trail, 'Appap kunaxaytchkkicrihti pa- end of the stems, and cut the she has a vulva-smell. A woman 'uhippi', karu 'Appap yuhirimin- other end off with a flint knife. will walk only behind. She will kunvuphkpa-kti'. Tupitcashm- They cut off a little at a time; do thus. And Woman will do it, mahitc pakunvupaksir6-ti', td-p- they cut it off into little pieces. will make baskets. She will make pitcas pakunvupaksiur6-ti'. a lot of trash, with her basketry PhvaA takunipvupbkpA-kmara- When they finish cutting it materials. She will be scraping ha~k 'ikrivkiiak, xas 'ilk 'ahim- up this way, they take a burning [with mussel-shell scraper] iris, pak takune .ripa"', xas 'uhipi- coal from the fire, then above too. Man is doing it, making 'Avahkam vaA takuniyiruOfun5 pa- the tobacco stems they move it twine. Man will be buying takuntfiskfinti', vaA kunkupasu- all around, as they stoop down Woman." That is what Coyote vaxrhhahiti'. Pa'a~h kunt-Oti over it. They pack the fire on gave Woman so hard a job for. 'hvahkarh. Pa'Ahupkam pakun- top of them. They hold it by Woman will therefore stay only ?axaytchkkicrihti'. PuyavaA the wood end [by the side that in the living house. pat6-mfir pa'uhippi', pavupak- is not burning]. Then it gets pakkapu', karixas 'h-k takunip- hot, the tobacco stems, that have OAnkihi, ph'a'ah.6 been cut up. Then they put the coal back in the fireplace.' Kkrixyas patakuniktcui, vaA Then they pound it up, they Coyote said: "What is woman vura khon pe-krivkirak takunik- pound it up on that same disk going to be lazy for? They are tcuinkif, 'iknavanh'anammahatc seat, with a little pestle. It is going to pay lots for Woman. pakuniktcirarati'. VaA vur 6o0- called tobacco stem pestle, 5 a that She will be worth woodpecker vfi-ytt 'uhipihiktcdrar 5a pa'as. rock. The stems are dry, they scarlet. And sometimes she will 'Ivaxra pa'uhippi', pusakri-vhdia. are not hard. They make it be worth a flint blade. Money 'Icyannihitc vura takunikya4, pa- fine when they pound it. Then too she will be worth. She will takuniktcdraha'ak. PdyavaA when it is fine they rub it be- be raising children in the living patecyhnnihitcha"'k, xas taku- tween their hands. They brush house." nikxuk. Xas ti-kmi-k takun- it together with their hands, piktu-y'rar, xas takunkiccap thf- then they tie it up in a piece of )men used to live in the sweathouse, 3 of California, Bull. 78, Bur. Amer. 4"For illustration of 'ikrivkii, disk seats, see PI .11, c. 6 Cp. description of the same method used for drying flaked leaf tobacco preparatory to putting it into the pipesack. (See p. 180). "aFor illustration of 'uhipihiktcidar, stem tobacco pestle, see P1. 11, d. Woma- _______ - _ - ___ --- _ I . -

96 BUREAU OF AME:RICAN ETHNOLOGY BIJIL. M4 RARBRINGTON] TOBACCO AMONG firAptihmA'Uk. VaA vura kite buckskin. That is all they tie it hatcrampatilmkif. XNAs vura hil mf kunkiccapti'. Xas takun- up it in. Then they put it away. ha~n takunikririhi6, karixas v: piccun'va. VaA vura kitc kunip- They just call it tobacco stems. kain takunikrivkir. Ha-ri kyai pe nti 'uhippi'. Hari vaA 'ihe- Sometimes they mix it up with vura vaA kan vura takunikrivk raha kuniycAnti', xas vaA kunihe- tobacco, to smoke. pakunkupapatumkirahiti'. Ka] rati'. The stems are all they pound. ha-ri 'i-ric vura patakunikri-cr Pa'uhippi vudra kitc paku- They never pound the leaves. kuntcivipi-ova 'ikmahhtcra~m 'I niktcu nti'. VaA 'u~rn vura pu- All that they do is to crumple ricak. VaA vura karixas 'a? kuni] 'iktcu ntiha pappiric. VaA vura the leaves between their hands. rf crihti patakuniht'er. Va: vi kitc pakunkupitti kunlkxfi-kt1 ra kitc kiinkApittl pakun~tirArim pappiric ti kmid'uk.6 va, 'ikmahhtcra~m su?. Ha- va: kunippe-nti papatumkir 'i] 5. P6 krivkif (THE DISK SEATS) mahatcramikrivkii. Va: kuni] Pa'avansas 'uimkun vura nik The men used to sit on disk pe-nti 'ikmahatcrampatuimkir ki 'ikrivkir kunikrivkiritti hvaiik, seats, on wooden disk seats; ru 'ikmahatcramikrivkif. 'ahupikrivkirhanik vufa, 'ahup their disk seats were of wood. viurahanik pamukunikrivkif. Sometimes the boys sat on them, Kuna vura 'a punitc paku Ha ri kyaru vura pa'avans&xi t- too. With their skins 6a the disk ?hra -rahiti pa'asikthvaAnsa', pi titcas va kan takunipky'u ntaki c. seats get to look shiny. A man rafA-t viura 'ikrivkirittihap, tapri Pamukun ?fdhipmA k sirikyfnicAs sits on his disk seat when he ra vura kite kunikrivkiritihani ta pe-krivkir. Va kan to-pkd-nta- takes a smoke. He thinks: " I pa'asiktava-nsa'. Va: vura kar ki c pamukrivkirak patuht-rdha~k am all it," when he sits up on the xas 'avari kuniruktinta ki.'u, pi pa'avansa'. Vur oxuiti': "NaA disk seat, when he takes a smoke. 'asiktava -nsa', pasipndkka~m kui vuira 'avhii," pate-krivkirak 'up- A woman does not sit on the vi ktiha'ak. Ha ri karu vui kd ntaki criha'ak, patupihe-ra- man's disk seat. vura 'a? kunihyari, pateim ul h"a'k. 'Asiktkva~n puvaA kd-nta- O100ecahh'ak. kAtihArA pa'avansa mukrivkir. 6. Pa'uhipihiktcidfar PamukunikrivrA m'mAk I va, It is the living house where khon 'u~m pe-krivkir 'uta-yhIti', there are lots of disk seats, in Ha-ri pakunxdtihaA kiritta'a yo-ram 'i nna'ak. Ha-ri vura 'im the yo ram of the living house. 'ikravaramu-k takuniktcui. VE takuneorfipilk pe-krivkir va~ sometimes they pack them out- kuma'i'i paki-kkum t-ppitcE k&,n 'im takunku ntak.8 Ha-ri doors, they sit on them outside. pe-kravar. P&y ky6 samitcas pe vaX kan 'ikrivkirak 'a? 'avansa Sometimes a man [sits] on a kravar ka-kkum. 'Uhipih?iktci 'axiltc t6sta-ksip. Karu ha-ri disk seat and holds a child. rar va: p6 Ovfiyti', 'iknamanf vaA takuniktcidnkir pa'uhippi 'ik- And sometimes they pound up tunve'etc. 'Ikrivkirak 'A? takui krivkifak. tobacco stems on the seats. 6O-vtak pa'uhippi'. Xas y. Pe-krivkir 'u~m vura pu'ihru-v- They never use disk seats in hirimmf-k takunikpakpa'. XE tihap 'ikmahhtcra'am, vaA vura the sweathouse; what they use 'iktcuraramd-k takuniktcui. VE kunihru-vti papatiumkir, vaA vura is pillows, what they use to sit |u~m vura xiln pu'ikravaratiha kunikrivkiritti pamukun ?ikma- on is their sweathouse pillows. pe ktcuraramd'uk, 'uke mmicahe paxu-n, 'uixhe'ec. Va: vura kit e See p. 93. kuma'i'i kunihrui-vti pa'uhipj 6a I. e., with their bare human skins, not referring to any skins worn. kuniktcuirarati'. 'Imxa6akkt'en 7 Or Pe -krivrA -m'mhk. pa'as, pa'uhippi takuniktc&irE 8 0r takunikrivkir . ZICAN ETHNOLOGY flULL 94 HARRINGTON] TOBACCO AMONG THE KARUK INDIANS 97

buckskin. That is all they tie it hatcrampatdmkit. Xais vura hiti- Most of the time they tip them up it in. Then they put it away. ha~n takunikrfrihi6, karixas vaA over on one side to sit on. They just call it tobacco stems. katn takunikrivkii. H,-ri kyaru And sometimes they sit down Sometimes they mix it up with vura vaA kfan vura takunikrivkir on them just as they use them tobacco, to smoke. pakunkupapatumkirahiti'. Karu for pillows. And sometimes it is The stems are all they pound. ha-ri 'iric vura patakunikri-cri', the floor that they sit on; they They never pound the leaves. kuntcivipi-Ova 'ikmahhtcra~m 'T- sit around in the sweathouse All that they do is to crumple ricak. VaA vura karixas 'a? kunik- on the floor. That is the only the leaves between their hands. rf-crIhti patakunih~e r. VaA vu- time they sit up whenever they ra kite kunkupitti pakunhirizrim'- smoke. The way they do is to va, 'ikmahAtcra~m su?. Ha-ri lie around, when they are in va: kunippe nti papatumkir 'ik- the sweathouse. Sometimes they (THE DISK SEATS) mahatcramikrivkii. Va: kunip- call the pillow the sweathouse's The men used to sit on disk pe-nti 'ikmahatcrampatiumkir ka- seat. They call it the sweat- seats, on wooden disk seats; ru 'ikmahatcram ikrivkif. house's pillow and the sweat- their disk seats were of wood. house's seat. Sometimes the boys sat on them, Kuna vura 'a punitc pakun- But the women just sit low; pu- they do not use any kind of too. With their skins 6a the disk ?bra-rahiti pa'asikthvainsA', seats get to look shiny. A man rafa-t vura 'ikrivkirittihap, taprh- seat. The tule petate was all sits on his disk seat when he ra vura kitc kunikrivkiritihanik that they used to sit on. The takes a smoke. He thinks: " I pa'asiktava-nsa'. Va: vura khri- only time the women sit on a am all it," when he sits up on the xas 'avftri kuniruku nta k'i'u, pa- high place is when they are a big storage basket. disk seat, when he takes a smoke. 'asikthvA-nsA',pasipndkka~m kun- weaving A woman does not sit on the vi ktiha'ak. Ha-ri karu vura Sometimes they even stand up when they are finishing it. man's disk seat. vura 'a? kunihyftfi, patcim up- OiOO6cah6ba'k.

6. Pa'uhipihiktcurfar (THE TOBACCO STEM PESTLES) It is the living house where there are lots of disk seats, in Ha-ri pakunxdtiha: kiritta'ay, Sometimes when they want the y&ram of the living house. 'ikravAramu-k takuniktcui. Va: [to make] lots, they pound them sometimes they pack them out- kuma'i'i paka-kkum td-ppitcas with a pestle. That's what they doors, they sit on them outside. pe-kravar. Pay ky6osamitcas pe-- have some small pestles for. Sometimes a man [sits] on a kravar ka-kkum. 'Uhipihiktcd- Some pestles are only this size disk seat and holds a child. rar va: p6-Ovfuyti', 'iknamana- [gesture at length of finger]. And sometimes they pound up tunve'etc. 'Ikrivkirak 'A? takun- 'Uhipihiktcdfar those little tobacco stems on the seats. Oivtak pa'uhippi'. Xas yu- pestles are called. They put the They never use disk seats in hirimmn-k takunikpakpa'. Xas tobacco stems on a disk seat. the sweathouse; what they use 'iktcuraramf-k takuniktcuf. VaA Then they cut them up with a is pillows, what they use to sit 'u~m vura xdin pu'ikravaratihap flint knife. Then with a little on is their sweathouse pillows. pe ktcurarami'uk, 'uke-mmicahe-c pestle they pound them. They paxfrn, 'uixhe'ec. Va: vura kite never pound acorns with that kuma'i'i kunihriu-vti pa'uhippi pestle, it would poison the acorns, ins, not referring to any skins worn. kuniktcudrarati'. 'ImxaOakke'em, it would taste bad. That's all pa'as, pa'uhippi takuniktcfira- they use it for, to pound tobacco BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [BUJLL. 94 98 HARRMGT01q1 TOBACCO AMONG raha"'k, xbra vura '6&mxaOti'. stems with. It smells strong, Ya-sfra paxx6^n kunikra-mt Y6Tam viirx 'A? takunipegrntAk. that rock does, when they pound WeC." Xas yfO0 'uppi p: "Hd the tobacco stems [with it], it 'ukupht^c xa-tik 'avar smells strong for a long time. 6-kra.mi'?" Xas Pihnt-ffitc 'ul They keep it up in the y6-fam. pi-p: "Ptr-hia, '&vansa 'u~m vur An old tobacco stem pestle obtained from Yas,88 which formerly vA-ram 'uhyfsstirovic 'iOvA- belonged to his father, is of smooth textured gray stone, 7 inches long, kyam. VlTam 'uhyasstr6.-ic. VE 'u~m paxxfitc 'ukyaTatihele, 11'6 inches diameter at butt, 1% inches diameter at top. The top is Huk 6.ypa.ym6'ec? Xay 'upi.k slightly concave. There is a decoration consisting of two parallel kl'una"'. Xa-tik 'asiktbva~n 'u^i incised grooves h 6-inch apart spiraling downward in anticlockwise direction, circling about the pestle 7 times. A single incised line vdr ukra-mti'. 'Asikthva~n 'umx starts at the top and spirals down irregularly in the space between puhid.n vura kupappi kkyftnAhe the double lines, ending after it circles the pestle twice. char. 'Avansa 'u~m vur 'u'appin Yas stated that a pestle with such decoration is never used by tihe~c papattasaraha', 'u'kkir v-iht'ec, 'u'ahavick1A nvuitihe; women. It is called 'ih6 raha'uhipih~iktcdiar, or 'ihr-raha'uhipihik- navana'anammaha'c. karu vura 'a m'ma. 'AAs va'I Of the design Yas said: 'UvuxiekyurihvapaOravurukkunihvahiti', 9 vaha yittca~tc 'uky Attihe~c pa it is incised spiraling downward. From 'uvuxiokyfirihva', it is incised, tasaraha'? " e. g., as some big money dentalia are. Or more carelessly, leaving out the idea of spiraling: 'UshssippiO;akva pe-ktcedfar, 'uthxxitcpa- Oahiti', the pestle has a line going around it, it is incised around. Also 'uOimyA-kkfrihvA', lines it is filed in; 'uOimy6-nni-hv&', it is filed in running downward. Yas volunteered of the pestle: 'IkxariyA-hiv ve-ktcdirarahafik, it is a [tobacco stem] pounder of the time of the Ikxareyavs.

7. Pahd-t Pihn8-ffitc po-kyA-n'nik, (HOW COYOTE ORDAINED THAT A pa'avansa 'u~m pu'ikrA-mtih-- MAN SHALL NOT POUND WITH cAra 'ikravArxant'uk AN ACORN PESTLE) Pihn8-ffitc mupA ppuhaf ik: It was Coyote's saying: "It is "`Asiktdva~n 'u~m p6-krai-mti- woman who is going to pound hV'c." Kuntcu-phina-tihanik 'ik- [with a pestle]. They were talk- mahatcra'am hd-t 'ata Pay&-s?&ra ing over in the sweathouse what kunkupittihe'ec, fA-t 'ata pakun- Humans are going to do, what ?hmtihe'c. K:6-vra panu'a mti they are going to use as food. k6-vdra Pe-kxar6-yav va: muku- Everything that we eat, all of it nipa pihafAik, Ya-sAra va: pay the Ikxareyavs said Human will kun?&.mtihe'ec. Xas kunipitti- eat. Then they were saying: hadik: "Kunikra mtihe~c paxxf -n "They will be pounding up acorns,

8B For illustration of this pestle see P1. 11, d. 9 Or 'utaxitckyurihvapaeravurukkunihvahiti'. Ct. 'upvapir6 ppi 0- vuti' pa'ippa', 'a? upvo-rurAnnat1', he (a goatsucker) spirals up the tree. -- -

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[CAN ETHNOLOGY [BULL. 94 XlARBINGTON] TOBACCO AMONG THE ICARUS INDIANS 99 stems with. It smells strong, YA-sara paxxdin kunikra-mti- Humans will be pounding up that rock does, when they pound V'Ic." Xas yfee 'uppi p: "HLft acorns." Then one said: "Why the tobacco stems [with it], it 'ukupht~c xA tik 'bvans can not a man be doing it, be smells strong for a long time. 6-kr5.mi'?" Xas Pihnt-ffitc 'up- pounding?" Then Coyote said: They keep it up in the y6ifam. pi-p: "PtfhAfa, 'avansa 'u~m vura "No; a man will have something ined from Yas,88 which formerly VATam 'uhyasslr6-vic 'iOvivy- long sticking off in front. It textured gray stone, 7 inches long, kyam. VATam 'uhyfssAr6-&ic. VaA will be sticking off long. He will ches diameter at top. The top is 1uAm paxxijtc 'ukya Tatihe'ec. make a child with that. Where is ,ration consisting of two parallel Huk 6.ypA ym'e0c? Xay 'upi-k- he going to turn it to [to get it Dling downward in anticlockwise kyuna'a. XA-tik 'asikthva~n 'u~m out of the way]? He might hit it. e 7 times. A single incised line vir dkra-mti'. 'Asiktava~n 'u~m Let it be a woman that will pound. irregularly in the space between puhdtn vira kupappi kkYinA he-- A woman in no way can hit her- les the pestle twice. eara. 'Avansa 'uAm vur 'u'hppim- self. A man will be looking uch decoration is never used by tihe~c paphttAsArAhA', Vh'kktin- around for something to eat along h iktcfifar, or 'ihU-raha'uhipih ik- vitihe'ec, 'u'ahavick"A nvftihtUc with acorns; he will be hunting; karu vura 'a m'ma. 'AAs va'b,- he will be fishing for salmon, too. lkyurihvapaoravurukkunihvahiti',9 vaha yittca~tc 'ukylttihe~c pht- He will be getting together river rom 'uvuxiOkydrihva', it is incised, tAsirAhb,'? " food to eat along with the acorn are. Or more carelessly, leaving soup., pAOlikva pe-ktcdfar, 'uthxxitcpA- around it, it is incised around. [ed in; 'uOimy6 nnihva', it is filed

[kxariyA-hiv ve-ltcdrarahahik, it time of the Ikxareyavs.

(HOW COYOTE ORDAINED THAT A MAN SHALL NOT POUND WITH AN ACORN PESTLE) It was Coyote's saying: "It is woman who is going to pound [with a pestle]. They were talk- ing over in the sweathouse what Humans are going to do, what they are going to use as food. Everything that we eat, all of it the Ikxareyavs said Human will eat. Then they were saying: "They will be pounding up acorns, e P1. 11, d. unihvahiti'. Ct. 'upvapir6Tpp10- he (a goatsucker) spirals up the HARRINGTON] TOBACCO AMONG

HA ri va: kunipitti': "Pehe- rah e-kpihanha'sk 'iOimkYak'ih6- raha'8 , mah itnihatciimtchxxa- VII. Pakum6-mus peh6Tahas- (COLOR AND STRENGTH OF LEAF haha' 'umkf-kkuti', mahlitni- sa'an pak6A 'ikpihan karu vfifa TOBACCO) hatctimtcaxxahaha 'umnkf-kkuiti

1. Pahd-t umdssahiti peh6-rahas- (COLOR OF LEAF TOBACCO) pehe raha'dh~a'am.'' saran Pehe rahasantirihcaha'ak, pa- kari odkkinkfinicasha'ak, viri Pakarixi tha'k vaA khri paku- When the leaves are green yet kunipitti': "VaA ye -pea', 'ipdtri~k nictfi-kti'. Pamusanlmvay vaA they pick them. Its yellowing ve-he-raha', va: ye pea', santi- kfru vura h&-ri kunictdksA-nt1'. leaves also they sometimes pick rihca'." Pe h6Tahaxitsa'an vaA kite kdinic with the others. But the green pakunxdti kirilh. tobacco leaves are those they want. Pe-hU-raha patakunsuvAxra- When they dry the tobacco it halak, kunic tappihAhsh'. Xh~s gets stiff as it were. Then it is kunic vura 'ikxbramkunic kunic pretty near dark green color. kumappific. Pamdssa~n 'u~m The leaf is green, inside the leaf vura pfrickyunic, su? sa-nnak stringlike it runs along, that is 'a-nkunic 'usasippi-OvA' va: 'u~m lighter colored [than the leaf].' kunic vattavkunic. Va: vur It dries that way. The longer ukupe-vaxrahahiti'. Va: kari they keep it the yellower it gets. tasanimvAykYuinc paxara to-ta-y- Sometimes they keep it a long hitihaak. Ha-ri vura xar uta y- time, sometimes three years they hiti', ha-ri kuyrakharinay 'uta y- keep it, if they make lots. hiti', patta~y takunikya ha'ak.

2. Pak6, 'ikpihan pehe-raha' (HOW TOBACCO IS STRONG) Pe kpihanha'ak, pehe-raha ta- When tobacco is strong they kunpip: "'Akkat','2 'akkat pux- say: "It is strong-tasting, the to- xwitc peht-raha'." ".'Ikpihafi, bacco is very strong-tasting." "It 'akkat'," va: mit vura kite 'axxa- is strong, it has a bad taste," ki tc patci-pha kunihrfuvtihhf, were the only two words they pamitva kunih6-ratihaf. Piumit said. They never used to say 'ipittihaphat 'u'ux. Piumit 'ipit- 'u'ux. But when they taste any- tihaphat 'Ai'Akkatti'. Kuna vura thing unsavory, like acorn soup paffAt 'amakke-m takunpakatt- that is not [leached] good yet, khttaha'ak, pakunic xi.n puva- they say: "'`i'ux 'u'akkatti'." yAvaha'1k, takunpip: " 't'ux, 'u'kkatti'." ' Referring to the veins being lighter colored than the body of the leaf. 2 'Akkat is also used of strong coffee, etc. It is the stem of the verb 'fakkat, to taste intr. used as an interjection. 100

_ _ _ 101 HARRINGTON] TOBACCO AMONG THE KARUK INDIANS

Ha ri va~ kunipitti': "Pehe&- Sometimes they say when to- rah e kpihanha'ak 'ifimkYakiht- bacco is strong: "It is morning raha'a, mah 'itnihatc imtchxxa- sun slope tobacco, the morning (COLOR AND STRENGTH OF LEAF haha' 'dmkfvkkfut1') mahtitni- sun has shined on it, the morning TOBACCO) hatcimtcaxxahaha 'dmkf'-kkuti sun has shined on that tobacco garden." (COLOR OF LEAF TOBACCO) peh6 raha'AhOa'am." Peh6 rahasantfrihcaha'ak, pa- When they are broad tobacco kari Oukkinkfinicasha"'k, viri leaves, when they are green ones, When the leaves are green yet kunipittl': I'VaA yt pea', 'ipdtri~k then they say: "They are good they pick them. Its yellowing ve ht raha', vaA y8 pea', santi- ones, it is shady place tobacco, leaves also they sometimes pick rihca'." they are good ones, they are broad with the others. But the green leaves." tobacco leaves are those they want. When they dry the tobacco it gets stiff as it were. Then it is pretty near dark green color. The leaf is green, inside the leaf stringlike it runs along, that is lighter colored [than the leaf].' It dries that way. The longer they keep it the yellower it gets. Sometimes they keep it a long time, sometimes three years they keep it, if they make lots.

(HOW TOBACCO IS STRONG) When tobacco is strong they say: "It is strong-tasting, the to- bacco is very strong-tasting." "It is strong, it has a bad taste," were the only two words they said. They never used to say 'V'ux. But when they taste any- thing unsavory, like acorn soup that is not [leached] good yet, they say: "'a'ux 'u'Akkatti'."

ighter colored than the body of

ffee, etc. It is the stem of the interjection. VIII. Pahd-t pakunkupa'fccun- (HOW THEY STORE TOBACCO) vahiti peht-raha' v -J 1. Pah(-t ukupata-yhahiti (HOW IT IS KEPT IN THE LIVING 'f nna'ak HOUSE) z Ka.rixas 'P-nnA-k takunmhhyan Then they put it Li into a tobacco -1j 'uhsipni kkAih.' YrTAM 'A? ta- storage basket in the living house. D kunthkkarahi. Vat 'u~m su? They hang it [the basket] above 'uvixrA htihe'ec. PamuOxidppar the y8Tam. It will be drying in 'utarupramtcdkkicrihva vasth- there [in the basket]. Its cover is ranmil'uk. VaA 'u~m pdssa? laced down with buckskin thongs. 'ikrt-mya 'dommffflharh, shkriv So the air will not get to it, it 'utarxApr~vA~hiti'. HA-ri thffirApA must be laced down tightly. They 'Avahkaih takunI-xA Tafiv, sip- put a buckskin over it, over the nuktAvahkam, vat 'u~m vira basket, so it will be dry inside, so su? 'uvAxrd htihe'c, vat 'u~m it will not be damp inside. pdpasxAyp6-ccaia su?. Vdra nik 'uvhxri -hti',kuna vura It gets dry, but it does not get puvwaxnahAyatchithAfA, puvfx- too dry, it does not get very dry. ra-htihara pbxxwitc. 'UvaxrA-hti It is dry when they put it in [in vdra nik patakunmhhya~n suO, the storage basket]; when they 'iffuO patakunpim'myus. Yan6-k- look at it again it is damp. They va tupfsxA ypA'. Vdra pu'b, yti- are never afraid it will get too dry. hap puxutihap 'uvaxnahinnuve'ec. That is what they pick it [the Vas kumA'i'i pakunictd-kti pAkA- leaves] while still green for, so it rixi thAak, vaA 'umr vura puvax- never will get too dry. They say nfihinni-tlhAfh. Kunipitti C pakd- that because it is pitchy outside I I I nic I > 'axvhhahiti 'Avahkada vaA is why it is always dampish. The H z kumA'i'i pavura hitfha~n kunic only thing they are afraid of is I 'fisxa'ay. Vat vdra kite kuntay-ti that it will get too damp. That I _ xhy '`pasxa'ay. Va: kumh.'i'i is why they cover the basket with z kunf xio rarimti va~s pasipnu'uk. a deerskin. IUS U] Pu' hsxay'ikyA-ttihap peh9 Ta- They never dampen tobacco as ha', pb,'Amkan kunkupitti pa'ap- the white men do, who put water xantinnihitcAvansas, 'a s kun- on their tobacco. Id ?i vdrukti pamukunhiht'raha'. Vura pe-eh-n 'iht-raha takun- If they put tobacco in anything DLd mihya nnaravaha'1k fMt virava, once, they do not use it for any- l For description of the tobacco storage baskets see pp. 103-126; for description of the upriver hat storage basket see pp. 127-131. 102

. (HOW THEY STORE TOBACCO)

4- HOw IT IS Kh1!T IN TEM LIVING J i s

Tlhen they, put it a into ,tobco-- -J~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~V torage basket in the living house. "i-gi Ehey hang it [the basket] above he y6ram. It will be drying in here [in the basket]. Its cover is aced down with buckskin thongs. lo the air will not get to it, it O aust be laced down tightly. They iut a buckskin over it, over the iasket, so it will be dry inside, so t will not be damp inside.

It gets dry, but it does not get oo dry, it does not get very dry. t is dry when they put it in [in 0_ he storage basket]; when they LL )ok at it again it is damp. They _ re never afraid it will get too dry. lII 'hat is what they pick it [the 3aves] while still green for, so it ever will get too dry. They say hat because it is pitchy outside i why it is always dampish. The 'o nly thing they are afraid of is hat it will get too damp. That i why they cover the basket with deerskin. They never dampen tobacco as 8 he white men do, who put water n their tobacco.

If they put tobacco in anything nce, they do not use it for any- torage baskets see pp. 103-126; rage basket see pp. 127-131. BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY BULLETIN 94 PLATE 14

I\k

I

J i

I aII

a b Bi CALIFORNIA HAZEL STICKS FOR BASKETRY a, The ordinary hazel sticks; b, hazel stick tips salvaged from finished baskets, used for weaving small baskets.

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-----ommumm-mmmwm -.-Emmmm- -..Imd-mmm- .. Egmmkm- -- mommom- --Wlwmml -. 011010- -.--90110on-mmmmul

BULLETIN 94 PLATE 14

BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY BULLETIN 94 PLATE 15

1W

b BEAR LILY PLANT FOR BASKETRY vaged from finished baskets, used for - I

EABRMTON] TOBACCO AUOXG I

vura PMft khru vura kuntli'i pihrd'vtlhap-. PImxsSa 1mL BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY BULLETIN 94 PLATE 16 Patakunhccunv. k6ovra Yf- Ouklnme pa'uhlippi kru yiek, lkaru pe ha yi , karu p.lhiec yfk. . 2. Pa'ul

(THE T0OUA Most people do not know that Karuk basket is lumber. It is;ti Pine (Pimm pirdwa Dqugl. v basket, holding the foundation s more delicate strands, white, blac The process is a simple 2-stran~ 3-strand twining where strength root strands is safum. (See PI. I The foundation consists usuall Calilornia hazel (Conljus ios second year after burning the brui The hazel sticks are called skfip. The white overlay which the strands prepared froma the leaves [Pursh] Nutt), c l panyffar. 'The lblack oveflay ii the prep (Adi:num pedatum'L.), celled 'ii The red ovetly, 'which is otit ing f wliich is here described, is t Fern (WooJwardiau 'radica Sm.) it with spittle that has been redd Alder (Alnuw rhombifolia Nutt.). Pe-hdrahasfpnu~k val vure kupi~vfkldihiti pasipud-kkif kunkupavfkk 7ahi1 i'. Pasipnuk- k!:ak 'wim 'axrih 'u'ururim- nv, 'imeottap kard 'v ''uuu~r~trnlhvh.,- paii±' Ic8 khma'ujp pa&mukuntuplceIc'. C Va, 'u~m 'ikxurikyfkka~m kuni- kyl tti pasipndlkki#. HAri vura a, Braid of Bear Lily leaves, prepared for sale or storage; b, coils of Bear Lily strands prepared for weaving overlay; c, maidenhair leaf 'v 'aiaum sJ 'uz~p- parah pisipnd lWi., ' Ye pp. 63-84.

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nARRINGToN] TOBACCO AMONG TIIE KARUK INDIANS 103

vura puffa-t karu vura kuma'i'i thing any more. The thing 'Imxa~akk9"m. stinks. BULLETIN 94 PLATE 16 pihrd-vtihao. Patakun iccunva k6-vdra yf0- They put it away all in differ- oukhnva pa'uhippi karu yiOfuk, ent places, the leaves in one place, karu peh8-raha yieouk, karu and the seeds in another place. pa'dhic yif0uk.

2. Pa'uhsipnu'uk

(THE TOBACCO BASKET) Most people do not know that the principal material that builds a Karuk basket is lumber. It is the shreds of the roots of the Jeffrey Pine (Pinus ponderosa Dougl. var. jeffreyi Vasey) that weave the b b basket, holding the foundation sticks together, faced in places with more delicate strands, white, black, or red, to produce the decoration. The process is a simple 2-strand twining, varied occasionally with 3-strand twining where strength is needed. The name of the pine- root strands is saium. (See PI. 13.) The foundation consists usually of carefully chosen shoots of the California hazel (Corylus rostrata Ait. var. californica), gathered the second year after burning the brush at the place where it grows. 2 The hazel sticks are called shfip. (See P1. 14.) The white overlay which the Indians call "white" is done with strands prepared from the leaves of the Bear Lily (Xerophyllum tenaz [Pursh] Nutt), called panyiftar. (See Pls. 15; 16 a, b.) The black overlay is the prepared stalks of the Maidenhair fern (Adiantum pedatum L.), called 'iknitdpkif. (See Pls. 16, c; 17.) The red overlay, which is not used in the tobacco basket the mak- ing of which is here described, is the filament of the stem of the Chain Fern (Woodwardia radicans Sm.), which has been dyed by wetting it with spittle that has been reddened by chewing the bark of White Alder (Alnus rhombijolia Nutt.). Pe ho-rahasfpnu~k vaA vura They make a tobacco basket kunkupavikkyahiti pasipnfi-kkie like they do a money basket. kunkupavikkyahiti'. Pasipnd-k- In the money basket are kept kilak 'u~m 'axrdh 'u'urura m- money purses and woodpecker nihva', 'imOAttap karu vur rolls, all kinds of their best things. u'urura-mnihva', pavdra k8. They put big patterns on the kdma'uop pamukunlupicci pcA'. money basket. Sometimes they C VaA 'u~m 'ikxurikyakka~m kuni- cover a money basket with a kyl-tti pasipnu -kki6. HATri vura small pack basket. storage; b, coils of Bear Lily strands prepared for c, maidenhair leaf 'atikinvh,'anammahatc 'uoxdp- parahiti pasipnu-kkib.

2 See pp. 63-64. BARRINGTON] TOBACCO AMONG 9 104 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY (BULL.[UL9 94 ARNTN OAC MN

Kiina 'u~m peh.6rahasfpnu~k But they do not put big pat-. Near Hi. vura 'urn pu'ikxuriky~kka~m terns on the tobacco basket. Yurihh'kki6, no mg., Tintin's They just vertical bar it and Leary's place upriver from Hickc kitc karu kunkutcitcvAssihiti' 3. diagonal bar it. It is patterned 'Asamfixxa4~, no mg., Hackett Kunx-driphiti s~rum xf~kka~n karu with pine roots together with river of Hickox's place, downslop panydiiar, karu hAT ikrit~pkii', Bear Lily, or with Maidenhair hh-ri "yum&-r6-kit~pkii'." 4 'U- stems, with "dead people's Maid- At I xiiriphabiti vidra kitc, peh6-raha- enhair sterns." A tobacco basket sipnu'uk, kar 'ukutcitcv~ssihahiti' has vertical bar Bear Lily pattern, 'f ttcaiay, no mg., at Katimin. Va~ vdira kitc kunkup6-kxiirikya- or a diagonal bar one. That is Tamtcifik, no mg., at Mg-qhir hiti peh6-rasfpnu~uk. Viira na~ the way they make a tobacco Katimin. puvanhmma 'ih6-rahasipnu~k 'ik- basket. I never saw a fancy- 'Afkuhfi'anammahafe, mg. roe xurikyh~kka'1am. patterned tobacco basket. Yuhxavramnihak, at Katimin. 'Ararhttcu~, slim person, Old' A. Pahd-t yifooiva 'uOviiytti-hva pamucvithva pasipnu'uk At Ish (NAMES OF THE DIFFERENT PARTS OF THE BASKET) 'Apsu'un, mg. snake. Old Sipnuk~ippaA, the top of the basket. Abner's house at Ishipishrihak. SipnuklfpannV~tc, the rim. 6 Simya"'Btc, no mg., at Ticr~am? Sipnuk?Apma~an, the mouth of the basket, the aperture. Sipnuk- Xutnh~ssak, name of a bird sp ?ApmA-n'nak, in the mouth of the basket. Hanson's house at Ishipishrihak. Sipnd'k?i-tcifi, 6 the sides of the basket. Sipnuk?hiffi4~, the bottom of the basket. At Sipnuk?afivV'tc, the base, where the basket is started. Pakht~n to -pv~iram'ni, where the sides start upward. Ye-fippa"an, no mg., Ike's fal Sipniik?i'lc, the body of the basket, used of the central part of the Falls. At A basket in contradistinction to the top and the bottom; also the surface of the basket. Sipniik?i-ceaki, on the body or surface of the basket. Shna' 8s, Yas's paternal grandi Sipnuk?Avahkarh, sipnuk?Avahkamkaih, the outside of the basket. Nkano mg., at 'Ashmma-i Sipnuksti?karh, sipnuksdiikamikaih, sipnd-kkan sui', the inside of 'Iti-v'raO, mg. invisible, at 'A,, the basket. 'Ahup IimyiissahitihaA, mg. lo, Sipnuk?iexiippat, the cover of the basket. Amekyaram. Sipnuktaruprfi,4ar, the tie-thong of the basket. Paxvanipnihifc, mg. little bi plum," Amekyaram Jim, at Am B. Mitva pakumnapihiihnf-ttcitcas pa'uhsfpnu~k kuntA-rahitihat'.

(WHAT OLD MEN HAD TOBACCO BASKETS) Nea In practically every house in the old times there was to be seen 'As6-so'1, no mg., at KhttiphLi hanging one or more of the tobacco storage baskets. Imkyanvan Vakirh~av, mg. gets there go( remembers distinctly the tobacco baskets of the following Indians of Orleans. the older generation. 'Atrh~xxipuk, mg. having no an formerly at the mouth of Perch 3 Or kuntci-ptci-phikky6&tti'. stream of the mouth of Perch C 4 The last two words are added in fun, to point out the fact that 'Itfl-kkiricui, no mg., San( Maidenhair fern was sometimes called dead people's Maidenhair fern. Camp Creek. 1 ISipnuk?apm~nti' m, the lips of the basket, would not be used. 6Sipndikti"m would hardly be used. 105 CAN ETHNOLOGY [BULL. 94 HARBINGTON] TOBACCO AMONG THE KARUK INDIANS

But they do not put big pat- Near Hickox's place terns on the tobacco basket. no mg., Tintin's father, at 'Akvattf"v, at George They just vertical bar it and Yurihhikki6, Leary's place upriver from Hickox's. diagonal bar it. It is patterned mg., Hackett's father, at 'IynA-ttkkatc, just up- with pine roots together with 'Asamfixxa4, no from Snappy's place. Bear Lily, or with Maidenhair river of Hickox's place, downslope stems, with "dead people's Maid- At Katimin enhair stems." A tobacco basket has vertical bar Bear Lily pattern, 'Ittcaiay, no mg., at Katimin. cr a diagonal bar one. That is Tamtci'ik, no mg., at Mg-?hin'va, site of Fritz Hanson's store, at the way they make a tobacco Katimin. basket. I never saw a fancy- 'Afkuhh'anammahatc, mg. roots of some unidentified plant sp., at patterned tobacco basket. Yuhxavramnihak, at Katimin. 'Ararattcuy, slim person, Old Henry, at 'Astl-m'mitc, at Katimin. ra pamuevithva pasipnu'uk At Ishipishrihak T PARTS OF THE BASKET) 'Apsu'un, mg. snake. Old Snake, at TicrhmA-tcip, site of .et. Abner's house at Ishipishrihak. Simy"a'tc, no mg., at Ticrama-tcip, at Ishipishrihak. Le basket, the aperture. Sipnuk- Xutnassak, name of a bird sp., at Yunukti m'mitc, at site of Fritz ,sket. Hanson's house at Ishipishrihak. sket. isket. At Yutimin he basket is started. 8 Yutimin des start upward. Yefippa' n, no mg., Ike's father, at 'Ashna~mkdiak, at 't, used of the central part of the Falls. At Amekyaram ) and the bottom; also the surface Le body or surface of the basket. Sana'as, Yas's paternal grandfather, at Amekyaram. akarh, the outside of the basket. Nd-kaf, no mg., at 'Ashmma-m, at Amekyaram. L, sipnd-kkan su?, the inside of 'ftiv'raO, mg. invisible, at 'Ashmma-m, at Amekyaram. 'Ahup i'imydssahitihaA, mg. looks like wood, at 'Ahtuycinnukit'c, at basket. Amekyaram. f the basket. Paxvanipnihitc, mg. little bush of the kind locally called "wild plum," Amekyaram Jim, at Amekyaram. pa'uhslpnu~k kuntA-rahitihat. POBACCO BASKETS) Near Orleans old times there was to be seen 'As6-so'o, no mg., at Kfittiphlrak, Old Ruben's place, near Orleans. ,o storage baskets. Imkyanvan Vakirft'av, mg. gets there good, Old Ruben, at Khttiphiiak, near skets of the following Indians of Orleans. 'Atrhxxipux, mg. having no arm (his arm was cut off at the sawmill formerly at the mouth of Perch Creek), at TaxaOdfkcika, the flat up- stream of the mouth of Perch Creek. E fun, to point out the fact that 'Iktd-kkiricut, no mg., Sandy Bar Bob's father, at Tictinni"k, 1 dead people's Maidenhair fern. Camp Creek. e basket, would not be used. -_ ____ - - - ___ I- -. 1 ..-

HARRINGTON] TOBACCO AMONG T 106 106 ~BUREAUOF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY[BL.4 [i3uu. 94 ARNOiTBCOAMGT Vuri-n, hooker with a stick, Sandy Bar Bob's paternal uncle, at F. Pahd-t kunkup6-krfi-ppa~ahi- Tichnni'1 k, Camp Creek. tihanik tUffirapu pa'uhsip- Hutchutck~ssaf, mg. having his hair like a nest, Sandy Bar Bob, nuk ippankath. at Kas~nnukifc, Sandy Bar. HA-ri sipnuk~ippankam tbf- At Redcap firdpu 'fikrf1-ppAOahiti'. Pd-vic kunic 'ukyl-hahiti pa'uhsfpnu'uk. 'Itcxu"'tc, no mg., at Vi'ipparh, at the mouth of Redcap Creek. 'Aikam tafirapuhpOfric, 'Affiv-

C. Pahdvt paye'm 'u~m viira yio (How NOW THEY ARE MAKING kam 'u~m sipnu'uk. 'Ippankam takunkup6-kyl-hiti pa'uhsip- TOBACCO BASKETS DIFFERENT) '(ikrf1-pkAhlt1 pamukiccapai'. nu'uk Payvhhe~m s~irip vura kftkum Nowadays some people weave G. Pahd-t kunkupai kunvikkyarati', saripmfirax vita, hazel sticks, just nothing but (WEAVING A '1 kunipitti 'ihM rahasfpnu'uk. Kun- hazel sticks; they say it is a to- xditi kini kinikvhnic. Piiva: vura bacco basket. They just want The Karuk-Yuruk-Hupa type c: ~u~m pi'6-p vavikkyahata. to sell it. It is not an old style and by Kroeber,9 but a detailed weave. of one of these baskets is here account was dictated by Ink- D. Pa'uhsipnuk ?i~xfipp at, pahfi-t (THE TOBACCO BASKET COVER; actually made, from the time thE kh~kum yiOOtiva kum6-kyav HOW TOBACCO BASKET COVERS to the tying on of the finished pa'uhsipnuk?iflx~ippai ARE VARIOUSLY MADE) since mistakes and misunderstE Kftkum tinihyiittchs peO-0 Some of the covers are kind of which was made is shown in its xiippat, karu k&~kum 'afivyit- flat ones, and some with sharp its making in Plates 18 to 24, incl tcihsa' 'atikinvatunv~tct 'ievfi-y- top, which are called little pack- part of a large group of texts yti', 'uhsipnuk~i'ixdppat. Karu basket tobacco basket covers. the basketry of these tribes. kh~kum mdnnukitc kuAic, kunic And some are like a little plate a. Pahfk t kunkup a'Aff hiti pa'uh miinnukit'c. 'Avahkam vura basket. The plate basket rests sipnu'uk, pahu't kunkupathyilO kunic kitc 'uOi-vtkkku"', mdiru on top, is just on there.' They hahiti' kunic po-tci-vtako'otc. 7 Va: vura cover it in the same way that kunic kunkup6-Oxdppahiti kipa they cover a big storage basket Plates 18 to 22, inclusive, illus vura murukmd-k takuniexiip- with a plate basket. bacco basket, the lettering in th paha~k sipniikk5,m'mhk. heading the sections below.

E. Pahfit kunkupe-Oxiippahitiha- (HOW THEY USED TO USE BUCK- A nik pa'uhsfpnu~k tfifiriiptihmdiu'k SKIN AS A COVER FOR A TOBACCO BASKET) 'A~xxak taniphf-c picci-tc pai 1-{9ri pe.6xupari-pp~ixh~/ak, thf- Sometimes if it [a tobacco 8Goddard, Pliny Earle, Life firapu 'Avahkam 'u~xiipp~rihiti'. basket] has no cover, they' cover a piece of buckskin over it. of California Publications in A Vol. 1, no. 1, Berkeley, Sept. 191 Mg. that it does not fit over top of the sides of the basket but 1 Kroeber, A. L., Basket Des just rests on top of the mouth. California, op. cit., Vol. 2, no. 4 107 UCAN ETHNOLOGY [BlULL. 94 HARRINGTON1 TOBACCO AMONG THE KARUK INDIANS tndy Bar Bob's paternal uncle, at F. Pahd-t kunkupe-krA-ppa0ahi- (HOW THEY USED TO SEW BUCK- tihanik thffirapu pa'uhsip- SKIN ON TOP OF A TOBACCO hair like a nest, Sandy Bar Bob, nukippankaih. BASKET) HA-ri sipnuklippankam thf- Sometimes a piece of buckskin dcap firapu 'dkrfi-pp&6ahiti'. Pd vic is sewed around on top of the basket. The tobacco basket is t the mouth of Redcap Creek. kunic 'uky&-hahiti pa'uhsipnu'uk. 'Alkam tafirapuhp-Hic, '6,ffiv- made like a sack. The top is a (HOW NOW THEY ARE MAKING kam 'u~m sipnu'uk. 'Ippankam buckskin sack, the bottom is a TOBACCO BASKETS DIFFERENT) 'dkri-pkAhlti pamukiccapai. basket. At the top its tiestring is sewed on.

Nowadays some people weave G. Pahd-t kunkupavikkyahiti pa'uhsipnu'uk hazel sticks, just nothing but hazel sticks; they say it is a to- (WEAVING A TOBACCO BASKET) bacco basket. They just want The Karuk-Yuruk-Hupa type of basketry is described by Goddard 8 to sell it. It is not an old style and by Kroeber,' but a detailed account, in Indian, of the making weave. of one of these baskets is here presented for the first time. This account was dictated by Imkyanvan as a tobacco basket was (THE TOBACCO BASKET COVER; actually made, from the time the warp sticks were first held together HOW TOBACCO BASKET COVERS to the tying on of the finished cover, and so is doubly valuable, ARE VARIOUSLY MADE) since mistakes and misunderstandings were avoided. The basket Some of the covers are kind of which was made is shown in its finished stage in Plate 25, a, and in flat ones, and some with sharp its making in Plates 18 to 24, inclusive. The texts here included form top, which are called little pack- part of a large group of texts covering completely the subject of basket tobacco basket covers. the basketry of these tribes. And some are like a little plate basket. The plate basket rests a. Pah-t kunkupa'tff6-hiti pa'uh- (HOW THEY START THE TOBACCO )n top, is just on there.' They sipnu'uk, pahi-t kunkupathyi-O- BASKET, HOW THEY LASH THE ,over it in the same way that hahiti' BASE) ;hey cover a big storage basket Plates 18 to 22, inclusive, illustrate the method of starting the to- vith a plate basket. bacco basket, the lettering in the plates corresponding to the letters heading the sections below. HOW THEY USED TO USE BUCK- A A SKIN AS A COVER FOR A TOBACCO BASKET) 'Axxak taniphi-c piccf tc pas- I put together two hazel sticks strip, xikkarari kylAk 'u'ikkyti- with their tips pointing in oppo- Sometimes if it [a tobacco asket] has no cover, they cover 8 Goddard, Pliny Earle, Life and Culture of the Hupa, University piece of buckskin over it. of California Publications in American Archeology and Ethnology, vol. 1, no. 1, Berkeley, Sept. 1903, pp. 38-48. p of the sides of the basket but 9 Kroeber, A. L., Basket Designs of the Indians of Northwestern California, op. cit., vol. 2, no. 4, June 1904, pp. 105-164, 108 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [BULL. 94 HARRINOTON] TOBACCO AMONG TB

viiti', 0 va: kunkupa'Affe'hiti'. site directions, they start a basket tcas pa'hffi4. Kunipp6 'ntl Xas kdikku~m 'Axxak tanipi 'caf, that way. Then I put two more 'afivkiix 1 3 va: viir ukupitti', va: vur fipoipOn- together in the same way, they tOnvfit kiikku"'m, kiikku~m vura lie together again, again the va: xftkkarari kyii~k 'u'ipbnhi- tips are pointing outward to vuti'.1 1 Kiikku~m vura va: tani- both sides. I put them together kyupe-phi'crihaha', pf~O tu'Arihi6. again in the same way, then Shkri~v ni'axaytcakkicrihti', xay there will be four. I hold them C 'upicchnnAn'vA. Kdittutukam. ni- tight, so they will not get mixed. Va: pjcci~p niynakavbratti 'axaytc~kkricrihti', I hold them in my left hand. [See papf~e passhrip va: p0o-sfi?kam- Pl. 18.] he,~c passipnu~uk. B B Tanithyi'oha' 14 'ilssak tani- pi'iOear passbtum. pasarum?ixxa- Xas pl~fe kyidkku~m tanipaphit- Then I put four more on top tak 'Avahkairh, 'u'ikky~i~ikr~t1', va: of these, crosswise, these four va: kh~n tanipdiOOai~. i'nng'k vura 'ukupa'ikyuppf -vahiti pap- lying together in the same way, 'Aissipak 'a's nifririniti', tc6-m- running different directions. yfttcva 'a's nip!'viirukti pavik. 'Avalikam pi~O takunhkkyukaf. They put four crosswise on top. Xas yiOOa tani'OA'ssiP. Pava'- Karixas takuyrakinfvki: passhfip, Then there are already eight, ram6'ci~p passhrumn va: tami- xas ik yhs tclmii passarum nina- then I am going to put the tft4av. kavfirA-'ic. Sii?kamhe~c p 1,O pine roots over them. Four Kfxxumnipa~kam passriiP va: kyaru 'Avahkam pf~Ohe'ec pass•nip. will be inside [the basket], and khn tani'aramst'prin pataniyna- Xas plAO 'dlvahkam taniphittak, outside [the basket] there will be kavhra"a. Tivap kkik tani'lc- kyaru s-irukam. pi-O. four. I put four on top and cipma passfifum. four underneath. Va: k6- 'ipcdvnkinitcas kunik- According as they make them D yg-tti', pak6- 'Affihe IeC. 12 Pa- short [referring to the overlap- kunxutiha~k ni-namitche~c pasip- ping], so will the bottom be. nu'uk, 'ipcd-inkinitcas va: 'u~m When they want to make a passairip k6'viira tanicrikkyasfar. kunikyAtti pasarip?hM114. Va: small storage basket, they make Karixas kikku~m tivap kfi~k ta- kfin VATamas kun?ilkkyuti', pa- the hazel-stick bottom short ones. nipiccipmna' 'fivahkamkadia. tuOivfiripk1lirivaha~ak, pdiva: 'u~m They splice long sticks in there, 11Special term for the area 'a? 'ivylhura-tiha~ pe-pcdinkini- where they [the butt ends of bottom of a basket, lit, what '0 Lit, they have their heads, i. e., their tips in the case of hazel sticks, somebody asks where my hazel pointed in a certain direction. Cp. hiika kunhikkyltivfit1P, which way ni'afivkli'at, I already started t( are their heads pointed?, e. g., asked as one enters a strange house in ta'ip va: ni'hffi4~, I already starte the dark where Indian-, are sleeping on the floor at the time of the is synonymous with saripi'hffi4, 11 New Year ceremony, for fear one might step on somebody's head. 14 Lit. I make a cacomite, Brod,, 11 Or 'u'ikky~fviiti', the two verbs are used as synonyms. is applied to the act of lashing I 12 The overlapped section of the 8 sticks is usually considerably known; possibly the result looks smaller than the bottom of the basket. 63044o-32-~10 [CAN ETHNOLOGY [BULL. 94 HARRINGTON] TOBACCO AMONG THE KARUK INDIANS 109 site directions, they start a basket teas pa'hffi4. Kunlpp6-nti the overlapped sticks] come to that way. Then I put two more 'afivkif.i3 an end, the short ones never together in the same way, they run up [the side of the basket]. lie together again, again the They call them [the overlapped tips are pointing outward to sticks of the bottom] afivkii. both sides. I put them together [See P1. 18.] again in the same way, then there will be four. I hold them C C tight, so they will not get mixed. First I hold them in my left hand. [See VaA pfcci~p niynakavfratti I lash together the four PI. 18.] papl^e passhrip vaA po-sfi kam- sticks that are going to be on he~c passipnu'uk. the inside of the basket. B Tanithyil-ha' 14 'A-ssak tani- I lash the base. I soak the pdO0ar passiium pasarumhixxa- pineroots, the pineroot shreds, Then I put four more on top xapu'. 'f-kyam po -'shitiha'ak, in water. I soak them outdoors f these, crosswise, these four va. kiln tanip400af. 'I-nng-k at the spring. I have water in lying together in the same way, 'assipak 'a s niOririnAti', tcem- the house in a bowl basket. running different directions. yhteva 'a-s nip!-virukti pavik. I put water on them every once rhey put four crosswise on top. Xas yio0a tani'd ssip. Pava- in a while. Then I pick one up. Then there are already eight, ram&ci~p passfrum vaA tani- I choose a good long one. hen I am going to put the tayav. ine roots over them. Four Kixxumnipa~kam passArip vaA I start lashing at a corner be- vill be inside [the basket], and khin tani'aramsiprin pataniyna- tween the hazel sticks. I run the )utside [the basket] there will be kavhra"'. Tivap kdik tani'fc- pineroot strand across diagonally. our. I put four on top and cipma passhfum. [See P1. 19.] our underneath. According as they make them D D hort [referring to the overlap- iing], so will the bottom be. PifOsdkam 'u'ah-ti', pif 6 Then it runs underneath four, Then they want to make a passarip k6-vdra tanicrikkyasiar. I take in all four hazel sticks. mall storage basket, they make Karixaskfikku~m tivap kuok ta- Then I run it diagonally across he hazel-stick bottom short ones. nipiccipma' 'avahkamkahi. again on top. [See PI. 19.] 'hey splice long sticks in there, rhere they [the butt ends of 13 Special term for the area of overlapped hazel sticks at the bottom of a basket, lit. what they make the bottom on. E. g., Leir tips in the case of hazel sticks, somebody asks where my hazel sticks are, and I answer: ta'ip va; huka kun?1kkytviftj', which way ni'afivkfiat, I already started to make the bottom on them. Ct. as one enters a strange house in ta'ip va: ni'hffi4, I already started the bottom of a basket. 'Afivkif on the floor at the time of the is synonymous with sarip ?fffi4, hazel stick bottom. cht step on somebody's head. 14 Lit. I make a cacomite, Brodiaea capitata Benth. Why this term re used as synonyms. is applied to the act of lashing the base of a basket together is not sticks is usually considerably known; possibly the result looks like a cacomite bulb. 63044 -32-10 MMONSMEW"20------.

110 110 ~BUREAUOF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY[nu.9 [BULL. 94

E E Y100a passhfip, papiccf -tc ku- Then I run it around one stick, masskrip taniynhkka"ar.l& Papi- the first stick. I put it through BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOL ci-tcshrip kumfi'Atcip, va~ tanf- between the first and the second yiArnnupriP. sticks. [See PI. 19.] F F Xas kidttutifikam kd~k tanipf- Then I turn it [a quarter turn] yfi3.n'ma.18 Karixas 'ieyfdkkiikam to the left. Then I run the kdi~k tanipiccipma passhfum. pineroot strand straight across. Papici-tcsfirip mupp~inatc " va~ I put it through between the kh~n taniya-nniipri' *18 first and the second sticks. [See P1. 19.1 G G Karixas tani'd-v'rin. Karixas Then I turn it over. Then I tivap "I kii~k tfini'lvw. Pa'ifuesa- put it across diagonally. I insert irippf-matc va: kft~n tanfyfirn- it between the second and third kfif. sticks. [See PI. 19.] H H Xas tanipfivrin kyidkku 'um. Then I turn it over again. Xas kiikku~m 'iey6-k tani'iccip- Then I run it straight across kyar,'20 tanipiyn~kkajr kilkku sum. again, I run it around [through] again. [See PI. 19.] I I Xas kilkku~m tani'di v'rin. Then I turn it over again. Xas tivap tani'lccipma'. Xas Then I run it diagonally across, taniyfiinkuri kuyrakansarippi-m'- then I insert it between the mate. third and the fourth sticks. [See P1. 20.] 15 Or tani'd-v'raO, I pass it under. 18 Or tu'iccipkyaf, it runs across. 17 Lit, next to the first stick. 18 Or vo-kupa'Ah-ti', it runs. '" Here used to indicate not from corner diagonally to corner, as it has previously been used, but a, Twined bunch of maidenhair stemsa; diagonally from the interstice between split end through which mai(Ienhairs first and second of re(Idish backs of maidenhair sterns, sticks on one side to that between second and third bunch of fronts prepared for weaving, sticks on the opposite side. 20 Or tanipihyA-kkaf, but this usually refers to larger objects. --.EMIIIIII --.Wvnn ---HWIIIIIM ."Ammew-

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E i Then I run it around one ;ii4 BUREAU OF AMERICAN the first stick. I put it through ETHNOLOGY BULLETIN 94 PLATE 17 between the first and the second sticks. [See P1. 19.] I Y TFhen I, tur-nit [a quarter tuxnI to t~WIt.' Then rui 1he pineroot strand' strai I put it througli btiween the' first n the :d nsecondsticks '[See F 9. : , :,! ;-

'1Yheh I -nri'i t ov~r. ''hri I put it' c lily. I b it bbetween'the' sdozid aid thiMd sadks. [See PI. '19. ' C.

!Then I'tiir it ' "over again., Thien I 'run it' s t acrovs again, I run it around Ithrough1 again. [See P1. A9.]

Then I turn it -over , gaw

Theni 1-t iun it tdiagenafl, ' then I in9Wt1.- it betwequ, t6b-e third and the fourth sticks. [§,ee

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FAKlYfron a, Twined bunch of teinto*sticei betvween maidenhair stems; b, iris twine for twining same; c, stick eplitend with 6D of reddishthrough whith maidenhair stems are pulled before they are split; d, bunch that between selobd and thidi backs of maidenhair stems, split frons the fronts and to be thrown away; e, bunch of fronts prepared for weaving; f, bundle of maidenhair stems, not twined ally refers to larger objects. 90" awm-- . . - I -Tppp,-

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HARRINGTON] TOBACCO AMONG THE K

BUREAU CF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY BULLETIN 94 PLATE 22 J 1jla cC cXas kdkku~m tanipf.v'rin. T Xas'iOyaruk tani'iccipkyaf. Xas The kuyrakansarip pidvakansarip xak- The k~n mukdnA-tcip taniyfunnupri'. thir

b. Passiilkam vasshrip va: taku- (1 IZ-COD .I It' , 1) niynakavhra-m'mar SEC9N02 P/ME Pi02.7

8iS/'Po9/A/D %N t fl Sikam tanipikya"'r, panith- I yiflhiti'.21 'Avahkam kuna tcimi- side U ] ti/i 7#t ll helec,22 pakd.kam 'u'vahkamr- side he~c paslpnu'uk. Paye-m vdra turn va: hitiha~n va: kfiikam 'u'bvah- outs kamhiti', pakudkam 'u'hvahkam- The hitihe'ec. Paku-kam na'ivhivuti'. to b C @] 1 Puna'Avrinatihaia vura payva- side he'Orn. it 01

c. Xas va: vura kuniynakavh- (HO, d rsAti kydkku'um K Kiukku-m tanipdv'rin. Tcimi T niynakavarA-vic pa'avahkam piak am 23 7 1l 0 10 \4DD/-Jot 'ikkyukiratihaA. Tivap tani'ic- four X I a/ cipma'. Karixas va: papicciftc diag muppifmatc passfrip tanify-n- inse nupri'. seco L Kdkku~m va: kari tanipfdv'rin. T 'Itcyfi kinuyAtc tani'iccipkyaf. run Papiciktcshrip muppimate VaB the ______~ ~~~dkk~n taniyd-nnfip 'ri. inse. M

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STAGES IN WEAVING TOBACCO BASKET yi dhiti, when referring to starting a entire bottom, not merely to lash the bi 22 Or krnahelec for kuna tcimihe'ec. 2 3Or pa'avahkam kumappi-d pa'ikkyu BARRINGTON] TOBACCO AMONG THE KARUK INDIANS ill

BULLETIN 94 PLATE 22 J J Xas kukku~m tanipd v'rin. Then I turn it over again. Xas 'iOyhruk tani'iecipkyai. Xas Then I run it straight across. kuyrakansArip pi~vakansfirip xhk- Then I insert it between the kn mukdni-tcip tanlyfi nnupri'. third and the fourth sticks. [See P1. 20.]

b. Passdkam vasshrip vaA taku- (THEY FINISH LASHING THE INSIDE STICKS) fROo 7 niynakavara m'mar Sdikam tanipikya'ar, panith- I have finished lashing the in- yifOhiti'.21 'Avahkam kuna teimi- side [group of sticks]. The out- a he ec,22 pakdikam 'u'Vvahkim- side [group of sticks] I now in he~c pasipnu'uk. Payerm vira turn am going to lash, where the vaA hitiha~n vat kfiikam 'u'hvah- outside of the basket is going to be. kamhiti', pakdokam 'u'hvahkam- The side that is up now is going hitihe' 0c. Pakfi kam na'kvhivuti'. to be the top of the basket. That C Puna'd-vrinatihafa vura payvb- side faces me now. I do not turn he 'em it over any more.

c. Xas vaA vura kuniynakavh- (HOW THEY CONTINUE LASHING) ra-ti kylkku'um ._ K K Kikku-m taniptvv'rin. Teimi Then I turn it over again. I niynakavfri-vic pa'fvahkam plrk am about to lash the outside 'fkkyukAratihaA.23 Tivap tani'fc- four that run across. I run it cipma'. Karixas vaA papiccf tc diagonally across again. Then I muppi-matc passaiip tanfyi-n- insert it between the first and nupri'. second sticks. [See P1. 20.] L L Kdkku~m va: kari tanipf v'rin. Then I turn it over again. I 'Itcyfi-kinuyl-tc tani'iccipkyai. run it straight across. Between Papici-tcshrip muppi-matc va: the first and the second sticks I d kakn taniyfunnfip'ri. insert it. [See P1. 20.] M M Karixas kdttutfikam kdik tani- Then I turn it a [quarter of a plyfi n'ma'. turn] to the left. [See P1. 20.] a z U1 21 Ct. pani'Affivti', which although used as a synonym of panith- NG TOBACCO BASKET yi-Ohiti', when referring to starting a basket, means to weave the entire bottom, not merely to lash the base. 22 Or kdnahelec for kuna tcfmihe le. 23 Or pa'hvahkam kumbppi-O pa'ikkyukaratihaid. 112 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [BILRL.94 HARRINGTO141 TOBACCO AMONG THE

N N !II T Karixas tani'd v'rin. Karixas Then I turn it over. I run it Karixas kidkku~m tanipA.v'rin. kdkkum 'ioydr kiok tani'ic- across again, I put it through. 'Ioydikyatc 25 vura tani'iccipkyai. cipma', tanyiyu n'ma. [See Pl. 20.] Paku-kam 'usd1kamhitihe'ec, pay8-m vaA 'avahkamtah. I 0 0 Karixas kdkku~m tanipr v'rin. Then I turn it over again. Karixas kdku~m vura 'iOyd kdok Then I run it across still another d. Pa'avahkam vasshrip kuina tanipiccipma', vaA 'u~m kari tati- time, so it will be flat. Some- takuniynakavariam'mar nihy~a'tc. HA ri paniynakava- times some of the pineroot strands Xas 'avahkam va: kuna tani- ra-ti passhium kyikum 'b,?vhi, I am putting around are too pikya~r passarip panitayi-Ohiti', puttirihitihara; vaA kuma'i'i Pa- high, not flat; that is why I lash papilo paku-kam 'u'avahkam- 'axhkyaA nipiynhkka-rati'. it around twice. he Iec. HA ri va: khn kfikku~m24 tani- Sometimes I run it around a piccipiv'raO, 'ipa picci~p ni'icci- second time where I ran it around e. YiO0a takunipvikkir6-piOva', pivrabat, papu'imrustihaya ha~k before, in case it does not look pi^6 passarip takunpicrikkyas'rar picci"p, papuk6ha'ak picci"p. good the first time, if it is not U V W. (See P1. 22) right-sized the first time. [See PI. 21.] Karixas kikku~m tanipA v'rin. Pakdukam 'u'6vahkamhitihe'ec, P P pay8 m va: 'avahkamtah, hiti- ha~n 'u'Avahkamhitihe'ec. Karixas kikku~m tanipftv'rin. Then I turn it over again. Karixas tivap kdik tanipiyuwn'- Then I insert it diagonally across, Karixas 'ijA n nipvikkir6op- muppi m'matc. between the second and the third ma, pa'ifuOshrip nipievik- sticks. piOvuti pitevhmmahitc Q ksasrarati passarip. 'Itcannitc Q vura va: tanikyupavi kro vaha'. Karixas kdkku~m tani'A v'rin. Then I turn it over again. I 'Itce-nitc vudra 'upvapiro-piOvuti', 'Itcd-kinuyl-tc k6.k tani'iccip- run it straight across. [See P1. tanipvikir6-pi6'va. PiAO nipicrik- ma'. 21.] kasrarati', pi1 6 vura passafip. 'ItcA-nitc vura nipvikiro piavuti'. R R Panithyi-Oharati va: vur usarm- Karixas kdkku~m tani'd v'rin. Then I turn it over again. I kuti', va: vura nivikkYare'ec. VaA Kdkku~m 'ieyd. kdik tanipiccip- run it across another time, so it kabn 'upihyarupramti ti-m passd- ma', va, 'u~m kuma'i'i 'imusti- will look better. [See P1. 21.] rum.25 Karixas yiOoa kuma tanih- haya ya tche'ec. yakkuri passaium. Kunic taniy- puiipuO 'axxak vura yittca~tc S S passarum, 'iOAn vura pataniypa- Kdkku~m tani'dvv'rin. Karixas I turn it over again. I insert OipA6, va: 'uAm puntaranna-mhi- tivap kuik tanipiyu n'ma, kuy- it diagonally across, between the tihaia, karu va: 'u~m pu 'ipvon- r&-k passarip muppi"m. third and the fourth sticks. [See nupramtihaia. Pa'ipa mfik ni- P1. 21.] 2sOr 'itcyu-kinuyl-tc. 26 See T, pl. 21. 24 Or 'axhkya'an, two times.

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ERICAN ETHNOLOGY [BULL. 94 sAsxnatoNI TOBACCO BONG THE BRED INDIANS 113 N T T s Then I turn it over. I run it Karixas kuikkusm tanipA v'rin. Then I turn it over again. It across again, I put it through. 'Joyi kyatc25 vura tani'iccipkyai. is straight across that I run it. [See PI. 20.] Pakfi-kam 'usfiikamhitihe'ec, What is going to be the inside pay6em vaA 'hvahkamtah. of the basket is on top now. 0 [See PI. 21.] Then I turn it over again. i Then I run it across still another d. Pa'Avahkam vasshrip kfina (THEY FINISH LASHING THE OUT- - time, so it will be flat. Some- takuniynakavara-m'mar SIDE STICKS) - times some of the pineroot strands Xas 'Avahkam vaA kdna tani- So I finish lashing the other I am putting around are too pikyajr outside warp sticks, the four that high, not flat; that is why I lash passftrip panithyi-ohiti', papi^o paki-kam 'u'Vhvahkam- will be outside of the basket. it around twice. he"ec. Sometimes I run it around a second time where I ran it around e. YiO0a takunipvIkkir6-piOva', (THEY WEAVE ONE COURSE, TAK- before, in case it does not look pike passhrip takunpicrikkyas'rar ING IN FOUR STICKS AT A TIME) good the first time, if it is not right-sized the first time. [See U V W. (See P1. 22) U V W. (See P1. 22) P1. 21.] Karixas k-ikkubm tanipt v'rin. Then I turn it over again. Pakfikam 'u'dvahkamhitihe'ec, What is going to be the outside P payt-m vaA 'Avahkamtah, hiti- of the basket is on top now, it is Then I turn it over again. ha~n 'u'dvahkamhitihecec. going to be on top all the time Then I insert it diagonally across, [from now on]. between the second and the third Karixas 'iea n nipvikkir6-p- Then I two-strand twine once sticks. piOvuti pitcvhmmahitc nipicvik- around taking in four sticks at a Q kyasrarati passhfip. 'Itcl-nnitc time. I two-strand twine around vura vaA tanikyuphvi kr6ovaha'. thus just one course. It takes in Then I turn it over again. I 'Itc nitc vdra 'upvhpir6 pi~vuti', four sticks at a time, I weave run it straight across. [See PI. tanipvikir6 piO'va. P1,6 nipicrik- around once. I take in four at a 21.] kasrarati', pifO vdra passAtip. twining, four sticks. I just two- R 'ItcA -nitc vdra nipvikir6 piovuti'. strand twine around once. Panithyi-Oharati va: vur ush-m- What I am lashing with is not Then I turn it over again. I kuti', va: vura nivikkyare'ec. Va: all used up, with it I am going to run it across another time, so it kh;n 'upihyhruprdmti tim passd- two-strand twine. The pineroot will look better. [See P1. 21.] ium.2 5 Karixas yIfla kuma tanih- strand sticks out at the corner. yakkuri passhium. Kunic taniy- Then I introduce a new pineroot pAilpAO 'Axxak vura yfttca~tc strand. I twist the two pineroot S passhium, 'iWAn vdra pataniypa- strands together, just one twist I turn it over again. I insert OipAO, va: 'u~m puntarbnna-mhi- around, so it will not show (where it diagonally across, between the tihafa, karu va: 'u~m pu 'ipv8 n- I introduced the second strand) third and the fourth sticks. [See nupramtihara. Pa'ipa mink ni- and so it will not come loose again. P1. 21.] "Or2 'itcyu-kinuyA-tc. " See T, pl. 21. BARRINOTON] TOBACCO AMONG THE K 114 BUREAU OF AME] IICAN ETHNOLOGY [BULL. 94 thyF-ohitihaf, vaA mi-k nicrip- I make firm the newly intro- g. Pahfi-t piccftc kunkupa'arava- (HO pihti', pa'iffuO patanihyakkuri duced pineroot strand with the hiti' passhfum, Suikamkam 'u'Vah-ti same strand that I lashed with. X Y Z (See PI. 22) pa'ipa nitatyiOharati',27 papicci-tc- The one that I lashed with runs iicrikkyuii, pa'ipa niyakkurihat underneath [the four sticks] at Pakhon tanipvikkir6.pi~vahalak, I passarum 'avahkamkam 'u'hh6-- the first taking-in, the one that va, khon pani'framsIprivti'. Kix- onc ti'. Pf^O passarip mu'hvahkam I introduced runs across on top. xumnipa~k ni'aramsiprivti'. twi alu 'iOyt-k tu'lccipk~at yfO6a pas- One pineroot strand runs across twi shum, karu yi00a passhrum si?- on top of the four sticks, and one 8 kamh. YfOMa kuna to ssdrukam' underneath. One strand goes Pakho ni'aramsi-prlvti piccil'tc,3 y10a tu'hvahkam vaA panikupe-c- under and one over, that is the va- kan pe pvikmlaramhe'ec. str rikkyurifvahiti', yiO6a kuna tasa- way I two-strand twine, one goes Pe-pvikmuiram tanipvi1kmaha"'k, of ripsdiuk, yiOfa kuna tasaripkvah- under the hazel sticks, one goes vab vura karixas nickYbxxicrihti', th kaml, 'axxak pakunl'hh-ti pas- over, the two pine root strands panivi ktiha'ak. Va: vura karixas on shium. run along. nickYAxxicrihti pate-pvikmuram- wI Kixxumnipa~k xas patanic- At the corners, I cross the ha"'k. Pah6-tahyg:k taniky6o- I t rikkyuni. Karixas vaX 'upivah- strands. Then the pine root ha"'k, papuva n6epvi kmaha'lk, If kamputi passarum 'ipa 9 sflkaih, strand that was underneath [in va- kari kunipitti' puya-hara 'fn be patanicrikkYurihasak, karu vaA the previous taking-in] runs on napicre vihe'ec, 'ikxaram 'uvik- sa. to-ps6?kam pa'ipa '4vahkaih. top, when I cross them, and that kye~c pananivik.34 hW which was on top runs under- neath. Pakh~n tani'aramsip, sa-rip karu 'I0-n phy nikyuphvi kr6 vahiti' I two-strand twine once around sarum taniyakkuri kyf-n. YiO0a tv karixas patani'Afav. in this manner, then I start to kfikku m taniyhkkuri passarum, hi three-strand twine. (See PI. 22). kuyrhrk tu'arihi6. Va: kfAn pa- st nihyakkurihti pa'axxa kuma'a5- ra f. YA-sti-k'am kdk takunvi-kma, (THEY WEAVE TO THE RIGHT) tcip passatum. Pataniyakkurl- I YA-sti-kYam kdlk tanivi-kma'.8 0 I always weave to the right. ha"'k, 'axxak nipicrikkyasrirati pi HA-ri vura kfi-kam kuttutukam some people weave passitip t Sometimes a] kdlk kunv1-kmAti'. 'Axxa kitc to the left. I only knew two t( vura mit pani'&-pdnmutihat pa- who wove that way. Mahon'nin kunkupavikkyahitihat'. 'As dttcaiiatc was mita va: was one, and 33 Or pakhon picciftc ni'aramsi pri Maho-n'nin 31vaA mit yi00a', karu one; they say there used to be strand twining starts really determi 'As dttacaAatc 82 vaA mit yif0a'; several that wove to the left. since where this starts is inconspicu( kunipitti vura ta-y kdlttutukam All of them produced poor strand twining is readily seen, the la kdik kunvi-kumtihafik. K6-vura weaving. to determine the place. mit 'uti-lohina-tihat pamuklin'vik. 84 This belief, that one must reac 27 It is a matter of chance which strand goes across on top and make the basket work progress fast which underneath. Sometimes the twisting is omitted. diligent work is put in to reach the g, 21 Or to ssdkam. if the distraction is not pressing, o! 29 Or pa'ipa. the result that one is again cours, 30 Old Karuk as well as Eng. way of expressing the direction of superstition. The work progresses the weaving= in clockwise direction. amusedly volunteered observation. 8" Of obscure mg., Sally Tom. 82 Mg. packing a heavy load of water, Lizzie Abels. fERICAN ETHNOLOGY [BULL. 94 HARRINOTON] TOBACCO AMONG THE KARUK INDIANS 115 p- I make firm the newly intro- g. Pahd-t picc1 tc kunkupa'hrava- (How THEY TWINE WITH THREE .ri duced pineroot strand with the hiti' STRANDS THE FIRST TIME) ti same strand that I lashed with. I c- The one that I lashed with runs i X Y Z (See P1. 22) X Y Z (See PI. 22) it underneath [the four sticks] at I Where I finish going around i Pakhon tanipvikkir6.piOvaha'lk, - the first taking-in, the one that vat kfAn pani'Aramsiprivti'. Kix- once, that is where I start to n I introduced runs across on top. xumnipabk ni'bramsiprivti'. twine with three strands. I 3- One pineroot strand runs across always start to three-strand ?- on top of the four sticks, and one twine at the corner. 28 underneath. One strand goes Pakai ni'irams1 privti picei"tc,'3 Where I first start to three- under and one over, that is the vae kfln pe pvikmdramhe ec. strand twine, that will be the end L- way I two-strand twine, one goes P6-pvikmniram tanfpvi kmaha"'k, of the courses. When I get to i- under the hazel sticks, one goes vat vura khrixas nickyhxxicrihti', the end of a course, that is the over, the two pine root strands panivI ktiha'ak. Va, vdra karixas only time I can stop working, run along. nickyhxxicrihti pate-pvikmdram- when I am working on a basket. At the corners, I cross the ha"'k. Pah6-tahyg~k tanik'6o- I stop at the end of the course. - strands. Then the pine root ha'sk, papuva n6*pv1*kmaha'^k, If I quit in the wrong place, strand that was underneath [in vax kari kunipitti' puyl-hara 'fn before I weave to there, they the previous taking-in] runs on napicrt viheIec, 'ikxxram 'uvik- say a dead person will help me top, when I cross them, and that kye~c pananfiik.34 weave, he will weave on my which was on top runs under- basket in the night. neath. Pakan tani'framsip, shrip karu Where I start to three-strand I two-strand twine once around shrum taniyakkuri kya-n. YiO0a twine, I always insert both a in this manner, then I start to kdkku~m taniyftkkuri passhfum, hazel stick and a pine root three-strand twine. (See PI. 22). kuyrik tu'irihiL. VaA khon pa- strand. I introduce another pine root strand, that makes (THEY WEAVE TO THE RIGHT) nihyikkurihti pa'bxxa kumi'A-- three. tcip passhium. Pataniyakkuri- I insert it between the two other I always weave to the right. ha'8k, 'ixxak nipicrikkyasrirati pine root strands. When I in- t Sometimes some people weave passhfip troduce a new hazel stick, I to the left. I only knew two always take in two hazel sticks who wove that way. MahU-n'nin together by the twining. was one, and 'AsittcaAatc was one; they say there used to be a3Or pakion picci tc ni'hramsi privti'. Where the course of two- several that wove to the left. strand twining starts really determines the end of the courses, but All of them produced poor since where this starts is inconspicuous while the start of the three- weaving. strand twining is readily seen, the latter is considered by the Indians to determine the place. as This belief, that one must reach the end of a course, tends to ich strand goes across on top and make the basket work progress faster. When another matter calls, ie twisting is omitted. diligent work is put in to reach the goal, the end of the course. Then if the distraction is not pressing, one weaves a little beyond-with the result that one is again course-end bound through a mighty wvay of expressing the direction of superstition. The work progresses. This is the informant's- own )n. amusedly volunteered observation. water, Lizzie Abels. - I

116 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [BULL. 94 HARRlNGTON] TOBACCO AMONG THE

Sdkam 'uve-hricukti pasarip- The bases of the hazel sticks Pi;o tani'aiav, va: 'u~m sak- soon ?Affiv karupassarum pavura and pineroot strands, as ri"v. Ka-kum ta~y kunfram- fo picci tc tanil kkYiha'1k. as I introduce hazel sticks, stick ti'; vaA 'u~m kumaya yVa'tc. st out inside the basket. Ha-ri vura ta~y kunhramti', karu tl tti', va~ the butt ends of the Pasarip ?ffiv niOavatvi I chew h ri vura tcdmitcit'c. at 'u~m xe-ttcitc patanitakkuka- hazel sticks so that they will ha'ak. Va: kuma yifOa kuna vo- be soft when I clean out the yavhiti', pu'ipv6-nkivtihara pa- inside of the basket. And an- a tani~avatvhttaha'ak. other thing, they do not slip (I back out, if I chew them. h. Pahut kunkupa'axaytckkic- Va: p6 kupitti kuyrftnk passa- That way three pineroot rihahiti pakunvi ktihaak. top rum 'a? 'uve-hriv 'avahkam hiti- strands are sticking up on Va: vura nikyupaxaytchkkicri- hind- ha~n viria. Pa'ifutcti-mitc va: all the time. I take the hahiti pavik, surukam pasdkam- si pass pani'usiprf nnati vura hitiha'an, most one all the time, and he'ec, vaA vura nikyup6ytthrAm- n it viri va: paniynakavara-ti': 35 it around [a warp stick]; kahiti pananipklifruhak pakd^- h passes 3 7 'Axxak 'avahkam 'u'Vah-ti', xas goes over two sticks and kam usdkamh'e&c. Papuiva xay I in a va: yiOea passarip musiurukkam inder one. Every once napikririha'ak, papuiva navik- y 8 it tupiynhkka'ar.i Tc6-myAtcva ni- while I pull it tight, I make kyura ha'ak, vura hitiha~n su? t way they picrippiliti', shkri~v nipikyA-tti'. solid. That is the foxui-priv pananipkuruhhvah- c VaA nikyupa'aravahiti'. twine with three strands. kamh. Pateimi nivikyurA vica- i Payifea to *psdnkinatcha'ak, xas Whenever a pine root strand ha'ak, va: kari nipaoakhikkyuti'; ( yiO kuna taniyakkuri passarum. gets short, I put another in. paketcha'ak, vura 'apun 'u'I- i Picci tc panivi-kro-vuti', 'itchm- The first course I only insert ra',3 8 nanieva-ykyarh, 'ukririhriv. mahitc ti-mxakkarari kite nihyafk- one [warp stick] at each corner. kurihti'. Va: kuma'iffuO ta-y vu- After that I introduce many, I i. Pahu-t kunkupapaffivmara- ra tanipi"k, 'axakmahitc nipi- pass it around two [warp sticks] hiti' crikyasrg nvuti pavura ho-y vu- at a time whenever I introduce Karixas patanikxufrik.39 Tani- rava yieHa tanihyhkkuriha~k pas- a [new] warp stick. Whenever xuripha panyfiraramf'uk. Tani- to be a gap, I in- sarip. Pavura ho-y vura kunic there seems vik. Tak6, pa'arav. to-xa-sha', kari kliikk~m yie6a troduce one [warp stick] again. tanihyhkkuri. 37 The basket while the bottom Pa'affiv kYariha'ak, va: kari When still working on the bottom up on the (formerly bare) i kitc pani'i -kkydti'. Pata'ah 'uvo - bottom, that is the time when the knee. In basket work the new rura-ha'lk, vaA kari tako- pani'- I introduce the most sticks. regularly introduced with the right ] f kkyuti', ha-ri xas vura kukku-m After I start up the sides of the used to press the strands down and y16ea tanihyhkkuIi. Vura kunh-- basket, I stop introducing them, 38 Or taniOrlrc, I set it. punmuti pa'affivkii, va-ramas va: just sometimes I introduce one 39 The impractical shape of the bi 'u'm, karu ke citcas. Ka-kum again. One can tell the originally which bulged in the center so that t 'u'f-kkythiti passartip, kuru ka-- inserted sticks, they are long bottom, was blamed on the use, or kum 'dOvuyti 'afivkir. ones, and stouter ones. Some on its bottom. Papanyurar 'uvik are introduced warp sticks, and u'ifriccukvuti'. Xas pu'ikricrihti some are called sticks that one hitiha'ak, pu'ikri-crihtihara. Pav starts with. kunvikkyarati'. If the bottom is back out" [sticks out]. Then th 36 Or panicrikyuri vuti'. When the bottom sticks out, it d 18Or nicrikkyurihti', I pass it. weave is to make the bottom with - i: ------= -

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IERICAN ETHNOLOGY [BULL. 94 sARRvoles] TOBACCO AMONG THE KAREK INDIANS 117 p- The bases of the hazel sticks ra and pineroot strands, as soon P1^6 tani'hiav, vaA 'u~rrL shk- I twine with three strands as I introduce hazel sticks, stick ri"v. Kh-kum ta~y kuni'hram- four times around, then it is out inside the basket. ti'; va: 'u~m kumaya-y4a'tc. strong. Some people twine with so I chew the butt ends of the HA-ri vurata~y kunbramti',karu three strands several times i- hazel sticks so that they will hAri vura tcimitcifc. around; then it is a little better. be soft when I clean out the Sometimes they three-strand l- inside of the basket. And an- twine a lot, and sometimes just other thing, they do not slip a little. back out, if I chew them. ih. Pahfrt kunkupa'axaytc hkkic- (HOW THEY HOLD THE BASKET L- That way three pineroot AS rihahiti pakunvifktiha'a k. IT IS BEING ;- strands are sticking up on top WOVEN) all the time. I take the hind- Va: vura nikyupaxaytcalkkicri- I hold the basket with its in- most one all the time, and pass hahiti pavik, sdrukam pasuRkam- side down, I hold its inside upon ' it around [a warp stick]; it I hec, va: vidra nikyupeyttAram- my thigh. When I do not yet 3 goes over two sticks and passes kahiti pananipkydruhak Ipakd^- hold it against my knee, when 1 under one. Every once in a kam usdi'kamh'e&c.a7 Papu, va xay I have not started up the sides - while I pull it tight, I make it napikririha'ak, papfiva :navik- yet, it lies mouth down on my . solid. That is the way they kyura ha'ak, vura hitihaA]n su? thigh. When I start up the sides twine with three strands. iiux i-priv pananipkuruhiiAvah- of the basket, I hold it against Whenever a pine root strand karih. Patcimi nivikyurii-vica- my knee; and if it is big, it sets gets short, I put another in. ha'ak, va: khri nipaOakhik kyuti'; on the ground, in front of me, on The first course I only insert pak6.tcha'ak, vura 'a-pun 'u'i 6- its side. one [warp stick] at each corner. ra',38 nanlova-ykyarh, 'ukrl:rihri4~. After that I introduce many, I i. Pahu-t kunkupaphffivn 1ara- (HOW THEY FINISH pass it around two [warp sticks) OUT hiti' THE BOTTOM) at a time whenever I introduce a [new] warp stick. Whenever Karixas patanikxdifik.3 9 Tani- Then I start to make patterns. there seems to be a gap, I in- xdripha panyuraramfl'uk. Thni- I stripe it vertically with bear troduce one [warp stick] again. vik. Tak6, pa'aiav. lily, I twine with two strands.

When still working on the 3' The basket while the bottom is still being worked on is held bottom, that is the time when bottom up on the (formerly bare) thigh just above the knee, not on I introduce the most sticks. the knee. In basket work the new warp sticks and woof strands are After I start up the sides of the regularly introduced with the right hand; the left thumb is constantly basket, I stop introducing them, used to press the strands down and make the work firm. just sometimes I introduce one "I Or taniori-c, I set it. again. One can tell the originally 39 The impractical shape of the bottom of a certain tobacco basket, inserted sticks, they are long which bulged in the center so that the basket would not set flat on its ones, and stouter ones. Some bottom, was blamed on the use, or too early use, of bear lily overlay on its bottom. Papanyirar are introduced warp sticks, and 'uvikkyarahitiha~k pa' Affiv, 'um vura some are called sticks that one u'ifriccukvuti'. Xas pu'ikrfcrihtihaia, passipnu'uk. Po-'i-fricuka- starts with. hitiha'ak, pu'ikri crihtihafa. Pavikyayt pea 'u~mkun 'hffiv serum kunvikkyarati'. If the bottom is woven with bear lily, it "comes back out" [sticks out]. Then the basket does not set up [good]. When the bottom sticks out, it does not set up [good]. The good weave is to make the bottom with pineroot strands only.

I & ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~I 118 BUREAU OF AME:5RlICAN ETHNOLOGY [BULL. 94 BARRINGTON] TOBACCO AMONG THE bi The three-strand twining comes 'arava'a tcip. Xas kdkku~m va: St to an end. khon tanippaiav, yi66a kdkku~m St YiOea passarum tanipviktcak- I "tie down" one pineroot tanipparav. kic su?.40 'Axxaki~c vura panivik- St strand [one of the three strands b. kyarati'.4 ' Su? kitc vura po-ve-h- that I have been twining with] 0' rimnihva'. inside. I twine with two strands. SI of the dropped strand] It [the end ,I must always stick off inside. Sarumvassihkyam papanyurar The bear lily strand I always a a patanihyakkuri. Papanyurar 'u~m introduce just after [i. e., be- tanip- vuira hitihabn sarumvassihkyam yond, in a direction away from Xas 'arava'avahkam tanip- 'u'ah-ti'. Papanyuirar 'u~m vura the weaver] the pineroot strand xuiriphiro'°v, kuyrftkya~n hitihabn 'u'avahkamhiti'. Sarum [that is to be dropped]. The xuriphiro'°v. u'aktappurahiti papanydiar. Sa- bear lily strand goes on the back rum ni'aktappunti papanydiar. of [i. e., on the outside of] the Xas 'axxak tanipvi kr6 v pan- PiMe tanikxurikr8'ov. pineroot strand all the time. yuraramunnaxitc. The bear lily strand is on top all Xas piO nikutcitcvhssiha', 'fap- the time. The bear lily strand pa panyuiar, 'appap sarum. VaA is lined with the pineroot strand. nikyupakutcitcvhssihahiti', pata- I line the bear lily strand with a nipvi kmaha"'k, va: kari tanipic- pineroot strand. I make ver- vi-trip papanyurar, 'appapkam tical bar pattern [by facing one vaA tanipihybkkdfi. strand only] for four courses. Xas 'axxak tanivi-krov panyu- Then I twine with two strands raramunnaxit'c, 'axxak vura shrum around twice with solid bear lily, j. Pahdt kunkupatakravahiti ni'aktappunti papanyurar. with lining both bear lily strands sf'?kaxh, karixas takunvik- strands. pineroot kyura"a 41a Karixas 'axxak nivi-kr6'ov, 'ap- Then I twine with two strands pap 'ikritapkir, karu 'appa pan- twice around, having one strand Karixas papicef-tc tanipikrAli,4 ydfar, 'uxunniphino vahitihat'c. faced with maidenhair and the patcimi nivikkyurAvi-c, viri vaK Xas 'iffuf panyurar tanivi-k- other with bear lily, it runs a- kari su? tanitakrav, yieea sarip r6'°v, 'axxak. round vertical barred a little [re- mflk tanitakrav. VaA kh;n pata- ferring to the vertical bar thus nikutcitcvhssiha', viri va: khin produced]. patanitakrav, pakutcitcvasihasu- Xas panyurar sarum xhkka~n Then after that I two-strand ndkya'atc. Vura ke-ccitc passarip tanixuripha', kuyrhk tanipvik- twine twice around with bear patani'fssip, xas val sUi tanikif- kir6opi9'va. lily. kyfi nnam'ni. Karixas patcimi nipikrfrihe-ca- Then I vertical bar pattern ha'^k, vaA kari tani'fiav, ylO0a three times around, bear lily and Xas panivi ktiha'^k, ha nihma- tani'aramn6ov. Karixas yif6a pineroot strands together. hitc va: niptaspu nvuti patakra3- tanivi-kr6o'v, panyurar 'Appap Then when I am pretty nearly 41& See Pl. 23, a. ni'avikvuti', karu 'Appap saium, ready to start up the sides of the

40 Or sd'kaih. 41 Or penivikkYare'ec, that I am going to twine with two strands. IERICAN ETHNOLOGY UBULL.94 HARRIlNOTON] TOBACCO AMONG THE KARUK INDIANS 119

The three-strand twining comes 'aravAIatcip. Xas kdkku~m va. basket, then I twine with three to an end. khon tanipphiav, yi66a kilkku~m strands. I twine with three i- I "tie down" one pineroot tanipphiav. strands once around. Then I two- {- strand [one of the three strands strand twine once around with I- that I have been twining with] bear lily one side and pineroot inside. I twine with two strands. on the other, with the three- It [the end of the dropped strand] strand twining in the middle. must always stick off inside. Then I three-strand twine there r The bear lily strand I always again, I three-strand twine once n introduce just after [i. e., be- around again. • yond, in a direction away from Xas 'arava'bvahkam tanip- Then on top of the three-strand a the weaver] the pineroot strand xuiriphiro'°v, kuyrhkya~n tanip- twining I vertical bar pattern a- a [that is to be dropped]. The xdriphiro'ov. round, I vertical bar pattern - bear lily strand goes on the back three times around. of [i. e., on the outside of] the Xas 'Axxak tanipvi-kr6-v pan- Then I two-strand twine twice pineroot strand all the time. yuraramunnaxit'c. around with pure bear lily. The bear lily strand is on top all Xas pif0 nikutcitevassiha', 'Ap- Then I diagonal bar design the time. The bear lily strand pa panyidiar, 'hppap shfum. Va: with a bear lily strand and a pine- is lined with the pineroot strand. nikyupakutcitcvAssihahiti', pata- root strand. The way I make I line the bear lily strand with a nIpvi kmaha'1k, va: kari tanipic- the diagonal bar design is that pineroot strand. I make ver- vi-trip papanydraf, 'Appapkam when I have two-strand twined tical bar pattern [by facing one vat tanipihybkkifi. once around, I break off the bear strand only] for four courses. lily strand, I introduce it into Then I twine with two strands the other [pineroot] strand. around twice with solid bear lily, lining both bear lily strands with j. Pahd-t kunkupatakrhvahiti (EIOW THEY APPLY A HOOP ON THE pineroot strands. sf ?kaih, karixas takunvik- INSIDE BEFORE THEY WEAVE UP Then I twine with two strands kyura"' 41a THE SIDES OF THE BASKET) 41a twice around, having one strand Karixas papiccl-tc tanipikrifi,4 When I first hold it against my faced with maidenhair and the pateimi nivfkkyuri iric, viri va: knee, when I am about to start other with bear lily, it runs a- kari sui tanithkra4, yiO0a shrip up the sides of the basket, then I round vertical barred a little [re- mI rk tanithkraO. Va: khnn pata- apply a hoop. I apply a hazel ferring to the vertical bar thus nikutcitcvassiha', viri va: kan stick as a hoop. Where I diagonal- produced]. patanitakraO, pakutcitcvasihasu- bar, that is where I am applying Then after that I two-strand ndkya'atc. Vura k6-ccitc passfrip the hoop, inside of the diagonal twine twice around with bear patani'fl ssip, xas va: sOi' tanikif- bar designing. I select a rather lily. kyfu nnAm'ni. stout hazel stick, I bend it Then I vertical bar pattern around inside. three times around, bear lily and Xas panivi ktiha'ak, hh-nihma- Then when I weave, every once pineroot strands together. hitc va: niptesp-dPnvuti patakrh- in a while I lash in the hoop, I Then when I am pretty nearly ready to start up the sides of the 41a See PI. 23, a. 42See p. 117. going to twine with two strands. 2 BUREAU OF AMEI 120 1ICAN ETHNOLOGY [BULL. 94 HARRINGTON] TOBACCO AMONG THE

var, ya vdra tanikyat, su? vura fix it good, I fasten it inside 1. Pahlrt ki-kum kunkupapipa- (I tusftkri-vhiram'ni. firm. trI-pvahiti passarip, pa'ip- VaA kuma'i'i patanitakrav, xay I apply the hoop, so that it will panvaritaha' ak xetcitc, panivikyurA ha'ak, 'uka- not be limber, where I start up rimhiti vik, patakravippuxha'ak. the sides of the basket; the basket would be poor if I did not Karixas patalippanvariha'ak, apply the hoop. kari kyh kum passarip 'axakma- i PatanipOIeHaha"'k, va; kari When I finish the basket, then hitc tanipicrikyksrA n'va, va t tanippuriccuk patakravtar. I rip the hoop out. 'u~m 'ippan 'upni nnamitcPuti', I pa'iffuO tan1pvi-kr6'0v, kari tani- 1 7c. Pahd-t kunkunpavfkkyurA- HOW THEY WEAVE UP THE SIDES pfcp5tsur 'itcammahitc, yiOa va; t hiti' 42a OF THE BASKET 42a tanipiepA-trip, pa'ipa'ftxxak nipic- Pa'Affiv takunphffivmarahalak, When they finish out the bot- rikk~asrAtat. kari takunpikrifi. tom, then they hold it against the knee. Pa'umsure-p va; kunkup6-ov1- Xas sfrum kuyrhak tanivi-k- Then I weave around three yA-nnahiti saripvikkik. HA-ri r6'"v. times with pineroot. vura va- kunplhri-vti', va; kun- Karixas ktkku~m sfrumm- k Then I vertical bar design four vikkYarati sipnukianamahatci- tanixxuripha karu panurar, pi-O. times around with pineroot and xfuppar. HA-ri va; vura takun- bear lily. kiccap, va; kunihri-vti f&; takun- Xas pifO tanivi kro w sarum. Then I two-strand twine four pioxkxat. times around with pineroot. Passarip vura 'ippan uptd p- Xas kukku~m tanixxuripha', Then I vertical bar design pitcasputi' patanivikkyurA ha'ak. 1 6 p ; tanixxuriphir6'on. again, I vertical bar design four m. Pahd-t va; vura kunkupa- times around. vikkyurA hiti' Karixas 'Axxak tanlpv1-kr6-v Then I two-strand twine panydfar. around twice again with bear lily. Karixas kuyrhkya~n tanipv*k- Karixas tanixxuriphiro-v pi;O Then I vertical bar design four r6-v panyunanamuinnaxitc vfia. 'ikritapkiramfl'uk, panydraram6 -k times around with maidenhair khfu. and bear lily. Karixas pi; tanikutcitcvassi- Xas kukku~m 'Axxak panyurar Then I two-strand twine twice ha', 'ikritapkir panyuirar xhkka'Tn. tanfpvi kro'°v. again around with bear lily. Xas kdkku~m tanixxdripha', Then I vertical bar design six Karixas pi; tanlpvi-kr6-v pan- 'ikrivkir tanixxuriphiro '°v. times around. yurar. Xas p1;6 tfnikutcitcvhssi', 'ikri- Then I diagonal bar four times 'Itr6-p tanipxuriphiro'°r. tapkir panyurar xAkka'an. around with maidenhair and bear Karixas kuyra;k tanipxurip- lily. hiro'°v, 'ikritapkiramt-k karu Xas kuyr&;k tanfpvi-kr6-v Then I two-strand twine three panyuiar. panyiluar. times around with bear lily. Panyunanamunnaxitc xas ta- 0 Karixas 'itr6 p tanipxdripha'. Then I vertical bar design five nipvikr6' v, 'axhkya'an. times around. Karixas tanipxuripha pI;6 ta- nfpvi-kr6'0 v. 42a See P1. 23, b. fERICAN ETHNOLOGY [BULL. 94 HARRINGTON] TOBACCO AMONG THE KARUK INDIANS 121 ra fix it good, I fasten it inside firm. 1. Pahd-t ka-kum kunkupapip&- (HOW THEY BREAK OFF SOME OF y I apply the hoop, so that it will tri-pvahiti passafip, pa'ip- THE WARP STICKS WHEN THEY HAVE not be limber, where I start up panvhritAha'ak PROGRESSED WELL TO- WARD THE i. the sides of the basket; the TOP OF THE BASKET) basket would be poor if I did not Khrixas pata'ippanvhriha'ak, Then when I have progressed apply the hoop. kari kyh kum passhrip 'axhkma- well toward the top of the basket, When I finish the basket, then hitc tanipicrikYasrA n'va, va: then I twine some of the sticks I rip the hoop out. 'u~m 'ippan 'upni-nnAmitcputi', two together, so that the upper pa'iffuO part [of the basket] will become - HOW THEY WEAVE UP THE SIDES tanipvI-kr6'ov, kari tani- pfcpA-tsur 'itcAmmahil'c, yi8Oa va, slender, then in the next course I OF THE BASKET 42a tanipfcpA-trip, pa'ipa'bxxak nipic- break them off one at a time, When they finish out the bot- rikkyasrAfat. breaking off one wherever I tom, then they hold it against twined two together. the knee. Pa'umsurt-p va: kunkup6-ovd- The broken off tips they call * Then I weave around three ya-nnahiti saripvikkik. HA-ri "sticks that have been woven times with pineroot. vura va: kunpihri-vti', va: kun- with." Sometimes they use them, Then I vertical bar design four vikkyarati sipnuk Panamahatc 1i0- weave a cover of a little basket times around with pineroot and xdppai. HA-ri va: vura takun- with them. Sometimes they tie bear lily. kiecap, va: kunihrfi vti fat takun- them in a bunch and use it to Then I two-strand twine four pi~xkxai. clean things with. times around with pineroot. Passhrip vura 'ippan uptdip- The warp sticks get slenderer Then I vertical bar design pitcasputi' patanivikkyurA .ha'ak. anyway as I weave upward. again, I vertical bar design four times around. m. Pahd-t va: vdra kunkupa- (HOW THEY KEEP ON WEAVING UP Then I two-strand twine vfkk-yur9, hiti' THE SIDES OF THE BASKET) around twice again with bear lily. Karixas kuyrhkya~n tanipvi-k- Then I two-strand twine three Then I vertical bar design four r6o- panyunanamdnnaxite vufa. times around with nothing but times around with maidenhair bear lily. and bear lily. Karixas piko tanikuteitcvhssi- Then I diagonal-bar four times Then I two-strand twine twice ha', 'ikrithpkir panydrar xhkka'an. around with maidenhair and again around with bear lily. bear lily. Then I vertical bar design six Khrixas pl^O tanfpvi-kr6-v pan- Then I two-strand twine four times around. ydiar. times around again with bear lily. Then I diagonal bar four times 'Itr8-p tanipxuriphlro'or. I vertical-bar five times around. around with maidenhair and bear Karixas kuyrhok tanipxdrip- Then I vertical-bar three times lily. hiro'Ov, 'ikritapkiramf-k karu around with maidenhair and bear Then I two-strand twine three panydiar. lily. times around with bear lily. Panyunanamuinnaxite xas ta- Then I two-strand twine twice Then I vertical bar design five nipvikr6o'v, 'axkkya'an. around with bear lily. times around. Karixas tanipxdripha pIf0 ta- Then I two-strand twine four nfpvi-kr6'0v. times around with vertical bar design. -I------

TOBACCO AMONG THE ] 122 BUREAU OF AMEXL)[CAN ETHNOLOGY [suLL. 94 HARRINGTON]

THE TOBACCO o. PahO.-t kunkupavikkyahiti n. Pahd-t kunkupe-pkfOahiti pa- (HOW THEY FINISH 4 4 pe.Oxuippat & 2uhsipnu'uk 42b BASKET) 42b pe-oxdppar kuna ta- pateimi nipOi6Oe'ec. Then I am about to finish it. Karixas Karixas Xas va: vura tani- I tani'arav yieea'. Then I three-strand twine once mvik. tlb Karixas kyup6.kxurikkYaha' pa'uhsipnu~k around. tanipvikpa6 ;43 Then I two-strand twine six ' ukup e kxihiky ahiti' . Karixas 'ikrivki tanithyi-eha'. pa'hravmfi-k 'usak- times around with pineroot, the pjcci~p tani'affiv~, shrummd'uk Xas yie0a tanivi-kr6 '0 v. three-ply twining holds it [this ri-vhiti'. tanikyA-ssip patanivik, final two-strand twining] up. Karixas vura tani'i kqaru. Kuyra;k 'Ipamiicvi-t- Then I finish it off. I fasten va: Karixas tanipOip. karu kuyrak tani- tAtemd-k tanipicrikkyuti. HA-ri it with a little thread of sinew. tani'arav, 'arara'a nmf'uk takunpicrikkyuki, They sometimes fasten it with vi-krov saium. and some- ha-ri kyaru vidra vastaranmA'uk. Indian [iris] twine, I kan xas nickybxxicrihti' times with a buckskin thong. Vab vura Karixas kuyrak tanixxuiripha'. pe-pvikmIfam. Pa'bxxakijtc to - I always stop at the end of a pavi-kr6ov pakari course. When only two rounds sh-mkhha~k tanivi-kr8 v sbfum. nipefooe'ec, vaA kari pa'ippam remain before I finish, then I Xas 'axxak sarippak, 'avahkam loop a sinew [filament] over a tanitaspur Karixas kuyr5tk tanipxuri- 'uvarari-hva pamu'fppafi. Xas hazel stick, the ends of it [of the kan pe-kvik- sinew] hanging down outside the phiro'°v. pakari tanipvi-kma Karixas 'Ixxak tampxuriphiro v murdam, vaA vura nivikeA-nti pa- basket. Then when I two-strand ~ passarippak. Karixas pa- twine another course around to 'ikrita~pkir. 6 'ippam Sarum ylOMa tanipvi-kr ' v. pa'ifutctimitc- the end of the [previous] course tanipvi-kmAha~k patani'hiav, yiOa vi-kr6'°v, karixas va: kan pa'fpa there, I two-strand twine the Karixas pa'ipparh, tanlydOn- sinew together with the warp tani',rav. nitaspurirak KIrixas 'hxxak tanipvi-kr6v nuipri 'axxak vura passarum, stick. Then when I finish the pa'ippaih, then I put the two sifum. xas saruk tanicriTdni last round, Xfs ytttc6-tc vu~ra tanipxuri- tanipicritaraiic. Karixas tani- pineroot strands through the vuissur pa'ippam pamu'ipankamh. looped sinew, then I pull the phiro'°v. tanikutcitcvissiha kuy- Pupippd-ntihafa, phva, taninic- sinew downward; I tighten it Karixas 8 Patanikruptararicri- down. Then I cut off the ends ra-k. 6 caha' k. Xas panyurar tanivi-kr wvpi0. ha"'k,44 ha-ri 'aI 'upimOatraksi-p- of the sinew. It does not come undone when I do this way to it. rinati'. tanipxuriP- If I sew it down, maybe it will Karixas kuyrhbk come undone [lit. it will come hiro'°v, likritapkiramfinuk. Karixas 'hxxak tanipvl-kr6-v undone upward] again. pany-6far. 25, a. 42b See Pls. 24 and Karixas kuyrhek tanikutcitc- 43 Special verb used of last rows of two-ply twining at the rim of vassiha sfrummA-k panyurar xik- a basket. ka"'n. " Most baskets are finished nowadays by sewing a few stitches Karixas yiO6a tani'aramno'°v, old with modern commercial thread instead of following one of these yifoa panyuirar ni'avlkvuti kyaru methods. 'axxak sarum. 44a See Pls. 24 and 25, a. 9IERICAN ETHNOLOGY (BULL. 94 HARRINGTON] TOBACCO AMONG THE KARUK INDIANS 123 a- (HOW THEY FINISH THE TOBACCO o. Pahf-t kunkupavikkyahiti (WEAVING THE COVER) 4" BASKET) 42b pe Oxidppaf 44a Then I am about to finish it. Karixas pe-oxdppar Then I make the cover in turn. Then I three-strand kaina ta- twine once nivik. I make the same designs around. Xas vaA vura tani- on it as kyup6 kxurikkyaha' pa'uhsipnu~k the tobacco basket has. 43 Then I two-strand twine six 'ukup6 kxdrik1'Ahiti'. I- times around with pineroot, the Picci~p tani'hffi4, tanitayV-Oha'. First I start it, I lash the base. three-ply twining holds it [this Xas yiOea Then I weave around once. final two-strand twining] up. tanivi kr8'ov. Karixas tanikyl-ssip patAnivik, Then I start to three-strand ;- Then I finish it off. I fasten vaA vdra tani'i k3aru. twine, introducing [new] sticks. i it with a little thread of sinew. Kuyrak tani'hfav, karu I three-strand twine three times i, They sometimes fasten it with kuyrh;k tani- vl kr6 v shrum. around, and then two-strand Indian [iris] twine, and some- twine around three times with times with a buckskin thong. pineroots. -I always stop at the end of a Karixas kuyrhtk Then I vertical-bar course. When tanixxdripha'. three times only two rounds around. remain before I finish, then I Xas 'Axxak tanivi-kr6v shfum. Then I two-strand twine twice loop a sinew [filament] over a around with the pineroot. hazel stick, the ends of it [of the Karixas kuyra4k Then I vertical-bar three times sinew] hanging down tanipxdri- outside the phiro'°v. around again. basket. Then when I two-strand Karixas 'hxxak Then I vertical-bar twine tampxilriphlro v twice another course around to 'ikrithpkif. around with maidenhair. the end of the [previous] course Shrum yiOOa I two-strand twine around once there, I two-strand tanipvi-kr~ov. twine the Karixas patani'Afav, with pineroot. sinew together with yiOOa the warp tani'Aiav. stick. Then when I finish the Khrixas 'Axxak tanipvi-kr6-v Then I three-strand twine, I last round, then I put the two sarum. three-strand twine once around. pineroot strands through the Xhs yittc6-tc Then I two-strand twine twice looped sinew, vfira tanipxdri- then I pull the phiro'°v. around with pineroot. sinew downward; I tighten it Karixas tanikutcitcvAssiha Then I vertical-bar just once down. Then I kuy- cut off the ends ra-k. around again. of the sinew. It does not come Xas Then I diagonal-bar undone panydrar tanivi-kr6-v pi-O. three when I do this way to it. times around. If I sew it down, maybe it will Karixas kuyrhok tanipxfirip- Then I two-strand twine four come undone [lit. it will come hiro'ov, 'ikritapkiramh'uk. courses of bear lily. undone upward] again. Karixas 'Axxak tanipv1-kr6-v Then I vertical-bar three times panydiar. around with the maidenhair. of two-ply twining at the rim of Karixas kuyrahk tanikutcitc- Then I two-strand twine twice vAssiha shrummd-k pany-drar xak- around again with bear lily. vadays by sewing a few stitches ka"'n. 3tead of following one of these old Karixas yiO6a tani'aramno'ov, Then I diagonal-bar three times yiffa panydrar ni'avikvuti kyaru around with pineroot and bear 'Axxak shium. lily. 44' See Pls. 24 and 25, a. - - --- -_-_ __ - __ - _-____ - __ -- I .- -

BUREAU CF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY 124 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY[BL.4[BULL. 94

Karixas, yfoea tanivf-kr6 v Then I three-strand twine once panyunanamdinnaxifc. around carrying one bear lily strand along with two pineroot strands. Karixas '5Axxak tanikutcitcv~.s- Then I two-strand twine once siha', 'ikritftpkir kyaru panydfiar. around with solid bear lily. Karixas kuyrh~k tanipvi-kr6'ov, Then I diagonal bar once a- vura panyunanamfinnaxilc. round, maidenhair and bear lily. Karixas kuyrfv~k tanfpvikr6-v Then I two-strand twine three vura sanumiinnaxi'c. times around with solid bear lily. Karixas pa'hxxaki,~tc to-s5.m- Then I two-strand twine three k~ha"ak, vaz khri pa'ippam times around with nothing but tanithsput. pineroot strands. Xas pata'ifutctf-mitcha~ak, va,~ Then the next, the last course, khri k-citcas vura pass~rum I hook the sinew over. 4 5 patanivfikr6'0v. Va~ kari k6-- Then when it is the last round, f 4 f

citcas vura passhrum patani'd(rip it is larger pineroots that I weave il pata'ifutctimitc?fpvitkr6'0v. Va~ around with. I select bigger pine- root strands when I weave the last course. That way it does not rip. Xas shiruk tanicrdurufii, xhs va~ Then I draw it downward, then

kftn pe-Oxiipparak 'dummukitc I cut if off close to the body of a, The tobacco basket, with bottom fin vura pataniviissuP. Va~ 111- the cover. That is the way I kyupapicrikkyurhahiti'. fasten the ends. Kh~rixas 'itc.~mmahitc tani- Then I break off one by one 'ivukriirpva passhrip po-v8hriip- the projecting hazel sticks; I ramti', tani'dimsui'.4 trim them off.

p. Pahd-t kunkupe-nhikkyahiti (HOW THEY TIE THE COVER ON) pee~xippai~ Panivi-ktfha"ak, tcd-myhtcva While I am weaving, every nipikyA-vhrihvuti pe-Oxippar pa- once in a while I try the cover sipnd-kkaA', kiri k6, yA-ha'. on the basket, so it will fit it good. Karixas pamuOxdppar pata- Then when I finish the cover, nipMOifaha'lak, xas tani'Arip vas- I cut a buckskin thong; then I thian, xas tanikruptararicri-hva' sew it on, all around; the thong yimusitcmahitc tanikrlipkdirihva zigzags around. At seven places to-pv~ppir6-pi~va vura pavas- I sew it on, with sinew. It is a thiian, 'uykurd'kk~i-npiOahiti pa- little below the top that I sew it vasthfan.4 7 Xakinivkihakan ta- on, at the three-strand twining. nfkrTi-pktr1 Yippamd'uk. 'Ipan-

41Or va, khri kt-citcas vura mU-ik passhrum patanivi-kr6~v. " The old verb denoting the process of breaking them off. 11 See PI. 25, a. b, The tobacco basket ---NENNW

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BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY BULLETIN 94 PLATE 23 LM=CAxNW1OLO6t i..;r z. K

,8 v i1WiiI dk nc*ixM once around c¢riying .l bear My Oxand. lonx with two Vineroot str¶d Ke~,ttwck-u1ar~a twine once

Pov, .1 A d'"Xt'kjlf...... 8w ;,J 9...... S; 14 Th1en I i~pltar on~ce a- r. ougw BCdiharand bi lil y. B-v TheF 11two-ird tQ iZQQ :,~ A iz< AsI'f,; I t -fsraitw in jihree am tunes around no ,t'u; I':t\ '

pineroot strands. '; ' Then the next, the last course, w- I hook the sinew over. k.e ' 'i eni' en k its te fast round, rp it is largo;r pinerootsrthat I weave Va,,, sri n~dwitM;~tsetect' ger pine- root strands when I weave the last courx; a~t'twa'y it does not rp. va; Then I draw it downwardtlieh dttc i 0&4tfrt #icosit46 the' bod' of a, The tobacco basket, with bottom finished, with temporary hoop inside ni- the ¢,over. That is tieAy I ,fsten the ands. LP-hen I bre'ak off one by one dp- the projecting hazel sti¢s; I hiti (io'w 44#1J! ft1: THE' OO.VER' ON)

~ya while Y am weaving, evesr pa- oeSii~,* Mrp j 1,,t #e corver , ;t on the basket, so it t' it good. ~ta- if cut ag ; telij,,,[Ihq~tg tva zigzags around. At sevP as- I !! ,it pi, Si,* puewv,* Iifzs a onl, hio'7v,1!h+;-p iMt w it ta- on, at the three-strand tw~m. tan-

'i4 3B~~~~~ssiiiitiilsi~~~~~~ l*&st " Iprocess of breaking the'ff.-

. , I 1, r, I ., b, The tobacco basket as its sides start up BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY BULLETIN 94 PLATE 24

BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY

a, The finished tobacco basket

b, Limber upriver style of tobaccohasl instead of ba.

THE TOBACCO BASKET AND ITS COVER, FINISHED BUT NOT YET CLEANED OUT

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BULLETIN 94 PLATE 24

BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY BULLETIN 94 PLATE 25

a, The finished tobacco basket with its cover tied on

b, Limber upriver style of tobacco basket, with foundation of iris twine instead of hazel sticks INISHED BUT NOT YET CLEANED OUT

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k1~~a?, '&ra+a.: BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY BULLETIN 94 PLATE 26 Hiri su? vura 'u'ikyurdprlh- t ippaaxuipr~tar, 'ipehiknldtc~las I .iP.Z~bpn8^ta a''rs -4as6?ku 'us pi4hina.;til - Xas yfoe m tanikpka¶ vastaranxAff, '(rippapu', p|n- kuninhitarfiqrihec pe Ox~ppaO. lisru;, h~ri~#cak;n ,tan, ik~ru-, k£ma Va;, vureltsnl'it.cur 'uhic~uu d pa~ArippU ankaihp va karu vura vh,61"c. HAaTi vtra yiOUa po-hyarup- ramti 'atcipyh4 'kun4pih*,- kyo6ti pataruprAfar.w H6y vA6ra va kunpinhittunvuti'. lKs~I platO TD nipim~atatr

nir. IgaVCIratJiIBII, tanipi , pavaMsrai tan xsas va,, mu-4 t~anita-

t'icc~tc 'io dkkya tc,, ,vur '-klk~tiJ1va;~ khir po~tarup- iravabiiti', vaA 'k',i^n tanin~kkfa"ir, pupluXx'teie phtihLp. Karixas yieOukuna tanlyiymnu PA', kfikixag`'je kknUliAO , k taXan ti-aIz kyaniikst puko '%HOyiLUEpri' ]Kr8X '#fi>; 4&npkj6&Epi~i',kxas e~pa'it 62 krW arahkamteikh '<''

C Xa'rhs tt . tjni1,tf.it6

a, Upriver woman's hat with bunch of feathers on its top. b, c, d, Three stages of making an upriverinto a b, the upriver hat; c, the same partly sewed up; d, the same made one th hat into a tobacco basket: at the top, otherwise closed with a tW.on the middle of tobacco basket, hung up with thong. Only a small opening left sewed-on buckskin strip wThis word is also aPPlied to u1 Or t6I-hlkkyaf. a Or 'u'iccipkYArati', or tu'ieci 630440-°-2-1

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RAERINGTON] TOBACCO ONG THE SARUK INDIANS 125

sunnukite vaA kan patanikruip- kudrihva', 'akrav~ak. EULLETIN 94 PLATE 26 Ha-ri sui vura u'ikyurdpri h- Sometimes they run the tie- va patarupravar, 'ipe-nkinateas thong through [the basket], short vura pavastaran 'u'ikyurdpri h- pieces [each making one loop], va, sui'kam 'usi'?pifahina-ti'. knotting them on the inside. Xas yiOOava-ram tanikru-pka', Then I sew a long one on, a vastaranxaia, 'arippapu', pamO- long thong, a cut strip, to tie the kuninhitararicrihe~c pe-Oxuppar. cover on with. Or where I finish Karu ha-ri pakan tanipikrup- sewing it on, I let the end of the kUm'mar, vaA vura tani'it.cur thong stick out long; I shall use va-ram 'unhiccuru' 48 pa'aripapu it. pamu'ippankarh, vaA karu vura nihr6-vic. Ha-ri vura yiOOa po-hyarup- Sometimes they tie the tie- ramti 'atcipya k "I kunpinhik- thong on the middle of one of the kyoti patarupravar.50 Ho6y vura loops. They just tie it together va kunpinhittunvuti'. any place. Karixas patcimi nipimOatara- Then when I am going to tie it ricrihe'ec, tanipiOxup, karixas on, I put the cover on the bas- paxhrlipcurahitihan pavasthran ket; then I take the sticking out tani'AOssip, xas va, md-k tanita- thong; then I lace it with that. ruiprav. Picciftc 'iOyu kkinuyA tc vur First it goes straight across and 'unhi -kkY5Art1', vaA kfton po -tarup- laces through there; I make a ravahiti', va- khn taninAkka'lr, knot there; it is not drawn tight. pupuxxwitc 'icrihpihtihap. Then I insert it through at Karixas yiO~ukuna taniyui-nnu- another place, then it runs straight pri', karixas 'iOyu-kkinuya-tc kuk- across again, and through another ku~m taninhi kkYai,6' yiOflukuna [loop]; then I run it across to taniyfi'nnupri'. Karixas 'iOyt-k the other side. tani'iccipkyar 52 kydkku'um. Karixas yiOOukuna tanlyi-nnu- Then I put it through another pri'. one [another loop]. Karixas pa'avahkamiccipiv- Then I pass it around one raean vaA taninakkar po sak- [thong] on top so it will be tight. rivhikkire'ec. Karixas ta'ifuteti-mitc tanipi- Then I put it through the last yuinnupri', taniptardpra m'mar. loop, I finish lacing it. Then I

on its top. b, c. d, Three stages of making an upriver c, the same partly sewed up; d, the same made into a 48Or 'uxdri pcuruti', or 'uxdri-pcurahiti'. opening left at the top, otherwise closed with i small 49 Lit. on the middle of one that is sticking out. 50 This word is also applied to the tie-thong of a baby basket. 61Or t6-nhI kkYai. 52 Or 'u'iccipkyArati', or tu'iecipkyar, it runs across. 63044O-32-11 -I

126 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [BUL~L.94 2 BARRINGTONI TOBACCO AMONG THE Karixas pa'avahkam~fccipivra~an tuck it under one [thong] that is 4. Pakahapxan~uhsipnu'uk on top. Then I tie it on top. va~ mussdjrukam tanfya-nnfipri'. Pakah?Aras 'a~n kunshriphiti Karixas taninhi-c 'hvahkarh. pamukun hpxa"an. Kfinnutitcas By the end of the thong that Va~ kh~n 'ipanni-tc 'unhlccuru. pa' hpxa'an, vura kuniyxdnixuwm- is sticking off they hang it up. vast~an, va~ md-k takuntakka- ti'. rari'a?. Hi-ri vura pufAt inhic- Sometimes there is not any stick- cur6 -ra, ylO xas vura takuninhic- ing off, then they tie another one A. Pakahfipxa~n pakum.6rhus cul', pamfi- kunthkkaririhe'ec. on to hang it up with. Plate 25, a, shows the finished tobacco basket woven by Imkyanvan, PakahIhtrahsa pamukun ~hpxa~n the making of which is described above, with cover tied on. Mason, 'apxanxhrahsa'. Xfinnutitca§, the Ray Collection from Hupa Reservation, Plate 15, No. 67, shows a tobacco basket, which is Nat. Mus. No. 126520, Hupa, collected 'f-Ok' ukrixx~vkihit!'.53 HI-ri by Lieut. P. H. Ray; see also his comment on this basket, which we pa'apxan~hffivak 'a~xkunic 'uy- have quoted, p. 24. viirukkbihit1'. Ha'r lcpi.Yk kunik- rj riipk6-tti 'apxanffi'ak, pi-O. q. Tusipd nvahiti pak6~h pa'uhsipnu'uk 'Icpuka'iffuOkam 'apxan ?bffiv I OF THE TOBACCO BASKET) (MEASUREMENTS kuniikravpka', 'apxani'hffiv kd~ik The tobacco basket made by Imkyanvan, the making of which is 'uifuok•qmhivuti'. Kuna nu~ vura described on pages 107-126 of this paper, measures 8 inches in diam- ko -ho -m~ydttcas panarndpxa~an. the mouth. Attachment eter, 6%8 inches high, and 4%/ inches across B. Pakahapxan ?ikxdiii~k points of loops of tie-thong are ca. 2%2 inches apart. Projection of loops from basket ca. 2% inches. Free end of thong 32 inches long. Xh:s vidra k6-viira pakahbp- Cover 2% inches high, 5%2 inches diameter. The basket with cover xa~n 'ikxurikaxftrahsa', 5 k6 vir on is 8%8 inches high. The finished basket is shown in Plate 25, a. 'CL? kunivyih&rn pamukun?ik- xidfik. Xh~t karu vura fA-t viiraI 3. Pakah?uhsfpnu'uk (UPRIVER TOBACCO BASKET) va: kum6-kxtdfik, va: nukupeO-0I viyA-nahiti kitc kahapxanlik- 'U..mkun karu vura 'uhsipnu~k The upriver Indians have to- kuntl-rahiti pakah~hirahsa', va~ bacco baskets, too, weaving them xiifik. vura kunkupavikkyahiti pbnnu~ as we do, and using the same C. 'Afli~tfv6 -nnupma Va'hir6 -ras vura sipnu~k nukupavikkyahiti', kinds of designs. They are kind 'uwmkun khxu va: kh-kum kun- va~ vura kunkup6-kxdrikkyahiti'. of limber ones; they do not use vi-kti kuma'bpxa'an Viiama 'u~m kunxidnnutifc, pu- hazel sticks, they use iris twine saripshriphitiha~, 'a~n kunshrip- for hazel sticks. Sometimes they Pananiivik yf~v yi'iruk vdra va: kunkupavfkkyahiti', khruma 'u~m- hiti'. HIAri va~ vura kunsfix- use as hazel sticks the same kind yiota pamukuntc~dpha', yiihi'. I iphiti pa'A~vahkam kunvikkyarati of material that they twine with. kun kyaru vura. K6-ttcas karu vura They make big ones and little 51 A Klamath hat in the National kunikyg-tti', kyaru vura tduppit- ones. They make the cover of it iridescent tail feathers of the tcit caA. Va. viira pamuflxdppar kun- the same way as we do for our (Sabine), tied to its top. It was co kup6-kyA-hiti', pavura nu~ nanu- tobacco baskets. vation, Oregon, by L. S. Dyar, Age 'uhsfpnu..k 'u~mkun karu vdira va: 1876. Dimensions: 7% inches diai kunkup6-kyA-hiti'. eter, height 4% inches. The longe of top of hat 11% inches. See PI. " =~xhs viira k6-vidra pakahbipxa [ERICAN [BULL. ETHNOLOGY 94 HARRINGTON] TOBACCO AMONG THE KARUK INDIANS 127

.n tuck it under one [thong] that is 4. Pakahapxanuhsipnu'uk (UPRIVER HAT TOBACCO BASKET) . on top. Then I tie it on top. Pakahlhras 'a~n kunshriphiti The upriver Indians have hats IA By the end of the thong that pamukun ?bpxa'an. Kdnnutitcas with twine for hazel sticks. They L- is sticking off they hang it up. pa'fpxa'9n, vura kuniyximxu-m- are soft hats. One can bend Sometimes there is not any stick- ti'. them together. ing off, then they tie another one A. Pakahhpxa~n pakum-rhus (WHAT THE UPRIVER HATS LOOK on to hang it up with. LIKE) tobacco basket woven by Imkyanvan, Pakahb rahsa pamukun Apxa~n The hats of the upriver people L above, with cover tied on. Mason, 'apxanxhrahsa'. Xinnutltcas, are tall hats. They are limber. Reservation, Plate 15, No. 67, shows 'a~n kunshriphiti'. HA-ri 'affiv Twine is used for hazel sticks. . Mus. No. 126520, Hupa, collected 'i-Oky ukrixxAvkhhit1'.13 HA-ri Sometimes on top there is a bunch s comment on this basket, which we pa'apxanhffivak 'a~xkumic 'uy- of feathers. Sometimes the middle vdrukkhhiti'. Ha-r lcpik kunik- of the top of the hat is painted rupko-tti 'apxanhffi'4ak, pi-O. red. Sometimes they sew den- pak6,h pa'uhsipnu'uk 'Icpuka'iffuOkam )apxan kffiv talia on the top of the hat, four. THE TOBACCO BASKET) kdnk 'u'ifuokftmhivuti', pifO ta- The small end of the dentalia is kunhikri-pka', 'apxantffiv kfik to the top, they sew four on, with Imkyanvan, the making of which is 'uifuokhmhivuti'. Kuna nuA vura the small end to the top. But our is paper, measures 8 inches in diam- ko-ho-mAya-ttcas pananf1pxa'an. hats are just right size [height]. hes across the mouth. Attachment ca. 22 inches apart. Projection of B. Pakahapxan ikxdfik (PATTERNS OF UPRIVER HATS) Free end of thong 32 inches long. Xhrs vdra k6-vdra pakahhp- Pretty near all the upriver hats diameter. The basket with cover xa~n 'ikxurikaxarahsa',5 4 k6wvir are long patterns, their patterns 3hed basket is shown in Plate 25, a. 'a? kunivyihdraAn pamukunik- slant up. No matter what the xdfik. Xhat karu vura fl-t vdra pattern, we just call it upriver hat (UPRIVER TOBACCO BASKET) vaA kumd-kxiiiik, vaA nukupe-0- pattern. The upriver Indians have to- viy5-nahiti kitc kahapxanik- bacco baskets, too, weaving them xdfik. as we do, and using the same C. 'AOiOdfv6-nnupma Va'Ar6 ras (SOME HAPPY CAMP PEOPLE WEAVE kinds of designs. They are kind 'u-mkun kbru vat kh-kum kun- THAT KIND OF HAT TOO) of limber ones; they do not use vi kti kuma'Apxa'&n hazel sticks, they use iris twine for hazel sticks. Sometimes they Panandvik yifv yiruk vdra va: Our basket works go a long way use as hazel sticks the same kind kunkupavikkyahiti', khruma 'u~m- downriver; though they talk dif- of material that they twine with. kun yiota pamukuntcd-pha', ydhi'. ferent, Yuruk, they make our They make big ones and little 63 A Klamath hat in the National Museum, no. 24075, ones. They make the cover of it has several iridescent tail feathers of the tcittaf Magpie, the same way as we do for our Pica pica hudsonia tobacco baskets. (Sabine), tied to its top. It was collected at Kilamath Indian Reser- vation, Oregon, by L. S. Dyar, Agent and was accessioned July 20, 1876. Dimensions: 7% inches diameter, flat top 4Y2 inches diam- eter, height 4% inches. The longest feather projects from middle of top of hat 11% inches. See PI. 26, a. " =xhMs vdra k6-vira pakahbpxabn vA ramas pamukunlikxtiik. 2

128 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [BULL. 04 R1AR1NGTON] TOBACCO AMONG TH:

Karuma vura vaA kari kunkupa- kind of basketry. And our bas- Vastaran 6 takunpiOxu6pparafi, vikkyahiti panandifik. Karuk ketry extends upriver to Happy xas takunpikrdpsap 'a~nmd k 'u~m vura 'aoioifv6nnupm u'ip- Camp. But upriver of Happy 'u~m pakun~ikri-pti'. Viura pu- panhiti pananuvik. 'A~iOifv6-n- Camp they have different bas- k6-vura pikrupsa-ptihap, 'apap nupma kumaka-m "I 'u~mkun ta- ketry. The Happy Camp people vura ni nnamitc 'usdrakkA-hiti', yiO pamukun'vik.' A~iOifv6-n- make our kind of baskets, but va- kfan pe-h8-raha kuniyvAy- nupma Va'Aru ras vab vura kari some among them make upriver ramnihe'ec. Taffirapu vura ta- kunkupavikkyahiti pananuvik, hats. The Happy Camp people, kunkiffittcak 'avahkam pakaon kuna vura va- kabn ka-kum takun- some of them there too weave 'usurukkA-hiti'. 'Apap takunuic- vi-kti pakahapxa'&n. 'AOiOuftic- with twine for hazel sticks, they naptcak 'ievi thffirapu',5 sakri rabm Va'ara ras ka-kum 'u~mkun there also weave with 'bkxa'ap. vura takunikya4. Vura puitta~y vaA khnn vura takunvi-kti 'a~n They are already halfway up- va: khon su? mahyAnnatihap pe- takunsariphiti', va: kahn vura river people. h8-raha'. Vura patakka-nnimitc karu takunvIkkyArAti 'akxa'8p. xas pakunihrd-vti', xas pakun- 'Icvi tatakhrahsa'. ?ikya-ti pa'uhsipnu'uk, ta'apxan- k8-mmitc. Vura tapu'imtara- D. Pahat mit kunkupittihat pa- (HOW OUR KIND OF PEOPLE USED na-mhitihaia pamukxurik, xas pa- kunipira-nvutihat mit pannuA TO TRADE WITH THE UPRIVER kun fhrfi-vti'. Y&v 'ukup&va-y- kuma'Ara~ras Pakahhrahsa k6 - PEOPLE AT CLEAR CREEK NEW ricukahiti', pakunpihtanvuti va, kah 'Inna.m pata'frahiv- YEAR CEREMONY) pe-htraha'. Va: kuma'i'i pakun- ha"'k tapkf-pputi: va: 'um pu'iftcikin- K6-vuira kuma'irahiv 'u'iran- Each new year ceremony my ko-ttihara. Takunakku 'avah- ko ttihanik 'Inna-m pfimita na- deceased mother would go to kam va: khri yav tukupe va yri- nitta'at. 'U'atira-nnatihanik 'ax- Clear Creek to attend the new c u k a ha'. Kahapxanuhsipnu~k akhttiv pa'assip karu pe-mva- year ceremony. She would pack va: kunkup6-OviyA-nnahiti'. fam, karu pataripa'an, vo~pirl-n- upriver two pack basket loads of 5 F. Pahdt kunkupe-kyA-hiti pe- vuitihanik pava-s, 'ararhva'as, " bowl baskets and openwork plates, he-rahamahya-nnarav kahbp- karupakahhpxa'an, karu pa'ip, pa- and dipper baskets; she would xa"an 58a vura k6- kumh'u'up pakaruk va'- trade them for blankets, Indian u'Up. Kin?&-htihat mit ha-ri pa- blankets, and upriver hats, and Pateimi kunikrfippAr6-caha~k kahhpxa'an, piuva- kinfOxlxnnati- juniper seeds, for all kinds of pa'fpparh, xas k6mahitc vura hara, punanivA-hAfa. things, upriver things. They takunpi00aif. Pupuxxwitc piooan- used to give us those upriver hats tihap karu vura. Pavura k6-ma- sometimes, but we did not wear hitc kunpMO~unti', pak6-mahitc them, it does not look right on us. "I They double a buckskin strip i E. Tcimi nutcuphuruOmnebc paka- (TELLING ABOUT THE UPRIVER HAT 8 Or tafirapu'fcvi-ttAt'c. hb.pxanluhsipnu'uk TOBACCO BASKET) 58 For purposes of study, an lections was made into a tobacco 1 us an up- HA-ri va: kahftpxa~n takin i& Sometimes they give men thus converted is National khfuk, viri va: pa'avansa ht ri t6 - river hat upriver, and then a man collected at McCloud River, Shastf kyav 'uhsipnu'uk. 'A tcip takun- sometimes makes a tobacco bas- Stone, accessioned July 20, 1876, f the hat pikra pvar 'apxanapma n'nak. ket out of it. They sew original height, 3% inches. Dime 6 Or kumakaruk. 10% inches long, 3Y8 inches wide; ol I6They used to make many buckskin blankets upriver. loop 1% inches long. (See P1. 26,

. - | - - l - - - - - = = ------| ------

GRICAN ETHNOLOGY [BULL. 94 IIABBINGTON] TOBACCO AMONG THE SARtJE INDIANS 129

- kind of basketry. And our bas- i Vastaran 67 takunpifxtipparaii, mouth together in the middle. ketry extends upriver to Happy xas takunpikrilpsa4 'a~nmd-k They cover it with a buckskin * Camp. But upriver of Happy 'u~m pakunhfkrfi-pti'. Vura pu- strip, and sew it together, with * Camp they have different bas- k6-vura pikrdpsa-ptihAp, 'apap Indian twine they sew it. They - ketry. The Happy Camp people vura ni-nnamitc 'usdrtikkA-hiti', do not sew it all up, one end is - make our kind of baskets, but vaA kfAn pe-he-raha kunfyv&y- left open, where they will put the i some among them make upriver ramnihe'ec. Taffirapu vura ta- tobacco in. They just stuff a hats. The Happy Camp people, kunkifuittcak 'aivahkam pakatn buckskin in on top in the hole. * some of them there too weave 'usuirukka-hiti'. 'Apap takuniic- At the other end they put on a * with twine for hazel sticks, they naptcak 'ievi thffirapu',5 sakri piece of buckskin as a patch. t there also weave with 'Akxa'ap. vura takunikyaO. Vura pfitta~y They do not put much tobacco L They are already halfway up- vaA k&,n su? mahya nnatihap pe-- in it. It is an old one that they L river people. he-raha'. Vura patakkA-nnimitc use, that they make into a to- xas pakunhihrfivti', xas pakun- bacco basket; it is already an old ?ikya-ti pa'uhsipnu'uk, ta'apxan- hat. The patterns can no longer ke-mmitc. Vura tapu'imtara- be made out when they use it. It * (HOW OUR KIND OF PEOPLE USED na-mhitihaia pamukxuiik, xas pa- spills out good, whenever they TO TRADE WITH THE UPRIVER kunihrd-vti'. Yav 'ukupe-va-y- get it out. That is what they PEOPLE AT CLEAR CREEK NEW ricukahiti', pakunpihtAnvuti like it for: it does not stick [to the YEAR CEREMONY) pe-h~raha'. VaA kumai'i pakun- basket]. They just tap it [the tapku-pputi: vaA 'um, pu'iftcikin- basket with a stick] and it spills * Each new year ceremony my ko-ttihara. Takunhkku 'favah- out good. An upriver hat to- * deceased mother would go to kam vaA kbli yav tukupe-va-yri- bacco basket is what they call it. Clear Creek to attend the new cuk a ha'. Kahapxan uhsipnu~k year ceremony. She would pack vaA kunkup-6vuiyA-nnahiti'. upriver two pack basket loads of bowl baskets and openwork plates, F. Pahd-t kunkupe-kya-hiti pe- (HOW THEY MAKE A TOBACCO and dipper baskets; she would he-rahamathya-nnarav kahap- CONTAINER OUT OF AN UPRIVER trade them for blankets, Indian xa'^n 58a HAT) 58a blankets, and upriver hats, and Patcimi kunikrdpphr6-caha~k When they are going to sew juniper seeds, for all kinds of pa'ipparh, xas k6 mahitc vura with sinew, then they soak it things, upriver things. They takunpdoeai. PupuxxwItc pdoean- for a while. They do not soak used to give us those upriver hats tihap karu v-f-a. Pavura k6-ma- it too much either. They soak sometimes, but we did not wear hitc kunpA06unti', pak6-mahitc only as much as they are going them, it does not look right on us. 67 They double a buckskin strip over the edges. (TELLING ABOUT THE UPRIVER HAT 8 Or tafirapu'fevi-ttAfc. TOBACCO BASKET) 58 For purposes of study, an "upriver hat" in the national col- Sometimes they give us an up- lections was made into a tobacco basket by Imkyanvan. The speci- river hat upriver, and then a man men thus converted is National Museum Spn. No. 19293. Hat sometimes makes a tobacco bas- collected at McCloud River, Shasta County, California, by Livingston ket out of it. They sew the hat Stone, accessioned July 20, 1876, flat top 434 inches across, estimated original height, 3Y4 inches. Dimensions of finished tobacco basket, 10% inches long, 3%inches wide; opening 1%inches long, /4 inch wide; ,kskin blankets upriver. loop 134 inches long. (See P1. 26, b, c, d.) -I

130 BU3E2EAtJ OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY tBULL. 94 BARRINGTON] TOBACCO AMONGT TB] kunihr6-ic. Pattay takunpui00a- to use. If they soak too much, Xas 'ievi takunvussur pataf- raha"'k, 'ux6-ttcitchiti', 'upip- it gets soft, it breaks in two. firapu' tcu-yitc vuia, xas va: pfi nti'. pe-krfip takunpi!xo rariv,f' pa'ap- Pataxannahicitc 'updi6arahiti- After it has soaked a while, xan ?atcipyg-k po *kruppahitihi- ha'ak, xas vaA 'ievit takunicxi-y- they rip a piece off. Then they ra"'k. 'Axhkya~n takunpikruipvar ci. Xas takunivusdfts.6 9 Xas bend it repeatedly. They clean 'a tcip. 'Apapmahitc kun?uvrin- takuntaxvic. Xas takunixxak. 60 off the fat or meat. Then they nati patakunikrdppaha'ak, pa'ipa TakunOakikikki"n. Takunpap- pull off shreds. They run it vura pfeci~p kunkupe-kruppahat. putcaya-tcha'. Xas 'apkiurukkan through the mouth. They chew 'Appapkam vura 'dOxu psfirA- takunparicri-hva', ylttc6-tc v&A,. it good. Then they twist it hiti', pakhon kunrnbhyA,-nnAt! VaA vura ko-samay6-tces takunik- on the thigh, just one ply. pehe raha'. yav pak64s kunikrdppare ec. They make it the size they are Karixas vastaran takun ?frip- going to use. cut, 'usiinnanT'pninAhitihAtc 62 Takunpikrdpsap, pa apxan?ap- They pinch together the rim vastaran takunlkrui-pkA', 'ippam- mA-n'nak. Xakkarari 'utaxnana- of the hat. Both ends are gap- md'uk, 'a tcip takunkiffuyra0,63 nicukvatc. 'Appapkam takunsip- ing. They make a knot in one pa'apmhnti~m takunfkrfi-pkA'. pifha pa'ipam?a'an. Xas taku- end of the sinew thread. Then Pamfhk 'a? kunthkkararihe'ec.. nikrdpripn 'ipihsi hmd'uk. Taku- they make a hole through with Pamukun?ih6-rahasii-n'vA, pamu- niyunkurihva pa'ippaih. Xas vaA the bone awl. They poke the kun ?ih6-rahamhhya nnaramsa'. takunicyuinkiv pa'Ippamh. 'Ap- thread through. Then they pull Vura puffa-t 'A pun 'i-t.curutihap, pap kuna kdik takunicrd-nma the thread through. Then they k6-vfira 'a? 'uvarari-hva', yav xas pa'ipfim?a'^n. Pu'im0Avdrud-kt1- pass it back to the other (= kunkupa'6-06ahiti'. hhp. Xas va: vura kunkup6-krdp- first) side. They do not sew it Tafirapuvfippakatcmi-k takun- pahiti'. K6-vura 'a-tcip takun- with top stitch. They keep sew- kifuttcak 64 passiirukka'a. Kun- pikripsap. 'Apm&~nnm -k vura ing that way. All the middle xuti xay 'upasxa ypa'. Karu va: hitiha~n 'asxay kunikyA-tti', pak- part they sew together. They katn kuni-vhyrE-mnihvAti' karu kari kunikrfipparati'. keep moistening it with the va: khn kun1-vayrlccukvuti', mouth when they are sewing pehe-raha'. with it. Xas 'ievi tinihyg-tc takunvdp- Then they cut a widish piece 5. Pe cyuxOirixYo n?ih6 rahamah- paksur patiffirapu', pakunicnap- of buckskin to patch the hole ya-nnarav tcfikkare~c po surikk1X-hiti 'Ap- with at one end, where the bot- HA-ri vura takunsuvhxra kitc papkarh, phvo 'Affivhe'ec. VaA tom is going to be. They cut 'icyuxOirix8 nma'an. Va 'ihe-raha vura k6^ utirihiti takunvuippak- it as wide as the hole is, so kunmahya'nnaramti hA-i. Ku- bi sut, pak6^ po-sururiuprinahiti', wide they cut it. Then they nippe-nti 'icyuxOirixYo n?ihMraha- va: k6: takunvussur. Karixas patch it, they put it on one end. mahyA-nnaiam. Kunicyfunna9- to va: takunicnaptcak, 'appapkam They sew it on with good sinew. vuti plcci'1 p. Xas va: takunsu- w takun8i vk3a'. '1ppAmmO k vura vaxra', 'ahupmh.-k 'uktatri-hva yav takunkupe-kri1-pkaha'. su? phma'an, va. 'u~m pupak- St

69 Or takuni-vux64ux. These two verbs have the same meaning. 61 Or takunpiOxuppar, they cover it They also sometimes do this to the sinew just before they put it in 62 Lit. it is made a little hole. the water. 6 To make the loop. 60 Or takunixaxavhra'a. 64 Or takunipciveap, they plug it. was only 3Y4" long by 1%" wide. TL M9RICAN ETHNOLOGY tBIJLL. 04 HARRINGTON] TOBACCO AMONG THE KARUK INDIANS 131 3a- to use. If they soak too much, Xas 'ievi takunvidssur pathf- Then they cut a narrow piece ip- it gets soft, it breaks in two. firapu' tci-yitc vdfa, xas vat of buckskin, then they cover pe-krfip takunpi x6orari4, 6' pa'ap- the seam with it, where it is ti- After it has soaked a while, xanatcipyA-k po -krdppahitihi- sewed in the middle of the hat. y- they rip a piece off. Then they ra'ak. 'Axhkya~n takunpikrilpvAr They sew it double in the middle. as bend it repeatedly. They clean 0 'atcip. 'ApApmahitc kundvrm- They keep turning it from side :.6 off the fat or meat. Then they nati patakunikrdppaha'ak, pa'ipa to side as they sew it, just as p- pull off shreds. They run it vura pfcci~p kunkupe-krdppahat. they sewed it before. an through the mouth. They chew 'Appapkam vura 'ii6xfidpsarh- One end is open, where they -a. it good. Then they twist it hiti', pakan kunimnhyA nnhtl put the tobacco in. k- on the thigh, just one ply. peht raha'. Then they cut a strip of thong. They make it the size they are Karixas vasthran takunArip- They sew it on looped, with going to use. cur, 'usfnitnuipninAhitihAtc 62 sinew; they fold it on itself in p- They pinch together the rim vasthran takunikri-pkA', 'fppam- the middle; they sew it on by a- of the hat. Both ends are gap- mI'uk, 'a tcip takunkiffuyra4, 6 3 the mouth. They are going to p- ing. They make a knot in one pa'apmhnti~m takunikra-pkh'. hang it up with that. Their a- end of the sinew thread. Then Pamd-k 'a? kunthkkararihe'ec.. tobacco outfit, their tobacco re- a- they make a hole through with Pamukunih6-rahasii-n'vA, pamu- ceptacles, they never leave them the bone awl. They poke the kunih6-rahambhyA nnaramsa'. on the floor; they hang every- I- thread through. Then they pull Vura puffa-t '1-pun 'i-t.cirutihap, thing up, they take good care of ta the thread through. Then they k6-vfira 'a? 'uvarAri-hvA', yAv xfis them. .I- pass it back to the other (= kunkupa'eOTahiti'. I- first) side. They do not sew it Tafirapuvdppakatemd -k takun- With a little cut-off piece of l- with top stitch. They keep sew- kifutteak 64 passdrukka"'. Kun- buckskin they stuff the hole. .a ing that way. All the middle xiuti xhy 'uphsxa yph'. Karu vat They think it might get damp. c- part they sew together. They khnn kunivhyri-mnihvati' karu They spill it in and they spill keep moistening it with the vat kahn kuni-vayriccukvuti', it out through there, the tobacco. mouth when they are sewing peht-raha'. with it. - Then they cut a widish piece 5. Pe cyuxOirixyo nihi -rahamhh- (ELK SCROTUM TOBACCO >- of buckskin to patch the hole ya-nnarav CONTAINER) i- with at one end, where the bot- HA-ri vura takunsuvaxra kite And sometimes they just dry . tom is going to be. They cut an elk scrotum. it as wide as the hole is, so 'icyux6irix6 nma'1n. VaA 'iht raha They put to- kunmhhya'nnaramti bacco in it sometimes. They ', wide they cut it. Then they hA-fi. Ku- nipp6-nti call it an elk testicle s patch it, they put it on one end. 'icyuxeirixyo nih6 raha- tobacco con- mahya-nnAfam. tainer. First they skin it a They sew it on with good sinew. Kunfcyf-nnafl- off a vuti picci' p. Xas vaA takunsu- whole. Then they dry it, they vaxra', 'ahupmfl-k 'uktatri-hva brace the skin inside, with [cross] su? pAma'an, vaA 'utm pupak- sticks, so it will not collapse two verbs have the same meaning. 61 Or takunpiOxfippaf, the sinew just before they put it in they cover it with. 62 Lit. it is made a little hole. 63 To make the loop. 64 Or takunipcivcap, they plug it. The plug of a spn. prepared was only 3W" long by 1%" wide. The plug is called kifutchkkar. -- ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~-- I

132 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [BULL. 94 kiOtenvutihaia, 'ahuptunv8tc- together, with little [cross] sticks. mAiuk. Va; vur ukupe-vaxra- They dry it that way. hahiti'. Fa-t vura va; kunmahyA-nna- They put anything inside, when IX. Pahd-t mit va; kunkupap8-h- (H ramti patuvfxraha'ak, sikki kyaru it is dry, spoons too they put in- vdpievahitihat pehe-raha' vura sa? kunmahyannaramti'. side. In the corner of the yoram Y-ram kixxumnipa~k takuntbk- they hang it up. Payi10a 'ira ta-y mu'avaha- w karafi. ha'ak, patu'a punma vura puk6- 'Apsun kuyra-;k mit pamuc- had three elk tes- vur 'ihro-vicara, puiya va; kari Old Snake ti yuxOirixxY6'0n, 'Inng-k mit ticles [i. e. scrotums], they were ka-kkum tuye-crihva', takunik- w 'uvarari-hvat, y6-ram kfxxAm- in the living house, vanic. Pa'asiktavabn 'u~m hanging up fr nlpa'ak. Sikk 'umahyA-nnahiti'. in the corner of the yoram. pakunikvaricti pa'hvaha'. Ku- it Sikihmahya,-nnaramsa mit. Spoons were in them. They were nipp&'er: "Pf-hdfa, 'Pnngik spoon holders. 'u~m pa'asiktdva~n 'ikvatricci'."' Pdyava; xas 'f nna k t6w-aric pa- lasikthva'an. S Yakun 'uwm 'uto nti pak6-- Si kasipnu'uk, pamu'avaha'. HA-ri S pa'avansa 'u~m vura puva 'a pun- k mutihaia pak6- 'u~m pamu'h- vaha'. Kidna vira 'u~m pa'hvansa 'ihe-raha xas 'uye-crf-hvui't, 'ihe-- raha xas kunikvhricti pa'hvansa'. 'Apxa~n 'usuprhvarati pe-he- raha'. Piovhva kun6Arihti 'Apxa~n 'AxyAr pe-ht-raha'. Va; kunku- pato-rahiti'. 'kpxar n 'kautcn i kuyna-kkitc karu kunOatrihti'.

Pa'asikthva~n patakunikvhric pa'avaha', kuna vura p6-cpAk tu'affic kitc, va; vura pamu- '&van tu'PTer. Pa'avansa 'u~m pe-cpuk xus 'u'VOti', pa'asikthva~n 'u~m pfi'icpfik xuis 'e-0tihaia, 'avansa 'u1 musipni-kkie 'uOln'- niv, yo-ram 'a?. Yo-ram 'a? lu~m vura 'asiktfva~n hA-ri xas 'uvuirayvuti', Oi-vrihvak yo-ram 'a?. Payaffus kunikyA-rati yuxohfam, xanva-'t, tinti"n, '1p, 'axyfi s, 'uruhsa', sApru'uk, k6- vura va; payhffus kunifhruvti',

li-

li- MERICAN ETHNOLOGY [BULL. 94 tc- together, with little [cross] sticks. ra- They dry it that way. lA- They put anything inside, when Lru it is dry, spoons too they put in- IX. Pahr-t mit va kunkupapt-h- (HOW THEY USED TO SELL TOBACCO) bi'. side. In the corner of the yoram vApievahitihat pehl -raha' Lk- they hang it up. Pay166a 'Ara ta-y mu'avaha- When a person has lots of food, ha'ak, patu'fvpdnma vura puk6- when he knows that he can not Ic- Old Snake had three elk tes- vur 'ihr6vicafa, piiya va: kari use it all up, then he sells some; lit ticles [i. e. scrotums], they were k&-kkum tuye-crihvA', takunik- they buy it from him. It is the n- hanging up in the living house, vafic. Pa'asiktava~n 2u~m woman that they buy the food i'. in the corner of the yoram. pakunikvhricti pa'avaha'. Ku- from. They tell one: "No; buy Spoons were in them. They were nipp6'er; "Ptdh6ia, 'I-nnA k it from the woman in the living spoon holders. 'unm pa'asikt~va~n 'ikvAricci'." house." Then one buys it from Pfuyava, xas 'fnna-k t6-varic pa- that woman in the living house. Pasiktava'an. She always counts how many Yakidn 'u~m 'ut6onti pak6-- storage baskets of food there is. kasipnu'uk, pamu'Avaha'. HA-ri Sometimes the man does not pa'avansa 'um vura pdva 'a pun- know how much food he has. mutihara pak6- 'u~m pamu'a- vaha'. Kdna vdra 'u~m pa'Avansa But the man is the one that 'iht-raha xas 'uy6ecrfihv-at1', 'iht-- sells smoking tobacco; they buy raha xas kunikvaricti pa'Aivansa'. it from the man. He measures 'Apxa~n 'usuprAvarati pe-ht- the tobacco with a basket hat. raha'. PiOvhva kunOarihti 'Apxa~n They pay him a piOvara denta- 'Axyar pe-h-raha'. Va: kunku- lium for a hat full of tobacco. pat8 rahiti'. 'Apxa~n 'a ttcipAri They figure it that way. And kuyna-kkitc karu kunearihti'. for half a basket full they pay a kuyna-kkitc dentalium. Pa'asiktava~n patakun hikvAric The woman is the one that they pa'Avaha', kuna vura p6-cpak buy the food from, but the money tu'affic kitc, va: vilra pamu- she only touches; she gives it to 'Avan tu'6e'r. Pa'avansa 'urm her husband. The man takes pe cpuk xus 'u'VOti', pa'asiktava~n care of money; the woman does 'u~m pd'icpdk xuis 'te-tlhafa, not take care of money; the man 'Avansa 'u: musipna-kki6 'ueA n'- is the one who has his money niv, yo ram 'A?. Yo-ram 'A? basket setting there, on the yoram 'utm vura 'asikthva~n hM-ri xas bench. A woman seldom goes 'uvurA yvuti', Oi-vrihvak yo-ram around the yoram bench, around 'A?. Payaffus kunikyagrati the bench above the yoram. yuxoAfam, xanva-t, tinti"n, 'ip, What they use for making a 'axyfi-s, 'uruhsa', sapru'uk, k6-- dress, abalone, clam, flint pend- vdra va: payhffus kunf-hruwvti', ants, juniper seeds, bull-pine nuts, 133 134 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [BULL. 94 'avansa 'urm va~ pdxxas 'e Oti- disk beads, olivellas, everything hara, 'asikthva~n 'urm va: xus that they use on a dress, a man 'u'eOti', pa'asiktavanha'up. does not take care of; a woman takes care of them, they are women's property. Pa'avaha takunikvAriecaha'&k, When they buy food the X. Pahd-t kunkupe-ht-rahiti' p6-cpuk pava: takunikvariccara- money that it is sold for is ha"'k, 'dovA yti 'u vrikypapl p6 -c called 'dwvrikyApA'. They call 1. Po-hra-m Va: kunkupe-Ovuya-nna- it 'd vrikyapu' money, the money puk. (T hiti 'u 'vrikyapu'icpuk, pa'avaha- for which food is sold. They A. Payiooiva ky6ok mit kuma- 'dhra"am 3a '6-rahape-cpuk. Takunpi-p: "Va; say: "That condor plume is phykyuk pa'atcvivkyampikvas 'd'vrikyapu', this woodpecker Va: vura kite klo ka'ahup- '&vrikyapu', va: pay paffurax scarlet is 'dwvrikyapu'." 'uhra~m mit kunikyA'ttihat xavie- ti 'h vrikyapu'." ?dhra'am,l karu fa0ipiuhra'8m,2 w Papuvura fa-t xdtihapha'ak kiri If they do not want to sell any- karu xupariciihra'am. 3 Xavic- ki nuOOlc, va: takunpi-p: "'U~mkun thing, then people say: "They do ?ihra~m karu faOipiuhra~m va: pudxay 'ara~r 'dwvriktihap." not take anything [any money] kite kunic vura ky6 k mit pakunik- from anybody." ya-ttihat'. 1. Pamitva pak6-'o-rahitihat (PRICE OF TOBACCO) XuparicIuhra~m yurukva.-ra- pehe-raha' 'uhramikyav. Pumit vura va, 'ikya-ttihaphat puxxwltc pfinnu: 'Apxa~n 'axyar peh8-raha kuy- A hat full of tobacco is worth a kuma'frai-raA, va: vura kunic nA kkitckya'fru 2 'u'6Tahiti', karu third-size dentalium, or a full- 8 3 'umuissahiti pafaOip iihra' m. ha-ri para mvaraksA'nmmutihaAi. size woodpecker scalp. The old Kuna vura paxuskaxmhar va: Vura va: kunof-nnati pa'apxan- men keep a small-sized hat for mit kite kunic kunikya-ttihat ?anammahate papihni-ttciteas pa- measuring tobacco. The hat does paxuphri"e. kunsupravarati pehe-raha. Tef'- not hold much, they do not press Papi'e-p va'uihra-msahanik va: mite vura 'uyA-hiti pa'Apxa'an, it down, they just put it in there vura kitchanik xavicihra'8 m, va; a pdkute-ktihap, xutnahite vura loose. vura k6- kite pamukun~dhra~m- ti kunikyA-tti'. hanik pe-kxare yav papikvah va: ti il I Cp. 'ip ni'frsipre'et, I picked it up. panuOitti'mti'. Va: vura yusxas 4 SU? x6etteite 2 Third-size dentalium, sometimes called kuynakitekya'iruh~arak- V ka'8s, old man third-size dentalium. pamussu'uf, pavura xavic uku- 3 Full size woodpecker head, lit. one in which the scarlet reaches pitti', kuna vura puimit vura va, r the bill. The kinds with smaller scarlet, from the male birds, are 1 Xaihc, Arrowwood, Mock Orang4 called 'ievi ttat'c. gordonianus Jepson. 2 FhOi"p, the wood of any one of th( ring in or near the Karuk country. could be used indifferently for makir 3 Xupari"e, Western Yew, Taxus 3a For illustrations of pipes see PI, in Powers (reproduced as P1. 29 o1 Goddard, Dixon, and Kroeber (for i 4 Yd-xas, Blue Elder, Sambucus g7h [ERICAN ETHNOLOGY [BULL. 94 i- disk beads, olivellas, everything is that they use on a dress, a man does not take care of; a woman takes care of them, they are women's property. i, When they buy food the X. Pahd-t kunkupe-h6-rahiti' (TOBACCO SMOKING) i- money that it is sold for is called 'd-vrikyApA'. They call 1. Po-hrdam (THE PIPES) I- it 'dwvrikyapu' money, the money t- for which food is sold. They A. PayiO~iva ky6&k mit kuma- (THE DIFFERENT KINDS OF PIPES L; say: "That condor plume is 'dihra'am 3a THAT THERE USED TO BE) & bs 'dvrlkyapu', this woodpecker Va. vura kitc ky6-ka'ahup- The only kinds of wooden pipes x scarlet is 'd wrikyapu'." ?dihra~m mit kuniky&-ttihat xavic- they used to make were of arrow- ?dihra'am,1 karu fa~ipI~ihra~am,2 wood, manzanita, and yew. The -i If they do not want to sell any- karu. xuparic~Yihra'am.3 Xavic- kinds they made most were of n thing, then people say: "They do ?iihra~m karu faeip I'ihra~in va: arrowwood and manzanita. not take anything [any money] kitc kunic vura ky6&k mit pakunik- from anybody." y&-ttihatf. (PRICE OF TOBACCO) Xuparic hihra~m yurukvg, ra- The yew pipe is a downriver fuhramikya4r. Ptimit viira va: Indian make. Our people did not 'ikyl-ttihaphat puxxwitc pfinnu; make it much. It looks like the - A hat full of tobacco is worth a kuma'firiiraA, va: vura kunic manzanita pipe. But they [our Li third-size dentalium, or a full- Pumilssahiti pafaoip ~ihra"am. people] made more bows of the 3 size woodpecker scalp. The old Kuna vura paxuskbmrhar va~ yew wood. - keep a small-sized hat for men mit kitc kunic, kunikyl-ttihat - measuring tobacco. The hat does paxupari'lc. - not hold much, they do not press Papi'6-p va'fihrAbmsahanik va: But the old style of pipe is the it down, they just put it in there vura kitchanik xavic~~ihra'1`m, va: arrowwood pipe alone, that was i loose. vura k8& kitc pamukunliihra~m- the only kind the Ikxareyavs used hanik pe-kxar6-yav papikvah va~ to use according to what we hear I it up. in the myths. imes called kuynakitckya'iruh ar6ik- Va: vura yfi-xaS 4 SU? X~ttcitc Elder is soft-pithed, like arrow- [m. pamdissu"'f, pavura xhvic uku- wood is, but they never made it. one in which the scarlet reaches pitti', ki5na vura piimit vura va: pipes of it. They were afraid of ,r scarlet, from the male birds, are I Xh4ic, Arrowwood, Mock Orange, Ph'iadelphuslewisii Pursh var. gordonianus Jepson. 2 FhOi"p, the wood of any one of the four species of manzanita occur- ring in or near the Karuk country. The wood of any of these species could be used indifferently for making a pipe. 3 Xupfri'lc, Western Yew, Taxus brevifolia Nutt.

Sh For illustrations of pipes see Pls. 27, 30, 34; also the illustrations in Powers (reproduced as P1. 29 of this paper), Mason, McGuire, Goddard, Dixon, and Kroeber (for references see pp. 23-34). 4Yivxas, Blue Elder, Sambucus glauca Nutt. 135 -I

136 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [BULL. 94 HARRINGTONI TOBACCO AMONG THE

'ikya-tihaphat po-hra-m. Kun- elder, they said it was poison a. Paxavicilhra'imn ?h-ytihat mit paydsxas, mit kuni- wood, dead person wood. pittihat ke-micappific, puya-ha- a'. Pe-kxare-ya va: mukunidh- ( rappific. ra-mhanik xavicdhra"'m Ka-kum 'ukk8-rahina-tihanik Some wooden pipes no matter Pi'e-p mit 'u~m vura ta~y pax- karu ka kum vura pu'ikky6mrahi- of which kind of wood they were xavic Kaitimhin6 'inirahiram pax- tihaphanik pa'ahuphdhra'am, xht made were provided with stone xaivic. Va: vura kuma'i'ihanik, fA-t vura kuma'ahup. Karuma bowls and some were without patth-yhadiik, pekxar6-yav 'u~m- vura 'uhramka-msa va: vura stone bowls. Even big pipes kun karu vuira va: pakunikya-t- i 'ikky6Tirpuxsahanik hA-fi. Ta-y were bowiless sometimes. Lots of tihanik paviinthp, karu pakun- mit vura 'u~mkun karu vura the men did not have any stone nihaf, karu pa mtItkk'e0r,i kar 4 pumit 'ikky6orahitihaphat pamu- bowl on their pipes. Those were imol-tvar, karu tAkkasaf, karu kuntuhra'am. Pa'ararakkA*ni- the poor people's pipes, the ones papasnimkY"Aer 8 vaA kunikyg-tti- mitcas pamukuniuhrA mhanik that had no stone bowls. hahiik, pakk8-r 9 karu vura va: pe-kky6*ri*ppuxsa'. kunikyA-ttihanik paxxavic. Xa- Karu vura ka-kum 'u~mkun And some people had stone vic~uhra~m karu pakunikyA-tti- 'aso hram dr5 *mhanik pamukun- pipes, the whole pipe of stone. halik, tcantca-kunicas. Xavic- ?uhra-mhaiiik, k6-vudra 'Ashanik hihra~m papikvahahirak va'dh- po-hra-m. ra mhafiik. Mi tav8-ttak va: pa'apxantin- After the white people came, nihitc kunivyihukkat, ta~y pe-k- there were lots of tools. Then b'. XavicihnA-mitc mit yATas. Va: kairi vura ko-vura the Indians worked everything mu'ihra~m xiki hitc kunic taylo pakunikyl-tti pa'a- different. They started in then '109-n mit vaA k&, nummhhat ra'ar. Va: vura kari kunikya-s- to make all kinds of pipes. They Xiki hifc, pihni -ttciec, ke vkyarth- sip pavura k8- kuma'dhra'am made some like white men's pipes. ou'uf, kari mit kari k3A&n kuni- kunikya-tti'. Kh ku mit 'apxan- They were funny looking pipes runna-tihat tciccihaias. S6 yas 5 tinihitcldhra~m kunic kunikya-t- that they made. kunlaramsipri-nnati', va: khn tihat'. YItckdnicitcas pa'uhra-m mit kuntirunna tihat, pay8-m vaA mit pakunikya ttihat'. tak8-, tapuva: 'irunna-tihaP. Xas 'uppi p: "Thni'&-tcitcha: pa- d, shows Nat. Mus. specimen No. 278473, apparently s PI. 27, taki-kmahap. Ma sfum ' 0 'ip Reservation, which is declared by Imkyanvan collected at the Hupa nih8-rat, viri va: tanipa ttcur pipe carved out by the Indians in imitation of a to be a typical panani'f1hra'1m." "Tceeh, manik even said that she suspected the soldiers White man's pipe. She nuA phppive'ec." Xas kunic pata- at Hupa had whittled out such a pipe, and not Indians at all. To show how totally unfamiliar Imkyanvan was with northern California Sa See P1. 27, a, c, e. all-wood pipes of a kind not made by the Karuk-Yuruk-Hupa, with 6 There was xivc on the Ishipis] very slender stem and a portion suddenly becoming much thicker at 7 Indians cards were also less fre4 the bowl end, she declared that the pipes of this type shown in Powers' 8 Whistles of arrowwood were i Fig. 43 (reproduced as our P1. 29), from McCloud River, Feather used in the war dance, brush danc River, and Potter Valley, are also freak pipes, made by Hupas 9 A stick of arrowwood a foot o "mocking" the White man pipes, dressing the hair after bathing, a year ceremony. 10 Or ma-sukama. Referring to utaries. I i

i I IERICAX ETHNOLOGY [BULL. 94 i HARRINGTON] TOBACCO AMONG THE KARUK INDIANS 137 l- elder, they said it was poison a. PaxavicAhra"'m " (THE ARROWWOOD PIPE) 5& i- wood, dead person wood. a'. Pe kxar6 ya vaA mukunih- (THE ARROWWOOD PIPE WAS THE ri-mhanik xavic?(hra'am PIPE OF THE IKXAREYAVS) k Some wooden pipes no matter Pi'&-p mit 'u~m viira ta~y pax- Long ago there was lots of kind of wood they were i- of which xhviclKatimIPn 6 'inirahiram pax- arrowwood at Katimin rancheria. provided with stone ,t made were xavic. Va: vura kum,'i'ihaiiik, That was why there was lots of were without a bowls and some patth yh&Aik, pe-kxar6-yav 'u~m- it, because the Ikxareyavs were pipes a stone bowls. Even big kun karu vfira vaA pakunikyg-t- making flint pointed arrows, and y were bowlless sometimes. Lots of tihanik pavimthop, karu pakun- wooden pointed arrows, and In- a the men did not have any stone nihat, karu pAmti kk6'er,7 kar dian cards, and shinny sticks, and - bowl on their pipes. Those were imOA-tvar, karu takkasai, karu shinny tassels, and whistles too - the poor people's pipes, the ones papasni kkyge'r 8 vaA kunaikyg-tti- they were making, and comb i that had no stone bowls. hafiik, pakk8-r I karu vura va: sticks too they were making of kunikyl-ttihAnik paxxhfic. Xa- arrowwood, and they were making I And some people had stone vichihra~m karu pakunikya-tti- arrowwood pipes too, white ones. - pipes, the whole pipe of stone. haiik, tchntca-fkunicas. Xavic- It was the arrowwood pipe that ?dhra~m papikvahahirak va'dh- they had in story times. ra -mhafiik. - After the white people came, - there were lots of tools. Then 1/. Xavic ihna-mitc mit (SQUIRREL JIM'S PIPE WAS A t the Indians worked everything mu'ihra~m xiki hitf LITTLE ARROWWOOD ONE) * different. They started in then Once we met old Squirrel Jim * to make all kinds of pipes. They 'I0-n mit va: khn nummahat Xikihit'c, pihni ttci'c, ke-vkyarih- at Three Dollar Bar Creek, people L made some like white men's pipes. used to travel through there on They were funny looking pipes Ou'uf, khri mit kari kyatn kunmi- So6yas horseback, coming from Sawyer's that they made," runna-tihat tciccihaias. kuntaramsipri nnati', va: kan Bar, they used to travel through mit kunhIrunni-tihaf, pay8m there, now they do so no longer, tak8-, tapuva; 'irunna-tihap. they do not travel through there " I specimen No. 278473, apparently Xas 'uppl p: "Tani'&-tcitchaA pa- any longer. Then he said: n, which is declared by Imkyanvan taki-kmahap. Ma-sfim lo 'ip am glad to see you folks. I took a smoke a short distance upereek, by the Indians in imitation of a nihU-at, viri va: thnipa-ttcur id that she suspected the soldiers panani'dhra"'m." "Tctirh, manik and then I lost my pipe." "All right, we will look for it." Then , pipe, and not Indians at all. To nu: phppive'ec." Xas kunic pata- anvan was with northern California 5a See PI. 27, a, c, e. e by the Karuk-Yuruk-Hupa, with 6 There was xivic on the Ishipishrihak side, too. uddenly becoming much thicker at 7Indians cards were also less frequently made of pihtiri. ipipes of this type shown in Powers' 8 Whistles of arrowwood were made for children, and were also 9), from MeCloud River, Feather used in the war dance, brush dance, and deerskin dance. Iso freak pipes, made by Hupas ' A stick of arrowwood a foot or more long, used by the men for dressing the hair after bathing, also used ceremonially in the new year ceremony. 10 Or mg-sfikaml. Referring to up the Salmon River and its trib- utaries. _qq§MM0PN0"r

AMONG TE 138 BUREAU OF AMESIIICAN ETHNOLUGY [BULL. 94 HARRINOTON] TOBACCO kinvA-m'yuv xas 'uppi p: "'Ana- as he passed us, he said: "A little Picci~p, va: khon takuntfrup- na'uhnA m'mitc."11 'Uxus xay Indian pipe." He was afraid kuri pakhin 'ihg-rah u'i Ore'lc,'3a po hnam.?ippaAitc, va: 'u~m kunxus 'ata fa-t 'apxanti-tchih- people would think it was a 4 ra'am. White man pipe. xe-ttcitc pakunthrukti'.' Tcaka- 'i tc kunic pakuntg-tcti'. Puyav- c'. Pahf-t kunkupe-kya-hiti (HOW THEY MAKE AN ARROWWOOD hara payittcakanitc puxxwitc xavici'dhra'am "a PIPE) "a takunta ttcaha'ak. Pamussuiruvar xay 'utanniha'. Xay va: kh~n TakunAppiv h6oy kitc xavic'ip- They hunt for where there passuiruar; ha-ri pa', h6-y 'ata kitc payav 'u'i -hya'. is an arrowwood bush standing, kunvuppakuri 'appapvari passuruvar. Va: 'u~m 'Ararapi-mate vura 'u~m ta~y where there is one that ought ru h- mit paxaric. Ha-ri vura maruk to be good. There were lots of yav 'ukupatta-tcahiti pakuni tihalak. Yifoa 'uhravm vura takunma po-hramhikyk-ya4, puy- arrowwood trees close to the avaA kari takunpi-p: "Va. khn rancheria [of Katimin]. Some- ta-y pamuta v6ep. Puhitiha~n 'atcipya-khara pa- yav 'u'ihya po hrami'ikyav, times they see upslope a good 5 po-hramahdp?5,-- fi-ppayav, 'uhramiky&-yav vaA one for a pipe, and then they say: mussdruvar,' ti-mvari pamus- kaon 'u'i-hya'." "There is a good one standing tcip, ha-ri va: puhuinhara there, good for a pipe, a straight sdru' ar.l' Vura pamus- one [bush], one good for making xa-t pu'atcipya-khara a pipe is standing there." sfiruar,"5 vura kunimmTiusti va: kaon vhrihe~c pas- Patakunikyl-vicaha~k paxa- When they are going to make pakunxuti Va~vura kunkupataruk- vic~dhra'am, takunikpa-ks~ir pax- an arrowwood pipe, they cut off suruvar. va: xavichsxa~y 'ievit.'2 Ka-kum a piece of the green arrowwood. kahiti po-hramippaf, xas vura kunkupatarukkahiti khru pa'Thup puy6-peahafa, pa- Some sticks are not good for pakunihara'ippan- 'uhram&kyav, tirihca pa'fahup. making a pipe, they are widish pakunnihar, kaih, pakd~n kunve hkyurivuti Pakan kunic 'umxi-tsurahiti', [not round]. They make the vakabn takunikpa-ksur, vaA 'u~m cut where it is swollen [where payd'uv. 'kvahkam karu vura takunik- puva: kb,,n 'imxu-tsiurahitihe-cara twiglets branch off], so it will xarip, va: vura takunkupex rip- po-hrhmF-ccak. Vura hbri vurava not be swollen in the body of aha po-hram pakunkupe-kya- pakunikpA-kti paxxavic. VaA the pipe. They cut the arrow- he'Ic, pakari xe ttcitc. 'u~m kari y9 pca', vaA 'u~m wood at any time. They are Karixas takunsuvaxra', ma* pu'imxAxA-ratihafa, papicyavpi-c good ones, do not crack, when kavannihit'c, pu'imfirari kharE takunikyA ha'ak, va- 'u~m kari they make them in the fall; the karu vurE pa'ippa 'ivaxra su?. tree is then dry inside. vufa. 'Imtchxxahamd- puyavhara, 'uimtcui nti'. 'Ahir- He chanted the word, holding the vowel of the penult very long. am.Avahkam 'A? vaA kain pakun "" For arrowwood pipes in various stages of making and also 4 suvaxra-hti', '1 nna k, takuntak finished pipes (only the third pipe from the right-hand end is of 13i Or 'uvOr6-cifak. manzanita) see P1. 30. 14 See P1. 33, a, for dug-out s 12 The arrowwood used for pipes is from 3%inch to 2 inches in diameter, the pith channel is Y3/inch to % inch in diameter. Practi- ready to receive foreshaft. 16 its pith. cally all pieces are straight enough to produce a straight pipe when Or pamfissu'uf, 16 Since the stone pipe bowl co dressed off, and although the pith channel is often far to one side of about the center, the pipe can be centered about it in the dressing. of the big end of the pipe careful about that end; and tho the mouth end about the hole, so ,'RICAN ETHNOLOGY [BULL. 94 BARRINGTON] TOBACCO AMONG THE KARUK INDIANS 139

- as he passed us, he said: "A little Piccip, vaA kaon takunthrup- They first make hole where r Indian pipe." He was afraid kuri pakan 'ih -rah uTi.Ore'ec,la3 the tobacco is going to be, on - people would think it was a po hnamippaAitc, vaA Yu~m top of the pipe. It is soft when White 4 man pipe. xe-ttcitc pakunthrukti'.' Tcaka- they make the hole. They dig 'itc kuinic pakuntA-tcti'. (HOW THEY MAKE AN ARROWWOOD Puyav- out the bowl end of the pipe, hara payittcakanitc puxxwitc just as PIPE) "a they dig out an arrow, takuntA .ttcaha'ak. Pamussuiruvar the tip end of an arrow, where They hunt for where there xay 'utanniha'. Xay va; kh;n they stick the foreshaft in.14 is an arrowwood bush standing, kunvuippakuri passuruvar; hA-ri They also work it outside, where there is one that ought 'appapvari passuiruvar. Va; 'u~m they work it to the shape of to be good. There were lots of yav 'ukupatta-tcahiti pakuni-rui-h- the pipe, while it is still soft. arrowwood trees close to the tiha'ak. Yif0a 'uhrA;m vura One ought to whittle it off slow. rancheria [of Katimin]. Some- ta-y pamutav8'ep. It is not good to cut it too much times they see upslope a good Puhitfha~n 'atcipyA-khara pa- in one place. The hole might 15 one for a pipe, and then they say: mussdruf ar, po -hram Pahfip ?a-- get spoiled. They might cut "There is a good one standing tcip, ha-ri ti-mvatri pamus- into the hole; sometimes the there, good for a pipe, a straight suruvar.l' Vura va; puhunhara hole is to one side. It is good one [bush], one good for making xa-t pu'atcipyA-khhia pamus- to whittle it as it is being revolved. a pipe is standing there." sdruvar,l5 vura kunimmi'yu sti One pipe makes lots of whittlings. When they are going to make pakunxuti va; kh;n vhrihe~c pas- The hole is not always in the an arrowwood pipe, they cut off siuruvar. Va~vura kunkupataruk- middle, in the middle of the a piece of the green arrowwood. kahiti po-hram~ippaAS, xas va; stick; sometimes the hole is to Some sticks are not good for vura kunkupatarukkahiti karu one side. It makes no difference making a pipe, they are widish pakunnihar, pakunihara'ippan- if the hole is not in the center, [not round]. They make the kafli, pakA;n kunve hkyurivuti they watch where the hole is cut where it is swollen [where paydIuv. going to come. twiglets branch off], so it will 'Avahkam karu vura takunik- Then they dry it, a little back not be swollen in the body of xarip, va; vura takunkupfxtrip- (from the fireplace), not where the pipe. They cut the arrow- aha po-hra;m pakunkupe-kya-- it is so hot. They dry it there wood at any time. They are he'ec, pakari xe ttcit'c. above the fireplace, inside the good ones, do not crack, when Karixas takunsuvaxra', ma-- living house. It is not good to they make them in the fall; the kavannihit'c, pu'imfirari-khara dry it in the sun either, it cracks. tree is then dry inside. vufa. 'Imtchxxaham&- karu vura They dry it there above the puyavhafa, 'Cmtcuinti'. 'Ahir- fireplace inside the vowel of the penult very long. the living house; amAvahkam 'A? va; kh;n pakun- they hang 6ous stages of making and also 4 it up. It must dry suvaxra-hti', '1nna k, takuntak- slowly. They do )e from the right-hand end is of that way so 13" Or Ui'Ort cirak. ,s is from % inch to 2 inches in 14 See PI. 33, a, for dug-out shaft tip of Karuk arrowwood arrow ,h to % inch in diameter. Practi- ready to receive foreshaft. ito produce a straight pipe when 6Or pamfissu'uf, its pith. channel is often far to one side of 16 Since the stone pipe bowl conceals the centering or noncentering I about it in the dressing. of the big end of the pipe about the pith cavity, the Karuk are not careful about that end; and they .are also careless about centering the mouth end about the hole, some pipes having the hole to one side.

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140 BUREAU OF AME IUUAN ETHNOLOGY [BULL. 94 HARRINGTON] TOBACCO AMONG THE karari. Tcaka'P tc po vaxra hti'. it will not crack, so it will be HA-ri 'aOkdrit kuniyvudrukti po-h- Vas kunkupe kya hiti va. 'u~m hard. When it cracks when they ramikyavlAvahkarh, vaA 'u~m pu'imtcu ntihAfA,l' vaA 'u~m are making it, they say: "It is pu'ivaxra-htihara pamu'iccaha sakri vhVec. Pat6mtcuraha~k, cracked open." su?, tcaka'f-tc kunic 'uvaxrA-hti', pakunikya ttiha'ak, takunpi p: vaA 'u.m pu'imtcu-ntfhafa. HA-- "T6.mxhxxa'ar."118 ri vurava mit vura kunikya-tihat HA-tmanvavurakuma'i'ihanik It was funny that they did pamukunfihra'am, picyavpic 'u~m papu'ikmahAtcra~m suvaxra hti- not dry the arrowwood pipes in pakaniyA"atc, va: 'u~m kar ivaxra haphanik paxavicfffhra'am. Vura- the sweathouse. It was funny pa'ahup, karu vura pu'imtcaxha- hd-t manva vura kuma'i'ihanik that they always used to dry ra. HA-ri vur xaviclivbxra pa- 'inna kitc kunsuvaxra-htihaniik. them in the living house. The kunikya ratihaiiik, va: vura yav- Pakunnihar 'u~m vura nik ha-ri arrows they sometimes used to hafiik, pu'imtcd-ntihafa, va: 'u~m 'ikmahhtcra~m kunsuvaxra-htiha- dry in the sweathouse. But I shkri~v vura kitchanik pe-kyav, iuk, pu mit vura harixxay nam- never saw them drying a pipe sakrivikyavhafik. VaA vura ta- mahat 'ikmahhtcra~m kunsuvax- that they were making in the kunpippa tcur po hramikyav pa- raihti' pa'uhramikya4, vura mit sweathouse; they just dried them takunmhha-k t6-mtcur, h&-ri vura 'f nna- kitc kunsuvaxra-htihat inside, in the living house. pupipa-tcuratihap, va: kin vura 'ikrivr, *m'mak. takuni-tcuf, kari yiO kdna takun- Paxxavic 'u~m vura pupAram- The arrowwood they did not pikya4. vftihap. Puna~itti-mtihara xa- boil. I never heard that they vie kunparamvuti', kunsuvax- boiled arrowwood, they just dried ra htihat mit vura kitc 'finnAa'k. it in the house. But the manza- PafaOip ?hra~m vura kitc pakun- nita they boiled. paramvuti'. Po hramikyav xhot vura hari Pipes in the making will crack, K6-mahitc kunsuvaxra'hti 19 po - vura kunikyav vaA vur 'umtc6- if they are destined to crack, at hramikyav 'ahiramAvahkam va: ( re sec, pavuir umtcure caha'1k. no matter what season the wood 'u~m yA-mahukatc 'ikfu-tra6un. E HA-ri vura pu'imtcu ntihaifa, xgnt is gathered. Sometimes they do FA-t vurava kuma'hhupmt-k 2 ; karu su? Asxa'ay, x&t karu xattik- not crack although full of sap and kunikfutraOOunati', 'Assamd-k ku- rapma'. Ha ri'Avahkam 'u'aram- in the springtime. They start to niktifvAra-ti', xhkkarari vura kun- si privti pe mtci'r, karu hA-ri sil- crack both from the outside and iarkviu -kti'. ?kam 'u'aramsi-privti'. Patce-m- from the pith channel. If dress- Karu hA-ri 'Ipplhmfl-k kunik- yajtc vura yav takunpe-kyissip- ed at once to the shape of the futrab00unati po-hramsdiruvar. 'I- re ha'ak, karu patce mya~tc ta- pipe and if bowl cavity is dug pfhsi hmfl5uk, 'ikfutrA06iMnAra- i kunthrukkaha~k po hramippaiA, out at once, while still green, it pakari'Asxa'ay, vaA 'u~mpu'ify&em- will not be so likely to crack, for "ITheir "pipe work." tcu-ntihara, vaA 'u~m kari pa- its wood is then thinner and it 20 Often with a sarip, a hazel sti mu'ahup xaitnAhitc, vaA 'u~m yav dries evenly. It is easy when it The pith is so soft that it can easi 'ukupe-vaxrahahiti'. VaA 'u~m is still green, easy to work, and Sometimes the pith is so loose that E ya-mahukatc pakAri 'Asxa'1y, va. that way it does not crack either. still intact in the piece of wood cut 'u~m ya-mahukatcikya4, karu vu- Sometimes they used to rub on the Indians speak of it as being ramn ra vaA 'u~m pu'imtcd-ntfhafa. grease on the outside of the pipe as rammed out. The Karuk neve longitudinally, removing the pith or 7 Or pu'imxaxa-rAti~hAA. then gluing the halves together agai 8This is the verb also regularly used of a finished pipe cracking. in making their pipe stems. 63044On32-12 - : :

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IERICAN ETHNOLOGY [BULL. 94 llARBINOTON] TOBACCO AMONG THE EARUE INDIANS 141 li, '. it will not crack, so it will be I HA-ri 'aokudrit kuniyvdrukti po-h- that they were making, so its n hard. When it cracks when they ramikyavAvahkaih, vab 'u~m juice would not dry in it, and n are making it, they say: "It is pu'ivhxra-htihara pamu'iccaha the drying would be slow, so that <, cracked open." su?, tcaka'ltc kunic 'uvhxrA-hti', it would not crack. Pipes were vaA 'u~m pu'imtcd-ntihaia. HA-- made at all seasons of the year, ri vdrava mit vfira kunikyA-tihat but the fall was the proper time, k It was funny that they did pamukun Puhra'am, picyavpic 'u~m for at that time the wood was i- not dry the arrowwood pipes in pakaniyA'atc, vaA 'uim kar ivhxra dry and the weather was not L- the sweathouse. It was funny pa'hhup, karu vura pu'imtcaxha- hot. Sometimes they made pipes k that they always used to dry ra. HMri vur xavicivhxra pa- out of dry arrowwood. They z them in the living house. The kunikya ratihafiik, va~ vura yhv- were good ones, they did not 7i arrows they sometimes used to haAik, pu'imtcd-ntlhaia, vaj'u~m crack. The only trouble was dry in the sweathouse. But I skkri~v vura kitchanik p6-kya4, that they were hard to make, never saw them drying a pipe sakrivikyavhafik. Va. vura ta- difficult to make. A pipe in the that they were making in the kunpippA-tcur po-hramikyav pa- making they threw away when t sweathouse; they just dried them takunmhha-k t6-mtcuf, hA-ri vura it was found to be cracked. t inside, in the living house. pupip-tcuiratihap, vaA kkn vura Sometimes they did not even takuni-tcui, kari yfO kuna takun- take the trouble to throw it The arrowwood they did not pikya0. away, they just let it lie where it boil. I never heard that they was, and started to make another boiled arrowwood, they just dried one. They dry the pipe they are it in the house. But the manza- making a little above the fire- nita they boiled. place so that it will ram out easier. Pipes in the making will crack, K6- mahitc kunsuvaxra4hti 19 po*- They ram it out with any kind if they are destined to crack, at hramikyav 'ahiramIhvahkam vaA of a stick; they hammer it [the no matter what season the wood Yubm yg-mahukatc 'ikfu trhAun. stick], chisel fashion, they work is gathered. Sometimes they do FA-t vurava kuma'hhupmdvk 2 9 it from both ends. not crack although full of sap and kunikfutrOOunati', 'Assamd-k ku- - in the springtime. They start to niktifvArA-ti', xikkarari vura kun- . crack both from the outside and ?arhavf-kti'. And sometimes they ram out from the pith channel. If dress- Karu ha-ri 'IpplhmA-k kunik- the hole in the pipe with a bone. . ed at once to the shape of the futrh.06unati po-hramsuruvar. 'I- With a bone awl, a rammer, they . pipe and if bowl cavity is dug pfhsi~hmd'uk, 'ikfutrhROinAra- ram it out. They use a cannon out at once, while still green, it will not be so likely to crack, for 19 Their "pipe work." . its wood is then thinner and it 20 Often with a sifip, a hazel stick prepared for use in basketry. dries evenly. It is easy when it The pith is so soft that it can easily be removed with a toothpick. is still green, easy to work, and Sometimes the pith is so loose that air can be sucked through it while that way it does not crack either. still intact in the piece of wood cut to the length of the pipe. While Sometimes they used to rub on the Indians speak of it as being rammed out, it is really dug out as well grease on the outside of the pipe as rammed out. The Karuk never heard of splitting a pipe tube longitudinally, removing the pith or otherwise making a channel and then gluing the halves together again, as is practiced by the Ojibway T used of a finished pipe cracking. in making their pipe stems. 63044o-32 12 142 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [BULL. 94i HARRINGTON] TOBACCO AMONG THE mi k, pakun ikfutrh6M0narati'. bone, a deer's leg [bone], they Passay 'u m mutinviA v 'amva- SakanikYo ra'ippi', pufitcapsih- first file the bone off, they make vakkay. Pavura k6-vura ko-s. ml ?ippi' vaA pakuniihri vti', kunOi- its point long, they make it slen- Passay 'u~m vura 'a-mmahak all mya-tti, picci~p pa'fppi', vA ram der, they file it off with a rock. 'u'uruhikyo6ti', 'unuhtunv&ttcas, be vura kunikya-tti pamiissi'", ni-n- Then they ram it out, coming tW'ay. 'Amvavakkay xas takun- lit namite vura kun?1kyA-tti', kunOi- from both ends, the pipe. kitra'. Tce-myatc ta~y pavakkay. ml mya-tti 'Assamd'uk. Karixas ta- Tc-myatc kunk8-tcasahiti'. Ka- th kunhikfi-trabun, xakkarari vura rixas kidkku~m va: takunkitra', kunarAvd-kti'. Qi passay takunparihic. Xas kuk- th Kunsuvaxra-hti pfccillp VaA They dry it first. Its pith is ku~m takunpuruhpa'. in 'ubm x4 tteite patuvaxrfha~k pa- softer when it is dry. The ram- la mdssu'uf. 'A-pun t6-kyvic paxa- mings fall on the ground, the Vura 'u~m hitiha~n va: kan vicikfr trO0AnApa', paxavicsu'uf. arrowwood pith. It is curled up kunkra-rAhiti 'a-mmahak. Ha-ri sa 'A-pun tukifkurie. VaA kunku- on the ground. The old women va: vura nu'a mti pavakkay, of pd-Ovdyd-nnahiti makaruna pa- and old men call maccaroni that xaeimtup kui~ic. Pfama~n ta- ke-vni-kitcas karu papihnf-ttef- way, arrowwood rammings, that nukxi vcfirAzhahk, va: kari pavak- WI tcas, xavicikfa-triOunapu', wi vaA is what they call it. kay tanumma patakuniruvo-n- kunkupe *vuya nnAhiti'. nieukva', pataniukxi-vcif. Pa'a-- cl, ma patayav nupikya ha'ak, va: d( d'. 'Amvavakkay vo ' -mnuip- (A SALMON-GRUB EATS THROUGH kari 'Tm tanusa-nnupuk, karixas a rihti paxavicuhramsdrouar THE ARROWWOOD PIPE HOLE) shripmin-k tanuthttuycur pavak- th a". Payiodva ko- kumapassay (THE DIFFERENT KINDS OF SAL- kay, viri pa'a-pun takunivraric, is kyaru 'amvavakkay MON BEETLE AND WORM) va: vura khon takunpe-ru-npa'. Karu ha-ri 'amvavhkkaymfi-k And sometimes they bore out 'Ikrivki ko-k pa'amve-vaxra 'a m- takunOAruprinavaO po-hramsuru- the hole in the pipe with a sal- tihansafi. Ko-k pakuni,-mti pa- var. mon worm. 'amve vaxra'. Kuyr&tk k6-k pa- Patakunh' kkyltraha~k passay karu kuyrhk k6-k pa- pa'a m'- When they catch salmon, in 2 2 ma, pimnm&n'ni, 'itro pasiippaA summer, in a few days it is full 'amvavAkka9 . Nu: karu ku- vur e-k tame ktAtta~y pavakkay, of bugs, if it is in an old living a'i'i nuA pa'.ra'r, nu: karu pe knimnamkenmmitcha"'k. Va~ house. They live in the dried I amvh~mvd nsa,'. pa'amve-vaxrahak su? pakunA- salmon, and in the salmon meal 22 The kinds of beetles and grubs det rA-rahiti', 'u-yvaha karu vura too they live, and they eat dried quite satisfactorily identified. sti? kunhri-rahiti', pufitcivhxra deer meat too, and they live in Efforts to obtain a specimen of eil karu vura kuni'-mti', 'ikye-- old untanned deerskins too. bluish black beetle described respec puxke-mmitca karu vura kun- 'amvavakkay which were found in th( iAraTahiti'. came, have not been successful. Ac( 'AmvavAkkay 'u~m vura va-n- The salmon worms are longish the Division of Insects, U. S. Nal namieiteas, passay "undhy6,-ttaA, ones, the salmon beetles are short Necrobia mesosternalis Schiffer, whic 'ipcd-nkinatcag. Pimna-ni 'u~m ones. In the summertime there ported from Arizona, a species close phtta'ay, 'imfirairi"k, pakun l-mti are lots of them, in the warm both adult and larva and in habits pa'a-mmahak. time, eating on the salmon. crobia rufipes DeGeer, which has bee Europe. The color of the 21 'Axrar mit ky&ru yi0Oa v6-6vi-ytlhAt Passay, Ka~timf-n mit adult is ukr8'et, pa'icviripmaA mit kunippe-ntihat'. There was a person than the adults of Dermestes vulpinwu named Salmon Beetle too, he lived at Katimin. He died about 1877. is exactly what the Karuk state. '

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"RICAN ETHNOLOGY [HULL. 94 IIABEINGTON] TOBACCO AMONG THE RKRU1i INDIANS 143

bone, a deer's leg [bone], they Passay 'u~m mutdnviwv 'amva- The salmon worms are the sal- * first file the bone off, they make vakkay. Pavura k6-vura ko-s. mon beetle's children. There are its point long, they make it slen- Passay 'u~m vura 'h-mm.Ahak all sizes of them. The salmon der, they file it off with a rock. 'u'uruhiky6 ti', 'unuhtunve-ttcas, beetle lays eggs on the salmon, Then they ram it out, coming th'ay. 'Amvavhkkay xas takun- little eggs, lots of them. The sal- from both ends, the pipe. kitra'. Tce-myatc ta~y pavakkay. mon worms hatch out. Soon Tce-myatc kunke-tcasahiti'. Ka- there are lots of the worms. rixas kdkku~m vaA takunkitra', Quickly they grow big. Then passay takunparihiL. Xas kaik- they hatch out again, they turn They dry it first. Its pith is ku~m takunpuruhpa'. into salmon beetles. Then they softer when it is dry. The ram- lay eggs again. mings fall on the ground, the Vura 'u~m hitiha~n va: kain They live all the year on the arrowwood pith. It is curled up kunMhraTahiti 'a-mmahak. Ha-ri salmon. Sometimes we eat some on the ground. The old women va: vura nu'a mti pavakkay, of them, like we do grasshoppers. and old men call maccaroni that xa0imtup kitfiic. Phma~n ta- When we peel the skin off, then way, arrowwood rammings, that nuikxi vcfirAha'k, va: kari pavak- we see the bugs crawling out, is what they call it. kay tanumma patakun iruvo-n- when we peel it off. When we nicukva', patanukxi veif. Pa'a-- clean the salmon, we take it out-

(A SALMON-GRUB EATS THROUGH ma patayav nupikya ha'ak, va: doors, then we brush it off with THE ARROWWOOD PIPE HOLE) kari 'im tanusa-nnupuk, karixas a bundle of hazel sticks, then shripmf-k tanuthttuycur pavak- they fall on the ground, and that (THE DIFFERENT KINDS OF SAL- kay, viii pa'a pun takunivrafic, is where they perish. MON BEETLE AND WORM) va: vura kaon takunp6-ruinpa'. There are six kinds of salmon And sometimes they bore out 'Ikrivki ko-k pa'amve vaxra 'a m- eaters, there are six kinds that the hole in the pipe with a sal- tihansai. Ko-k pakun?&-mti pa- eat dried salmon: there are mon worm. 'amve vaxra'. Kuyratk kUk pa- three kinds of salmon beetle and passay karu kuyrhok k6-k pa- three kinds of salmon worm. When they catch salmon, in 2 2 summer, in a few days it is full 'amvavhkkay. Nu: karu ku- And we make seven, we Indians of bugs, if it is in an old living ma'i'i nu: pa'hra'ar, nu: karu we are salmon eaters too. house. They live in the dried Yamvh mvi nsa'. salmon, and in the salmon meal 22 The kinds of beetles and grubs described by the Indians have been too they live, and they eat dried quite satisfactorily identified. deer meat too, and they live in Efforts to obtain a specimen of either adult or larva of the small old untanned deerskins too. bluish black beetle described respectively as the only phssaf and 'amvavakkay which were found in the dried salmon before the Whites came, have not been successful. According to Dr. A. G. Boving, of The salmon worms are longish the Division of Insects, U. S. National Museum, it is probably ones, the salmon beetles are short Necrobia mesosternalis Schiffer, which is native to America and re- ones. In the summertime there ported from Arizona, a species closely resembling in appearance of are lots of them, in the warm both adult and larva and in habits the common cosmopolitan Ne- time, eating on the salmon. crobia rujipes DeGeer, which has been introduced into America from i-ytlhit Passay, Kahtimif-n mit Europe. The color of the adult is bluish black, and it is smaller ,p6-ntihaf. There was a person than the adults of Dermestes vulpinus and Dermestes lardariu8, which at Katimin. He died about 1877. is exactly what the Karuk state. The larva is reddish (according 144 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [RUU.ui.4HARGTN 94 HARRINGTON] TOBACCOTOCOAMGTH AMONG THE

Kuyrhi~k k6-k tapapftssa~: YI 0- There are three kinds of salmon Va: vura xh,:s k6:s payfO~a Oa pakumaphssay va: 'u~m vura beetle already: kuma phssay k6,s,2' yietiva kitc- B tdi ppitca~, 'ikxhnnamkfinicitcas, One kind of salmon beetle is kunimmfissahiti'. K&citcasUmVa* I 'Amkfi'vkunicitcas kdh'ic. Pi'6-p little, black bluish ones. This is khiru vufa, pa'btcip tapfikrim- c viira va'amvapfissa~ va: pay- the old-time salmon beetle. yam kumaphssa~V.c kY6'ok. Kuyrh:k k6tk karu pa'amva- Va: u~m ybo kunimmilssahiti Another kind of salmon beetles v~kkay': pap~issay k-citcaA, va: 'u~m 'ik- are larger, they are black, they YiOoa pakumavhkkay kunic 'im- x~r~mkiinichA, 'i0Ak6vfira 'ikxh- are black all over. yh~ttipuxsa'. Va: 'u~m puxxwftc1 rh.mkfinhcA~. 'd-xkunica~, kunic xh-skiinic 'am- tapkunic?hxk~inicitcaA. Pa'aO- to Dr. Boving, more precisely reddish blue or brownish blue) and kuritara'ahup'hssippak va: kh.ru I the not very hairy, which agrees with the Indian description of vura kh:n kun?firdrahiti'. Kun- i original pipe-boring worm, listed first in the text, and indicates that imchkkarati pa'aek6nit. Pa'Aihup the first-listed beetle and worm were adult and young of Necrobia. RI*viirava kun?hmti pa'aflkirit The larva of Necrobia species live in carcasses, meaty or greasy kitcha"ak, va~ karu kunia-mti'. refuse of all kinds, hides, old clothing, rags, or shoes. While making Pamakayvask6-mitc tanu'dsip- galleries is not the regular habit of this larva, it is capable of making r~.ha"ak, va: k~iru vura kftni holes and galleries. A Necrobia larva confined in a bottle by Dr. kun~hrd-rAhit1 saj?. Va: 'u~m pa- Boving ate its way through the cork. The Necrobia larv.T are also pi'e-&p va' amvavhkka~. Va: ph-i well fitted for making galleries since they are practically hairless. 'u~m va: po-hrh~m Oaruprf-n- Dermestes larvT on the other hand live in soft material and are n~tihaiA, va: ph'u~m pa' am- quite hairy. vavA~kka'. Kun~itti-mt1 va~ The second and third kinds of beetle enumerated in the text have pikv~khhhlrak kun~ihril-vtih~nik been identified respectively Dermestes vulpinus Fabr. (black all over) pa'amvavhikkai~, va; kum5,'i'i pa- and Dermestes lardarius Linn. (black with the foremost part of the vhkkay kunhhrfivvti'. Va: po -h- wing-covers yellowish gray). These are both Old World species, r~imsuJf Oarupriinn~itihah. now cosmopolitan, and introduced into America by the Whites. They YWOfl'u~-m pakumavhikkay 'im- are species occurring in the salmon and seen about the houses of the yhttaifas, k6citcaA. Va: 'u~m vira Karuk at the present time. The worm listed second in the text is the ptiva: khin 'krilrahitihaphanik larva of either of these species, the appearance being almost identical. pi'-"p. Pay8-m 'u~m viira va: these are It is interesting that the older Karuk still remember that t~tta' 8y. not the old-time kind. Karixas yiO8a karu tc~ntci-f- The worm listed last in the text, occurring only in actively rotting kunicas pa'amvavkkka~, tii-ppit- salmon, and white in color, is the maggot of fly species. ca~, va; 'u~m pa'amvaxxlt kun- species, D. nidum, are of The boring habits of another Dermestes ?hmti', pa'amve-vhxra pat6-xg-t- nests of herons interest in this connection. D. nidum lives in the taha'ak, va; kun?h-mti'. from Massachusetts to Texas and eats fish refuse. The larva of this species when about to enter the pupa stage, bores into the heartwood at the broken off end of a twig to a depth of an inch or more (precisely 28 Or yifl~a kumap6Lssay va; vdira after the manner of Karuk pipe boring), sheds its skin to plug the beetle about that same size. entrance of the hole, the hair sticking backward to block any intruder, 24 Nondiminutive k6-ttcas woul. and when the beetle hatches out it is strong enough to back out, beetles, the diminutive, usually tra ejecting the skin. (Information about habits of D. nidum fur- nished by W. S. Fisher, Division of Insects, LU.S. National Museum.) - - - l - - f- - - - -

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IERICAN ETHNOLOGY [BULL. 94 145 HABRLSGTON] TOBACCO AMONG THE KARUE INDIANS

0- There are three kinds of salmon VaA vura xaos k6^s payi08a About that same size there is ra beetle already: kuma passay k6 s,3 yioeva kitc- another salmon beetle, only it 24 s, One kind of salmon beetle is kunimmussahiti'. K6-citcas va: looks different. They are big p little, black bluish ones. This is khru vu'a, pa'btcip tapdkri-m- ones too, striped across the mid- y- the old-time salmon beetle. vam kumapftssay. dle. Kuyrftak ko k karu pa'amva- There are three kinds of sal- ti Another kind of salmon beetles vakkay: mon worm too: i- are larger, they are black, they Yieea pakumavhkkay kunic 'im- One kind of the worms has i- are black all over. yattipuxsa'. VaA 'u~m puxxwitc little hair on. They are very 'a xkunicas, kunic x&skdnic 'am- red, they are kind of grayish red tapkunic?IxkanicitcaL. Pa'a6- ones. In a greasy wooden cup- reddish blue or brownish blue) and kuritara'ahup'assippak vaA khru board they live too. They smell with the Indian description of the vura k&hn kunAri rahiti'. Kun- the grease. They eat wood or I first in the text, and indicates that imcakkarati pa'aek6iit. Pa'Ahup anything if when it only has were adult and young of Necrobia. fl t vdrava kiinhmti pa'a~kfirit grease on it, they eat it. And live in carcasses, meaty or greasy kitcha'ak, vaA karu kunla mti'. whenever we pick up an old rag, thing, rags, or shoes. While making Pamakayvask6 mitc tanu'Csip- they are living in it too. That of this larva, it is capable of making re ha'ak, vaA khru vura khn is the old-time salmon worm. a larva confined in a bottle by Dr. kunAri rahiti sip. VaA 'u~m pa- That is the tobacco pipe borer, cork. The Necrobia larve are also pi'e p va'amvavAkka?. VaA ph- is the salmon worm. Because since they are practically hairless. 'u~m vaA po hraAm Oaruprln- they heard in the stories that they hand live in soft material and are nAtihaA, vaA ph'u~m pa'am- were using it, that salmon worm, vavakkay. Kuneitti mti va: that is why they use it. It eats f beetle enumerated in the text have pikvahhhirak kunihrfi3vtihhnik out the pipe pith. nestes vulpinus Fabr. (black all over) pa'amvavkkkay, vaA kum&'i'i pa- black with the foremost part of the vakkay kunihrfivti'. Va. po h- rhese are both Old World species, rhmsujf Oarupri nnhtihafi. d into America by the Whites. They YiOO 'uA m pakumavhkkay 'im- Another kind of the worms are ion and seen about the houses of the yattaras, kecitcas. VaA 'u~m vdra hairy ones, big ones. They did worm listed second in the text is the pdvaA khon 'ArE-rahitihaphanik not use to be here long ago. he appearance being almost identical. pi'n'ep. Pay8 m 'u~m vura vaA Now there are lots of them. Karuk still remember that these are thttaty. Karixas yi00a karu tchntca f- Then there is another kind of xt, occurring only in actively rotting kunicas pa'amvavAkkay, tdippit- salmon worms that are white e maggot of fly species. cas, vaA 'um pa'amvaxxa t kun- ones, little ones, they eat the Dermestes species, D. nidum, are of ?hvmti', pa'amvevaxra pat6oxlt- rotten salmon, whenever that dry nidum lives in the nests of herons taha'ak, vaA kuna-mti'. salmon gets rotten, then they d eats fish refuse. The larva of this eat it. pupa stage, bores into the heartwood a depth of an inch or more (precisely 23 Or yflea kumaphssay vaA vura xg s k6-s, there is another salmon boring), sheds its skin to plug the beetle about that same size. king backward to block any intruder, 24 Nondiminutive ke ttcas would never be applied to salmon it it is strong enough to back out, beetles, the diminutive, usually translated as larger, being preferred. n about habits of D. nidum fur- of Insects, U. S. National Museum.) -U

HARRINGTON] TOBACCO AMONG THE 146 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [BULL. 94 b". Pahh-t kunoaruprinhva- Otiha- (HOW THEY USED TO MAKE THE e'. Tcaka'!¶mitcikyav xas pakun- nik pavakkay po-hramsuiruvar SALMON GRUB BORE THE PIPE pikyaArati po-hra-m HOLE) Picci~p va: kunikya-tti 'avah- Patuvaxra po-hra-m, va: kan When the pipe is dry, they spill kam pavura po-hrh;m 'umus- takuniiva yramni pa'amvh-okd- salmon grease into the hole that sahitihe'ec, karixas 'ippan kuna b rit po-hramthrilkvAtak. 'A? tak- has been dug in the pipe. They takunthiuk, karixas takunsu- t unhhyi-crihmak. Xas va: kunim- stand it up on end. Then they vaxra'. Tcaka'i-mitc po *hramik- t myfisti'. Tcaka'i mitc vur 'u- watch it. The grease soaks in yav xas patakunpikya'ar. Ta- paekurit. PdyavaA slowly. Then they see that the kunikfi tr&i n.25 Tcaka'f -mitc 'dkkarihtl 26 kunimmyuisti' yane-kva tuvaxra grease has dried, the grease has vura 'asaxyippitmd -k kuntaxic- r paekdiit, su? vaA vura tupik- already soaked in. xi cti 'avahkarh. Xara kunfim- a kyasvai phokurint. kyutikmuttiti 'Assamm'uk, 'iffuO Karixas va: kari patuvaxra', Then when it gets dry, that kuna tcimtci -kkyArhmd'uk. paOkdfit, karixas 'amvavakkay grease, then they look for a sal- f'. Xavicihra~m 'u~m sirikyuhic takuniappi4, karixas va: kan mon worm; then they look for 'a-mmahak takunhppiv pavhk- the worm there on the dry sal- Xhvic 'u~m sirikyuifiic, tce-m- kay. Su-ffak ta~y ki pavakkay, mon. There always are lots of yajec kunikya-tti sirikyuhic. sdfi-ccak. Karixhs va: su? tak- them on the backbone, on the Tcntca-fkunic karu. 'ImyushTav unOe nnam'ni, po-hr&ommak sa?. backbone meat. Then they put po-kk&rahitiha~k 'ikxaramkunic KohomayA-tc vura pavakkay it in, in the pipe. It is a medium- pe kkY6'or, paxavic?1ihra'am. pasu? takunOhnnam'ni. Karixas sized worm that they put in. Tcantca -fkuAic. 'axvhhahmd k takuniptaxvah- Then with pitch they shut it up. b. Pafaoiplihra"am 26a tcak, karixas 'a? takunthkkarari Then they hang it up with twine. 'a nmi"'uk. Pamussu-f va: tu- It eats its way through. Fieoi~p kyhru vura kunikya-tti 'a -mnupri'. po-hr§t-m. 'A xkunicas pafaoip- t Xas pataxxar uthkkbrarihvA- Then after it has hung for a ?dhra'^m. Ta~y vura kunihru-vti r ha'ak, 'axmay 1k vura xhs tAkunma long time, then all at once they pafhOOip, sikki kyftru kunikyt-tti', z yanne-kva to OrAprinahiti po-h- see that the pipe has been bored kar ikti n, karu tashnsfitar, kar 5 ra-m. Hinup e kva t6-O0hruprin through. Behold, he has eaten 'uripihivikkyaf. 5 pamissuJf po-hramhkyaO. Pu- along the pith channel of the S yava: kirixas takunikyav po h- unfinished pipe. Then they fix ra-m. the pipe. a'. Pahd-t kunkupe-kyA-ssipre-- Puhitiha-nhara pavakkay 'ih- They do not do it with the hiti pafaOipdhra'am ru-vtihap. Va: pa'Arajr va: worm all the time. A man puts Pa'avans uxfitiha~k kiri faoip- kuma'i'i vura pavakkay su? 'u- it in there just because he wants ?dhra~m nfkyav, xas tuvA-ram, Oamng-mnihvuti', kiri va; nipi- to brag over his pipe. And some- tu'appivar pafb,00i"p. Puyava tcakuva nnarati' panani'dhra' am. times the worm does not do the pat6.mmaha'ak, xas 'ievit t6-k- Karu hl-ri vura pu'ikyA-ttihara work, sometimes it gets suffo- p&-ksai, ke-te vura t6WkpA-ks~i, pavakkay, ha-ri t6-myahsap. Va: cated. The way that they usu- kite kunic vura kunkupitti' pa- ally do is to ram it out. 26 The informant is grouping bol kunikfutrt00thnAt1'. boring processes under the term "ra 26 A chip of this rock was used for 26a See P1. 27, b, and P1. 30, third E INDIANS RRICAN ETHNOLxOGY [BUJLL. 94 .HARRINGTON TOBACCO AMONG THE KARUK 147

- (HOW THEY USED TO MAKE THE e'. Tcaka'Pmitchikyav xas pakun- (THEY ARE SLOW ABOUT FINISHING SALMON GRUB BORE THE PIPE pikyiarati po-hra-m UP THE PIPE) HOLE) Picci~p vaA kunikyl-tti 'hvah- First they make the outside I When the pipe is dry, they spill kam pavura po hrftm 'umds- shape of the pipe and dig out the - salmon grease into the hole that sahitihe'ec, karixas 'ippan kuna bowl, then they dry it. Then - has been dug in the pipe. They takunthfuk, karixas takunsu- they are slow about finishing up - stand it up on end. Then they vaxra'. Tcakalmitc po-hramik- the pipe. They ram it out. - watch it. The grease soaks in yav xas patakunpikya'ar. Ta- Slowly they scrape off the out- ^ slowly. Then they see that the kunikfi traARn.25 Tcaka'f-mitc side with white rock. Then they 26 E grease has dried, the grease has vura 'asaxyippitmd -k kuntaxic- rub it for a long time with a rock, - already soaked in. xi-cti 'Avahkarh. Xara kunOim- and at last with scouring rush. kyutikymttiti 'cssami'ukk Wfu Then when it gets dry, that kuna tcimtcf kkyArAmd'uk. F grease, then they look for a sal- f'. Xavicfihra~m 'u~m sirikyuhic (AN ARROWWOOD PIPE SHINES) i mon worm; then they look for - the worm there on the dry sal- Xfvic 'u~m sirikyuhic, tc6-m- Arrowwood shines, they quickly mon. There always are lots of ya~tc kunikyA -tti sirikyuhiic. polish it. It is white too. It - them on the backbone, on the TcfintcA-fkunic kafu. 'Imyushyav looks pretty when an arrowwood backbone meat. Then they put poWkk6rahitiha~k 'ikxaramkunic pipe is bowled with a black pipe y it in, in the pipe. It is a medium- pe kky6'or, paxavicluhra'am. bowl. It looks white. s sized worm that they put in. Tchntca -fkuAic. - Then with pitch they shut it up. b. PafaOipfihrayam 26a (THE MANZANITA PIPE) 26a i Then they hang it up with twine. - It eats its way through. Faoei~p k31ru vura kunikyA-tti They make pipes of manzanita, po-hra-m. 'AKxkuinicas pafaOip- too. They are red ones, the Then after it has hung for a ?thra'Im. Ta~y vura kunihru'-vti manzanita pipes. They use man- E long time, then all at once they paffa0ip, sikki kyhru kunikya-tti', zanita for lots of things, make - see that the pipe has been bored kar ikti n, karu tasknsfiar, kar spoons, and canes, and acorn- a through. Behold, he has eaten 'uripihivikkyaf. soup scraping sticks, and reels for - along the pith channel of the string. - unfinished pipe. Then they fix the pipe. a'. Paht-t kunkupe-kyai-ssipre-- (HOW THEY START TO MAKE A - They do not do it with the hiti pafaOip ?hra'1m MANZANITA PIPE) worm all the time. A man puts Pa'avans uxdtiha~k kiri faoip- When a man thinks he wants to - it in there just because he wants ?thra~m nikyav, xas tuva-ram, make a manzanita pipe, he starts - to brag over his pipe. And some- tu'a~ppivar paf&00i"p. Puyava off, he goes to look for manzanita. . times the worm does not do the pat6.mmaha'1k, xas 'ievit t6-k- Behold, when he finds some, then a work, sometimes it gets suffo- paksti, kg-tc vura t6-kpAkstif, he cuts a piece off, a thick piece, cated. The way that they usu- - ally do is to ram it out. 26 The informant is grouping both the ramming and the worm- boring processes under the term "ramming." 26 A chip of this rock was used for many purposes as a knife. 26 See PI. 27, b, and P1. 30, third specimen from right-hand end. - - 112116= = -~~~~~- U __

148 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [BULL. 94 HARRINGTONI TOBACCO AMONG THE 27 axxak tu"arihic va'a. Xas to-p- for he is going to make two out of d'. Pahdi't kunkupattarupkahiti (1 vl-fam, vaA kitc tu'teO pa'ahup it. Then he goes home, packing pohram ippai pa'ip 'ukyA-t, pafaOipfhup. the wood that he has "fixed," the manzanita wood. Karixas po hnamippanitc ta- Kfirixas 'a tcip to-parakvar. Then he splits the wood in the kuntarupkufi, peh8-rah u'iTOr6 ci- Papupfrakvaraha"'k, pato-kya-- middle. If he does not split it, fak. Taxarave tta kunkimniup- ha~k su? 'usd-fhiti', va~ 'u~m if he makes it with the heartwood hanlik. Pumtcere'ec.28 Pasu? usA fhiti- inside, it always cracks. If the e'. Pahd-t kunkupe-kya-hiti ha'ak, vaA 'u~m vura hitiha~n heartwood is inside, it always pamussuruvar 'uimtcui nti', xaht 'Asxa'By karu cracks, whether green or dry. xAt 'ivaxra'. Pa'a-tcip to-parak- But if he splits the manzanita Xas pamusuruvar takunikyav. varaha~k, pafheoip, vaA 'u~m pu- wood, then the pipe that he is PafIhoiap 'u~m vura pusuruivara- I 'imtcuintihara po-hramlfkya4. making does not split. They hitihara, puva: kupittihara pax- I Pafaoipsikki karu vura va: kun- make the manzanita spoons the xavic ukupitti'. kupe-kya-hiti', kunikxbriprtip- same way too, they chop out the Pay8-m 'u~m vura 'a hmidk ramti pamdssu'uf pasikih- heartwood from inside of the takunikrupri nnati', simsimi'im- Ii-cky&rh. spoon. firhm1'uk. Paye mninay puxutihap kiri b'. Pahd-t kunkupapparamvahiti (HOW THEY BOIL THE MANZANITA nuikyav fa0ipi'uhramxarahsa', pa- pafaOip ?hhup WOOD) simsimhimfir takuni-yu-nvAra- Karixas picci~p pafaeip ?hup Then the first thing they boil hW'ak, viri hitiha~n vura 'um- 'icahe-mfirak takunparam'va, va: the manzanita wood in hot water, tcd*nvuti'. 'u'm pu'imtcure caia, va: 'u~m so it will not crack, so it will be Taxarav8-ttak 'ath kunOa-nkuri- sakriv. Kunparamvuti 'icah6m- stout. They boil the wood when vutihanik 'uhramippankam xun- firak pafaoip ?hup, pa'uhraom they are going to make a pipe, y6-phimnakmu'uk, karixas 'ipih- kunikya vicaha'ak, va: vura khru just as they do to a spoon that is si-hmut-k kunikril-pri nnatihanik, kuninni-cti', pasikihikya0, pas- being made, when they are going pdyava: vura puyivuhara sul. sikki kunikya vicaha'ak. to make a spoon. f'. Paha-t 'avahkan kunkupata- c'. Pahd-t hA-ri 'aekdritta (HOW SOMETIMES THEY SOAK THE xicxiccahiti', xu skuinic kun- kun6•-nkuri po-hram ikya4 PIPE THAT THEY ARE MAKING kupe-kya-hiti kyhru vuia IN GREASE) Karixas yuhirimd-k 'avahkam HA-ri 'aOkiirittak takunpud6af, Sometimes they soak it in kunta-vuti', karixas 'Assamd-k ha-ri 'akrahaOkidrittak, karu ha-ri grease, in eel grease or in bear takunoimkyutikyuthyd tchh',31 ko- vura virusura fkurittak. grease. homaya-tc vfira takunikyav. TakuntaxcxA-crdcuk 'uhnam- 27 The piece of manzanita used for making a pipe must have double hipanitc pamitva 'a-hmd k of eliminating the diameter of the large end of the pipe, if the principle kunkimnu -ppat"'. the heartwood is followed, as Yas always does. Since the largest Sakassip'itcintcur mit pux- manzanita pipes, of what is called Yuruk style, are sometimes 2 xwitc 'ukya-ratihat Vaskak pasik- 4 inches in diameter at the bowl end, a piece of manzanita some ki', pafaOipahupsikk ukyatihat, familiar to inches in diameter is required. Such large pieces are va: mit '6avahkam 'utaxicxicca- are used in making manzanita spoons. the Indians, since they ratihat', simsicm 'ucm pumit 'ih- 28 Or 'dmtcfi nti', it always gets cracked. 31 Or takuntaxiexichyA-tch,'. ;RICAN ETHNOLOGY [BUJLL. 94 HARRINGTON] TOBACCO AMONG THE KARUK INDIANS 149 for he is going to make two out of it. Then he goes home, packing d'. Pahd-t kunkupatthrupkahiti (How THEY DIG OUT THE BOWL the wood that he has "fixed," po-hramippaA CAVITY) the manzanita wood. Karixas po-hnamippanitc ta- Then they dig out on top of Then he splits the wood in the kuntarupkuii, peh6-rah u'i Or8ci- the pipe, where the tobacco is middle. If he does not split it, fak. Taxaravg-tta kunkimnfup- going to be. They used to burn if he makes it with the heartwood hanik. it out. inside, it always cracks. If the heartwood is inside, it always e'. Pahd-t kunkupe-kya-hiti (HOW THEY MAKE THE HOLE cracks, whether green or dry. pamussdruvar THROUGH IT) But if he splits the manzanita Xas pamusdruvar takunfkya4. Then they make the hole. The wood, then the pipe that he is Pafffoiip 'ubm vura pusdrivAra- manzanita wood does not have a making does not split. They hitihaia, puvaA kupittihara pax- hole in it like the arrowwood does. make the manzanita spoons the xavic ukupitti'. same way too, they chop out the Payt-m 'u'm vura 'ahm-dk Now they make the hole in it heartwood from inside of the takunikrdpri-nnAti', simsim him- with fire, with a hot wire. spoon. firamA'uk. (HOW THEY BOIL THE MANZANITA Pay6-mninay puxdtihap kiri Nowadays they do not like to WOOD) nfikyav faOip uhramxArahsa', pa- make long manzanita pipes, just simsimimfir takunf -yA-nvArA- because when they burn them Then the first thing they boil hh'ak, viri hitiha~n vura 'um- through with a hot wire, they the manzanita wood in hot water, tcu~nvuti'. crack every time. so it will not crack, so it will be Taxarav8-ttak 'a-h kunOh-nkuri- Formerly they burned out the stout. They boil the wood when vutihanik 'uhram'ippankam xun- bowl with a tanbark coal, then they are going to make a pipe, ye pimnakmf'uk, karixas 'ipfh- they bored it with a bone awl; just as they do to a spoon that is si-hmA-k kunikrd-pri-nnatihaAik, that way it is not far through. being made, when they are going pdyavaA vura puy'vuhara su?. to make a spoon. f'. Pahd-t 'kvahkan kunkupata- (How THEY DRESS OFF THE OUT- (HOW SOMETIMES THEY SOAK THE xicxiccahiti', xi-skinic kun- SIDE AND MAKE IT SMOOTH) PIPE THAT THEY ARE MAKING kupe-kya-hiti kyhru vuia IN GREASE) Karixas yuhirimi-k 'Avahkam Then with a flint knife they Sometimes they soak it in kuntA-vuti', karixas '&ssamfl-k whittle off the outside, then they grease, in eel grease or in bear takun~inikyutikyutaya -tcha,',3I ko- scrape it off good with a rock, grease. homayl-tc vira takunikya4. they make it to shape. They Takuntaxcx5,-crftcuk scrape the bowl where they r making a pipe must have double 'uhnam- have hpanitc phmitva 'A-hm pipe, if the principle of eliminating -k burned it out. s always does. Since the largest kunkimnfi ppaf'. Sakassip'itcdntcur mit pux- Bottle fragments were what ed Yuruk style, are sometimes 2 xwftc 'ukyA-rAtihat Vkskak pasik- Vaskak worked them with most, nd, a piece of manzanita some 4 ki', pafaeip ahupsikk ukyatihat, when he made his spoons, his Such large pieces are familiar to vaA mit 'Avahkam 'utaxicxicca- manzanita wood spoons. With making manzanita spoons. them ,racked. ratihaf, sfmsi~m 'u~m pudmit 'ih- he scraped the outside of

81 Or takuntaxicxichyA-tchh', 150 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [BULL. 94 HARRINGTON) T013ACCO AM014G THE ru-vtihat 'avahkamh. Papiccf-tc them. HIe did not use a knife on pe-nti 'as6-hra~m 'ukko-rahiti t6kyg-ha~k mit kitc sfmsi~m the outside. When he first made po-hra-m karu hAri kunippenti 'uhru vtihaf. Mit upittihat': Y-p- them was the only time he used a 'aso *hramPikky8'0r. ca pasakAssiphitcdntcut, yhOah- knife. He said: "The bottle frag- sa'. Ya-s 'u~m karu vura mit ments are good ones, are sharp Vakkay karu vura v6-Ovuiyti v6-hrui-vtiht pasakhssip, pamitv ones." And Yas also used to use 'as6.hra'^an,85 'ftra~r kunb-mti', C: 6 kya ttihat pamu'uhra-m, ta~y bottles, when he used to make his 'axva-k su? kunta-mti', pa'emca ti mit 'uky6-ttihat po-hra-m. pipes, used to make lots of pipes. va: kunOayfinki-nnAti', pa'e m- d Xas va~ 'avahkam xi-skunic Then they smoothe the outside kyd msa'. Pukiunic xutihap kiri b takuniyav tcimtci kkYftramd'uk. with a scouring rush. va: nuOvdyA-nnati pa'asa'fihra~m nI karu vura pe kky6&r 'as6-hra~m Si c. Paxuparic lhra'&m (THE YEW PIPE) phvaA kum&'i'i pavakkay, pa- b PayurukvATas ha-ri kunik- The downriver Indians some- arattanva kum'i'i. p yA tti', kunipitti', xuparic- times make yew wood pipes, B. Po hram~ikky6'or ?dhra'8m. Vas vura kunkupe k- they say. They make them the ya-hiti pafaeip dhra'am. same way that they make the a. Ka-kum 'ukko-rahina-ti po- manzanita pipes. hram

d. Pa'aso hram~uhra'am 32 (THE STONE PIPE) Puf 00i~p kitchArA pe kky r ku- nikya rati', xavichihra~m katru VaA vura kunkupe-kya-hiti pa- They make the stone pipe like vura 'ikky8 r kunikya-rati'. 'as6.hra'am pe-kky6or kunkupe-k- they do the stone pipe bowls. -hiti'.3 3 H-ri vura payvhhe~m Sometimes nowadays in the old Pa'ararakka-nnimitcas va: xavramnihabk numa-hti vaA k6-- ruined houses we find that kind 'u~mkun vura pu'ikky6'rahitihap ka'dhra'am,i4 tu-ppitcas pavas of pipe, they are small ones, that pamukun ?ihra'am, xavic ?uhram- k6.ka'dhra'am. kind of pipes. minnaxitc vdia, 'u~m vifa. Ha-ri vura vaz 'ikky8r karu Sometimes also they call a Tce-myajtc 'umtatkta-kti', sdkam kunippe nti 'as6-hra~m, kunip- stone pipe bowl 'as6thra'am. They 'u'inkydti', 'ipanni tc to-mtak, 3 pehe-raha va: khon 'uvrararipti'. 32 'As6.hra'lm, lit. stone pipe, is frequently prepounded to 'ikky6 or, V pipe bowl, to make more prominent the idea of stone pipe bowl, Pa'uhramye-pc ukko-rahina-t- although 'ikkyy6.or means nothing but stone pipe bowl anyway. ti 'asaxxu smA'k. 'Ikya kamhik- Similarly 'aso hram'fihra'am, lit. stone pipe pipe, is formed, it being yav xas po-hrhom 'uk6-rahiti'. r felt as a clearer way of expressing stone pipe than is 'as6.hra'am alone, Va: 'u~m pe kyorayt pea pa- since 'as6.hra'8m is also the name of a magical worm that eats people 'asa Okydrit kunic kum6ekkY6o'r. in the head. b. Kattimi-n pa'as pakunip- "3See p. 154. pe nti '1ky8 ra'as 34 "What is apparently a portion of a pipe wholly of stone was picked up on the surface near Honolulu, on the Klamath River. Va, vura yittce-tc pava: ku- (Fig. 69.) It is, however, different from the type of pipe used by the ma's Katim?'1n. Va: vur 60vfi-y- 1 Shasta, and was regarded by them as mysterious, and probably ti 'Iky6&ra'as. 'Ickytccak 'uh- I endowed with great magic power. It is nicely finished on the ex- yarApramti', 'Asa'uruh'A-Okarh.3 6 c terior." Dixon, The Shasta, p. 392. Several Karuk and also 35 Also 'as6-hna-m'mltc, dim. Shasta informants have known that all-stone pipes were made by ""2See PI. 31. the Indians. They were doctor pipes, hence the connotation of "I 'Asa'uiu mystery suggested by Dixon's informants. is on the Katimin side from it. ERICAN ETHNOLOGY [BULL. 94 RARRINOtON] TOBACCO AMONG THE XARUVK IIANS 151 c them. He did not use a knife on p6-nti 'as6 hra~m 'ukk-rahiti say: " The pipe is bowled with a the outside. When he first made po-hram karu hA-ri kunlppenti an 'as6 hra'am." And sometimes - them was the only time he used a 'aso hram .ikky6'°Gr. they call it an 'aso hra'am pipe- - knife. He said: "The bottle frag- bowl. t ments are good ones, are sharp VAkkay karu vura v6-6vil-yti There is a kind of worm too i ones." And Yas also used to use 'as6.hra'amX35 'Ara~r kunia-mti', called 'as6 hra'am, they eat people, r bottles, when he used to make his 'axva-k sut kun~a-mti', pa'8mca they eat them inside the head, the pipes, used to make lots of pipes. vat kunOayunki-nnAti', pa't m- doctors always suck them out, the Then they smoothe the outside kyA msa'. Pukdnic xfitihap kiri big doctors. Sometimes they do with a scouring rush. vaA nuOvyiiynnati pa'asa'fihra~m not like to call a stone pipe or a karu vura pe kky6 r 'as6-hra~m stone pipe bowl 'as6.hra"'m just (THE YEW PIPE) phvaA kumAi'i pavakkay, pa- because of those worms, those The downriver Indians some- arattanva kumh'ii. pains. times make yew wood pipes, they say. They make them the B. Po-hramiikky6lor (STONE PIPE BOWLS) same way that they make the a. Kh-kum 'ukk-rahina-ti po- (SOME PIPES HAVE STONE PIPE manzanita pipes. hra m BOWLS)

(THE STONE PIPE) PufaOfi~p kitchhra pe -kky6T ku- Manzanita was not the only nikyA-rati', xavicdhrasm karu kind that they put stone pipe They make the stone pipe like vura 'ikky6-r kunikya-rati'. bowls onto, the arrowwood also they do the stone pipe bowls. they fitted with stone pipe bowls. Sometimes nowadays in the old Pa'ararakkl-nnimitcas vat The poor people's pipes had no ruined houses we find that kind 'u~mkun vura pu'ikky8 rahitihap stone bowl, they were just wood. of pipe, they are small ones, that pamukun ?dhra'^m, xavic Pieces quickly come kind of pipes. ?uhram- off, it burns munnaxitc vdfa, 'u~m vdfa. through inside, a gap burns out Sometimes also they call a Tc6mya~tc 'umtAktA-kti', sdikam at the top rim, the tobacco spills. stone pipe bowl 'as6-hra'am. They Vf'inkydti', 'ipanni-te t6-mtak, But the good pipe is bowled frequently prepounded to 'ikkYlor, pehg-raha vaA kan 'uvrar~ripti'. with serpentine. It is much work lent the idea of stone pipe bowl, Pa'uhramy8-pc ukk6-rahinA-t- when a pipe has a stone bowl on it. ig but stone pipe bowl anyway. ti'ashxxA smAi'uk. 'IkyA-kami1k- pipe pipe, is formed, it being yav xas po-hrhom 'uk6-rdhiti'. tone pipe than is 'as6 hra'am alone, Va. 'u~m pekyoraytpea pa- The good bowls are the fat-like f a magical worm that eats people 'ash 6kydrit kunic kumd.kky68or. rock kind of bowls.

b. Kaitimf-n pa'as pakunip- (THE ROCK AT KATIMIN CALLED pe-nti 'IkUYrA'as 'IKe6RV'AS (PIPE )n of a pipe wholly of stone was BOWL ROCK)) 35a [onolulu, on the Klamath River. VaA vdra yittce-tc phvaA ku- There is only one rock of the from the type of pipe used by the mn'as Katimi'1n. Va: vur 60vu-y- kind at Katimin. It is called the em as mysterious, and probably ti 'IkW&ra'as. 'Icky6&ccak 'uh- Pipe Bowl Rock. It is setting It is nicely finished on the ex- yAraprimti', 'Asa'uruh'". ekarf.38 out in the river, out from Round 392. Several Karuk and also 35 Also 'as6-hnA-m'm1tc, dim. tat all-stone pipes were made by 5 3 aSee PI. 31. pipes, hence the connotation of mants. 38 'Asa'itfu is on the Katimin side and 'Iky86rA'as is out in the river from it. B1UREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY RARRINGTON] 152 (BULL. 04 TOBACCO AMONG THE I Kahtimjnkyam 'udO 'assak 'uh- Rock. On the Katimin side out nupnamtihatchan va: takunik- off yhraprdmti'. K6-vura pave-n- in the water it is setting. All the na-nsut. Xas t6-ppe-ttcip pa'as, in I nakkir Kaitimhi nkYam, 'Iccipic- sacred things are on the Katimin pa'ipa t6-knansurat. Karixas roc rihakam 'ubm vura puffa-thara. side, on the Ishipishrihak side tupikpu-vripa'4, puxxuitc vura Th Pa'ara~r yi~v mit kuntaramsip- there is nothing. The Indians 'u'axaytcAkkicrihti pa'as, 'uxxudti roc re-nnatihat pakuniknansfiro ti- used to come from far to peck off xay 'd;O 'dky-inkyaP. Xas to-p- mil hat pa'as. that rock. vl-fam, mukrivrabmxas t6-kyav go( pe kkY6o'r. bo' c. Pe-kxare-yav vab kAtn kunpip- (THE IKXAREYAVS THREW DOWN paOkurihanik pa'asafav THE GOOD ROCK) e. Pa'as Katimi5 n pakunippe-nti (TI 'Asaxids as 36a IAl 'T0 'icky6&ca kunpipp-ekilri- They threw it out in the river, hafiik, pa'asaekuritkyunickYa' an, that big black steatite rock, they kunippa-n'nik: "Vax khn kun- said: "Humans will be pecking it HATi va: kunkup4-0vfyA-nna- piknansdr6-tih6~c yh-sAfa. Ya-s- off. Would that Human will have hiti lashxxu'us,3 7 karu haTi kuni- xu ?Ara kir ikyA-kkam 'ukya-tti xasik to work hard before he will have pitti 'asa mtu'up.3' Ka~tim~fn 'as 'uhramyav mu'dhramh6'ec." Vaa a good pipe." That was the 'ick&ecti~m, kattimi-nsAtm, ka-k- rir vura mukuniky6orashanik Pe-k- Ikxareyavs' rock, they say, the kum va: k6 kV'8s, 'asaxxu'uS. VaK th xare-yav, va, kunipitti', Pe-kxare-- Ikxareyavs too made their pipe khon yifOa 'asakkabm 'lkri: 'asa- yav 'u~mkun karu vura vaA bowls there of that same rock. xdsas 'fieva yti'. Va: vura ha-ri th khon pakunikyA-ttihanik pamu- For a long time they did not kunikya Tat ikY6or, xe-ttcitc 'uma TI kun~ikky8&r va~ vudra pakumA'as. want the white people to buy viura. Pirickyfinic su? 'u'ixax- of Xara mit vura puxudtihaphat kir that kind of rock, a pipe bowled pi OvA'. 'Imtananhmnihitc vura st] 'Apxantinnihitc va: 'fikvar pava- with bowl rock of that place. pakunikraksAr6o tihanik 'avah- wl kumVa's, p6-hra-m (± pava- 'uk6-- He might pack it far away, and kaih. Puyivhara 'uhramhkya4, to rahitiha~k) phvaA khan ve kyo- that then the world would come tcemya~tc 'umphtte~c pa'umfira- m rla's. Xa yfiv kun?&oma' pe-- to an end, the Ikxareyavs would hil' 8k. wI OivOvA-nnt-n 'uthnnihe'ec, Pe-k- get angry, because they had Pimitva 'apxantinnihitc paku- xare-yav kunixviph^'ec, pa'as packed away that pipe bowl. nivyihukkat, vaA mit pa'ara~r vaA In pa'yifv kui kunie-maha"'k, pe-k- They did not use to sell it. kunikyAvanafti pa'uhra-m, va: ro kY6~or. Pumit va: y6-crf-hvfitihap- pa'asaxx6ttcitc, kh-kkum VATa- sb haf. mas karu ka-kkum 'ipcfinkina- WI tcas. Va: kuma'i'i pakunikyA-va- d. Pahd-t kunkupe-knansur6-hiti' (HOW THEY PECK IT OFF) na-ti pakinikvarice~c pa'apxan- th Kunikpuhkire-tti pa'assak, pa- They swim to that rock when tinnihite 'T'n. Xiusipux kun- pil takunikna-nsuraraha~k pe kkY6'or they are going to peck off a pipe ma-hti pa'apxantinnihit'c. Pu- p6-hrhnm kunikya vicaha'ak. HaI- bowl, when they are going to yepchkkaAmsahhk&, v1ira 'u~m wpi ri pa-hmd-k kunvitkir6-tti pa'as- make a pipe. And sometimes in xe-ttcitcas. YiOea po-hra m ha-i sak. 'itrfhyar takin?61e. a canoe they go to that rock. Pn Pa'ievit takunma yav pakan They find a good place to peck 'Icya: vura nukya vanafti', kunikna nsure'ec. Karixas kun- it off. Then they peck it around 'uhra-m, karu vura simsi"m, hkkyuvppAOti' 'Assamd'uk, 'A tcip in a circle, leaving it sticking up 36a For picture of this rock and clos 'uhyarupramti'. Xara vura ku- in the middle. For a long time where pieces have been pecked out, si niknl-mpaeti', 'itca nitc xas vura he pecks around it. Then all at 37 Mg. shiny rock. takunikna-nsur, pa'a tcip 'ihyan- once they peck it off, they peck 38 Mg. rock white clay. [ERICAN ETHNOLOGY 153 tBtTLL. 94 RAnRINGTON] TOBACCO AMONG THE KARUX INDIANS I- Rock. On the Katimin side out nupnamtihatchan vaA takunik- off the piece that is sticking up I- in the water it is setting. All the na-nsuf. Xas t6 pp9-ttcip pa'as, in the middle. Then he takes the sacred things are on the Katimin pa'ipa t6-kni-nsfiat. Karixas rock that he has pecked off. L. side, on the Ishipishrihak side tupikpirvripa'8 , puxxUitc vura Then he swims out, he holds the I- there is nothing. The Indians 'u'axaytckkdcrfihti pa'as, 'uxxfiti rock very tight, he is afraid it i- used to come from far to peck off xay 'u0 'uikyinmkyat. Xas to-p- might fall in the river. Then he that rock. va-ram, mukrIvra~mxas t6-kyav goes home. He makes the pipe pe-kkY6'°r. bowl at his living house. (THE IKXAREYAVS THREW DOWN THE GOOD ROCK) e. Pa'as Kaitimf-n pakunipp6-nti (THE ROCK AT KATIMIN CALLED ASAXtSAS (SOFT SOAPSTONE They threw it out in the river, 'Asaxds as 36a ROCK)) that big black steatite rock, they - said: "Humans will be pecking it HA-ri vas kunkup6-0vfya-nnA- Sometimes they call it 'asax- - off. Would that Human will have hiti 'ashxxu'us,1 7 karu hA-ri kuni- xu'us, and sometimes they say c to work hard before he will have pitti lasha mtu'Up.38 Ka~tixm~i n 'asa mtu'up. At Katimin by the a good pipe." That was the 'ick6 cti~m, kaitimlh-nsam, kh-k- river, downslope from Katimin, - Ikxareyavs' rock, they say, the kum vaA k6.kVa's, 'asaxxu'us. VaA there are some rocks of that kind, - Ikxareyavs too made their pipe kh~n yI0a 'asftkka~m '`kriA 'asa- laskxxu'us. There is one big rock bowls there of that same rock. xisas 'f'Ovd yti'. Va: vura hA-ri there that they call 'asaxsias. For a long time they did not kunikyA-rat ikY6o'r, x6 ttcitc 'uma They sometimes make pipe bowls want the white people to buy vdra. Pirickyfinic su? 'u'ixhx- of it, but it is soft. It is greenish that kind of rock, a pipe bowled pi-Ova'. 'Imtananrmnihitc vura streaked inside. It is visible with bowl rock of that place. pakunikrakslir6ot~ihanik 'ivah- where they were cracking it off on He might pack it far away, and kami. Puyhvhara 'uhramhkya4, top. It is not much good for that then the world would come tcemya~tc 'umphtte~c pa'umfirA- making pipes, it will soon crack to an end, the Ikxareyavs would ha'k. when it gets hot. get angry, because they had Phmitva 'apxanttinnihitc paku- After the White people came the packed away that pipe bowl. nivyihukkal', va: mit pa'xra~r va: Indians made pipes of that soft They did not use to sell it. kunikyA-vana~ti pa'uhr&-m, va: rock, some long ones and some pa'asaxx6ettcifc, k&-kkum vA-ra- short ones. That was what they mas karn kh-kkum 'ipc mikina- were making them for just so the tcas. Va: kuma'i'i pakunikya-va- White people would buy it from (HOW THEY PECK IT OFF) na-ti pakinikv&rice~c pa'apxan- them. They were just fooling the They swim to that rock when tinnihite 'P 'In. Xfisipux kun- White people. They [the stone they are going to peck off a pipe ma-hti pa'apxantinnihifc. Pu- pipes] were not very good, they bowl, when they are going to ye pcAkka:msahAPA, vura 'u~m were soft ones. Sometimes they make a pipe. And sometimes in xe-ttcitcaA. Yi0ea po-hrarm hA-ri paid them $10 for one pipe. a canoe they go to that rock. 'itrahyar takin?&e. They find a good place to peck 'IcyaA viira nukyA vana~ti', In the wintertime we were it off. Then they peck it around 'uhra-m, karu vura simsi'1 m, making pipes, and knives, all in a circle, leaving it sticking up 36a For picture of this rock and close-up of a section of the top of it in the middle. For a long time where pieces have been pecked out, see PI. 32, a, b. he pecks around it. Then all at 37 Mg. shiny rock. once they peck it off, they peck 38 Mg. rock white clay. 154 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [BUTLL. 94 HARRINGTON] TOBACCO AMONG THE

k6-vira pakumh'u'up, pa'ara- kinds of things, Indian things, karixaskomahayat etakunikyan'- it ra'u'up, kari tu'AhuA pa'apxantin- then the White man, who bought 39 nik. 'Ippani-te k8 tc, tinihya-tc oi nihifc, pe-kvara'an, xattikruip- things, came around, in the spring va: pakunkupe-kya-hitihanik, ir ma kari tu'fhu'u. 'U'apunmuti of the year. He knew the Indians 43 8 sukam 'uhya-kk1vti va: kun- si vab kar uxuriharahiti pa'ara' r. were hard up. kupe-kyAhitihafik, pakatn su? sl uhyaramnlhebc f. Va: karu katn 'uasAxxuiishiti (THERE IS SOFT SOAPSTONE AT 'uhra-m'mak. a Ti m k6-vura kunoimyayatchiti- b Sihtirikusa-m SIHTIRIKUSAM, TOO) hali~k,44 fi ppayav kunikya-ttiha- it HA-ri Sihtirikusa-m pa'as kunik- And sometimes at Sihtirikusam fnik, xu-skunic kunikyl-ttihaAik. 7T nansurotihanik pe kyo re kyav, they used to peck off rock for Karixas ve-hciramO-k pakunik- t] ha-ri kyhru kunietci prinatihafik. making pipe bowls or picked it up. rupri-nnatihanik pe kkY6'or. it Va: khon karu vura pe ky6 rA s They used to "make" pipe bowl Ha-ri sahyu-x kunmutra-mnih- li kunikya-ttihanik Sihtirikusa-m. rocks at Sihtirikusam too. Those vutihafnik, va:' u~m tce-m- '" 'AxaxusyA-mmatcasitc Sihtiriku- are good looking soapstone rocks yajtc kun1krf-prinatihafiik. Sa a sA-m, kuna vura xetcitcas 4Xe- at Sihtirikusam, but soft, soft karu vura pakunihri-vtihanik t] tcitcas 'u~m pe-kkyrT va: ve-k- for making pipe bowls of, but passuiruvar kunikrui-prinaratiha- yav, phva~mfX-k v6-kyav 'ik- they make indeed paving rocks fiik. Picci~p va: kuntarukti pa- kyO r xe-tcitcas, pataprihara'as there, that was the kind that they 'ippankarh, karixas surukam )u~m vura ni kunikyAl-ic, va: used to make there, and stone takunikyav pasunniivanatc. Va: k6-k pakunikyl-ttihanik va: ka-n, trays also they make out of that vura 'itcA nitc vura k6vudra kuni- 'imni crav karu vura ni kunikya-- rock, but soft ones. kya ttihaAik, 'avahkam karu vA- vic va: kuma'as kuna vura A- ia, karu vura sui'karh. Sdikam tcitca,. 4 ' karu vura tinihya-tc kuniky&-tti- haiik. g. Pahd-t kunkupe-kya-hiti pe-k- (HOW THEY SHAPE THE PIPE BOWL) kY6'or 41a h. HA-ri 'itca nitc vura te-citc ( takunikyav Picci~p 'as vura miAk pakunik- They worked it first with a ya ttihanik. Tf-ppitcas vura ku- rock. They chipped off little HA-ri 'itc nitc vura te-citc 42 niknansunn6 -tihatchaiiik. 'As- pieces. They rub it on a flat takunikyav pe kkY6'or, ha ri 'it- sak 'a? xas kuneimyl-ttihanik, rock. They rub it down. They r6op, 'i nn k vur uth-yhiti'. kun0imy6-crl-hvutihaAik. 'Avah- make it good outside first. They kam picci~p yav kunikyA-ttihanik did not finish it up so good while vura va: pupikya-nayatchitihap- there was no hole in it. They i. Pahd-t kunkupaOoA-nkahiti ( hanik, papuva sdrAvArahitiha'8k did not make it thin. When it pe-kky6-r po-hra m'mak puxutnahitc 'iky ttihaphafiik. already had a hole in it, then Po-hrh~m 'u~m pupikyAma- Patasu? 'usdruvArahitiha'ak, they fixed it good. They made ya-tchitihap 45 pe-kky6-r takun- I 39 John Daggett, who lived up the Salmon River at Black Bear oafnkaha'ak. Po hrhm kohoma- I mine, and collected many ethnological objects from the Indians in yl-tc takunikyav, pe-kky6-r ko-h.I the nineties. Xas va: k6, takunOimyav pa'as,, 40 Or xe-tcitcas 'uma vdia. po-hrh~m k6-h. 'Avahkam taku- f niptA-vassfirii 41 Or xe ttcitcas pa'as. po-hra-m. Va: vuraI po-hrhtm k6-kkaninay takunvu- 418 For illustration of two detached pipe bowls, both of 'ashxxu'us, see PI. 32, c. 43 Or 'uhyassuru'u. 42 Or non-diminutive kuniknansur6otihajhik. 44 Or diminutive kuntcimyaya-tch 4"Or pupiky ratihaP- ORICAN ETHNOLOGY [vuL. 94 HARRINGTON] TOBACCO AMONG THE KARUK INDIANS 155

- kinds of things, Indian things, kaiixaskomahayagtc takunikyAn'- it big, flat on top, and sticking - then the White man, who bought nik. 'Ippanf-tc kg-tc, tinihyl-tc off below, where it is going to go - things, came around, in the spring vab pakunkup6-kyA-hitihanik, into the pipe. They filed the i of the year. He knew the Indians sulkam 'iihyA-kkivt1 4 vaA kun- sides off good, they made them were hard up. kupe-kyahitihanik, pakan su? straight and smooth. Then with uhyhramnIhebc 'uhrh-m'mak. a horn they bored out the pipe (THERE IS SOFT SOAPSTONE AT Ti-m k6-vfira kunOimyhyA-tchiti- bowl. Sometimes they put sand SIHTIRIKtUSAM, TOO) haflik,44 ff-pphyav kunikyA-ttiha- in, that way they bored it quickly. * And sometimes at Sihtirikusam A~ik, xd-skudnic kunikyA-ttihafiik. They also used flint for boring they used to peck off rock for Karixas ve-hfiramd-k pakunik- the hole with. They first bore making pipe bowls or picked it up. rupri-nnatihaAik pe kkY8'or. it on top, then they make the They used to "make" pipe bowl HA-ri shhyu-x kunmdtri-mnih- little hole in the bottom. They rocks at Sihtirikusam too. Those vutihaAik, va,' u~m tce-m- work the outside and the inside are good looking soapstone rocks ya~tc kun1kri Trinktfhafiik. Sa at the same time. They made at Sihtirikusam, but soft, soft karu vura pakunihri-vtihanik the bottom flat, too. for making pipe bowls of, but passdruvar kunikrfi-prinaratiha- they make indeed paving rocks Afik. Picci~p va, kuntarukti pa- there, that was the kind that they 'ippankaim, karixas s'irukam used to make there, and stone takunikyav pasdnnAvAfiatc. Va: trays also they make out of that vura 'itca nitc vura k6-vura kuni- rock, but soft ones. kya-ttihaniik, 'avahkam karu vui- ia, karu vura sui'kami. Sd'kam karu vura tinihyl-tc kuniky-tti- hafik. * (HOW THEY SHAPE THE PIPE BOWL) h. HA-ri 'itca4 nitc vura te-citc (SOMETIMES THEY MAKE SEVERAL takunikya4 AT A TIME) They worked it first with a rock. They chipped off little Ha-ri 'itca nitc vura te-citc Sometimes they make several pieces. They rub it on a flat takunikyav pe-kkY6o'r, hA'ri 'it- pipe bowls at a time, sometimes rock. They rub it down. They r6'op, 'I-nng-k vur uthvyhiti'. five; they store them in the make it good outside first. They living house. did not finish it up so good while there was no hole in it. They i. Pahd t kunkupaOOa-nkahiti (HOW THEY FIT THE PIPE BOWL ON did not make it thin. When it pe kky8 r po-hra m'mak THE PIPE) already had a hole in it, then Po-hrftm 'u~m pupikya-ma- They always have the pipe only they fixed it good. They made ya-tchitihap 4 pe kkyo r takun- half finished when they put the the Salmon River at Black Bear Oh.nkaha'ak. Po-hrhm kohoma- pipe bowl on. They make the Logical objects from the Indians in ya-tc takunikya4, pe kky6or kB-h. pipe the same size as the bowl. Xas va: k6: takunoimyav pa'as, And they file the stone to the po-hrhnm kB-h. 'Avahkam taku- same size as the pipe. They nipta vAssfirA po-hra-m. Va: vura plane the pipe off on top. They -hed pipe bowls, both of 'ashxxu'us, po hr•qm k6-kkaninay takunvu- cut the pipe in every place how 43 Or 'uhykssuru'u. uro-tihabik. 44 Or diminutive kuntcimyaya-tchitihainik. 45 Or pupikya-ratihap. -U

156 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [BULL. 94 HARRBINGTON] TOBACCO AMONG THE pikkurihva pakunkup&OOA-nka- they are going to put the rock on. VaA pakuma'axvaha pakunm- he lc. Pakar ukarimhltih&',1k xas If it does not fit, they scrape the ca nti 'itcani ppitcak va-xvaha'. kari takuniptaxicxic kydkku'um, wood off again, and they measure Pe-tcanni-ppitcak k6-vura 'axva- kari kyuikkubm takunipcippfun'vA. it again. Every once in a while hahar pa'ippa', kunic 'uku-tha- Tee-myhtcva kunipohnk6-tti po-h- they put it back again on top of hiti', 'ahupmu- kunkitnusutnis- ramsunuvana'ippaAitc, kunpik- the pipe bowl; they try it on to suti'. 'Ahup 'anammahatcmu- k yA-varihvuiti ta'ata ni kyohoma- see if it is right. They make it pakunkitnusutnuissuti'. Kitnu- yA'atc. Ko-homaya-tc vudra taku- just the right size. They make sutnus 'dOvfi yti', 'itcanpitekit- nikya4. 'Itcavu tsunaya'tc vura it even, fitting it good. Then nusutnus axvhha'. VaA takunpi-- takunlikya4, pdyavaA vura k6 vd- they get through. canna-nva patakkaA. ra patakohomaya-tc kunikyaE. Sarip su? uhyA*rahiti', xay sui Tcatik vura vab takunpikya'ar. uvu n'var 'uhramsdriivdrhk pa- takkak. Karixas va- takuni vunu- j. Pahd-t kunkupe-ttakkankahiti' (HOW THEY GLUE IT ON) kaya tcha pe kkYo'r. Karixas Puya vaA ta'ifutcti-mitc xas The last thing they make the takunOa-nkuri, pe'kkyo r poh- patakkan takunfkyaO, vaA vura glue. They make the glue only ram'mak. Xas takunikchppic karixas takunikyav patakkan when they are going to use it. po hra-m, paku kam 'uko-'rahiti pavura kari tcimi kunikyA-r6-ca- They make it in the living house va; ku kam 'usuriukamhiti', va; h"a'k. 'f-nna-k 'ahinamti-mitc by the fire. kunkupasuvaxrahahiti'. Xas pakunikya tti'. kh'n takuno6ricri 'i-nna'ak po-h- Patakkan kunikya-rati 'ixiki- They use sturgeon skin for ra m. Xas xara vura 'uOA niv harAmma'an, ha-ri k~aru vur am- making glue, or sometimes salmon 's nna -k 'irnfinannihit'c. vhmma'an. Kunpaputcaya-tchi- skin. They chew it good. They Karixas va; takuniptaxicxic ti'. 'Ase mmncnarhitc 46 xas kan spit it onto a steatite dishlet. pa'avahkam t6-hri-pricakahh;k takunyiu-hka'. Patakunxusmanik When they think it is enough, patakkan. K6 vura xu-skunic tak8-h, xas takunimni6, 'imfir then they cook it. They heat takunikya(v, kohomaya'tc vura takunlkyav, 'imni-crhvhk six?. it, on the dish. k6-vura takunikyaO, takunpikya- Xas tcimitcya-tc vura 'apun- Then they mix a little gum and naya'tcha'. Xas va; tcimtc lk- axvu kar axvaha', 'itcanipitc- pitch, young Douglas fir tree kyArAmfi k takuntcimya ya tcha'. ?axvhha', patakunpi cannA-nva pitch, into the sturgeon skin. Karu ha-iri 'aekdrit takuni;vunu- pe-cxikiharama-n sui. Kuyra Three kinds they mix together. kaya5tcha patakunpikya'ar. k6, patakuni-car. Pa'apunaxvu 'ararapramsa'ip- The gum they get off of wild 7c. Pahu 't kunkupap4ettciur6ohiti paha kunikyA-ti'. Ka~timi-n plum bushes. Lots of those gum pe .kkY~o'r ma-m vdr ta~y u'ffti', pa'apunax- bushes grow upslope of Katimin. 'AkA-y vurava p6-xxutiha~k kiri vu'Ippa', vura ffitta~k xas po-m- The gum comes out at places on niplcyfi-nkiv pe kkYyo'r, kari ninnd-pran pa'apunaxvu'. Mf-n them. They just have skins 'asimpi-kkatchk tupfiooaf, xas vdra kite po varasdr6 hiti', pa'fpa where the fruit was going to be. va, kd~n t6-mni-ncur pamutak- 'avahahe-cat'. Payvfthi~m hari Nowadays they use sometimes kan.4 7 Xas tupikyA-yav, yiO tup- pitcasaxvhha: takunf-ca-nti' karu peach or plum gum, they no ikyav patakkani. hATi prams, tapdva. 'i-ca-ntihap longer use the [wild plum] gum. pa'apunaxvu'. 47 Fritz Hanson soaked first-listec 46 Or 'imnicnamtanammnhatc. moved the bowl with ease. 63044'-32_13

_. _.

ERICAN ETHNOLOGY [BULL. 94 HARR~iNTON] TOBACCO AMONG T)'HE KARUK INDIANS 157

- they are going to put the rock on. Va~ pakuma'axvhha pakun'- The kind of pitch that they s If it does not fit, they scrape the mix in is the pitch of young fir wood off again, and they measure Pe-tcA~nni-ppitchk k6-vdira 'axvh- trees. The young fir is pitchy it again. Every once in a while hahar pa'ippa', kunic 'ukii-thh- all over, as if it were breaking - they put it back again on top of hiti', 'A~hupmlh kunk-itnusutnils- out with pimples. With a little - the pipe bowl; they try it on to suti'. 'Ahup ~anammahatcmf1 k stick they punch it off. It is - see if it is right. They make it pakunkitnusutnfissuti'. Kitnu- called punched off stuff, young - just the right size. They make siitnus 'iifvfidyti', 'itcanpitckit- Douglas fir punched off pitch. l it even, fitting it good. Then nusutnus ~axvftha'. Va~ takunpi' They mix it with the glue. - they get through. chnnE-nva patfikkaii. Shrip su? uhyl-r~hiti', xay su? They stick a hazel stick inside Puvdin'va ' uhramsiiriiviirhk pa- so the glue will not run inside the tftkkaii. Karixas va~ takuni-vunu- pipe. Then they smear the glue (HOW THEY GLUE IT ON) khyd-tchh pe-kky6'~r. Karixas on the stone pipe bowl good. 3 The last thing they make the takuno~hnkufi, pe-kky6-'r po-h- Then they put the bowl in the L glue. They make the glue only ra-m'mak. Xas takunikc~ppic pipe. Then they stand the pipe E when they are going to use it. po-hra-m, pakfi-kam 'uk6-rahiti on end, the stone bowled end - They make it in the living house va~ kii-kam 'usuriikamhiti', va~ down, they let it dry that way. by the fire. kunkupasuvaxrkhaliiti'. Xas Then they put it in the living kh~n takun~lricri 'i-nnA'ak pot-h house. It lies in there a long They use sturgeon skin for ri-m. Xas xftra vura 'ueh-niv time in the warmth. making glue, or sometimes salmon skin. They chew it good. They Karixas va~ takuniptaxfcxic Then they scrape off the glue i spit it onto a steatite dishlet. pa'.~vahkam t6 hrii-prlikiikhhk that has run out. They make it When they think it is enough, pat~kkaf~i. K6-vdra xuwskunic smooth all over, they make it then they cook it. They heat takunlkya~T, kohomaya'tc vura even all over, they finish it out it, on the dish. k6 -vira takunikya'-r, takunpikya- good. Then they polish it with Then they mix a little gum and nhyA~tcha'. Xas va~ tcimtcflk- scouring rush. Then sometimes pitch, young Douglas fir tree they rub grease all over it when pitch, into the sturgeon skin. Karu ha-ri 'a~kiirit takuni~vunu- they finish it. Three kinds they mix together. khyd-tchb, patakunpikya'ar.

The gum they get off of wild 7c. Pahfi-t kunkupap6-ttc~ir,5.hiti (HOW THEY REMOVA THE PIPE plum bushes. Lots of those gum pe .kky6oOr BOWL) bushes grow upslope of Katimin. The gum comes out at places on 'Akgty v'iirhv p6xxutiha-k kini When anybody wants to re- them. They just have skins niphayripnkiv pepikkY6i'r, kari move the stone bowl from a pipe, where the fruit was going to be. asimpf'kk.tcAk tupfifi6aif, xas he soaks it in warm water, the van kAnn t6amniancur pamuthk- glue melts off. Then he fixes it Nowadays they use sometimes 4 peach or plum gum, they no kaA . 1 Xas tupikyl-yav, yiO tup- over again, he makes fresh glue. longer use the [wild plum] gum. ckyav pathkkaA.

47 Fritz Hanson soaked first-listed specimen made by Yas and re- moved the bowl with ease. 63044O3213 W

s rwr 158 BUREAU OF AMEI R]wrs v st _fwss ICAN ETHNOLOGY B1ULL.94 HARRINGTON] TOBACCO AMONG TI

C. Pahfrt mit ky6As po-hra-m, (THE SIZE OF PIPES AND HOW va, 'u~m va-raihas, faOipihra~m pamit ha t kunkupe-tti-etkira- THEY MADE THEM FANCY) 'u~m varaihas. Ni-nnamitc vura hitihat' ha-'ri takunikyav, 'ikyorflhi'ppuk. a. Pahd-t mit ky6,s po-hra-m (THE SIZE OF PIPES) Va, kunippe-nti xavicilhnA-m'- mitc, po -hnhm~anammahatfc. Va: a'. Pumit va-ramasakavmsahara (PIPES DID NOT USE TO BE VERY yamahu-katctg-ppas va'uhramik- po-hra-m LONG) yav, va: pak'-nimitcas pamu- 'U~mkun vudra vaA kunkupa'a- They know that way. The kun ?ihra'am. pfinmAhiti'. Pekxare-yav karu Ikxareyavs had their pipes of c'. Pahdvt mit ky6:s pa'8m- vura vak6,shhnik pamukunilh- that same size, as the Indians ?1hra'am ra 'm, vaA pakunfihi-cti'. Va' believe. That is all the size of vura k6^shmitcAs kitc pamukun- pipe that they made. Only then Pavura ko-k6- kuma'dhra: mit ?6hhra msahaiik. Vura vajkarixas they started in to have long ones, pamukunluhra~m pa'8 mca', ka-- pava ramashafiik, Pa'apxantinni- when the White people came. ku mit va-ramas pamukun- hitc ka~ri takun~hrA-rahitihafik, Then they had their long pipes, ?ihra'am, karu ka-kum 'ipe-nki- va~ karixas vura pava-ramasha- after they had tools. The down- natcas. Va: karixas mit kite Aik pamukunfihra'am, pe-kya'ras river Indians were the first to puxxwitc va-ramas pamukun- takunta-rahitihanik. Yurukva-- have long pipes. From outside ?ihra~m pa'8mca', pa'apxantin- ras mit picci~p pava-ramas pa- they bought tools from the coast. nihitc kari mit patakunivyihuk- mukun dhra'am. 'T1:0 kunikvai-n- They had long red pipes. The kat. Va: kari mit ka-kum pa- tihanik pamukun~ikyA-ras yuras- length of some of them was 3 '8mea puxxwitc vA-ramas pamu- ti'm. Va-ramas '-xkfinicas pa- spans. Some were shorter ones, kundiihra'1m. '- hkyan4" pbmitva mukuhim- mukundhri-msahaiik. Ka-kum some 2 spans, some 1 span, that 5 0 kuyrakhaksip 48 'uva'ramAsahiti- the downriver Indians had as myatekyo vA-ra mit pamu- 'dhra'am, 'icvirik mit 'ukuram- hUAik. KA-kum 'ipcf1nkinatcas, their pipes. They were good 5 ka-kum 'axak 'a-ksip, ka-kum ones, those long pipes, they were nihvht l pamu'Ahra"am. FaOip- 'iOa'a-ksip, pamukun'uhra-mhanik inside of long pipe sacks. ?iihra: mit, yu? ve kya ppuhafiik, Payurukva-ras. Y-pea mit po-h- Ouffip. Va ra mit mu'dhra~m 'AyiOrim- ramxhrahsa', 'uv6-hvara-hitihat 2 mit xe-hvasxarahsahak. ke tcxaA.5 Mbru kunpiccun- vanik, 'ahvara,-k sA? maruk. b'. Pahd-t mit ky6As paxavic- (SIZE OF ARROWWOOD PIPES) Kun?&'ytihat', ka-kkum pamut- - ?dhra'am unvi~v kunMh-ytihat', xay nuk- kdha'a, kunxuti xay nukkiiha"'. Xavic'dhra~m 'u~m vura pu- An arrowwood pipe is not very 'P-m'mit, kYhruva'a, pak&texa4. va-ramaka-mhara, 'iOa'A-ksip kar long, 1 Y2spans 48 is as big as they ievit vaA vura kitc kunpikya- make them. The arrowwood yi mmuiti'. Xavicdhra~m va, pipes they do not make as long 4 9 Little Ike of Yutimin Falls. 'u~m pfivaA k6o va-ram 'ika-tihap as they do the manzanita pipes, this Indian name of his. pak6, faOipihra~m kunikya-tti', those are long ones, manzanita 8011is Indian names were (1) 'I was a famous suck-doctor. 48 ends of The span here referred to is the distance between the "An old expression of length. spread thumb and forefinger. A thumb to middlefinger span is also 52Mg. 'Ayi'Orirh, Shavehead. H Va, vura kite kunic kunihrf'-vti tikyanpi m'matc, sometimes used. kyhroom 'Ara '1pAsffirAt~hah, mg, patakunabksipre ha'ak, hU.ri vura xas pa'atciptik klAiu. marriage on the upriver side of mother. She was a suck-doctor.

_ ERICAN ETHNOLOGY [BULL. 94 BARRINGTON] TOBACCO AMONG THE KARUK INDIANS 159

1, (THE SIZE OF PIPES AND HOW va, 'u~m vA-rAhas, faOip uhra~m pipes are long ones. Sometimes THEY MADE THEM FANCY) 'inl vATramas. Nf-nnamitc vura they make a small one, without hA-ri takunfkya4, 'ikyorhhi ppuk. stone pipe bowl. They call it a little arrowwood pipe, that little (THE SIZE OF PIPES) Va. kunipp6-nti xavic~dhnAnm'- mitc, po -hnhm anammahat'c. Va: pipe. That is the easiest kind of a (PIPES DID NOT USE TO BE VERY yamahu katcta ppas va'uhramik- pipe to make, that is the poor LONG) yav, va, pakg-nimitcas pamu- people's pipe. They know that way. The kun dhra'am. a Ikxareyavs had their pipes of c'. Pahf-t mit ky6os pa'g m- (SIZE OF DOCTORS PIPES) L- that same size, as the Indians ?lhra'am believe. That is all the size of , pipe that they made. Only then Pavura ko-k6- kuma'ihraA mit Doctors had pipes of all sizes, ,s they started in to have long ones, pamukunuidhra~m pa'g mca', kh-- some had long ones and some when the White people came. ku mit vg-ramas pamukun- had short ones. The doctors , Then they had their long pipes, i?6hra'am, karu kh-kum 'ipc-nki- only had the very long pipes after they had tools. The down- nafcas. Va: karixhs mit kitc after the White people came. s river Indians were the first to puxxwitc v& ramas pamukun- Some of the doctors then had have long pipes. From outside ?ihra~m pa'&mca', pa'apxantin- very long pipes. they bought tools from the coast. nihitc kari mit patakunivyihuk- They had long red pipes. The kat. Va: kAri mit ka-kum pa- length of some of them was 3 '8mca puxkwitc vA-ramas pamu- kuntuhra'nm. spans. Some were shorter ones, 49 a some 2 spans, some 1 span, that '9-hkyan pAmitva mukuhim- Ike's deceased father had a the downriver Indians had as myatckyo50 vA-ra mit pamu- long pipe, it reached to his elbow. ,, their pipes. They were good 'uihra'&m, 'ievirik mit 'ukliram- It was a manzanita pipe, of a ones, those long pipes, they were nlhvAt"1 pamu'fihra'am. FaOip- downriver make, from Requa. k inside of long pipe sacks. ?6hra: mit, yui ve kyg ppuhaiiik, Ofiffip. AyiOrimke-texa4 used to have t VA ra mit mu'fihra~m 'AyfOrim- ke tcxa4.12 Maru kunpiccun- her pipe long. They kept it vafiik, 'ahvarA-k sa? mnAuk. upslope in a hollow tree. They (SIZE OF ARROWWOOD PIPES) Kun?&-ytihat, kh-kkum pamut- were afraid of it, some of her dnvi~v kuna ytihat', xay nuk- children were, "lest we get sick," kdha'8, kunxilti xay nukkfiha'8 . they thought "lest we get sick." - An arrowwood pipe is not very 4 8 'P-m'mit, kyfruva'", pakd-tcxa4. She was a doctor, too, that r long, 1 Y spans is as big as they shavehead was. make them. The arrowwood 49 ^ pipes they do not make as long Little Ike of Yutimin Falls. His name, Ike, is an adaptation of as they do the manzanita pipes, this Indian name of his. 0 , those are long ones, manzanita ' His Indian names were (1) 'Ipco ke hva'an, (2) Ye ffppa'an. He was a famous suck-doctor. s the distance between the ends of 5"An old expression of length. . thumb to middlefinger span is also "2Mg. 'Ayiorih, Shavehead. Her name in earlier life was 'AyiOrim- kunic kunlhrf-vti tikyanpf m'matc, kyaro~m 'Ara 'IpAsffirttihAA, mg. she who took somebody in half- *a xas pa'atcfptilk kyaku. marriage on the upriver side of 'Ayyi-Orih. She was Steve Super's mother. She was a suck-doctor. 'I9

160 BUREAU OF AME b;1lUUAN ETHNOLOGY [BULL. 94 HARRINGTON] TOBACCO AMONG THE

Va: mit 'axxak pa'e mcaye - Those two were the biggest hara peherTAhA pohrhom'mak, cilpsa', Y&fippa~n karu 'Ayierim- doctors, Yefippan and AyiOrim- karu hA-ri vura ta~y uya-hiti kyAroom Va'Ara'ar. kyarom Va'arar. po-hranm'mak. Po-hramka-m- d'. PahA-t ko-ya-hiti pehe-raha (TOBACCO CAPACITY OF PIPES) 5' hka'k, karu vura va: 'u~m ta~y po-hrar-m 3 'uya-hiti po-hnamAnAmmA- hatch~a'k, va: 'u~m vura tci-mite Ha-ri putta~y yA-hItihara pe-- Some pipes do not hold much 'uya-hitl'. Pavfira 'u~m yi00 h9TAha pohrbm'mak, karu hA-ri tobacco, and some hold much. po-victAntiha~k peh8-raha', yiOfa vura ta~y uya-hitl po-hrAm'mak. Also a big pipe holds more, a vura 'u'um, vur uxxuti': "Kiri Po-hramkarmha'`k, karu vura vaA little pipe less. If a person likes tta~y sd ?." 'u~m ta~y 'uyA hiti',M4 po-hnam- tobacco, such a person thinks: ?AnAmmAhatcha'k, va: 'urm "Would that there is more in b. Pamit hfut kunkup6ettci tkira- vura tci-mitc 'uyalhItV'.16 Pavura there." 60 hitihat po hra m u~m yiOO po-victAntiha~k pe-he a'. Va: 'u~m vura pipi'e p va- raha', yi0fla vura 'uUm, vur 'uhra mhara, p6evurukahitihan uxxuti': " Kirf tta y sA?." I po *hra-m Vura 'u~m taxxarave-tak pa- In the old times when they used Va: xas vura kunxuti ya-matc mitva pakuniky-ttihat pe-k- to make stone pipe bowls, when tanikya0, pa'a-xkunic takunimvu- t] kY0o`r, pe kky6 rakka-mhA'^k there was a big stone pipe bowl, rukaha'ak, ha-ri 'ikxhramkinic pake-tcha~k pe kkY6'or, vura 'um when the stone pipe bowl was takunmvuiruk. Ha-ri vura paye-m ti taby 'uyA-hiti peht-raha', ke-tc big, it held much tobacco. It va: takuni-vuirukti po-hra-m pamuk6Ta'assiiP. 7 ti Peky6 ra- had a big pipe bowl cup. When 'apxanti tc ?iviirukaha' .61 Vura 'anammahitcha'ak, va~'u~m vura the stone pipe bowl was small, it p pdva, pi'e&p va'uhra-mhara, pey- 0 pdttaA ya-hitihara, nmnamitc pa- did not hold much, its hole was vuruxkkahitihan kuma'fihra'8m. musdrukka's. Kuna vura paye m small. But now they make the p vur hu-tvAva patakunkupe-kya- stone pipe bowl any kind of way, b'. Pahu-it yuxtcannanitc kun- hiti pe kkY6o'r, takunxus: "Va: they think: "They will buy it kupe-yah-kkurihvahiti po-hra-m vura ni kinikvhrice'ece," Ha-ri from us anyway." Sometimes Ha ri yuxtcannanitc kuniyal-k- vur 'ikyb Takka~m ni -namite 'u~m when the stone pipe bowl is 6 2 6 3 big kurihvuti 'uhrhmi-ccAk. Picci~p p pamusdrukka'^, ha-ri karu vura the stone pipe bowl has a small cup 'ikY6nna'anammahate S8 ketc in it, and sometimes a little stone 61 The transverse surface of the m kitc pamusdruka'a. pipe bowl just has a big cup in it. pipe collected by F. E. Gist, U. S. 1" Ha-ri vura tci-mitc 'uy-hiti Sometimes the pipe holds little 278471, is painted red. Mr. Gist mac pehe-raha po-hr-m. HA-ri vura tobacco. Sometimes even a big Hupa and Katimin. Of the specime xAt 'uhrhmkasm, va: vura tcf- pipe holds little tobacco, they 'a-xkunic 'uyvurukkahiti', pakhn mitc uhya-hiti pehA-rAhA', ni-nna- make the place where the tobacco mouth end it is painted red, where it mite kunikya-tti pamuhe-raha- is put in so small. Some pipes 62 Or kiinmrukurihvuti'. 'ierdiam. Ha-ri pidtta~y ya-hiti- do not hold much tobacco, and 6 A piece of the inlay is called yux6anan, abalone. Both abalone a. 5 See also p. 171. yux6 daan or yuxtcAnnanitc, accordii 64 Or kunmahya nati'. of the two standard kinds are shown "I Or kunmnhy-nAti'. of an arrowwood pipe inlaid with at s6 I. e., he wants it to hold more. Museum, specimen No. 278471, colle 7 Or pamu'uhramfssip. is shown in PI. 27, a, I Ct. 'akomnnA'anammahafc, a small ax, also a hatchet. ERICAN ETHNOLOGY [BULL. 94 HARRIINGTON] TOBACCO AMONG THE KARIJK INDIANS 161

Those two were the biggest hara pehtTAhh pohratm'mak, some hold much. Also a big doctors, Yefippan and AyiOrim- karu hA-ri vura ta~y uya-hiti pipe holds more, a little pipe less. kyarom Va'arar. po-hrh m'mak. Po-hramkA-m- If a person likes tobacco, such a person thinks: "Would that there a (TOBACCO CAPACITY OF PIPES) 6 ha'%k karu vura vaA 'u~m ta~y 'uyA hiti po-hnAmanhmmh- is more in there." hhtchh'Wk, vaA 'u~m vura tci mitc - Some pipes do not hold much 'uya-hiti'. Pavura 'u~m yiOO i tobacco, and some hold much. powvIctdntiha~k pehe-raha', yiOfa Also a big pipe holds more, a vura Vurum, vur uxxuti': "Kirf ^ little pipe less. If a person likes tta~y sa?." - tobacco, such a person thinks: (HOW THEY MADE THE PIPES 'i " Would that there is more in b. Pamit hfut kunkupe ttci tkira- hitihat po -hra.m FANCY) K there." 60 a'. VaA 'u~m vura pipi'e p va- (PAINTED PIPES ARE NOT THE OLD r 'uhra-mhara, pe-vdrakihitihan STYLE) po -hra m - In the old times when they used VaA xas vura kunxuti ya-matc The only time the Indians - to make stone pipe bowls, when tandkya4, pa'a-xkunic takunm vu- think they make something nice, i there was a big stone pipe bowl, rukaha'ak, ha-ri 'ikxaramkfnic is when they paint it red, or some- i when the stone pipe bowl was takunl-viwuk. Ha-ri vura paye m times black. Sometimes now c big, it held much tobacco. It va: takuni-vurukti po-hra-m they paint a pipe with White man - had a big pipe bowl cup. When 'apxanti tc?'fivdrukaha' 61 Vura paint. That is not the old style l the stone pipe bowl was small, it pdvaA pi'e&p va'uhra-mhara, pey- of pipes, that painted kind of - did not hold much, its hole was viurukkahitihan kuma'fihra'am. pipes. i small. But now they make the (HOW THEY INLAY PIPES) - stone pipe bowl any kind of way, b'. Pahu t yuxtcannanitc kun- ; they think: "They will buy it kupe-yh-kkurihvahiti po hra m i from us anyway." Sometimes HAri yuxtchnnanitc kuniybc-k- Sometimes the Indians inlay a i when the stone pipe bowl is big kurihvuti6 2 'uhrftmi-cchK-.3 Picci~p pipe's body with little abalone X the stone pipe bowl has a small cup in it, and sometimes a little stone "I The transverse surface of the mouthpiece end of an arrowwood pipe bowl just has a big cup in it. pipe collected by F. E. Gist, U. S. National Museum specimen No. i Sometimes the pipe holds little 278471, is painted red. Mr. Gist made his collection about Weitspec, i tobacco. Sometimes even a big iHupa and Katimin. Of the specimen was said: 'Uhram hpma-nnak - pipe holds little tobacco, they 'a-xkunic 'uyvurukkahiti', pakahn 'uvdpd-ksurahitihifak, at the - make the place where the tobacco mouth end it is painted red, where it is cut off. - is put in so small. Some pipes 62 Or kdn?(rukurihvuti'. - do not hold much tobacco, and 63 A piece of the inlay is called yuxtchnnahiitc, diminutive of yux6fiAan, abalone. Both abalone and abalone pendants are called yux6diian or yuxtcAnnanitc, according to size. Abalone pendants of the two standard kinds are shown in PI. 28, a and b. An example of an arrowwood pipe inlaid with abalone is in the U. S. National Museum, specimen No. 278471, collected by F. E. Gist. This pipe is shown in P1. 27, a, small ax, also a hatchet. -U ______

BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [BULL. 04 162 HARBINGTON] TOBACCO AMONG TH: kunOimyl tti payuxtchnnaAi tc. shell pieces. They measure them har, kunikxurikti', 'a xkunicmf k TakunsipunvayA-tcha pak6^sa- the size they are going to be. karu 'amku fkAfflc. VA ramas mitcasheIec. Xas vaA khon takun- Then they make the holes on the karu po-hra m, paydrAkvATAs tariupkurihva po hrami ccak. Ko- surface of the pipe. They make kunikya-tti'. homaya tc vura takunikyav pas- the holes just the right size for surukkurihva', pakftn payux- putting the abalone shell pieces E. Paht t puxxarahirurav yavhi- tchnnanitc kunicnhpkurihveIec. in. Every once in a while they tihanik po-hra m, pah-t 'uku- Tc6-myatcva kunipOhnkurihvuti', put them in; they measure that patannihahitihanik po-hra-m va: kun kupasippu-nvahiti', paku- way, when they are making it. nikya ttiha'ak. Karixas takkan- Then they smear the holes with Puxxara 'ihrd-vtihap 'uhra-m, md-k takuni-vuruk pasurkkuirih- glue. Then they put the abalone puxxara yavhitihara. Vura pux- vak. Xas takunhinfpkuA payux- shell pieces in. The pipe is going xarahirinav 'ihru-vtihap. Pa- tcannanitc. Ya-matc 'umuissa- to look nice. Then they scrape taxxhraha~k 'umxaxavara ti', ka- he~c po-hra-m. Karixas 'avahkam the pipe off to make it smooth. ru vura 'umtakta-kti 'ippah, takun ipta-vasdruA po-hra-m, vaA They make it so smooth. That 'uhramippaA hA-ri petkky6T kari taxf-skfiAic. Xu-skunic pa- is why it is so smooth, because t6-mtcur, va: vura kari t6-pOA-- kunikya-tti'. Va kuma'i'ipaxu-s- they polish it with scouring rush. nlv po-hra m, pate ky6zri pux- kdAic, tcimtci-kkyar kunoimya-- ha'ak, viri kyun6 k taxxara rati'. tuxavtcur, ha ri karu vura va: pa'xra~r tu'iv pava: mu'ihra"'m, D. Paht-t po-hrh mit kunkupap- (HOW THEY USED TO SELL PIPES, kari maru kdik takunp-0ma pt-hvapiovahitihatf, pamitva AND THE PRICES) 'ahvhra'ak. Vura 'ata te-mitc k6, '6-rahitihat' papi'e p ve-kyA-pu po-hra-m. Pu'ifya- vura ye-cri-hvitihap- They never used to sell pipes Xa~s vdra k6-vura pothrAom hanik po-hrd.m pije'ep. Vura much long ago. They used to payt-m pak8-kaninay 'utayhina-- kunikyq-tttnmA-htihafik, pamu- make them for nothing, they used ti', va: karixas ve kyA puihsaha- kuniara*ras vura kunikye htan- to make them for their relatives fSik. ma-htihanik. Po kk6TAhitiha'ak, for nothing. They sold them Kuna vura 'iuivuane npikyrT- xas kinikvarictihafiik. Ka-kkum then when they had a stone pipe ?ihra~m va: vura kitc karinnu 'u~mkun vura tupitc 6 4 kun?8-rahi- bowl on them. Some people sold pananu'idhra'am, va: vura kari vaOtihanik po-hra-m, papu'ik- a pipe for two bits, when it had vari pananu'fihra~m kitc, 'ira'uh- ky8 rahitiha'^k. 'Uhramyav kuy- no stone pipe bowl. ra'am, Katimi;n vura kitc kari nA-kitc ka'ir 65 'u'6-rahitihasik. A good looking pipe used to sell yi00 'uO& n'niv, karu yiofa va: for a dollar. kan 'Inna-m, karu yiuOa pa- namni"k va: vura kari kyhn a. Pahd-t mit yuruk kunkupe-k- (HOW THEY USED TO BUY PIPES 'uOaniv yiOua'. Yioea harinay varahitihat' DOWNRIVER) xas kunp6-Oricuikti po-hra-m, xas Ha-ri yu? mit kunikvarank6-tI- Sometimes they used to go payvhhe~m patd-ppitcas pa'ara~r tapu'uOA-mhitihap hat xuska-mhar, 'araraxiska-m- downriver to buy bows, and pe-he-raha'. har, kar uhra *m. Yu? 'u~m pipes, too. Downriver they make Viri va: vura takunmahya n- y&Amatc kunikyg-tti paxuska-m- pretty bows; they paint them red nati 'apxanti~tciherdha'. Tax- xara v9-ttak 'usm vura 'arare- 54 From English two bits. he-raha kitc kunmahya-nnatiha- 65 Or yiOo icpu kuyna-kitc ka'ifu, one dentalium of the third length: or vantara, from English one dolla 69 The New Year's ceremony.

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'RICAN ETHNOLOGY tBULL. 04 HARBINGTON] TOBACCO AMONG THE KARUK INDIANS 163

shell pieces. They measure them hai, kunikx'rikti', 'axkunicmt-k and blue. And the pipes are - the size they are going to be. karu 'fimki-fkithiuc. VA ramas long ones, that the downriver - Then they make the holes on the karu po-hraim, paydrilkvA-ris people make. - surface of the pipe. They make kunikyl-tti'. - the holes just the right size for - putting the abalone shell pieces E. Pahd t puxxarahirurav yfivhi- (HOW PIPES DID NOT USE TO LAST . in. Every once in a while they tihanik po-hra-m, pahd-t 'uku- LONG, AND HOW THEY USED TO put them in; they measure that patannihahitihanik po-hrrvm GET SPOILED) - way, when they are making it. - Then they smear the holes with Puxxkra 'ihrd-vtihAp 'uhri-m, They do not use a pipe long, - glue. Then they put the abalone puxxhra yftvhitihafa. Vura pux- it does not last long. They do - shell pieces in. The pipe is going xhrahirAh nAv 'ihru-vtihap. Pa- not use it very long. After a - to look nice. Then they scrape taxxhraha~k 'umxaxavariat1', ka- while it cracks; or it gets a i the pipe off to make it smooth. ru vura 'umthkta-kti 'ippafi, V burned in its bowl edge, in the They make it so smooth. That 'uhramippaA hl-ri pe-kky6&r pipe's bowl edge; or the stone - is why it is so smooth, because t6-mtcut, vaA vura kari t6-pOA-- pipe bowl breaks and then the - they polish it with scouring rush. niv po-hra-m, pate ky6zri pux- pipe lies around without any ha"'k, viri kyun6 k taxxira stone bowl on it and then after tuxkvtcuf, ha-ri karu vura vaA a while it gets soft; or maybe pa'ara~r tu'iv p&vaA mu'dhra'am, the owner of a pipe dies, and - (HOW THEY USED TO SELL PIPES, kari maru kudk takunpt-Oma then they pack it upslope to a I AND THE PRICES) 'ahvAra'1k. Vura 'ata tci-mitc hollow tree. There are very few papi'e p ve-kya-pu po-hra-m. pipes that have been made long Xats vuira k6-vura po-hrh~m - They never used to sell pipes ago. Pretty nearly all the pipes i much long ago. They used to paye-m pak-kaininay 'utayhina-- that there are today anywhere - make them for nothing, they used ti', va: karixas ve kyA-puhsaha- were made after the whites - to make them for their relatives niik. came in. , for nothing. They sold them Kuna vura 'iOivOan6-npikyA-r- But the pipe for refixing the l then when they had a stone pipe ?dhrabm va: vura kitc karinnu world is still among us, it is - bowl on them. Some people sold pananu'dhra'am, va: vura kari still among us, the Irahiv 69 pipe. - a pipe for two bits, when it had vari pananu'dhra~m kitc, 'ira'uh- One of these is still at Katimin - no stone pipe bowl. ra'am, Kattim~i n vura kite kari and one is at Clear Creek, and A good looking pipe used to sell yi60 'uOh n'niv, karu yifOa va: one is at Orleans, there is one for a dollar. kAin 'Inna-m, karu yfofa pa- there also. Once a year they nhmni'tk va: vura kari kyahn take out that pipe, but the young - (HOW THEY USED TO BUY PIPES 'uOh niv yiOfa'. Yi1Oa harinay Indians do not sow tobacco any DOWNRIVER) xas kunpteOrictktI po-hra-m, xas more so they put White man payvhhe~m patt-ppitcas pa'ara~r smoking tobacco in it. Formerly - Sometimes they used to go tapu'uOa-mhitihap pe-ht-rAhA'. they used only to put Indian - downriver to buy bows, and Viri va: vura takunmahya n- tobacco in it. The Katimin pipe i pipes, too. Downriver they make nkti 'apxanti~tcihhtrha'. Tax- is a long pipe, a span and a - pretty bows; they paint them red xara ve-ttak 'u~m vura 'arare - half long; they call it the Iccip heTaha kite kunmahya-nnatlha- sweathouse pipe. The pipe is in a, one dentalium of the third length; tar. 69 The New Year's ceremony. -I

164 BUREAU OF AMEXR,.'CAN ETHNOLOGY [BULL. 94

nik sA?. VA-ram po-hrkm paka?- a pipe sack; it is already black, BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOG timPinihra'am, yi6a'A-ksip kar that pipe sack, and already stiff. icvlt. 'Ikmahatcram 'Iccixp va- It is made out of buckskin, 'dhra~m kunipp6-nti'. Xe-hvA-- though it does not look like it sak vura s.? akri", vura te-kxA- any more, it is black. It is ramkfinic paxe-hva'1s, karu vura stiff as the fatavennan's belt is. piha tah.66 Taffirapu vura nik- hanik, tapuv e mmnydssahitihafa, pe kxaramkuiiic. Va, vura k6^ tappiha pak6^ pafatave-nan- sittcAkvfitar k6, ppiha'. Xa-t i'iv 6 vaA vura kitc I don't care if you die, they pu'axviOinnihak kilok '&eOm6 cap won't pack your pipe over to pami'dhra'am, maruk vur 'ahva- the grave; they'll put your pipe ra~k kunip6hricrihe'ec pami'uh- in a hollow tree upslope. They ra m. K6-vura pamd'u~p takun- send all his belongings along sakka-ha', payft-siara tu'iva- when a boss man dies, but the ha"'k, vaA vura kitc puxaka-nhi- pipe alone is not sent along. tihap pamu'dhra'am. Piccip- Before [he dies] they put it vannihitc vura yi0ouk takun- away from him a different place, ipefiic, patapu'ih&rAtihA'ak, pa- when he can not smoke any more, takka rimha'k, pam'fihra'am, because he's so sick, his pipe, pavura takka rimha'ak, patcim when he is dangerously sick, u'ivecah'a'k. Pavura 'u~mkun when he is going to die. That vaA mukunkf-pha', 'uhrhm is their custom; they don't pack vura vaA pupuya-hanapf-matc a pipe over near a dead person. 'e'-Omutihap. 'U'Y-ttiha thppa'an, k6-vura pamfi'up, vaA vura takun icun- Even flint blades, all his prop- vassar 'axvioinnihak, vaA vuira erty they put in the grave as kunxuti takunko-kkana pa- accompaniment. They think that mu'uup, po-hrhom vura kite he is going with his things, just pu'axvi~innihak kuik 'eOmfiti- the pipe alone they do not pack hak. Ka-kum pamd-p takun- over to the grave. Some of phhku'u, karu ka-kkum takun- his property they burn and some ?icunvhssar 'axviOinnihak, viri they bury in the grave, but his vaA vuira kitc pamu'ihra~m pipe alone they pack upslope to a tree upslope. maru khon 68 takunpe-Oma 'ippa- hak. Ha-ri pa'avansa tu'ivaha'ak, Sometimes when a man dies pamu'dhra~m vura xar uOh-nniv his pipe lies in the house a long

66 Or tappiha'. VARIOUS P h a, Arrowwood pip)t \vit soapstonle bowl, ilio 67 Or pe.'ivaha'ak, when you die. soapslolne bo\N I, earrowNood I~lpe withoI made n imitation of a whlti IS l' pipe, e, 68 Or ki.k.

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BULLETIN 94 PLATE 27 .ii#ptie~seksi ib..ik '*r¢ybu~ BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY 4.w t#pitie sa~ksl4! Ish.y astf. though it does not' ltokl Jikrait any more, it is blak. It s stiff a6 ` 1' t1aiinan'' iba1t it.

I dfii.t . y d . , 4th'egrav6e! thetl1'blui put pie 'iA a lhilloO tree usoloke JIAty send afl lii' beleningw id wht;#n t b*'mx'indied, but ;e pipe ~do0re -anot dent i1*. WwsaoaeiitplBbbt ' ti ndiies]aIVibetpla, A*fie'Wd ifi 'when he t'hi n~tsfnok&',iiy xdr,, t 1 15ecaime f t8?fbki sick, hi jTle, Wheiw 'le iriI dngeious!l: , whei 'he is to' die. 'goihiTt is their it6ni;8 ile 't iMik a pipe 'Otiiz' ear 'a &ead -ipersdil

Rven flint bladesi aJIl Ns pwp- erty they put in tpi ; g~yp1

the pipe. alone they,. -# t po* over to the,; grave. ,me .mf his-roperty they burn an&d,0,e they bury iw the gmve, biOIJis ;ppe alone, -tlhey P6CIAiQlope .,to a tree upslope. .

ftbieibibis; when a miin ,Xs his pipe ies li the ;i a VARIOUS KINDS OF PIPES a, Arrowwood pipe with soapstone bowl, inlaid with abalone spangles; b, manzanita pipe with soapstone bowl; c, arrowwood pipe without soapstone bowl, poor man's style of pipe; d, pipe d.ie. made in imitation of a white man's pipe, e, arrowwood pipe with soapstone bowl.

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REPRODUCTION OF POWERS. THE INDIANS OF CALIFORNIA, FIGURE 43. SHOVAN-

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VARIOUS STAGES IN THE MAKING OF ARROWWOOD PIPES, FROM MERE SECTION OF ARROWWOOD STICKALSOFINISHEDPIPES;TO SHOWING ONE MANZANITA PIPE, THE THIRD FROM THE RIGHT-HAND END

BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY BULLETIN3194PLATE l

VARIOUS STAGES IN THE MAKING OF ARROWWOOD PIPES, FROM MERE SECTION OF ARROWWOOD STICK TO FINISHED PIPES: ALSO SHOWING ONE MANZANITA PIPE, THE THIRD FROM THE RIGHT-HAND END

I

'I K"ORA'S, MEANING PIPE-BOWL ROCK, IN THE KLAMATH RIVER AT KATIMIN, TO WHICH INDIANS SWAM OUT TO GET THE BEST SOAPSTONE FOR PIPE BOWLS I-

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BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY BULLETIN 94 PLATE 32. kip^{; nnmi~iott< idck r, ipamt pipg 'iWV*:! .,'7RTk*ak i xaww i i % n1hWL i sau~u'uhrArlkc 'u*,mw"Jorm vu3W 4h&raAA VA;i,vKn tho J li mm. a.etptfz#a ; ~1 3Lu.4 whlu

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K6 vdra 4x4; ^paspnu%,'k ku A pev,k paa'Va t1ei* qston mi #ia' p3'k!; iztni, um pa- kind k8 *4, pgkn1Ai' n't , paym mW panumfi-hti 1-&vvurs 'k6wvdr MiBi pay6m xas a, Soft soapstone rock, vura vd-kyApp3hsa', on south bank of the Klamath River at Katimin mita vura v8-ttak ipag41tant!itt kunivyihulE.

P. K'kam po -r6^m, (DIBcrnrTIO' Ow: CFRO 'D~Ab1(JBBI et a'f wApipe Speczme principal types, are her-&bed.. ^

i 3*wod pipei*ithait stAne faeik na m'mitc, bought from Hackett for 21

ehd~flitY'*ifl~u iO~i hathet~inc,I b, pipe 8v bz'4e&i1y flackiit when Close-up of a section of the top of the same, showing where pipe howls have ei! llblesefh k b'tCieh, been pecked off by the Indians Jl'~wW~bpe',iprsl~emlWitype, wit~h1

diameter, mouth end X6 inch diameter, e~bW Qip#!% i~ifch di&%6ei.; 1- in l2iii( fbbhgeii *'! 2 'inR long, inch thick. (P1. 27, e.) 'A!n & Epiff1e; itih bd*IiSf 'iaik G I$ J St!l bi1& lAd usemn speahi 7° r. -Gist made his home at Wet Soaj bakfbr'Se B g S at' one c, Two pipe bowls of soft soapstone the Indians to have bought pipes at collection may be Karuk, Yuruk, or Hu]

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IlAnnlNoroN] TOBACCO AMONG tHE ItUK INDIANS 16i5

hA-ri 'i nna'Bk. Va. vura kitc time. We always see a stone BULLETIN 94 PLATE 32 kip numhho-t ikky6o'r, pamit pipe bowl, that's all, where there 'ikrfvra~m 'u'fkrifak, xavram- used to be a living house, in the nihak. Pamu'uhram?!c 'u~m former house pit. Its pipe body vura harivariva po-xg-tainik, vaA has rotted away, I do not know 'u~m vura tapfiffa~t pa'ahup, when; the wood is no more, pe kkY6T kitc to-sa-m. only the stone pipe bowl remains.

a. Xh's vura k6-vura te-kyhp- (NEWNESS OF MOST ARTIFACTS pi-t ca pa'arare-kyav payva- THAT ARE EXTANT) he'em K6-vira xas pasfpnu'uk, karu Almost all the baskets, the pe-mni-cra4, karu passa n'va, tci- stone trays and things of all mi vura pak&, tcimi vura pa- kinds, all kinds of things that we k6-vura pakumasa-n'va, pay8-m see now, nearly all are recently panuma-hti', xhos vura k6-vura made, since the Whites came in.

tuhbank of the Klamuath River 't Katanini paye m xas vura v6-kya-ppuihsa', mita vura v8-ttak Pa'apxanti tc kunivyihuk. F. Ka-kum po-hrdom pakume-fhus

(DESCRIPTION OF CERTAIN PIPES) Descriptions of a few pipe specimens, chosen to illustrate the principal types, are here listed. Specimens of pipes Arrowwood pipe without stone facing, the type called xavic?ih- na m'mitc, bought from Hackett for 25 cents (Pl. 27, c), 3Y2 inches long, bowl end '1%6inch diameter, cavity 9,<6inch diameter, mouth end elliptical in section % by %8inch, hole %2inch diameter. The p of the same, showing wherc pipe hoowls have pipe was being used by Hackett when purchased. (Pl. 27, c.) lked oil by the Indians Arrowwood pipe, slender type, with bowl of green soapstone from 'Asaxdisas (see p. 153), made by Fritz Hanson, 4 inches long, % inch diameter, mouth end 916 inch diameter, hole Ysinch diameter; slender- est part of pipe 3%inch diameter, 14 inches from mouth end. Pipe bowl %4inch long, edge %2 inch long, rim rounding and only %2 inch thick. (P1. 27, e.) Arrowwood pipe, with bowl of black soapstone, collected by F. E. Gist,70 U. S. National Museum specimen no. 278471 (PI. 27, a), 5%4

70 Mr. Gist made his home at Weitspec. He kept the store at Soames Bar for several months at one time. He is remembered by )e bowls of soft soapstone the Indians to have bought pipes at Katimin. The pipes in his collection may be Karuk, Yuruk, or Hupa. - m -

166 BTYREAt OW AMfERICAN ETHNOLOGY tBuuL.04 HARRINGTON] TOBACCO AMONG THE inch long, bowl end 1% inches diameter, mouth end '5A6 inch diamn- va~ 'u,~m 'flra~r iipp6-nti 'uhram?bp eter, hole Y1 inch diameter, to one side of center; slenderest part 'idpp6 nti 'uhram hhuP. of pipe 'Yin inch diameter 1 inch from mouth end. Bowl edge Y4 The Indian says the top of the pip( inch long, cavity Y4 inch diameter, rim Y4inch to 9/ inch wide. mouth of the pipe. The Indians alv~ Abalone inlay consists of four pieces ca. Y4 inch long and Y4 inch wide, bowl on top." The other end, where but the White man calls %2 inch thick, with rounding ends, set equidistant from one another pipe mouth, parallel to long axis of pipe 3/,inch from bowl end. (PI. 27, a.) 'Uhramsfiru-~ar, the hole or boring t Manzanita pipe with bowl of green soapstone from 'Asaxiis~a- 'Ikkyo~or, the stone pipe bowl. ksee p. 153), made by Yas, bought from Benny Tom for $2.50, 5Y46 The cavity where the tobacco is pla inches long; bowl end 1 inch diameter; mouth end % inch diameter. a dozen different expressions: 'uhrair Pipe bowl 'Y,, inch long, edge %8inch long, end of insert 1%2 inch diam- the pipe (or if it has a stone pipe bo'm eter, cavity % inch diameter, rim %6inch wide. (P1. 27, b.) pipe bowl); pehe'rah o'lTOriiak su?, 'N Manzanita pipe with bowl of green soapstone from 'A-saxidsias raha'iOriifam, place where the tobacco (see p. 153), made by Pi'rkv6-Aatc, a deceased younger brother of ?fppaA, its cavity on top of the pipe: I Yas who was a cripple,"' bought from Yas for 2.00, 7Y46 inches long, Vu'1-era', its, cavity where the tobacco bowl end 234, inches diameter, edge of bowl 334, inches long. b. Pak6~ yi~iiva kuniOvfl

G. Ta~y 'uOvfiytti-hva po-hrbm (NAMES OF VARIOUS I (THE PIPE HAS VARIOUS NAMES) Pipes are classed according to mna a. Pak6~ 'u~vd~ytti-hva pamucvit•~va po-hrA-m bowl or pipe sack, or purpose for whi( Xavic?iihra'am, arrowwood pipe. (NOMENCLATURE OF THE PARTS OF THE PIPE) Faeip?6hra"'Im, manzanita pipe. 'Uhr~m~i'Ic, lit, pipe meat, is used of the entire surface or body of Xuparichihra"'an, yew pipe. a pipe. E. g., inlay is made in the pipe's meat. 'As6 -hra'am, 'aso-hramhdihra'am, an The big end of the pipe, where the tobacco is put, is called 'uhram- Xavic?iihra~m 'ikk~6 -ri-ppuxi, arrow ?ippai'i, or 'uhrami'ippankaith, on top of the pipe, the pipe being thought PetkkY6Tahitihan kumna'fihra~am,E of as tilted up in smoking position. The big end can also be spoken wood, manzanita, or yew). of as k6-citckarh, where it is big. 'Uhramxe-hvftssipuk', a sackless pi The small end of the pipe is called by the curious old term 'uhrambp- mere pipe. ti ma'an, pipe mouth. About Y4 inch of this "mouth" sticks out when Po hrh~m pax6~hviishitihafi, pipe the pipe is tied up in the pipesack (see pp. 180-181 and P1. 34, a, e). 'u'i-fkfiti po tri m, a pipe sack goes a' The mouth is inserted in the smoker's mouth. The small end can 'Ararakh-nnimTitcas mukun ?(hra"an also be called yittcihkaih, where it is slender- this can also be said mon people's pipe, a little arrowwood of the slenderest part of the pipe. Ya-s ?arara'flhra"am, 'uhrhmka'am, The following text explains the incongruity of this terminology a big pipe, a long pipe. with the White man terminology, which sometimes calls the bowl 'P-m?iihra"am, a doctor's pipe. TI the mouth: use only, since doctors use no special 7 2 1 kuna 'apxanti'tc 'u~m a woman doctor is never spoken of aE 'Ara~r 'u~m 'fipp~-nti': 'uhnam~ippaAitc, 7 4 'iipp6-nti: 'uhram?fipma"an. Pa'Ara.~r va~ vura. hitfha~n kunipitti': 'Arara'iihra'am, Indian pipe. 'jihr&-m." 'App apkam pakd-kam ni-nnarhitc "'Ippan 'ukk8-rahiti Or dim. pamusdinnuka~atc. 1' Captain John at Hupa had several pipes made by Pidkv6-atc. " The pipes of the Yuruk, Hupa an 72 Or 'uhnamIppaA~. the Karuk pipes that there was no oci to the word for pipe. 1 >17 1RICAN rTHNOLOGY tBUL. 94 HARRINGTON] TOBACCO AMONG THE KARUK INDIANS 101 iameter, mouth end 13,e inch diam- vaA 'u~m 'Arajr dpp6-nti 'uhramhpma'an, kuna 'apxanti-tc 'u~m m)e side of center; slenderest part 'dpp6 nti 'uhramfihup. i from mouth end. Bowl edge Y4 The Indian says the top of the pipe, but the White man says the eter, rim Y4inch to % inch wide. mouth of the pipe. The Indians always say: "A pipe has a stone ,ces ca. % inch long and Y4 inch wide, bowl on top." The other end, where it is small, the Indian calls the 3, set equidistant from one another pipe mouth, but the White man calls it the pipe stem. [i from bowl end. (P1. 27, a.) 'Uhramsdruvar, the hole or boring through the pipe. green soapstone from 'Asaxis Pas 'IkkY8o'r, the stone pipe bowl. At from Benny Tom for $2.50, 5X6 The cavity where the tobacco is placed is called by more than half meter; mouth end % inch diameter. a dozen different expressions: 'uhram?ippan su?, inside the top of 1 Lch long, end of insert Y32 inch diam- the pipe (or if it has a stone pipe bowl, 'ikyb ra'ippan su?, inside the Xe inch wide. (PI. 27, b.) pipe bowl); pehl rah o-'TOriak su?, where the tobacco is in; pehe- green soapstone from 'Asaxd3sas raha'iOrdiam, place where the tobacco is in; pamusdruka^7 3 po-hram- itc, a deceased younger brother of ?IppafA, its cavity on top of the pipe: pamusdruka,73 pakabn pehl -rah from Yas for 2.00, 7X6 inches long, 'u'PEra', its cavity where the tobacco is in. ge of bowl 3%6 inches long. b. Pak6A yieuva kuniOvfiytti-hva po-hr&-m ytti-hva po-hra-m (NAMES OF VARIOUS KINDS OF PIPE) VARIOUS NAMES) Pipes are classed according to material, presence or absence of a pamucvithva po-hrA-m bowl or pipe sack, or purpose for which used as follows: Xavicfihra'am, arrowwood pipe. [HE PARTS OF THE PIPE) Fa0ipdhra'am, manzanita pipe. ased of the entire surface or body of Xuparicilihra'am, yew pipe. he pipe's meat. 'As6 hra'am, 'aso hramAhra'am, an all-stone pipe. the tobacco is put, is called 'uhram- Xaviclihra~m 'ikkY86ri ppux, arrowwood pipe without stone bowl. Dp of the pipe, the pipe being thought Pe kkY6 rahitihan kuma'dhra'am, stone bowled pipe (of arrow- )n. The big end can also be spoken wood, manzanita, or yew). 'Uhramxe hvftssipuk, a sackless pipe= 'uhrammninnaxifc, just a ed by the curious old term 'uhrambp- mere pipe. ch of this "mouth" sticks out when Po hrhnm pax&ehva-shitihaA, pipe that has a pipe sack. X6 hva~s k (see pp. 180-181 and PI. 34, a, e). 'u'ffkdti po-hr&-m, a pipe sack goes along with the pipe. noker's mouth. The small end can 'Ararakh-nni-mitcas mukun fuhra'am, xavic ?lihnii-m'mitc, a com- it is slender- this can also be said mon people's pipe, a little arrowwood pipe. Ya starara'dhra'am, 'uhrAimka'am, 'uhramxhfa, a rich man's pipe, the incongruity of this terminology a big pipe, a long pipe. ry, which sometimes calls the bowl 'i ml'hra'am, a doctor's pipe. The name designates purpose or use only, since doctors use no special kind of pipe. A pipe used by mlfppaffitc,7 2 kuna 'apxanti tc 'u~m a woman doctor is never spoken of as a woman's pipe. i'ara~r va: vura hitfha~n kunipitti': 'Arara'fihra'am, Indian pipe.[ 4 'Appapkam pakid-kam nf-nnarhitc 7a Or dim. pamusdinnuka'atc. several pipes made by Pdkv6-iatc. 74 The pipes of the Yuruk, Hupa and Shasta were so identical with the Karuk pipes that there was no occasion to prepound tribe names to the word for pipe. 168 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [BULL 94{} HARRrNGTON] TOBACCO AMONG TH'

'Apxanti tcdhra'vm, White man pipe. d. Ka-kum xd-skunicas karu b Tcaniman ?hra'am, Chinaman pipe, Tcanimaniuhramxaia, China- man long pipe. (SMOOTH AND RC 1 'Uhnhmhi' tc, a play pipe, e. g. made by boys, dry maple leaves or 'Uhramxu skaiic, a smooth pipe. the like being smoked in it, = 'uhramikyamf tcvai, a plaything pipe. 'Uhrammurax, a sleek pipe. 'Uhramkohomaya'atc (dpl. 'uhramko somhyi tcaA), a right-sized 'Uhramsirikuflic, a shiny pipe, e. g puvATimahafa, it is pipe. Puraku vur 'ipc-nkinatchaia, karu vura 'Uhramxikki', a rough pipe. not short and not long. 'Imtananamnihitc pu'ikyayl-hafa, 'Uhrhmka'am, a big pipe. good. 'lThnd-m'mitc, little pipe, = 'uhrAmanammahatc, 'unhamanam- 'Imtananamnihitc vura po-tA-tcah mahatc, a little pipe. Xavicihna-m'mitc, little arrowwood pipe. with a knife (where they whittled it 'Anana'dhni m'mitc, little Indian pipe. 'Imtananamnihitc po-taxitckdrihv 'Uhramxhfa, long pipe. 'Uhnamxhnnahitc, a slender pipe, = with some deep places. This is tl 'uhnamxanahy"a'tc. marks on it. 'Uhram'ipcd-nkiAatc, short pipe. 'Ukxarippahiti', it has been chopp 'Uhrami'uu, a round pipe, a chunky pipe. Volunteered, e. g., of 'Uta-vahiti', it is cut with a drawl the short thick pipe shown in P1. 30, pipe at extreme right. Vuxitchramd-k 'uvuxitcur6-hiti', il 'Uhramxutnahifc, a thin-walled pipe. Vuxxitcar, saw. Nesc. if this has " 'Uhratm 'Affivkyam yittci', a pipe that is sharp or slender at the tooth of a saw. Ct. vuha'anammah mouth end. 'Uhrhom 'Affivkyam ni-nnaihitc, a pipe slender at the mouth end. e. Pahd-t po kupitti po-hram hhup 'Uhram 'appapkam tinihy"a'tc, a pipe with a flat place on one side. (HOW THE GRAIN OF TH 'Uhramfi-pfayav, a straight pipe. vuira 'a~n kunic 'u 'Uhrhmku'un, a crooked or bent pipe. 'Uki-nhiti po-hra-m, the 'Ufi-paya-tc pipe is crooked. Cp. vasthkyuin'nitc, hunchbacked. straight. 'uk 'Uhrhmti"O, a lobsided or crooked pipe. 'Uti-ehiti po-hra-m, the 'A~n kunic 'u'ixyaxvhrA-hiti', pipe is lobsided. wavy. 'U'httatahiti pa'ahup, the wood is 'UhramicnA-n'nftc, a light pipe. Tcantca-fkunic pamd'a~n pafaOip? 'Uhrhmma'aO, a heavy pipe. ?fihra~m pfiva, kupittihika, tcantca c. Ka-kum 'uhramy8-pea karu ka-kum 'uhramke-mmitcas manzanita pipe has light colored g wood pipe is not that way, it is whil (GOOD AND POOR PIPES) J.'Itatkurihvarastudhra"'m k 'UhramhikyA-yav, a well-made pipe. 'Uhram'yav, a good pipe. 'Uhramy6eci"p, a best pipe (among (INLAID PIPES AND several). 'Uhramke-m'mitc (or dim. 'uhnamk8-m'mitc), (1) a poor or poorly Yuxtcananitc ?itatkurihvara'uhra' made pipe, (2) an old pipe. 'Uhnamkt-m'mitcta, a pipe already old. tcannanitc 'u'itatkuirihva kuma'dhi (See pp. 163-165, 170.) with abalone pieces. Pavura tapufa-thara kuma'uhra'am, a good for nothing pipe. 'Uhram.?ikxdrikkyai, a painted Vura tapufa-thara po-hra-m, the pipe is no good. the pipe is painted.

F_ PRICAN ETHNOLOGY [BuId. 94 HARRINGTON] TOBACCO AMONG THE KARUK INDIANS 169 mIpipe. d. Kckum xii-skfinicas karn kk-kum xikkihca po-hrai-m pipe, Tcanimanuhramxhta, China- (SMOOTH AND ROUGH PIPES) made by boys, dry maple leaves or 'Uhrhmxii-skfiAic, a smooth pipe. ramikyami tevat, a plaything pipe. 'Uhrammdlax, a sleek pipe. bLramko somfyd-tcas), a right-sized 'Uhramsfrikuiiic, a shiny pipe, e. g., shiny from handling. Lata, karu vura puva'rAmahata, it is 'Uhramxikki', a rough pipe. 'Imtananh~mnihitc pu'ikyayl-hata, you can see he did not work it good. hrhm ?anammahat'c, 'unhhn ?anam- JImtananftmnihitc vura po -tA tcahiti', it is visible where they cut it [naim'mitc, little arrowwood pipe. with a knife (where they whittled it down). 1 pipe. 'Jmtananhmnihitc po taxftckiirihva', it is marked with whittlings aamxAnnahitc, a slender pipe, = with some deep places. This is the way to say it has whittling marks on it. e. 'Ukxfrrippahiti', it has been chopped with a hatchet. chunky pipe. Volunteered, e. g., of 'Ut~vahiti', it is cut with a drawknife. 30, pipe at extreme right. Vuxitchramli-k 'uvuxitcfi6r-iti', it has been sawed off with a saw. I pipe. Vfixxitcat, saw. Nesc. if this has "tooth" as prefix. Vuxitcarh-tuh, )ipe that is sharp or slender at the tooth of a saw. Ct. vuhftanammahatc, a little tooth. E nf nnaxhitc, a pipe slender at the e. Pahd-t po -kupitti po-hram?hhnp 'a~n kunic 'u'ixyaxvhrfl-hiti an.? ,c, a pipe with a flat place on one (How THE GRAIN OF THE PIPE WOOD RUNS)

'Ufilpayl-tc vira 'a~n kunic 'u'ix~axvftrA-hiti', the grain runs nt pipe. 'Ukd-nhiti po hra m, the iitc, hunchbacked. straight. 'Azn kunic 'u'ix~yaxvftM-hiti', 'ukifkunkiirahiti vdiia, the grain is ked pipe. 'UtfiOhiti po hra m, the wavy. 'U'httatihiti pa'fthu~, the wood is twisted. Tc~ntcA-fkunic pam6'a~n pafaflp ?dhra~m pothrfm ?1 ccak. Xavic- ?6hrazm pilva; kupittihMfa, tc~ntc~kunic vura k6wiira kitc. The Iru kh-kum 'uhramk6-mmit'cas manzanita pipe has light colored grain on its surface. The arrow- wood pipe is not that way, it is white all over. POOR PIPES) J.'Itatkurihvaras ?ihra'11m karu 'uhram ?ikxiirikkyaf as pipe. Thramy6-ci"p, a best pipe (among (INLAID PIPES AND PAINTED PIPES)

iamk6 m'mitc), (1) a poor or poorly Yuxtcananitc ?itatkurihvara'iihra'am, an abalone-inlaid pipe. Yux- iamkem'mitcta, a pipe already old. tcknnanitc 'u'itatkfirihva kuma'iihra'lm, the kind of a pipe inlaid with abalone pieces. ira'^m, a good for nothing pipe. 'Uhram ?ikxiirikkyat, a painted pipe. 'Ukx~rikkyahiti po -hr&-m, lpe is no good. the pipe is painted.

A4 - .*-

BUREAU 170 OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [BULL. 94 HARRINGTON] TOBACCO AMONG

g. Ka-kum 'uhrhmpi-t.cam, karu ka-kum 'uhramxavtcu' a'. Pahd-t 'ukupemnxaxavarA - hiti' (NEW AND OLD PIPES) Ha-ri vaA ku-kam 'uimtcui nti 'Uhr6mpi'1 t, a new pipe., apmh-nkara. Kuna vura vaA 'Uhrampikya-rappi"t, a just finished pipe. kAon po mtcuntcfinti puxxwitc 'Uhramk8-m'mitc, (1) poor pipe, (2) old pipe. 'Uhramxavtcui, old pe kkY6TAkarh. pipe. Tuxavtcur po-hra-m, the pipe is old. Pe-kky6-r karu vura hAri 'Uhrampikya-ya-pu', a fixed over again pipe. 'uimtcu vnti', pakunih8-raramtiha~k 'Uhramaxvi10ifar, a dirty pipe. ha-i, xhns vura 'u~m hitiha~n 'Uhramamy6'er, a sooty pipe. 'Amyivkitc po-hra-m, the pipe is vaA kari 'umtciu sooty. nti patakun- samydraha'8 k po-hra-m. 'UhramaOkdrittaf, a greasy pipe. 'AMkdritkitc po-ra-m, there is grease on that pipe. j. 'Ippankam k6-citc, karu po-h- Tcufni vkyhtc? Afkitc po hra m, the pipe is flyspecked. ram apmA-nak 'u'A nnushitihafc 'Ifuxa.'dhra'1m, rotten wood pipe. Tuxavtcur po-hra-m, the pipe is getting rotten. Said of an old pipe. Po-hramyav pa'A pun takun- aericriha'ak, 'uhnamhippanitc h. 'Uhrbm i nkyurihafas kitc pa'a pun ukyikkuti', karu 'uhramApmA-n'nak, xakkAxri (PIPES THAT HAVE BECOME BURNED OUT) kitc kunic 'a-pun ukikkyuti'. Po 'ittaptiha~k po hramikyav, 'Urhniminkyfirihaf, a pipe that is burned out big inside. VaA kari vaA kAon kunic ke-citc pakatn takk6-tc 'u'i nky.rihti 'ippan su?, pataxxar uhe raravaha'ak, paxavic- 'upma nheec. Po-hram ?fpm! na ?jhra'am, it gets burned out big inside the bowl end, when the arrow- kunic 'u'Annushitihatc, va: kun- wood pipe has been used for a long time. kupapikya-rahiti'. Va: kh:n 'Uhram~imtA-kkai, a pipe with a gap burned in the edge of the kunic ke-citc pakan 'upmA nhVe'c. bowl. 'Uhram~imthktA-kkai, a pipe with several gaps burned in the Va: khon kunic 'u'annushina-- edge of the bowl. tihafc. i. 'Uhram?imxaxavara-ras, pahi-t 'ukupe-mxaxavara-hiti' k. Pak6: po-'assiphahit (CRACKED PIPES AND HOW THEY CRACK) (SIZE OF TH 'Uhram~imxAxA-far, a pipe with a crack in it. 'UmxAxATahiti', it K6etc pamuh6-raha'iOrdiam, its has a crack. 'Axxakan 'umxaxa-rahiti', it is cracked in two places. K6-tc pamusdrukaA po-hram~ip 'UhramimxaxavAraa'r, a pipe with several cracks in it. 'Umxa- large. xavara-hiti', it has tpl. cracks. Nf nnamitc pamusdruka:77 pak! 'Ikky8-rak 'u'aramsfprivti' pe mxaxxa~r po-hra -m. Xfas vura hiti- is small. ha~n vaA kan 'u'aramsf privti'. The pipes begin to crack at the stone pipe bowl. They nearly always start to crack there. 75 Lit. is like a little 'arus (clos( HA-ri vaA vura kari to mxhxa'ar, pakunikya ttiha'ak, va, vura taku- is an old expression used for fiai nikyav po-hra-m xAt 'umxaxa-rahiti'. Sometimes it cracks while nusit'c, little 'arus. being made, and they make the pipe in spite of it being cracked. 76 See also pp. 160-161. 77 Or dim. pamusznnuka'atc. ,,'RICAN ETHNOLOGY [BULL. 94 HARRrNGTON] TOBACCO AMONG THE KARUK INDIANS 171

I, karu kh-kum 'uhrarnxhvtcu' a'. Pahd-t 'ukupe-mxaxavArA- (HOW THEY CRACK) OLD PIPES) hiti' HA-ri va: kd-kam '(untcilntl Sometimes a pipe cracks near 'apma-nka±i. Kuna vura va: the mouth end. But where it nished pipe. kan po-mtcdntcfi-nt puxxwitc cracks most is near the stone e, (2) old pipe. 'Uhramxavtcui, old pe kko6Tikaia. pipe bowl. ipe is old. Pe kky8&r karu vura hgiri The stone pipe bowl also some- er again pipe. 'uiimtcu ntl', pakunihrTaramtiha~k times cracks, while they are hlf-H, xhos vura 'u~m hitiha~n smoking it sometimes, but most 'Amyfvkitc po-hrd-m, the pipe is va: khri 'uimtceilnti patakun- of the time it cracks when they samyuraha"'k po-hrg-m. drop it. ipe. 'Aekdritkitc po-r,-m, there is j. 'Ippankam k6-citc, karu po-h- (THE BOWL END IS BIG AND THE the pipe is flyspecked. ramipma-nak 'u'annushitihalfe MOUTH END FLARES) pe. Tuxhvtcur po-hra-m, the pipe pipe. Po-hrhmyav pa'A-pun takun- A good pipe when it is laid down ahricriha"'k, 'uhnamippanitc touches the ground only at the 'i nkyurihaias kitc pa'A pun ukyikkuti', karu bowl end and at the mouth end, 'uhram ApmA-n'nak, xhkkArri at the ends only it touches. BECOME BURNED OUT) kitc kunic 'A-pun ukikkyuti'. When he knows how to make Po-'Ittaptiha~k po-hramikyav, a pipe, he makes it a little bigger is burned out big inside. Va: kari va: kd~n kunic k6-citc pakhon where they are going to put the pataxxhr uh6 raravaha'ak, paxavic- 'upma nh'e0c. Po-hrami'apma-na mouth. At the mouth end it Lside the bowl end, when the arrow- kunic 'u'Annushitihafc, va: kun- flares a little,75 they finish it g time. kupapikyArAhiti'. Va: ka~n out that way. It is a little a gap burned in the edge of the kunic k6 citc pakan 'upinmanhW'c. bigger where they are going to ipe with several gaps burned in the Va: khon kunic 'u'annushina- put their mouth. They flare tihatc. there. iahd-t 'ukupe-mxaxavhra-hiti' k. Pak6U po-'assiphahiti pamuhe-raha'iOr1fam 76 D HOW THEY CRACK) (SIZE OF THE BOWL CAVITY) a crack in it. 'UmxAxiiTahiti', it K6-tc pamuh6-raha'iOrifam, its bowl cavity is large. -ahiti', it is cracked in two places. K6-tc pamusuiruka: po-hramippaA, the cavity at the bowl end is iith several cracks in it. 'Umxa- large. N'lnnamitc pamusdrukaf 77 pakhnn pehe-rah u'iOra', its bowl cavity xhxxa~r po-lhrd-m. Xhs vura hiti- is small. le pipes begin to crack at the stone art to crack there. 75 Lit. is like a little 'arus (closed-work pack basket) a little. This pakunikyA ttiha'Bk, va: vura taku- is an old expression used for flaring shape. Thimble is called 'an- hiti'. Sometimes it cracks while nusifc, little '6aus. pe in spite of it being cracked. 75 See also pp. 160-161. 77 Or dim. pamustinnuka'atc. - U -

172 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [BULL. §4

1. Pahdit pe-kk"6&r 'umiissahiti' BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLO( (DESCRIPTION OF THlE STONE PIPE BOWLS) 'Iky6 Te kx~rftmkunic, 'asa Okurit ~ikky8&0r va~ 'u~fn pa'iky6rray4-- ci"p. A black pipe bowl, a fat-rock pipe bowl, is the best pipe bowl. 'Asaxusikky8 0r, y~v umiissahiti' yi~ilva kunic 'uplimusap6-tti', karumna vura x6-ttcitc, 'dmrtcfi-nti patakunih8-raravaha'ak. A soft soapstone pipe bowl looks good, keeps changing looks (= is sparkling), but is soft, and cracks when it is smoked. Po -hrftm pe tkxaramkunic ukk6 Tr~hitiha'ak, vfri va~pftta~y Vu6 -ra- hiti'. Po -hr&hm patchntcd, fkunic 'ukk6 rahitiha'ak, va~ 'uzm vura tcf'mitc 'u'6-rahiti'. A pipe when it has a black stone pipe bowl is high priced. The pipe with the light colored stone bowl is worth little. 'U'cipvirahiti', there is a vein running in it. 'UypfirukvArahiti', there are flecks running in it. 'Icvit~va tcbintcii-kfinic pe-kky6~or, the pipe bowl looks white in places. a'. 'Iky6 re cthiktA-kk~Ias

(NICKED PIPE BOWLS) 'Iky6r6ct5,kkAP, a stone pipe bowl, a piece of which has been chipped out. 'Iky6re-ctbktd-kkaf, a stone pipe bowl, several pieces of which have been chipped out. 'Iky6T6-mtA-kkai', a stone pipe bowl, a piece of which has been chipped out by heat. 'Iky6re-mtakt5,-kkai, a stone pipe bowl, several pieces of which have been chipped out by heat. '1ky6r6-mxhxA-iar, a stone pipe bowl with a crack in it. 'Iky6.re-mxaxavb~ra'1&r, a stone pipe bowl with several cracks in it. m. Pahidvt po-mdissahiti po-hramApma"'n (DESCRIPTION OF THE MOUTH END OF PIPES)

'UvdisurAhiti po hram ?!pmA n'nhk, y~v 'ukupaviisurdhiti', the mouth end is cut off, is cut off nicely. 'Umxd-tsurahiti po-hram?6,pmi-n'nak, the mouth end is bulging. Old pipes were often finished off this way, it is said. Kunic 'u'Annushitihatc po-hram~bpmi-n'nak, the mouth end is fat. This is an old expression. Po-hram?htpm5,nak hl-ri 'App~pv~rl xhs pamusiiru,~ar, sometimes the hole is to one side at the mouthpiece end. a, Showing how arrowwood arrows shaft tip is to digging out of arrow's ood pipe, b,sinew sinew; d, leg sinew; e, connective tissue of , AT .!F' "Ilk' . BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY BULLETIN 94 PLATE 33 E STONE PIPE BOwL,) ek'pie bowl, is the best pipe bowl. ti pa4kmnih6Trv~ak4~fq.W't _- | I9P

'ukThiih~"~W va~ 'win vufra II it has a bla ks'tone pp'wi lig1t iweoi~ stj,~e bo.....t.wl. j. wprth._ unning in it. ckmiin ii it, -- __ ori,14hepipe bo*l looks white in1

awqpievw of whioji e been. ipe bowl, several plow of wbwi

bowl,. i.ppiqe Of wlhoh bhe beeg, iipe bowl, several pieces of which

bowl with a crack in it. i6*bo6A *ith several cracks in it.

MOUTH END OF PIPES) cikk, yv 'ukupavhurObiti, tl_

'%'i ti" meitiei end', is, bling. hi ay, itiistsaidi-..i ,.1 ?&'pmAn'nak, the moxdh end eati.1 wvrl Y~s,.paunutruwar, smsmefines thpiece end. a,Showing how arrowwood arrow shaft tip is dug out for insertion of foreshaft, similar to digging out of arrowwood pipe; b, sinew thread used for sewing pipe sack; c, back sinew; d, leg sinew; e, connective tissue of sinew

U BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY BULLETLN3494PLATE

II II IIII II II I IIIIII III Il

11111111111111111111111

a b c d e a, Pipe in a fringed pipe sack; b, arrowwood pipe for which Mrs. Maddux made a sack; c, buckskin cut to make pipeinb;pipeshownforsack d, thong of buckskin for tying pipe sack that is being made; e, same pipe sack finished with the pipeinit

, tp. ,.. isd .-1 v '' I

-S 9.. - M -C II.- 9g

O. -- HAlRINOTON] TOBACCO AMONG THE KARUK INDIANS 173

n. Pahd-t 'ukupa'i-hyahiti karu ha-ri po-kuphOi-nn6-hiti po-hra-m

(HOW PIPES STAND AND LIE) 78 . 'A? uhyhssiprivti, it is standing (on its bowl end).

- 79 = Su? dOxi-priN, it is sitting mouth down. Ofdvrihvak 'iOxf'ptU- - ku'u, it is standing face down on the living house bench. Hitiha-n o 80 0) vD they stand it bowl down all the time. To vura sui takuniodppicrihmad,

, 'A? 'u'i hya', it is standing (with either end up). A pipe would be s made to stand with bowl end up only in sand or loose material or cz balanced thus for fun. This verb is used of a stick or tree GG_ would be NNNNNOMMIN& O standing.

> O O T6-kvAy'rin, it falls over (from standing to lying position). Ct. Z__9_ s t6-kyfvun'ni, it falls from an elevated position. O S 'Assak 'ikvA ykyuti', it is leaning against a rock. = G) As 'Uohan'niv, it is lying. Oi vrfhvak 'u0O nthku'u, it is lying on the 3 up = living house bench. > .4 c; cJ Tutakni-hcip, it is rolling. 5 o 8 2. Pax6 hva' s (THE PIPE SACK) C: _

O oJ A. Po hiAmyav 'ubm vura (A GOOD PIPE IS ALWAYS IN ITS C) U ^ hitfha~n x6bhvissak su? 'ukri" PIPE SACK)

X: be

CE,Z Po hramyl ha'ak, 'u~m vura pu- A good pipe is never lacking a

UD harixxay xe hvhssipuxhaia, 'u m pipe sack, it is always kept in a

5_ U vura hitihasn xd-hvi-ssak su? pipe sack. S Q 'dkri".

o Pa'apxantinnihitc 'i n kinik- But when the Whites used to vfrictihafiik, vura xfts hitiha~n buy them from them, the pipes ._ _ pax6-hvassipuxsa po-hrq-m. Yi- scarcely ever had pipe sacks.

X1 a_ as OukAnva pakun ?iye *cri *hvutiha- They sold them separately, the Aiik, pax&hva~s karu vura yiOfuk pipe sack apart, and the pipe o > ; EM C: ° karu po-hram vura yiOfuk, va: apart, they used to say: " We will 'utm kunipittihafik: "Va. 'u~m get thus two prices." AC-be nu: 'Axxakan kin?&he'ec.' GQo C)= *at 78 Ct. 'uhyhfi, man or animal stands; 'u'i-kra's (house), stands; XS be 'u'i-hya' (stick), stands. But of a mountain standing they say .S tu ycip 'dkri'", a mountain sits. - " Verb used of person lying face down, of basket or pot lying a; mouth down. - 80 A pipe would often be seen standing in this position on the sweathouse floor or on the living house floor or bench. 630443 14 - - -

174 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [B=uu. 94 HARRINGTON] TOBACCO AMONG THE

B. 'Aka y mukya-pu pax6ehva'bs (WHO MAKES THE PIPE SACKS) mit pukinmahat yuhpipoaricriha- a rax&hva'as karu mahnf vaniatc. 'Avansa 'u~mkun pakunikyA-tti It was the men who made the Va: vura mit kitc nimmyk htihaf, pax6ehva'as. Ha-ri karu vura pipe sacks. Sometimes the wom- vastaranxe hva'a. 'asiktava~n kunikya-tti pax6-h- en made them too. vay s. b. Pa'afivimyy-thlna-tihan ku- (I maxe hva'as C. Yiedva kumaxe hva'as (THE DIFFERENT KINDS OF PIPE SACKS) Ka-kum mit 'affiv 'imya-thi- na-tihat papufitctafirapux6 hva' s Va: mit pakunikya-ttihat pa- They used to make different karu pa'icyuxtafirapux6-hva'1s, fLi kumaxe hva'as: tafirapuxe hva'as, kinds of pipe sacks: buckskin 'affiva'avahkam ka-kum mit 'um- ol kar icyuxtafirapux6ehva'1s, kar pipe sacks and elkskin pipe sacks, ya-thinatihat'. Xe-hvastaffiv mit ti icyuxeirix6o0n, va: mit pakunik- and elk testicles also they made vura kitc 'umya-thitihaf. Vura el yA-ttihat karu paxe hva'as, karu into pipe sacks, and weasel pipe va; takunvussur pataffiraph pa- ti yuhpipOaricriharax6-hva~s va: mit sacks they made, the downriver kfton 'ievit 'umya-thiti'. kyhru pakunikya ttihat, Payu- people were about the only ones rakv&-rAs 81 va: mit kitc k"Anic that made weasel pipe sacks. c. Pe cyuxmanx&hva'1s pakunikyA-ttihat payuhpipOfric- 'Icyuxmanxe hva~s mit kunik- rihAf. ya-ttihat ha-ri, kuna vura piha'. pi Mahnu-vanhtcma~n karu kunik- They say they made their Patakuniakk6 ha'1ks 4 puxxwitc yA-ttihanik pamukunxe hva'as, pipe sacks of chipmunk skin also, 'fuxwd kti', po hra -mma k takun- kunipitti,82 kuna vura 'u m pa- but chipmunk skin is thin as pakk6 ha'ak, patakunpimoanup- hi mahnu-vanftcma~n 'atcvf-vma~n birdskin, and they liked to make ndppaha~k pehUraha'. ta k6o xAtnAhitc, va: xas pakun- their pipe sacks stiff-chipmunk tapkf-pputi' pakunic piha va: skin is just thin. And they d. Pe cyux~irixY6 nx6 hva'as paxe-hvashikyl-yav - mahnu- never liked to kill the chipmunk, Vura 'u~m puhitiha~n 'icyu~x vanatcma~n 'urm xutnahittcifc. it is the earth's pet, mountain's 'I kkYArhtihAphaAik. Vura ha ri al Pdmit vura va: xiutihaphat kiri best child, they used to say. xas paylO0a 8 kunmkkYaratihaAik. w] nuyukar pamahnfi vaAatc, " 'u~m KuntAttapvutihaiiik, karixas ta- us va: 'iOivOane-nkinfnnA-ssitc, tu-y- kunkunni"k, pat6-ppa-xfur. Yu p th cip mu'aramahe ci'lp va: mit takunkdnni~k kar aokfi-n. ca kunipittihat'. ey Vura bA ri xas pakunikyA-ttihat a. Pax&hva~s pamita nimmya h- (PIPE SACKS THAT I USED TO SEE 'icyuxOirixYo nptivic85 karu hA-ri m tihat piniknikk~ahi4 AT KICK DANCES) 'icyuxOirixY6onx&hva'as. 'Iky- ti( Nu: mi ta~y td-ppitcas yerip- When we were little girls, we A kamlkya4. Xara kunpuoanti m axvf h'sa, va: tandvyi-hcip, tanu- would go there. We would go 'A-ssak, hA-ri kuyraksuppa' karu lo1 muiskinvan'va, tanumuski-nvan'- there to look on. We went to ha-ri 'axaksuppa.' KunlmmYu- tih va papihmnknik. Ta~y panu- look on at kick dances. We saw sti' xay 'umfi-pcur pamdmya at. T] ma-hti pakunihe nati', tcavura much smoking, but we never saw Xas 'A-srAvamfX-k xinnutitckuni- co kyA-tti'. Xas 'a tcip takunvfix- so 81 The Yuruk tribe. 82 'Afri tc 'upitti', Fritz Hanson says so. 84 With a stick to settle the tobac 83 Many Indians killed it, but there was a superstition against pipe back in after smoking; see p. 197 doing so. 85 Or 'icyuxOirixy6 -nmbhyA -nnia4,

= TDIRICAN ETHNOLOGY (BULL. 94 E GARRnOTON]TOBACCO AMONG THE KARUK INDIANS 175

(WHO MAKES THE PIPE SACKS) mit pukinmAhat yuhpipoaricriha- a weasel pipe sack or chipmunk raxe hva'as karu mahnd-vaAatc. sack. I only saw buckskin pipe It was the men who made the VaA vura mit sacks. pipe sacks. Sometimes the wom- kitc nimmy& htihatf, vastaranx6.hva'a. en made them too. b. Pa'afiv'imyA-thfna-tihan ku- (PIPE SACKS WITH FUR ON THE max6ehva'as LOWER PART) (THE DIFFERENT KINDS OF PIPE SACKS) Kh-kum mit 'Affiv 'dmyi-thi- Some of the deerskin pipe na tihat papufitctafirapux6 hva'as sacks and elkskin pipe sacks had They used to make different karu pa'icyuxtafirapux6 hva'as, fur on the bottom, on the outside kinds of pipe sacks: buckskin 'affiva'hvahkam k&-kum mit 'dm- of the base they had fur. Only pipe sacks and elkskin pipe sacks, ya-thina-tiha. Xe-hvashffiv mit the bottom had fur on. They and elk testicles also they made vura kitc '6myA-thitihat. Vura cut it from the buckskin where into pipe sacks, and weasel pipe va, takunvdssur patAffirApA pa- there is a patch of fur left on. sacks they made, the downriver katn 'ievit 'dmyA-thiti'. people were about the only ones that made weasel pipe sacks. c. Pe cyuxmanxd hva'as (ELKSKIN PIPE SACKS) 'Icyuxmanx6-hva~s mit kunik- Sometimes they made elkskin ya-ttihat ha-ri, kuna vura pfha'. pipe sacks. They were stiff. They say they made their Patakunhkk6 .ha'ak,84 puxxwitc When they tap one of these, it pipe sacks of chipmunk skin also, ' 7xWA kti', po-hrh-mmi-k takun- makes a loud sound, when they but chipmunk skin is thin as pakko ha'1k, patakunpimeanup- hit it with the pipe, when they birdskin, and they liked to make nfippaha~k pehe rAha'. tap down the tobacco. their pipe sacks stiff-chipmunk skin is just thin. And they d. Pe cyux0irixyo nx6 hva'as (ELK TESTICLE PIPE SACKS) never liked to kill the chipmunk, Vura 'u~m puhitiha~n 'icyu~x They did not use to kill elks it is the earth's pet, mountain's 'l kkyArhtihaphanik. Vura ha-ri all the time. Only once in a best child, they used to say. xas payi60a kunimkkyAratihaAik. while they would kill one. They KuntAttapvutihaniik, karixas ta- used to trap them, and then shoot kunkunni"k, pat6-ppk-xfui. Yu p them with arrows, when they got takunkdnni~k kar akfi-n. caught. They shoot them in the eye or in the throat. (PIPE SACKS THAT I USED TO SEE Vura hA-ri xAs pakunikyA-ttihat It is only sometimes that they 'icyuxoirixyo 85 AT KICK DANCES) npdi vic karu hA-ri made elk testicle bags or elk tes- 'icyuxOirixy6rnx6-hva'as. 'Iky- ticle pipe sacks. It is hard to When we were little girls, we A-kamfkya4. Xara kunpdoanti make them. They soak it a would go there. We would go 'a-ssak, hA-ri kuyraksippa' karu long time in the water, some- there to look on. We went to hA-ri 'axaksdppa.' Kunimmyi- times three days, sometimes two. look on at kick dances. We saw sti' xay 'umfi-pcur pamdrmya'at. They watch it, for its hairs might much smoking, but we never saw Xas 'A-srAvamd-k xdnnutitckuni- come off. Then they make it kyg-tti'. Xas 'atcip takunvux- soft with brains. Then they cut

says so. 84 With a stick to settle the tobacco preparatory to putting the t there was a superstition against pipe back in after smoking; see p. 197. 85 Or 'icyuxfirixy6 -nmAhyd -nnafa, elk testicle containers. F

176 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [BULL. D4 HARRINGTON] TOBACCO AMONG THI

xaxa"'r.8" Xas vaA 'appap takun- it in two lengthwise. Then they hiti'. K6-vura pakunikya-tti', ikyav pax6-hva'as. Takunsip- make one side into a pipe sack. k6-vdra pfcci~p kunsippu1-n'vak. pf-nva poh hradm picci"p, xas va: They measure the pipe first, TakunOa-nnamni patAffirapahhk, k6: takunfkyav. 'Axakxe hva~s then they make it that size. A po-hra-m. Va: vura takunkupa- 'u'arihicrihti yi10a eirixY&o0n, yi06a pair of testicles makes two pipe Oi1criha pakunkupe-kriuppahe'ec. Oirixiyn 'axxak 'u'arihicrihti xe-- sacks; a pair of pipe sacks come 'Axxak takunpattun'va. hva'1s. Xas va; takunikrup 'ip- out of a pair of testicles. Then Va-ram takunvdppaksut. Va: pammt!uk. Xas 'avahkam pa- they sew it up with sinew. Then 'u~m va-nnamicitc kunikyg-tti pa- mukiccapar takunikrf-pka', xe-- at the top they sew a tying thong x6ehva'ss, 'ayu'A tc 'uhramsuruk- hvasbpma-nnak takunikri-pka on; at the mouth of the pipe kam u'Pra pehe-raha'. Karu vu- pavastaran. sack they sew on a buckskin ra k6-mahitc tinihya-tc paku- thong. nikya-tti'. 'Icyux6irixy6 nxe hva'8s va: 'dO- It is called an elk testicle pipe FiOei kunic takunvdppakuf.90 va yti'. 'Affiv vura 'ulmya-thiti'. sack. It is hairy at the base. Ha ri 'iOyu-kinuiya-tc vura ta- 'Avahkam takunthffif.87 'Affi They shave off the upper part. kunvuppakar 'affiv. Karu ha-ri vura kitc p6-mya-thiti'. Va: vur Only at the lower part it is hairy. 'affiv takunthttak, xakkarari ta- uychrAhiti 'a-xkuinic karu vura It is mixed red and white hairs. kunvussur. Karu ha-ri takunvu- tcantca fkUi~ic. 'Imyatxarahsa They are long hairs. The deer pakyur. kajAic. PufitcOirixy6&nma~n 'urm scrotum is thin. They do not xdtnahlt'c. Va: 'u~m pu'ikyA-t- make a pipesack of it; it is thin. Paku-kam u'avahkamhiti pa- tihap xe hva'as, xutnahifc. Kuna But elk testicle [skin] is thick. taffirapu', va~ vura ku -kam kunik- vura 'icyuxOirixY6 n 'ubm 'itpu'um. yA-tti u'avahkamhiti paxe-h- PA kvhtcax8 8 Katimt'-n ?riir Pakvatcax was a Katimin Indi- vaas. mit, 'appa pamdpsi: mit' ipcd-n- an, one of his legs was short. A Ha-ri va ram takunvuippaksur, kiiatc, musmus 'Pn kunvuran'nik, cow hooked him at Orleans. His vaA 'ubm kunikritiptippe'8 c 'hffiv. Panhmni'lk,89 'icyuxOirixyo nxe h- pipe sack was an elk testicle one. Sukam 'ukruppahiti', 'avahkam va~s mit pamuxe hva"'s sitcbk- It used to be sticking out from 'ukritiptippahiti'. vfitvarak mit 'uhyhkkArihvaf. his belt. It had mixed white Ha-ri xe-hvas'i-cak 'a? vur ukri- TcantcA-fkfnic 'a-xkuinic 'uchrA- and red hairs on it, long hairs. tiptippura hiti, pakku-kam 'uk- hiti pamdimya'at, vA-rfimas kunic ruppara-hiti'. Va: vura pa'apxan- pamdmya'at. titc kunikritipti-pti pamuk- unxuskamhan ?anammahat c - D. Pahd-t paxe hva~s kunkupe-k- (HOW THEY MAKE A PIPE SACK) yuin'var, viri vaX takunkupe kya- 8 yA-hiti' 89a hiti paye-m paxehva' s. 90a Pi'e-p Po-hrhom plcci~p kunsippfi-n- First they measure the pipe, mit nimYA-htihat 'dffiv vura mit vuti pak6^ pa'uhratm 'uvaraima- how long a pipe it is. Every- kitc po-kritiptippahitihatf, ka-kum pamukunxe hva'as. 86 Ct. 'a tcip takunvuppakrav, they cut it in two crosswise. 87 Making it hairless. 90 Old expression. 8 Another of his names was 'Attatai. 90a For pipe sack of this descriptic 89About 1865. made by Tc6dkitcha'an, see Pl. 34, c 89a For illustrations showing the materials for and making of the pipe sack described in the texts below, see Pls. 33, b, c, d, e, and 34. The sack was made by Imk~anvan. TRICAN ETHNOLOGY [BULL. 94 | ENO[ 4HARRINGTON] TOBACCO AMONG THE KARUK INDIANS 177

- it in two lengthwise. Then they hiti'. K6-vdra pakunikyA-tti', thing that they make they meas- - make one side into a pipe sack. k6-vdra picci~p kunsippfvn'vAk. ure first. They lay the pipe on ; They measure the pipe first, Takun6h-nnanmi patffiraptihak, the buckskin. They lay it down 3 then they make it that size. A po-hri-m. VaA vura takunkupa- the way they are going to sew it. l pair of testicles makes two pipe 0eicriha pakunkupe krd ppahe'ec. They fold it. - sacks; a pair of pipe sacks come 'Axxak takunphttun'va. - out of a pair of testicles. Then VAram takunvdppaksuf. VaA They cut it off long. They - they sew it up with sinew. Then 'u~m v-nnmimicitc kunikyA-tti pa- make the pipe sack a little long, - at the top they sew a tying thong x6 hva"'s, 'ayu'a tc 'uhramsuruk- because there is tobacco under L on; at the mouth of the pipe kam u'T ra pehe-raha'. Karu vu- the pipe. And they make it a sack they sew on a buckskin ra k6-mahitc tinihya-tc paku- little wide. thong. nikya-tti'. It is called an elk testicle pipe Flefi kunic takunvdppakui. 9 0 They cut it the shape of a foot. sack. It is hairy at the base. HA-ri 'iOyd-kindya-tc vura ta- Sometimes they cut straight They shave off the upper part. kunvuppakar 'affiv. Karu ha-ri across at the bottom. And some- Only at the lower part it is hairy. 'affiv takuntattak, xakkarari ta- times they point it at the bottom. L It is mixed red and white hairs. kunvussur. Karu hA-ri takunvu- They take a cut off of both sides. They are long hairs. The deer pAkyur. And sometimes they cut it slant- scrotum is thin. They do not ing. make a pipesack of it; it is thin. Paku-kam u'avahkamhiti pa- The outside of the buckskin is But elk testicle [skin] is thick. thffirapu', vaA vura ku -kam kunik- the outside of the pipe sack. ya-tti u'avahkamhiti paxe-h- Pakvatcax was a Katimin Indi- va'as. an, one of his legs was short. A HA-ri vATam takunvuppaksur, Sometimes they cut it long, so cow hooked him at Orleans. His vaA 'u~m kunikritiptippe'ec 'affiv. as to fringe the base. It is sewed pipe sack was an elk testicle one. Sulkam 'ukruppahiti', 'avahkam inside, it is fringed outside. It used to be sticking out from 'ukritiptippahiti'. his belt. It had mixed white Ha-ri xe-hvas'i-cak 'a? vur ukri- Sometimes the body of it is and red hairs on it, long hairs. tiptippura hiti, pakku-kam 'uk- fringed above, along where it is ruippara hiti'. VaA vura pa'apxan- sewed. As the White men fringe ti tc kunikritipti-pti pamuk- their pistol sacks, so they fix pipe unxuskamhan ?anammahat c ?I- sacks now. 90a But long ago I saw (HOW THEY MAKE A PIPE SACK) yTun'var, viri vaA takunkupe kya- them fringed only at the bot- hiti paye-m paxe hva"'s. 90a Pi'e-p tom, some of their pipe sacks. First they measure the pipe, mit nimyA-htihat 'Affiv vura mit how long a pipe it is. Every- kite po-kritiptippahitihat', ka-kum pamukunx6 hva"'s. ;hey cut it in two crosswise. 90 Old expression. tatai. 90a For pipe sack of this description, with side and bottom fringed, made by Tc6.kitcha'an, see P1. 34, a. 3 materials for and making of the elow, see Pls. 33, b, c, d, e, and 34. -Iq

178 BUREAU OF AME:LiICAN ETHNOLOGY [BULL. 94 HARRI1NOTON] TOBACCO AMONG THE

a. Paht-t kunkupetkyg hiti (SINEW FOR PIPE BACKS) gob c. Pahifit paku-kam u'avahkam- pa'ipparia 9Ob hiti kunkupappd-vrinahiti pa- Patcimi kunikrdpp cahhhk pa- When they are going to sew the xe hva'as xe hva'as, hA-ri kunparicri-hvati pipe sack, sometimes they make Karixas takunpd-vrin paki- pa'fpparh,91 karu ha'-ri vura va: the sinew into string, and some- kam 'u'avahkamhiti patakunpik- Si kunixaxasdr6-ti pa'fppaih, tupi- times just tear off the sinew. ru pmar. Patakunpikri-pmara- tcasammahitc kunixaxasdr6-ti', They tear off a little at a time; ha'ak, 'a-ssak takuniwvkyur'i, in. a~v md-k kunikrd-pti'. 'U: mit with that they sew it. My ko-mmahitc vuira, xas va: 'ujm Ii vura nanittaJt 'ukyl-ttihAt mux- mother made her own pipe sacks. ya-mmhuikkatc va'd-vrifi. r e hva'as, ke-tcxl-tc mit. Pa'ftra~r She was a widow. The people 'Aekdrit tcimitc vura takuni-- 'u~mkun vura pupurhon ko him- did not feel sorry for one another, vuruk patupivaxraha~k pax6-h- mAtcvutihap, xaot mukunftra'1r. though they be their relations. va'as, vaA 'u~m puppihahaia. Pamit v6 krd-ptihkt pamux6-h- When she used to sew her pipe va~s 'ippamm.A'uk, pumit parie- sack with sinew, she did not use d. Pahfi-t kunkupe-kya-hiti (I crf-hvApA 'ihrfrvtihaf, 'ipamtun- it made into string, but just used paxe-hvaskiccapai, pahlrt ve-ttcas kitc vura mit p6hri-v- the little shreds. It was strong. kunkup6-krui*pkahiti' 1 tihat. Va: vura mit sAkri' v. Karixas 'ifucti-mmitc xas taku- t b. Paht t pakunkupe kruppahiti (HOW THEY SEW THE PIPE SACK) nikri-pka' pamukiccapaf, paxe-h- t pax6ehva'as vaskiccapai, pamukiccApAra- he'ec 'ippaA. Takun~hripcur pa- t A'tcip takunikfi-y'rav, 'axxak They fold it in the middle, they vastaran, 'axhkta-ksip va: k6o t takunpipattun'va. Paku-kam double it together. The inside is va-ramahiti' va: takun1kri-pkA', C 'i-ckyam va: ku-kam u'abvahkam- outside now when they sew it. 'ipphmmiN'uk. 'Appap va: kan t hiti' payvfthe~m pakunikru *pti'. They sew it turned wrong side 'ippan takunfkruipka' pavastaran 'U'd-vrinahiti' pakunikrfrpti'. out. They sew it over and over. pakiccapaf. TakunpaOravuruke-kruppaha'. It is strong when sewed that way. Pavo kupe-krdpahitiha'ak vaA When they sew a pipe sack with e. Pahd-t kunkupa'ArippaOahiti ( 'u~m shkri' 1v. Pakunikrf-pti sinew, they put spittle on the pataffirapu' paxehva~s 'ippammd-k, 'uippas sinew. They chew it a little. HA-ri taffirapu tinihyt-tc vura kunimvurukti' pa'ipparhak. K6-- They wet it all the time with the takunvussui. Xas va: takunAfip, mahitc takunpAppu6, 'apmanm -k mouth. They sew it like a sack. lasaxyippitmid'uk. Va: vura vA- vura hitiha~n 'asxay kunikya-tti'. They do not sew it way up to the ramas tu'arihic pa'Arihpapu'. Pd vic kunic takunikrup. Pu'ik- top [to the mouth]. 9 2 KunviuppAkpAiti'Y.g Xas 'iccaha ru prupai tihAP. takunhf-viurk. Xas takunictu-

D0b For illustration of sinew string used for sewing pipe sack, two tuttut. Va: vura vastaranyav kinds of sinew and connective tissue, see PI. 33, b, c, d, e. tu'&rihic. 'Aekdrit hA-ri kuni-- 91 Terms for kinds and accompaniments of sinew are: 'ippamh, vuirukti'. general term for sinew; pimyur, special term for the sinew from the leg of the deer; vasihipparh, back sinew; vasih~ippamixvi'lc, 93 They keep cutting round and r the connective tissue or membrane adhering to back sinew. skin, cutting off long thongs in this 92 A medium-sized pipe sack is usually sewed up only to a point stretched with the hands and made t a couple of inches below the top, only as far as the section covered by the tie-thong wrapping. UCAN ETHNOLOGY [BULL. 94 EARRINGTON] TOBACCO AMONG THE KARUK INDIANS 179

(SINEW FOR PIPE SACKS) 90b c. Pahd-t pakd-kam u'hvahkam- (HOW THEY TURN THE PIPE SACK hiti kunkupappd-vrinahiti pa- BACK RIGHT SIDE OUT) When they are going to sew the x6 hva'as pipe sack, sometimes they make Karixas takunpi-vrin pakd- Then they turn it again right the sinew into string, and some- kam 'u'avahkhmhiti patakunpik- side out when they get through times just tear off the sinew. rui-pmai. Patakunplkrfipmara- sewing it. When they finish sew- They tear off a little at a time; ha"'k, 'a-ssak takun~ffvkyuni, ing it, they soak it in water, a with that they sew it. My k8-mmahitc vurA, xas vaX 'uxm little while, so it is easy to turn mother made her own pipe sacks. ya-mmahhkkatc va'd vriA. right side out. She was a widow. The people 'Aekdrit tci-mitc vura takunf-- They rub a little grease on did not feel sorry for one another, vdruk patupivaxrhha.k pax6-h- when it gets dry, so it will not be though they be their relations. va"'s, vaA 'u~m puppihahaia. so stiff. When she used to sew her pipe sack with sinew, she did not use d. Pahd-t kunkupe-kya-hiti (HOW THEY MAKE THE PIPE SACK it made into string, but just used paxe-hvaskiccapai, pahd.t TIE THONG AND HOW THEY the little shreds. It was strong. kunkup6ekrui*pkahiti' SEW IT ON) Karixas 'ifucti-mmitc xas taku- Then at last they sew on its (HOW THEY SEW THE PIPE SACK) nikri-pka' pamuklccapai, paxe-h- tie-thong, the pipe sack tie vaskiccapat, pamukfccApara- thong, where it is going to be he'ec 'ippaAi. Takunhtripcur pa- tied, at the top. They cut the They fold it in the middle, they vastaran, 'axhkIa ksip va: k6: thong 2 spans long, they sew it double it together. The inside is va-ramahiti' va: takunfkrl-pkA', on with buckskin. At one corner outside now when they sew it. 'ippAmmd'uk. 'Appap va: khn they sew the tie-thong on. They sew it turned wrong side 'ippan takunikrf3.-pka' pavastaran out. They sew it over and over. pakiccapai. It is strong when sewed that way. When they sew a pipe sack with e. Pahfi-t kunkupa'Arippaoahiti (HOW THEY CUT OFF SPIRALLY A sinew, they put spittle on the pataffirapu' BUCKSKIN THONG) sinew. They chew it a little. Ha-ri thffirapu tinihya-tc vura Sometimes they cut off a widish They wet it all the time with the takunvissur. Xas va: takuniiinip, piece of buckskin. Then they mouth. They sew it like a sack. )asaxyippitmd'uk. Va: vura vA- cut off a thong, with a piece of They do not sew it way up to the ramas tu'arihic pa'frihpapu'. white rock. It makes into long top [to the mouth]. Kunvdppakpaeti'.9* Xas 'Iccaha thongs that way. They cut it takun~ivdiuk. Xas takunictu- around. Then they put water on ag used for sewing pipe sack, two tdttut. Va: vura vastaranyav it. Then they run it through ue, see P1. 33, b, c, d, e. tu'arihic. 'Aekirit ha-ri kunP- their hands. It makes good paniments of sinew are: 'ippaih, vurukti'. thongs. Sometimes they rub special term for the sinew from grease on. back sinew; vasih~ippam?&xvi"c, 93 They keep cutting round and round the edge of a scrap of buck- ie adhering to back sinew. skin, cutting off long thongs in this way, which are later worked and usually sewed up only to a point stretched with the hands and made to lie out flat and good. aly as far as the section covered by is111.1_ - __ -- _ - U

180 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [BHuLJ94 HARINGTON] TOBACCO AMONG TH

E. Pah-t kunkupamahya-nna- (HOW THEY PUT THE TOBACCO IN ku-kam 'uhramIapma'an. 9` Pusu? hiti pehg raha paxe-hva-ssak. THE PIPE SACK) yifv 'ihyramnIlhtihap p6-ra-m, PiiyavaA paxe hva~s takun- Behold they finish the pipe vur 'umtaranna-mhitihatc pa'uh- pikya'ar, karixas tak8 h, peh6- sack. Then they are through. ram Apma"'n. raha su? takunmAhya~n paxe-h- They put the smoking tobacco VaA kunxuti 'ayu'A tc ?u~x va-ssak. inside in the pipe sack. pe-he-raha', xay Akkik pehe- TA-ya~n viura kunkupitti Oftentimes the way they do raha pa'uhramIApma'an. SAkri~v 'Icya'av, patcimikunmahya-nne-- in the winter is that when they 'ukwiccApAhiti'. Va: vura pa- cahabk pax6-hvi-sshk, xas vaA pici tc kunkupammhhahahik, are going to fill up a tobacco 8 takunsuvaxra pe-he-raha 'ikriv- sack, they dry the tobacco on a pax6 hva' s, va, vura kunku- kiiak, xas va: 'aAk takun- disk seat, they take from the fire p6 kyahafiik. Va: vura kunku- ?6-Orip"a' pa'ahimpak, va: 'avah- a live coal, they move it around paki ccapahitihanik. Pe kxar6e- kam takun9-0 iO.iA, 'iheraha- above, above the tobacco, that yav pamukunhihra'nm. 'avahkamh, va: kunkupasuvaxra- is the way they dry it.94 Then Pax&hva~s takunimOavuruke-p- hahiti'.94 Karixas x6-hva-ssak they put it into the pipe sack. kiccapaha'. Kuyra-kkan ha ri takunmahya'an. pi-3vakan 'upshssikivr&Ovh p6-h- ra-m'mak. 'Affivkyam kfii kunip- a. Pahd-t kunkupo-hyanakko-- (HOW THEY PRAY WHEN THEY kiccapmuti'. Karixbas takun- hiti patakunmnhyA-nnaha~k PUT THE TOBACCO IN THE PIPE kixan'yup, pata'ipanni tcha~k pa- pehe-raha paxe-hva-ssak SACK) vastaian, pate pcd nkinatcha"'k. K6: khon vura patakunipmah- Every time they finish putting y *nnmaraha'ak po-hrammak in tobacco into the pipe they G. Pahf-t ukupe hyaramniha- kunfudmpu-hsiprivti': "Mat6-k pray: "I must live long. Who- hiti pothrhm paxe-hva-ssak xara nimya hti1h'ec. Pa'f-n ka- ever thinks bad toward me, his rim naxxui-shuimcti', '0 m pakam bad wishes must go back to him, Pehe-raha 'u~m vura 'afivIhvah- 'iku'i pm6'ec pamuxusk6-mha' whoever thinks bad toward me." kamkitc 'u'ippanhiti', tce-myatc- va kunipmahyannati' paxe-h- pa'fin kg-rim naxxu-shuinicti'." 95 That's the way he feeds tobacco Vo kupa'akkihahiti peihtTaha to the world. They first talk, va'as. 'IheTahak 'uhyakkurihva pe.OivOMAnnen. Picci~p pata- and then they blow off the to- p6ohra m. Pamukk8T 'unm vura kuntcu pha xas takunfuimpu go bacco [dustlike crumbles] that su? 'ih6Tahak 'ukkuramnihva'. pa'ipihe raha kitc pamutti"k. remains on the hand. 'Avahkam 'uyu-nkuirihva po-h- ra-m, 'ihe raha'avahkamh, suiruk- F. PahtO-t kunkupe-pkiccapahiti (HOW THEY TIE UP THE PIPE IN kam peheraha', 'avahkam po-h- po-hratm pax&hva-ssak THE PIPE SACK) ra-m. Po-hrahm xe-hva-ssak su? Takunipkiccap paxe hva'1s, ni-- They tie up the pipe bag so ukre ha'1k, paku-kkam ma'aO vaA namitc 9' 'uhyhnnicfikvbtc 98 pa- that the mouth end sticks out a ku-kam 'usurukamhiti', paku-k- kam 'icna nnitc, va: ku-kam 'u'a- 9 Cp. the description of drying the stems by the same method, p. 95. vahkamhitti'. Va, ukupakd-n- " This is the Karuk form of the Golden Rule. namnihvahiti' . 98Or takunfiumpi-hsip, or takunfumpu-hsur. 9' Or 'icvit, which means not only half, but a piece of it, a little of it. 99 Or pakhn 'uhramfpma'an. 98 Or 'uhyarlcuikva, 'umtarana-mhiti or 'utniccukti. put into the pipe sack wrong. ". for taking the picture." I Lit. it sits inside thus, or 'ukul thus. ,RICAN ETHNOLOGY [BUU. 94 HARRINGTON] TOBACCO AMONG THE KARUK INDIANS 181 - (HOW THEY PUT THE TOBACCO IN kd-kam 'uhram~Apmaa'n. 99 Pusu? little. The pipe does not stick THE PIPE SACK) yifv 'ihyhrhmnihtihap p6 ram, way in. The mouth end is visible * Behold they finish the pipe vur 'umtarhnna-mhitihatc pa'uh- a little. sack. Then they are through. ram~hpma'an. They put the smoking tobacco VaA kunxdti 'ayu'atctubx They think it is because the inside in the pipe sack. pe-hA-raha', xay fikkik pehl- tobacco smells, it might get on Oftentimes the way they do raha pa'uhramIhpma'an. S~kriv the small end of the pipe. They in the winter is that when they 'uk-iccApAhiti'. Va; vura pa- tie it so tight. As they first saw are going to fill up a tobacco pici tc kunkupammahahaAik, it, the pipe sack, so they made it. sack, they dry the tobacco on a pax6 hva'as, va; vura kunku- The Ikxareyavs tied up their disk seat, they take from the fire p6-kyA-haAik. Va: vura kunku- pipes that way. a live coal, they move it around paki ccapahitihanik. Pe kxar6e- above, above the tobacco, that yav pamukun ?hra'am. is the way they dry it.94 Then Paxe-hva~s takunimOavuruk -p- They tie up the pipe sack by they put it into the pipe sack. kiccapaha'. Kiyra-kkan ha ri wrapping it [the thong] around. pifOvakan 'upsAssikivrA8vA p6-h- It goes around the pipe three or ra-m'mak. 'Affivkyam four times. They wrap it spiral- (HOW THEY PRAY WHEN THEY kidn kunip- kiccapmuti'. Karixyas ling down. Then they tuck it PUT THE TOBACCO IN THE takun- PIPE under, when it is already to the SACK) kixhn'yup, pata'ipanni tcha~k pa- vastaran, pate petnkinatcha'ak. end of the thong, when the thong Every time they finish putting is already short. in tobacco into the pipe they pray: "I must live long. Who- G. Pahu-t ukupe hyhramniha- (HOW THE PIPE RIDES IN THE ever thinks bad toward me, his hiti ponhrhm pax6-hvA-ssak PIPE SACK) bad wishes must go back to him, Pehl-raha 'u~m vura 'afivfvah- The tobacco only reaches to whoever thinks bad toward me." kam kite 'u'ippanhiti', tc6 myh~tc- the top of the bottom. They fill That's the way he feeds tobacco va kunipm~hya-nndti' paxe-h- the pipe sack up often. The to the world. They first talk, va'^s. 'IheTahak 'uhyakkurihva pipe is sticking in that tobacco. and then they blow off the to- p6-hra-m. Pamukk8T 'u~m vura Its rock pipe bowl is sticking bacco [dustlike crumbles] that su? 'ihl-rahak 'ukkdramnihva'. down inside of the tobacco. remains on the hand. 'Avahkam 'dyi-nk1rihvA po-h- The pipe is inside on top, on ra-m, 'ih6 raha'&vahkarh, sdruk- top of the tobacco; the tobacco (HOW THEY TIE UP THE PIPE IN kam peheTaha', 'Avahkam po-h- is underneath, the pipe on top. THE PIPE BACK) ra-m. Po-hrftm x6-hvA-ssak su? When the pipe is in the pipe sack, They tie up the pipe bag so ukr6 ha'ak, pakd-kkam ma'aO va: the heavy end is down, the light that the mouth end sticks out a kd-kam 'usurukbmhiti', pakd-k- end is up. It rides inside that kam 'icna nnltc, va: ki-kam way. stems by the 'u'a- same method, p. 95. vahkamhitti'. Jolden Rule. Va: ukupakd-n- namnihvahiti' .' impii-hsut. ialf, but a piece of it, a little of it. 99 Or pakhAn Iuhram~hpma'an. McGuire, fig. 37, shows the pipe iti or 'utniccukti. put into the pipe sack wrong. "Maybe some White man put it in for taking the picture." I Lit. it sits inside thus, or 'ukupe-hyaramnihahiti', it stands inside thus. -- I - _ _ _ _ --

182 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [BULL. 94 HARRINGTON) TOBACCO AMONG THE

HI. Pahd-t ukupappfhahitihanik (HOW AN OLD PIPE SACK IS 'uckiiuhti pamu'akavhkkii~. 'Ax- ca 2 pataxxhra vax6-hva'as STIFF) m~y ik vi5ra tuvictar 'ihtraha', at to-xxus: "Kiri niht"er."~ Vfri tli Patax~ra kunihr6-ha~k pax6-h- After they use a pipe sack for a va. kari '-pun t606ftric pamu hE va"as, 'Ahup kiinic thh.3 Pamu- long time already, it gets stiff as 'akavh.kkii. Karixas tuht'er. T kun?ftstfikmfvk 'uppihahiti". Va~ a stick. It gets stiff with their 1HA-i vo-kupa'&O6linih.hlt1' po-- xas pakunthpkdrpputi', pappiha', sweat. They like it that way viir5,yvuti pamu'fihra~m pamu- ai va~ 'u~m yhv peh6-raha 'ukupa- stiff, then the tobacco when it is 'akavfikkirak su?.' Karu hl-ri B pivr~r~rilmnihahiti su?, patakun- falls back down in easily when sittcakvTitv~rhk sul 'uhyfikkui'i. pim~anupniippaha'ak. they tap it. Karu hA-ri pamusittc~kvfitv~r~k I. Tusipd-nvahiti pak6, kbvkum pax6-hva'ls 'unhitxir-nkih1t1", pamusitcak- 0] vutvaravastbx~nmf~uk- (MEASUREMENTS OF SOME PIPE SACKS) Po-hrh~m kun?9&Otiha'ak, xas a sack made by lmk~anvan, texts on the making of takunippig'er: 'Uhrfim "u'&-oti', The pipe si which have just been given, measures as follows. It is 9%8 6 inches long, 2% inches wide at bottom, 23/s inches wide at top. 'Uhrh~m 'u'avikvuti'. Vura

Unsewed gap runs down 2%inches from top. Tie-thong is 17 inches '1 long and spirals five times around the sack when tied. Made to hold a pipe 67 inches long and 1Y%6 inches diameter. The mouth 4. Pahd-t kunkupe end of the pipe projects out of the mouth of the sack a little, leaving about 2% inches space between the bowl end of the pipe (SMOKING PRO( e.) and the bottom of the sack. (See PI. 34, In smoking, the Karuk sought the A pipe sack made by Fritz Hanson, fringed, and therefore Effort was made to take the smoke i: sack, said in scorn by Imkyanvan to look like a White man pistol as long as possible. Smoking proc although it is admitted that pipe sacks were sometimes fringed better summed up than by quoting its "9a little" in the old time, has its mouth end larger than given us one of the very earliest accc of fringe: 6 inches long, 1%2 inches base. It measures exclusive smoking: wide at bottom, 2%2 inches wide at top; the tie-thong is 10% "...they set fire to one end, ai ca. inches long and spirals around three times. The fringe is mouth, they draw their breath up 1 inch long down the entire side, and Y2 inch long at the bottom. goes into the mouth, the throat, th, The pipe for which it was made is 3% inches long, 1% inches as they can, for they find a pleasu. with its mouth diameter at bowl end, and when put in properly, themselves with this cruel smoke, I end sticking out, leaves 2% inches space between pipe base and the 1 sack base. 4 Or su? (ikri' . I This verb is used of carrying a 3. Pahfvt kunkupa't&Oti po-hrgm (HOW THEY CARRY THE PIPE) log, and also curiously enough of Pakunifyiikkuna-tihaiiik, 'aka- When they used to walk around hand, under belt, or in quiver. vkkkirhak si~ihAnik pamukunhih- their pipe used to be down in the ,'Verb used of carrying small an ra"'Im. Va~ viira yittce~tc kunic- quiver. The quiver is all that I'l Illustrations showing the sine kd~rthi'ithnlk pamukun Iakavhk- they used to carry around; they following section of this paper. kii~,T'ckfpatcashafiik. Pa'hvansa used to just go naked. When a I Benzoni, Girolamo, History o pi~mph~k u'fth6-t1', va~ vura kite man is walking along the trail he edition of the Hakluyt Society, Loi

2 Or paxx~ra tava x6.hvi,.sha~ak instead of the last two words. I Or ta'Ahhup kuAic. : ------= ------:- = :- - - = ------

FDRICAN ETHNOLOGY [BULL. 94 tABRtNOTON] TOBAteO ONG THE ERES INDIANS 183 i(HOW AN OLD PIPE SACK IS 'uckdruhti pamu'akavakkir. 'Ax- carries only his quiver. Then all STIFF) may ik vura tuvictar 'ihgTaha', at once he wants to smoke, he - After they use a pipe sack for a to xxus: "Kiri nihP'r." Viri thinks: "I will smoke." Then - long time already, it gets stiff as va: kari 'A-pun t6-6OOric pamu he lays his quiver on the ground. a stick. It gets stiff with their 'akavakkii. Karixas tuhg'er. Then he smokes. sweat. They like it that way Ha-ri vo-kupa1-6IOiihnahhti' po- Sometimes he carries his pipe when it is stiff, then the tobacco vura yvuti pamu'dhra~m pamu- around this way in his quiver. falls back down in easily when 'akavakkirak su?.4 Karu ha ri But sometimes he has it tucked they tap it. sittcakvfitvh.rAk sul 'uhyakkuii. under his belt. And sometimes Karu ha-ri pamusittcakvuitvarak he has it tied onto his belt with 96, kh-kum paxd hva'As 'unhitara nkahit1', pamusitcak- one of his tie thongs. When they carry a pipe they F SOME PIPE SACKS) vutvaravastbrAnmA'uk. Po-hrhom kunIt&otiha'ak, xas say: 'uhra~m 'u'8Oti' (he packs klanvan, texts on the making of takunipp6'er: 'Uhrfam 'u'8 Oti',5 a pipe), as if he were packing measures as follows. It is 9% mbA-kdnic; po'geoti', pu'ipittihap: something heavy; they do not bottom, 28 inches wide at top. 'Uhrhom 'u'avikvuti'.f Vura say: 'uhrfim 'u'avikvuti' (he from top. Tie-thong is 17 inches kunipitti': 'Uhratm 'u'&Oti'. packs a pipe). They say: I the sack when tied. Made to 'uhrAom 'u'8 Oti'. 1YX6 inches diameter. The mouth the mouth of the sack a little, 4. Pahfrt kunkupe ht rahiti' between the bowl end of the pipe (SMOKING PROCEDURE)6a P1. 34, e.) Hanson, fringed, and therefore In smoking, the Karuk sought the effect of acute tobacco poisoning. look like a White man pistol sack, Effort was made to take the smoke into the lungs and to hold it there pe sacks were sometimes fringed as long as possible. Smoking procedure of the Karuk can not be its mouth end larger than its better summed up than by quoting the words of Benzoni, who has fringe: 6 inches long, 1%Y inches given us one of the very earliest accounts of American Indian tobacco at top; the tie-thong is 10% smoking: three times. The fringe is ca. ". . . they set fire to one end, and putting the other end into the and % inch long at the bottom. mouth, they draw their breath up through it, wherefore the smoke e is 3% inches long, 1% inches goes into the mouth, the throat, the head, and they retain it as long put in properly, with its mouth as they can, for they find a pleasure in it, and so much do they fill space between pipe base and the themselves with this cruel smoke, that they lose their reason."' 4 Or su? ikri". (HOW THEY CARRY TEE PIPE) 5 This verb is used of carrying a large or heavy object, e. g., a big log, and also curiously enough of carrying a tobacco pipe, either in When they used to walk around hand, under belt, or in quiver. their pipe used to be down in the "Verb used of carrying small and light object in the hand. quiver. The quiver is all that Il Illustrations showing the smoking processes will be run in a they used to carry around; they following section of this paper. used to just go naked. When a I Benzoni, Girolamo, History of the New World, Venice. 1572, man is walking along the trail he edition of the Hakluyt Society, London, 1857, p. 81. nstead of the last two words. 184 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY[UL.4 [BULL. 94

A. Pakumh'a~h kunlhrfivvtihanik (WHAT KIND OF FIRE THEY USED pamukun ~dhra~m kun ?MAk6- FOR LIGHTING THEIR PIPES) ratihafiik

Pa'apxanti-tc 'u~m vura hiti- The White men are always ha~n Oimydiricrih~x kunfhrArvt1 using matches when they smoke. pakunih6Tati'. Kuna vura u - But the Indians smoked without kum pa'Aird-r" eimnyiricrIh~r pu- using matches, they used the fire. BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY 'fihrdvtih~k, 'a~h vilra kunihrdvv- tFl. Kkttcas 'u'ikyuk-kfrihva 8 pa- They have big logs when they kunIhssimvana-ti 1l-nna~ak, 'iO6*k- are sleeping in the living house; xaram vdir o-'inkyiiti, 'ayu'.t-tc it burns all night, for the logs are ke'ttcas pa'fthu~. IIAri yfttce~tc big. Sometimes they [the women] vura petkyuk6-cvit takunihy~ra- put just one piece of log in a pack ran 'httimna~ak, pamukun?ikriiv- basket, and bring it home. At ra~m kdi.k takunpfttti-~a. 'IO-k- frequent intervals during the xaram vura 'u~m tee -myfttcva night they add small pieces to the pakunpi1yfi nkiriht1 pa'ahuptun- fire, so that the logs will burn well. v6'etc, va~ 'uin pe-ikkuk yav

HA-ri 'Assipak su? kun?&hti', Sometimes they carry fire yu~x su? 'utOra'. Yf~ vura hA-ri around in a bowl basket; they mftruk pa'Ahup kuntii-nti'. 'A~h have earth in it. Sometimes they kun?h-hti 'fissipak. Pakhn pa- go wood gathering far upslope. 'A'hup kunikyd-vicii'ak, va~ kftn They pack fire along in a bowl 'a-h takunikya4~, va: 'u~m kunik- basket. There where they are 0 mahatche'I C. going to make the wood, there they build a fire, so as to keep warm. Vura hA-ri xas pakunoimyiiric- It is only sometimes that they rihti', vura xarhhva xas. kunili- make fire with Indian matches. rfivvti pa~imyiiricrih~Afa Only once in a long time do they use Indian matches. 8a

B. Pahd t kunkupa'6 Oricukvahiti (HOW THEY TAKE THE PIPE AND po-hrAm karu peh6-raha pa- THE TOBACCO OUT OF THE x&hvi ssak- PIPE SACK) TINTIN DRILLING FIRE W Pa'Avansa 'ih6Traha tuviethra- Whenever a man has an ap- ha'ak, pateim uh6-r6-cAh~A'k, va: petite for tobacco, whenever he kari 'A-pun to-krifc. Xas tupip- wants to smoke, he sits down. 8 Ss. 'ukdi-kk~rivA. These logs, usually two in number, are gradually fed into the fire. " For illustration of old Tintin making fire with Indian matches see PI. 35. = sums

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i-t'h, t mez4 ae; ,lwaw usirng ma~c es- en thiey'' 'e t ttie Tdns nk vitYt BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY BULLETIN 94 PLATE 35 us~maie, 'thXJded th fl3e

T'6 h'a'v e"bi"U h, tli are saielp iig4qg' JAiouxe fe it burns ap.41 fr th e,.pgs re '4 , . miwey o n j puoj0t one p6, of logmi pact

frequient iiitexva 4duti4 lte night they add; srnah-pieces'Jto 'ti~e fire, so that the logs will burn well.

' bmethnes they car fire hromndv;i t. pbyt 4pe tahey go WQ4, ~gatbrilig far upw1p Tbgx p* *0~ aolinS68 aWsk }adt,e* '1leirey wber4 they going to make the woo4, ,tWe tby buildaA re, so * to keep

t$ 0 4' .py- f fr e. o,B 5t J~ lon -pmj i 010 , -'p n1,:t t, b ~ owl n () l o aoe tinW>1o ug tim ted o t,1 use Indian matches. - ( pw. Tlu TAX TO; PIP,3FX!A'D

TINTIN DRILLING FIRE WITH INDIAN MATCHES - Wben~veut a utan haea'a'n ap- peteit for t1Ria&e, *henebr he wants to smoks, h3 sit'sd!ini 1104,two-tIm pum*,Mffl gTs4"lRy making fire with Indian matches

- I ------

BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY BULLETIN 94 PLATE 36 U3pGo1 TOv4LoQ *VQNG 1 TMgi

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P_ W mak,_~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~rp Paki1lai ,P:46M10"W miiti th,I l tG.k, pehaJ4074a v6 kA-o fro B _ I * _ Fp-k~~~~~~jiga};tGk di os4~ami a tA1kz'ut~kk~rkztiA ;Ti~r pbe sw~~&b~s, ateiptZyonsidru fro

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_k _ |itafewtiesas ifto gvvatepothye at MAk4 ukam~kt~'ykA~nmAf-k- me * Po4*"-tV-*-r TwhsM-mmi- wax whiesr'uklttcdkti', kise tata auaAitlr Iby _ II:~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~mE * "ik:I0urwlkbsArebtvva~, 1xu*op am~hyAiin~biW b riqt;

I so~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~*'uhr&Anmm"'4k, *APmewht hi-rirui4P, vur andf ify-a",4 Itthe ppoli va4I'I Va '&rim kup4*yi- paJ , rWA041wki V- isa ra kkkkum u'iftakank6-hiti, pe~ duo hlfaha', pehrTah&-mta~p vd1r moi kite. V: vura kitc kumic pa- p 9Always on hi ethad Any: ot0 '0Or k6,- 'uxyhre'1c. 1So that the pipe sack_6~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~r hangdw~ `2The outstretched left palm is tipy somewhat raised and the pipe bowl is w *it afew times asif togather up the ad]

CEREMONIAL BUCKSKIN BAGS a, Lgebag, used for containing smaller bags. This larger bag has a draw string; b, c, smaller bags whchaefilled with stem tobacco and carried in the larger bag. Models made by Mrs. Mary Ike. IGY BULLETIN 94 PLATE 36 ULRRINOTON] TOBACCO AMONG THE KARUK INDIANS 185 pur pamux6 hva'8s, karixas tWs- Then he unties his pipe sack, and yi-nkiv pamu'dhra'^m. Xas ku- then he takes out his pipe. Then tutukamatru~p9 t6-yv yrgmnil he spills his tobacco out onto his pamuht-raha', vaA vdra 'u'A pfn- left palm; he knows how much mati pavaA k6, xyhre~c'0 pamu- will fill his pipe, half a palmfull. 'uhra-m'mak, . 'atrup~ii-tclphii. Then he hangs the tie-thong of Xas ti kkyafi, 'atcfpti-kkYAn to 'i- his pipesack over his finger, over nhkka'ar pamuxe hvasvastbfan.l" his middle finger. He does not Puhitiha~n vdra thkkAxi~hvArA hang his pipe sack on all the pamdtti kyaA, hA-ri 'a-pun to66h- time. Sometimes he lays it on ric pamuxehvaias. Xas tumaih- the ground. Then he puts the ya~n pehe-raha po-hrhom'mak. tobacco into the pipe. When he Po-mahyA nntihaAk pe htTaha fills the tobacco into the pipe po-hram'mak, paku-kam pamut- the tobacco lies on the same hand ti~k po-'Ora pe-he-raha vaA ku- from which the pipe sack is sus- kam pasurukam 'utakkararihva pended, hanging by its tie-thong pamux6 hva'Is, 'atciptik~ansdru- from the middle finger. He puts kam 'utakkararihva vastarain- his pipe underneath. He holds mfi'uk. Tuyurik pamu'uhra m- the pipe at the [outer] edge of mid'uk. Atrdpiti~m vaA khon his [left] palm. Then he tips his 'u'axaytcPkkicrFhti po-hra-m. Xas palm up, spilling the tobacco into t6-kririhic pamdtru'up, pamuitrup- the pipe with his palm a little md-k teimitemahitc vura pat6-y- at a time, pressing it in repeat- va-yramni peh9Tahh pohram'- edly with his left thumb. He mak, kututukamtikYfnkA-mmn-k mashes it in with his thumb, he po-kuttca-kti'. TikyAnkA mmd k wants to get more in. The 'ukudttca-kti', kiri ta~y 'uyA-ha'. Ikxareyavs did that way, filled Pe-kxar6-yav vaA kunkupittiha- their pipes that way. Then he fiik, vaA kunkupamahya-nnahiti- rubs the pipe [bowl] upward a- hanik pamukunihra'^m. Xas a? cross his palm several times. utaxicxic ?urAnnati pamdtru~p He empties his palm that way. 'uhrhmmd'uk, ha-ri vur ifyaka n It is that some sticks [to his vdrava.12 VaA 'arun kupe-kya-hi- palm], just tobacco dust. That ti pamdtr'up. Pamutri-ppak vu- is all they blow off, that tobacco ra ka-kkum u'iftakank6-hiti pe- dust. The tobacco is kind of he-raha', pehe raha mta~p vura moist all the time, it sticks to a kitc. Va: vura kitc kunic pa- person [to a person's hand]. They

9 Always on his left hand; any other way would be awkward. 10Or k6o 'uxyhre'ec. " So that the pipe sack hangs down over the back of the left hand. 12 The outstretched left palm is tipped so that the thumb side is somewhat raised and the pipe bowl is wiped caressingly upward across it a few times as if to gather up the adhering tobacco.

- BUCKSKIN BAGS . This larger hag has a draw string; b. c, smaller bags I in ti larger bag. Models mado by lrs. lary Ike. - ~ - ______- - _ -- - _ _ _ __ - 1. - 1 -I I - 2 r

HARRINGTONJ TOBACCO AMONG THE 186 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [BULL. 94

takunfdmpid hsui,'3 pehe-raha-m- watch the tobacco lest it get C. Pahlrt kunkupa'ahk6ohiti po0- ta'ap. moist, they are afraid it will get hrhnm'mak 'AsxA-ykuinc pe-he-raha', 'ar 'u- moist. If it gets moist, it does a. PahA-t kunkupa'Ahk-hiti po - (I 'iftakank6tti'. Xuskun6-tchaya- not taste good. It gets kind of hra-m 'ahupmA'uk tchitl' xa'y upasxay, kunxuti xay moldy when it gets moist. The 'upasxa'y. Patupasxa ypaha'8k, pipe sack has a -big mouth. If Patu'a-hkhha-k pamu'fihra'Am, vaA kari pu'amaya-hAaa. Kunic they poured it from the pipe patuhe raha'ak, ha-ri 'AhupmO-k h 'utapti' pat6 sxa-yhVa'k. 'Ap- sack into the pipe, they would tu'a-hka'. Va nnamicitc ha-ri v manka~m pax&hva~s. Paxe-h- spill it on the ground, on the pa'ahup, karu ha-ri 'ahiipanam- s v5Asmd k kunf va yrAmnjhA'ak ground. mahatc, '"apun vura tu'frssip c 'uhrahm'mak, vaA 'u~m 'Apun pa'ahup, fa-t vurava kuma'ahup. I 'uyve.crihe'ec, 'A-pun. Ha-ri karu vura saiip, pamA-k E Patu'arunha pamdtru~p pe-h&- As he empties the tobacco off tu'a-hka', sanipanammahat'c. I karixas tufumpui-ssip~, to- Vura 'u~m ta~y 'ukritdmpi1-va i raha', his hand, he blows the tobacco 7 tcuipha, to ppi'p: "Tcuj pay dust out of his [left] hand, he sarip 'i-nn"a'k, pavikYart'ep.l i Tu-ycip1 4 nu'akki', pe-h-raha'; talks, he says: "Take this to- Karu ha-ri sappikmf-k tu'a- tcd pay kA-kkum nu'&kki Tu ycip; bacco that I give thee, Moun- hripa'a, sapikippanitc patu'l n- tciu pky 'Am ka-kkum, Tu-ycip. tain; take some of this that I kla'. Pasapikmf-k tu'a-hka'. CW6, tcu pAy Tu-ycip nu'akki', give thee, Mountain; take and 'Ahupm t-k tu'A-hka'. 'Ahup nammbhe'ec. Cwe, Cwe, 'a pun tu'd'ssip. 'A-hak tuyui n- mat6-k 'fckijt eat some of this, Mountain. 8 6 na'if- ka'. 'A-k tiuyi-nkir ipann'ltc,' 'I0iv0AnnV'n, mate-k pufaht take this that I give thee, Moun- 1 9 5 ewe, 'IoivOan- Cwe, va- 'u~m 'u'i nk6'ec 'ipann' tc,' ke cipr6'vic~ia,' tain, may I be lucky. 20 n6'en. Ha-ri kyaru vura vaA ku- Earth, may nothing get on 'u'axaytcakkicrihti 'apapkarh. nipitti': "Mate-kxara nimyA-hti- me, cwe, Earth." Or they say: Xas 'Ippan patu'inkya', karixas hVec. Matek 'fckijt nammahe'ec. "May I live long. May I have va-mhrk tu'at-hka pamu'uhramip- Mate-k 'asikthva~n nipikva-n- luck. May I be able to buy a paflitc. woman. " Pavura fatta~k ylov kunifyik- Or when one is traveling some- kutiha'ak, ha ri vaA kunipitti': where far, he will say some- mat6-k namahav- be " I0v~a nneen, times: "Land, mayst thou b. PahA-t kunkupa'Ahk-hiti po.- vura I have no nikYaya tch6'ec. PufA.t glad to see me. May hra-m 'imnakkamf'uk k&-rlmha nakuphecAfA." troubles. " Ha-ri karu vura pehe-raha-m- But sometimes they blow to- Ha-ri kumakkari pu'ahupmh-k kujf kunfumpdhpie-vfti', vaA vu- bacco smoke, praying the same 'a-hkutihara, 'imnakkkAx-k tu- ra kunkupitti pakunve-naffipti'. way. 'A-hka pamu'dhra"'m. 'Imnak t6-'o-ntak pamu'iuhrA-m'mAk. 13 As a food sacrifice to the mountains, the earth, etc. 14 Addressing any near-by sacred mountain; regularly Medicine 17 Name applied to the poorer ha Mountain, if the smoker is at Katimin. picked out for basket weaving. 15Mg. may no disease or hatred get on me. I8Or 'Ippankaih. 16 Added by the pray-er partly in fun. 19 Or 'i fiti va, 'um tu'I n 'ipann 20 Or 'u'axaytcakkicriht icvlt. VERICAN ETHNOLOGY fBUUe.94 HARRINOTON] TOBACCO AMONG THE KARUK INDIANS 187 n- watch the tobacco lest it get C. Paht-t kunkupa'Ahk6-hiti po - (HOW THEY LIGHT THE PIPE) moist, they are afraid it will get hrham'mak u- moist. If it gets moist, it does i not taste good. It gets kind of a. Pahh-t kunkupa'Ahk6-hiti po - (HOW THEY LIGHT THE PIPE WITH Ly moldy when it gets moist. The hra-m 'fhupmA'uk A STICK) k, pipe sack has a big mouth. If Patu'&-hkhha~k pamu'dhra'am, When he lights his pipe, when ic they poured it from the pipe patuht raha'ak, ha-ri 'hhupmf-k he smokes, sometimes he lights it - sack into the pipe, they would tu'h-hka'. Va nnamlcitc hA-ri with a stick. It is a longish 1- spill it on the ground, on the pa'hhup, karu ha ri stick sometimes, and sometimes k ground. 'ahfip~anam- mahafc, 'a-pun a little stick, some stick that he n vura tu'fissip pa'ahup, fA-t vdrava kuma'ahup. picks up from the floor, just any Ha-ri karu vura sifip, pamu-k stick. Sometimes also it is a As he empties the tobacco off tu'h-hka', sanip anammahafc. hazel stick that he lights it with, his hand, he blows the tobacco Vura 'u~m ta~y 'ukritumpi-6vA a little hazel stick. There are y dust out of his [left] hand, he sarip 'nng'ak, pavikYart'ep.17 always lots of hazel sticks lying talks, he says: "Take this to- Karu hAri shppikmd-k tu'h- around in the living house, re- bacco that I give thee, Moun- hripa"', sapik~ippanitc patu'Pn- jects. And sometimes he takes tain; take some of this that I kya'. Pashpikmf-k tu'h-hka'. fire out with the poker-stick, give thee, Mountain; take and 'Ahupmd-k tu'h-hka'. 'Ahup with it burning at the end. He eat some of this, Mountain. Cwe, 'a-pun tu'dssip. 'K-hak tilyi n- lights it with the poker-stick. take this that I give thee, Moun- ka'. 'A-k tMyi-nkir ipannf'Itc,'8 He puts fire on it with a stick. tain, may I be lucky. Cwe, vaz 'u~m 'u'Vnk6'`c 'ipanni"tc,' 9 He picks up a stick from the Earth, may nothing get on 'u'axaytchkkicrihti 'hpapkarh.20 floor. He sticks it into the fire. me, ewe, Earth." Or they say: Xas 'ippan patu'inkya', karixas He puts the tip in the fire, so "May I live long. May I have va-mp k tu'Prhka pamu'uhramhfp- the tip of the stick burns, he is luck. May I be able to buy a panitc. holding the other end. Then woman. " when it burns at its tip, then Or when one is traveling some- with it he lights the top of his where far, he will say some- pipe. times: "Land, mayst thou be glad to see me. May I have no b. PahA-t kunkupa'khk6-hiti po - (HOW THEY LIGHT THE PIPE WITH troubles. " hr-m 'imnhkkamdi'uk A COAL) But sometimes they blow to- Other times he does not light it bacco smoke, praying the same HA-ri kumakkhri pu'ahupmd-k way. 'A-hkdtihafa, 'imnhkkhmd-k tu- with a stick, he lights his pipe 'a-hka pamu'dhra'lm. 'Imnhk with a coal. He puts a coal on ntains, the earth, etc. t&06-ntak pamu'fihrA-m'mAk. top of his pipe. ed mountain; regularly Medicine 17 Name applied to the poorer hazel sticks, Lmin. after the best have been get on me. picked out for basket weaving. fun. 18 Or 'Ippankath. '9 Or 'iPfiti va, 'u~m tu'i^n 'ipannt"tc. 20 Or 'u'axaytcAkkicr1iht 1cvlt.

-A, -------. - ______- I

HARRINOTON] TOBACCO AMONG THI 188 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [BULL. 94 'uievudyti', 'uhthtvhra~r 'fievAti'. F DI- a'. Pahd-t tl-kmd-k su~ya~te (HOW THEY PUT THE COAL 'Aivhri pe evuy.23 'Ayu'A-tc va; I pe-m- RECTLY INTO THE PIPE WITH vura kunkupafink6-hiti 'Yum 'avansa'uhtatvhra'r. Xa- i nak po-hrhm'mak THEIR FINGERS) vic'ahup po-htatvra'ar. Xavic , HA-ri ti-kmi-k vura tu'eOriph Sometimes he takes out the pakunsuvfxri-hti xas va: po-h- I pe mnak, 'ayu'a tc shkriyv mit coal just with his fingers, they had tatvira~r kunikyg-tti'. Va; i pamukunti"k! Pura fA-t vura such tough fingers! He uses no pakunOihri-vti 'ikmahtcra~m i 'ahup vura pu'ihrd-vtihhfh. stick. He holds his pipe low patakunihe raha'ak, vaA m&-k ' 'A punitc vura po 'e Oti pamu'uh- when he puts the coal in with his kuntatvara ti po-hrahmmak pe-m- ra'am pato-Oh-nnhmni pe-mnak, fingers, so he can put it in more nak, va: md'uk. ti-kmf-k vuia, vaA 'u~m ya-mma- easily. He feels kind of smart. hujkkatc 'ukuphOA .nnAmnihahe'ec. He picks the coal up from the fire Shkri~v 'upmah6nko nnAti'.1 with his fingers. Then quickly Tu'e-ttcip ti-kmAk pe-mnak. he puts it into the pipe. Xas vura 'u~m tcemya~tc Vira 'u~m pdva: mi-k 'a-hri- 'uhramak to Oa nnam'ni. pA-tihAp pu'h-hsiprivtihap 'ippan- Xhos vura hitiha~n ti kmf Kpa- Most of the time he takes it mA-k po-htatvxra'ar, 'imnak vura tu'e Oripa"', kuna vur 'umtca-kti out with his fingers, but it burns kite va: mA-k kuntbtta~unati'. pamuitti"k, kari 'atru p to Oh-n- his fingers, whereupon he puts it Kunxuiti xay 'u'innkya po-htat- nam'ni. Vura 'u~m 'u'ittapti in his palm. He knows how to vara'ar. HA-ri 'u~m vulra nik po-kupa'aficce-nnahiti'. Xanna- handle it. For a moment he 'ahup InammmhAtcmd *k tak- hitc vura to-kritivaytivay 22 pa- rocks it, the fire, in his palm, so una hripa"', 'uhtatvhra~r 'u~m mutri-ppak, pa'a'ah, va 'u~m it will not burn him. Then he vura puiva: mAtk 'a-hripA-tihap. pu'imtcakke-cair. Karixas suru- holds the pipe underneath, the Vura 'u~m va: mu- kite kunku- kam tuyurik po-hra-m, pehe raha tobacco in it. Then he drops pitti pe-mna kuntatvara-ti po-h- su? 'u'fOra'. Xas vaA khn t6-k- there the coal into the pipe. ra-m'mak. Kun ittapti phva: ki-mnamnimafl pe-mnak 'uhrahm'- Then he smacks in. kun'ihrui-vti po htatvhra'^r. VaA mak. Karixas tupamahma'. 'u~m xara kunfihri-vti' po-htat- vAra'1r, kunxa-yhiti kunxuti xay b'. Pah&-t kunkupatatvara-hiti (HOW THEY TONG THE COAL 'u'i n. Vura 'u~m tasirikiuic, suiya~tc vura pe-mnak po-h- DIRECTLY INTO THE PIPE) taxiuskui~lc. 'Ippikfinicta ko va rhom'mak tuvaxra'. Va: vura kuma'uhtat- HA-ri 'uhtatvArd-rAmd-k t6-- Sometimes he tongs the coal vhra'ar, va: vura kdkku~m ya n- ta-tvarpe-mnak, 'uhnam ippanitc into his pipe with the tobacco tcip'ipmhhe~c kon 'uphfriv. Pu- to -tA-tvar. 'Ikrivra-mmamk vasap- tonging inserter sticks; he tongs tce myajtc tannihittihara, xara pik sappik '6Ovd-yti'. 'Axxa k-k it into the top of the pipe. The vura va: kunihru-vti'. pamukunsappik 'ikrivra-m'mak, living house poker stick is called yi00a 'divfi-yt1 pufitcshppik, va. sappik. They have two kinds karixas vura kunihru-vti papu-f- of poker stick in the living house, Hitiha~n vura 'axxak dhri-vti fitc takunAvaha'ak, karu yiOO one is called deer poker stick, po htatv5ra'ar, vaz m& k pe-mnak ikrivramsappik, va- 'u~m vura which they use when they eat 23 Old expression. Cp. 'a'vhri pe-k- hitiha~n kunihhru-vti'. Kuna deer, and the other the living string of several denominations] uzm yiO mahatcra~m vasappik house poker stick which they use forearm; the expression is also uE 21 Lit., he feels stout. valuable. 22 Or: to-kririhrifi. 630441- 32-15 E OARRINGTON] TOBACCO AMONG THE KARUK INDIANS 189 TERICAN ETHNOLOGY [BUlLL. 94 tO (HOW THEY PUT THE COAL DI- 'd~vui-yt1', 'uhthtvxarar 'dOvfi-ti'. all the time. But the sweathouse nl- RECTLY INTO THE PIPE WITH 'Avhri pe Ovuy.RI 'Ayu'A-tc va: poker stick is called differently; 8 THEIR FINGERS) 'u~m 'avansa'uhtatvhra' r. Xa- it is called tobacco tonging in- victhhup po htatvbra'ar. Xavic serter. It has a high name. Sometimes he takes out the pakunsuvhxra-hti xas va: po-h- For it is a man's tobacco tonging it coal just with his fingers, they had tatvkrajr kunikyA-tti'. Va: inserter. The tobacco tonging -a such tough fingers! He uses no pakunOihru-vti 'ikmahftcra~m inserter is made of arrowwood. N. stick. He holds his pipe low patakunihMraha'lk, va: mark They dry the arrowwood and 1- when he puts the coal in with his kuntatvhrA-ti po-hrhnmmak peTm- then they make the tobacco 9:, fingers, so he can put it in more nak, vat md'uk. tonging inserter. Those are the easily. He feels kind of smart. ones that they use in the sweat- He picks the coal up from the fire 21 house when they smoke. With with his fingers. Then quickly them they tong the coal into top he puts it into the pipe. of the pipe, with them. C Viira 'u~m piva: mdrk 'a-hri- They do not take fire out with pA-tihap pu'h-hsiprivtihap 'ippan- it, they do not light the point l- Most of the time he takes it md-k po-htatvara'1r, 'imnak viira of the tobacco tonging inserter, :I out with his fingers, but it burns kite va: mark kunth-ttaOunati'. they only tong coals around with - his fingers, whereupon he puts it Kunxdti xAy 'u'iVnkya po-htat- it. They do not want the to- ,i in his palm. He knows how to vAra'ar. HA-ri 'u~m vdra nik bacco tonging inserter to get - handle it. For a moment he 'ahup ?nAmmAhhtcmf *k tak- burned. Sometimes they take - rocks it, the fire, in his palm, so un~a hripa"', 'uhtatvara~r 'u~m the fire out on a little stick, but l it will not burn him. Then he vura puvaA murk 'a-hripa-tihap. never on the tobacco tonging - holds the pipe underneath, the Vdra 'u~m va: mu- kite kunku- inserter stick. All that they do i tobacco in it. Then he drops pitti pe -mna kuntatvrA-ti po-h- with the tobacco tonging inserter - there the coal into the pipe. rkom'mak. Kunhittapti phvaA stick is to put the fire coal on top - Then he smacks in. kunihrf-dvti po htatvara'ar. Va: of the pipe with it. They know 'u~m xhra kunhihra-vti' po-htat- how to use the tobacco tonging (HOW THEY TONG THE COAL vara'1r, kunxA yhiti kunxuti x~y inserter. They use that poker DIRECTLY INTO THE PIPE) 'u'i n. Vura 'u~m tasirikdiAic, stick a long time, they are saving, tixi-skfiffc. 'Ippikunicta k6va they do not like to see it burn. tuvftxra'. Va: vura kuma'uhtat- It is smooth, sleek. It is already Sometimes he tongs the coal vira'ar, va: vura kdkku~m yh-n- like bone it is so dry already. into his pipe with the tobacco tcip'ipmhhe~c khon 'uphiiiv. Pu- You will see those same tobacco tonging inserter sticks; he tongs tc-Inyajtc tannihittihafa, xhra tonging inserter sticks lying there it into the top of the pipe. The vura va: kunihri-vti'. next year. They do not get living house poker stick is called spoiled quick, they use them sappik. They have two kinds long. of poker stick in the living house, Hitfha~n vura 'hxxak ihrf'-vti He always uses two of the to- one is called deer poker stick, po htatvhra'ar, va: mark pe-mnak bacco tonging inserter sticks to which they use when they eat deer, and the other the living 23 Old expression. Cp. 'avhri tupittuvic [high priced dentalium house poker stick which they use string of several denominations] exceeds the tattoo mark on the forearm; the expression is also used as slang and means: It is very valuable. 63044-42-2-15 -U

190 BUREAU OF AME]EL:ICAN ETHNOLOGY [um. 94 IARRINGTON] TOBACCO AMONG THE vura yittcejtc the coal with. Some- hriri pamutti"k, va: 'u~m pu'im- p to tl tsip. HA-ri pick up rj pamuitti-kmId-k to tA tvaf,24 'u~m times he tongs it in with one tca-ktibafa. Xas va: khbn t6-0- vdira vo-kupe-r6-hiti po htat- hand only, he uses the tobacco of-ntak peh6Taha'hvahkamh, pa'a- vhra'8r, 'apapti-kmd-k 21 vdia, tonging inserter stick that way, him'nak. Puxhy vura 'av 'ikyu y- 0 'ayu'A tc 'bppap 25 'u'axaytchk- with the hand of one side only, vutihaia. Patu'l nkYaha"'k, va: I kicrihti po-hraim. VaA me-k to-- for with his other hand he is khri tuphkt-fciir pemnak, 'a-k ta-tvar pe-mnak 'uhnamhppanitc holding up the pipe. With them tuphikti-fkiR. Xas kuyrhkya~n pakan peh6Tah u'iOra'. Va: he tongs the coal into the top of kunic tupipamhhma'. Karixas t kari tupakti-fcer pe-mnak, patu- the pipe where the tobacco is tuphkt!-fcMr, pe-mnak. Tu'inkyh- 'ink~ayy tcha~k peh6-raha'. inside. Then he pushes the coal ya-tcha suW peht-raha'. ( off, when the tobacco burns good. D. Pahfrt kunkupehyasipri~na- c'. Pahd-t 'a-pun picci~p kunku- (HOW THEY TOSS THE COAL DOWN vaOahiti pohri-m, papici-tc ta- pata-ticri-hvahiti pe-mnak ON THE FLOOR FIRST) kunihe raha'ak HA-ri 'Apun 'ahinhmtimmitc Sometimes he puts the coal Patu'h-hkhha~k po-hra-m, kari to 00fric picci~p pe-mnak k6-ma- on the floor by the fire first, puts 'a? to-hyassiprimmaO po-hra-m. I hitc 'A-pun to-OMric karixas ik it for a moment on the floor, be- Karixas 31 'a? tukuissi po-hra-m. I po -a ntakke~c pamu'dhraAm'mak fore he puts it in the pipe, beside 'A? 'uhyAssiprimmhOt1 po-hram. I mussdrukaih.27 'Uhtatvara-ra- him. He tongs the coal out 'A? 'u'i-hya 'u'axaytcAkkicrihti'. I mi! -k vura pato -tA-tripaA pe -mnak, with the tobacco tonging inserter 'A? uhyasslprivti pa'uhra-m, 'ux- hA-ri vura ti km'i'k, tu'8 Oripa". sticks, or with his hand. I never xuti xhy 'uyve c, vo-kupaxaytcak- Pura hArixay vura nftmmA-htihaia saw them in the house scrape the kicrihihiti 'a? uhyassiprivtl pa- 'innA'ak kuntanukrippanati 'ahup- coal out with a stick, it is hard mu'dhra'lm. 'A? 'uhyassiprivti mf-k pe mnak,28 'ukA-rimhiti to do it for it is deep where their pamu'Ahra'`m, va: vur ukupa- sdhinva pamukdna"'h. 'I-nng-k fire is. In the house they do 'axaytchkkicrihahhti', 'V lhhyhs- Yu~m pdva: kupittiha', kuna vura not do that, but out in the moun- sip. 'A? vari vur upattumti', xay mhruk xas 'ikv6-crihra'am, paku- tains at a camping place, at an 'dyva-yricclk pehe-raha'. 'A~h hifam karu vura 'akunvaifam, acorn camping place, or at a tuyu-nka', 32 'uhnamippaiiitc. va: khon xas kuntanukrippanati hunting camping place they pa'a'ah, va: kunkupa'Ahk6ohiti shovel out fire to light their E. Pahu-t 'apunitc va: kari ta- pamukundhraom pakunihU-rati'. pipes with when they smoke. kunpaxaytcfakkicrihti', paxin- Mussirukam 29 to-ttg-ttic pa'a- He lays the fire coal beside him nahitc tu'inkYaha'ak 2 0 himnak 'asapataprihak. Xas on the rock floor. Then he Papici-tc tuh8 raha"'k, puxxwitc ti-kmd-k xas tu'8 ttcip, 'atrdip picks it up with his fingers, he 'A? uhyassiprivti po-hra-m papuiva t6OOa-nnhmni pa'a'ah, to-kriri- puts it in his palm, he rocks his 31With this latter verb cp, tuki 24 Like a Chinaman handles two chopsticks in one hand. He equivalent to tuht'er, he smokes, fo handles the two pokers, which are about a foot long and %8-inchdiam- habitual action (cp. nominal pl. poE eter, and usually of arrowwood, most dextrously. If I ask, e. g., where a person is, one 25Mg. with one hand. rati'), he is smoking. Panipatanva 20 Lit. on the other side. ha~k panipatanvavuiti', xasi kana'i 27 Lit. under him. kydik "ukusipri nnati" "; when I E 28 Or: pa'a'ah. son that I ask for is smoking, then beneath him. 29 Lit. he is over there 'tipping his pipe u 30 Of the sweathouse. 32 Touches fire to it. ------

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[BULL. 94 ERICAN ETHNOLOGY IIARRINU^TON] TOBACCO AMONG THE RARUK INDIANS 191 c pick up the coal with. Some- hriri pamutti"k, va: 'uAm pu'im- palm so it will not burn him. n times he tongs it in with one tch-ktihafa. Xas va: khn t6-0- Then he puts it on top of the hand only, he uses the tobacco Oh-ntak peh6Taha'hvahkarh, pa'a- tobacco, the coal. It never falls tonging inserter stick that way, him'nak. PuxAY vura 'a&v 'ikyfiiy- on his face. When it has burned - with the hand of one side only, vutihaia. Patu'l nkYhha'ak, va: up, then he pushes the fire coal - for with his other hand he is kari tuphkti-fcur pe-mnak, 'a-k off, he pushes it off into the fire. c holding up the pipe. With them tuphlkti-fkili. Xas kuyrhkya~n Then he smacks in two or three he tongs the coal into the top of kunic tupipamahma'. Karixas times, then he shoves it off, the - the pipe where the tobacco is tupakti-fcAf, pe-mnak. Tu'inkya- coal. The tobacco is already inside. Then he pushes the coal ya-tch& sii? pehe-raha'. burning inside. off, when the tobacco burns good. D. Pahd-t kunkupe hyasipri~na- (HOW THEY HOLD THE PIPE - (HOW THEY TOSS THE COAL DOWN vaeahiti pohra-m, papicf-tc ta- TIPPED UP WHEN THEY START ON THE FLOOR FIRST) kunih8 raha'ak TO SMOKE) Sometimes he puts the coal Patu'h-hkhha~k po-hra-m, kari When he lights the pipe, then on the floor by the fire first, puts 'a? to-hyassiprimmaO po-hra-m. he tips the pipe up. Then he it for a moment on the floor, be- Karixas 31 'a? tukussi po-hra-m. tips the pipe up. He is making fore he puts it in the pipe, beside 'A? 'uhyassiprimnmAOti po-hra'm. the pipe stick upward. He is him. He tongs the coal out 'A? 'u'i-hya 'u'axaytcakkicrihti'. holding it so it sticks up. The with the tobacco tonging inserter 'A? uhyassiprivti pa'uhra-m, 'ux- pipe is sticking up, he fears it sticks, or with his hand. I never xuti xay 'uyve c, vo-kupaxaytcak- will spill out. He is holding his saw them in the house scrape the kicrihahiti 'a? uhyassiprivtl pa- pipe sticking up. His pipe is - coal out with a stick, it is hard mu'fihra'am. 'A? 'uhyissiprivti sticking up, he holds it that way, to do it for it is deep where their pamu'dhra'am, va: vur ukupa- sticking up. And he kind of fire is. In the house they do 'axaytchkkicrihAhiti', 'A? Ahyfts- tips his face upward too, so the not do that, but out in the moun- sip. 'A? vhri vur upfttumti', xay tobacco will not spill out. He tains at a camping place, at an 'dyvATyrIccak pehg-rahh'. 'A~h puts fire on it, on top of the pipe. acorn camping place, or at a tfiyfi-nk', 32 'uhnamippanitc. hunting camping place they shovel out fire to light their E. Pahd-t '1punitc va: kari ta- (HOW THEY HOLD IT LOWER AFTER pipes with when they smoke. kunpaxaytchkkicrihti', paxan- IT HAS BURNED FOR A WHILE) He lays the fire coal beside him nahitc tu'inkyaha'ak on the rock floor. Then he picks it up with his fingers, he Papici-t tuhe raha'1k, puxxwitc When he first smokes, he has to puts it in his palm, he rocks his 'h? uhyftssiprivti po-hr-m papuva hold the pipe tilted up very much, two chopsticks in one hand. He 31 With this latter verb cp, tukusipri"n, he smokes, an old word about a foot long and -%-inch diam- equivalent to tuhe'er, he smokes, formed by adding -ri"n, referring to iost dextrously. habitual action (cp. nominal pi. postfix -rin) to tukuissip, he tips it up. If I ask, e. g., where a person is, one answers: 'ukusipri-nnti' (='uht- rati'), he is smoking. Panipatanvagvaha'ak, h6 y pa' ra'ai, po heTati- ha~k panipatanvAvuiti', xasi kana'ihivrike'ec, kunipp6,e8: "M~va pay kyfik "ukusipr nnAti" "; when I ask where a person i;, and that per- son that I ask for is smoking, then they answer me, they say: "There he is over there 'tipping his pipe up.' " 32 Touches fire to it. ____ --_ - -_1 I_ __ --I I ~I - r 192 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [BULL. 2 BARRINGTON] TOBACCO AMONG THE 'inkYhyA tchIa'k. PdyavaA pa- before it burns very good. After kiikkir patupamahma'. Va: kar3 th xannahitc ta pehe-raha tu'in- the tobacco has burned a little upamahma-hti'. Xas tu'inkya'. in kYaha'ak, kari tusakri-vha sfi? 33 while, it gets hard inside [the ti t6 m'nap. Karixas kunic tapu pipe], it congeals with heat. Then puxxwftc 'a? 'ihyAssiprnmmAOti- he does not have to tilt the pipe G. Pahd-t kunkup6-cna-kvahiti' (i hara po-hra-m, pat6-mnap sul. so high, after it [the tobacco] Va Akari 'a punitc po-hr&om po'a- congeals with heat inside. Then 'IfyakA-n vura tupipam'ma, xaytcakkicrihtl', po heTAti', tapu it is lower that he holds the pipe, 'apmh~n kari pamu'1hra'am. tl 'a? '-hyara po-hra-m. as he smokes, it no longer sticks Kuyrftkya~n kunic po-pipam- tl up high. mahti'. Peh1-rahh-mku~f 'axyar iI Mit nimmf-ttthat kunihe rati I used to see the old men smok- t6okyav pamupman'nak. Kari- t papihnfittcitcas. 'I6a-n mit nim- ing. Once I saw an old man xas tcaka'I-mitc vura to ppe Ord- t mnihat pihni-ttcitc naniOyd-kki- across from me [in the living pa: po-hrhnm pamudpma-n'nak. I rukam 'uhe-rati', 'ah'iOyd kkiru- house] smoking, on the other side Karixas t6-sna-kva'.35 Puxxwitc I kamh, karu naa 'iOyO-k mit nikre'et. of the fire, and I was on the oppo- vura t6 mya hkiv,3 ' hUntihitc f Papiccf-tc 'uh"e'r, 'a? 'uhyassip site side of the fire. When he kinic 'ukupattcu phahit1 ', vaA pay ' pamu'dhra'am, piccitc vura pu- first started to smoke, his pipe 'tAkApitti: " 0..." Xas tc&mya~tc 1 namma-htihat su? pa'a'ah. Papux- was sticking up. At first I could vura tupamtcak. K6 mahitc vura I xwitc 'u'inkya', va: karixas nim- not see the fire inside. When it t6 ppd-xti3 3 'apmannak3 9 su? pa- I mnahat su? 'imtananamnihitc got to burning good, then I could '6mku'uf. Kiri sul. K6-mahitc po'inkydti', va: kri 'a punitc see inside plain where it was burn- vura tupickyAhti' 'a? u'e Oti pa- I tupi;pp8 c pamu'dhra'&m. Mit ing, for then he tipped it down. mu'fihra'am, 4O t6Wxni-chh', kunic I nimmyk-htihat pamita nikri-rak I could see it from where I was tcim updff5Athe'eC' 'upimtc5aktl'. i 'ioyfi'uk. Taxannahicitc 'itcyd-ki- sitting across the fire. After a V6ra pukunic ky8hitihAr5. Kunic i niiyh; tc kdnk 'uhyavultti po - while the pipe was sticking straight kitc'uxxuti': " Kiri SW ta~ypeh6-- hra-m. over. rahbmku'uf." Va: vur upep- Ha-ri mit taxxarave-nik nim- Sometimes long ago I used to mah6nk6onnhitfi'. Xas to msds- myfistihat pa'ara~r po -hTati- see an Indian smoking, also I used stiricik ydffiv pehe raha mk'Iuf, ha"'k, 'ikmahitcra~m karu vura to see in the sweathouse when k~ruma vfira 'u~m kar uphmtcA-k- mit nimmyd stihat pamitva kuni- they were smoking, when they ti'. Picci~p ydffivklam t6-msus- h-rana-tihat', pamitva kunpi-- had a kick dance, a doctress stirIc-ik, kari puiva tbxrhr. Kari- nikni-k vana tihh'bk, pa'e m dancing, I used to sometimes see xas tuthxrai, tupimya hrfiph"4 'u'ihtiha'ak, ha-ri mit vura su? it, the tobacco burning inside, nimmya htihat, po'i nkyfiti pehe-- burning inside the pipe. 35 For kAii. raha', po -hrhmak su? po'l nkydti'. 35 The verb refers to the whole acl in the lungs and exhaling, and the (HOW THEY SMACK IN) F. Pahd-t kunkupapamahmaha- 87 Or t-myi-hrhi. This is the o hiti' 38 The same verb is used of holdi 'A~h tuyu-nka', xas kari tupa- He puts the fire on, then he 39 This is the idiom. 'iov-yak s mahma',3 4 va: xas kuma'i'i tu'in- smacks in, his tobacco burns for 40 Held up with partly flexed arn 41 When a doctor is dancing and 33 Or su? tushkri-vhh'. 'ae i**. This is called t6-my-hrfi] 34 Ct. 'upAtcupti', he kisses. The Karuk used to only kiss and in air to drive the tobacco smoke cluck on the skin of babies. They did not kiss adults. but breathes it out merely with ai IERICAN ETHNOLOGY [BULL. 94 HARRINGTON] TOBACCO AMONG THE KARUK INDIANS 193 a- before it burns very good. After k~fukkir patupamhhma'. VaA kar35 that reason, because he smacks a- the tobacco has burned a little upamhhmA-hti'. Xas tu'l nkya'. in. Then he smacks in several 33 while, it gets hard inside [the times. Then it burns. la pipe], it congeals with heat. Then i- he does not have to tilt the pipe G. Pahd-t kunkupe-cna-kvahiti' (HOW THEY TAKE THE TOBACCO so high, after it [the tobacco] SMOKE INTO THE LUNGS) - congeals with heat inside. Then 'Ifyakg-n vdra tupipAm'ma, He smacks in a few times with u it is lower that he holds the pipe, 8 as he smokes, it no longer sticks 'apmaon kAri pamu'fihra' m. the pipe still in his mouth. About up high. Kuyrhkya~n kunic po-pipam- three times it is that he smacks ti I used to see the old men smok- mahti'. Peh6-raha-mku~f 'axyar in. He fills his mouth with the i- ing. Once I saw an old man t6-kyav pamdpmd-n'nAk. Kari- tobacco smoke. Then he takes [- across from me [in the living xas tcaka'i-mitc vura to-ppt-Ord- the pipe out of his mouth slowly. I- house] smoking, on the other side paA po-hraom pam4pmE-n'nAk. Then he takes the smoke into his Karixas t6 snA-kvAW'.3 Puxxwitc lungs. He sucks in, makes a b. of the fire, and I was on the oppo- 87 p site side of the fire. When he vura t6 mya hki4, hf ntahitc funny sound, he goes this way: first started to smoke, his pipe kunic 'ukupattcu phAhiti', va: pay " 0..." Then quickly he shuts was sticking up. At first I could "tkk~pI~tti: " 0..". Xas tce mya~tc his mouth. For a moment he vura holds the smoke inside his mouth. - not see the tupamtcak. K6-mahitc vura fire inside. When it 8 39 c got to burning good, then I could t6-pptL-xti' 'apmaonak su? pa- He wants it to go in. For a c see inside plain where it was burn- 'hmku'uf. Kiri su?. K6-mahitc moment he remains motionless t ing, for then he tipped it down. vura tupickyihti' 'a? u'e Oti pa- holding his pipe. He shakes, he i I could see it from where I was mu'dhra'1m,40 t6-xni-cha', kunic feels like he is going to faint, hold- - sitting across the fire. After a tcim upuffa the'ec, 'upamtcAkti'. ing his mouth shut. It is as if he - while the pipe was sticking straight Vura pukunic ko6 hitihara. Kunic could not get enough. It is just over. kitc 'uxxuti': " Kiri SUt ta~y pehre -- as if "I want more in, that to- Sometimes long ago I used to raha mku'uf." Va: vur upe p- bacco smoke." That is the way mah6nk6onnahiti'. he feels. Then tobacco smoke - see an Indian smoking, also I used Xas to-msus- i to see in the sweathouse when sOerick ydffiv peh6.rahA mkO'uf, comes out from his nose, but his - they were smoking, when they k~ruma vura 'u~m kar upamtca-k- mouth is closed tight. It comes - had a kick dance, a doctress ti'. Picci~p ydffivklam t6-msus- out of his nose before he opens shrlchk, kari puva taxrar. Kari- his mouth. Then he opens his l dancing, I used to sometimes see 4 it, the tobacco burning inside, xas tuthxraf, tupimyA hrfiph l mouth, he breathes out the to- burning inside the pipe. 35 For kari. 35 The verb refers to the whole action, taking and holding the smoke (HOW THEY SMACK IN) in the lungs and exhaling, and the two sounds that accompany it. 87 Or t6-mya-hrar. This is the ordinary verb to inhale. 33 The same verb is used of holding water in the mouth. He puts the fire on, then he 3 This is the idiom. 'ievftyak su', in his chest. may also be used. smacks in, his tobacco burns for Held up with partly flexed arm. 41 When a doctor is dancing and is tired he "breathes out" a note: 8 The Karuk used to only kiss and 'ae i . This is called t6 myA hrfipa' , she breathes out. He sucks )y did not kiss adults. in air to drive the tobacco smoke into his lungs with a 0-resonance, but breathes it out merely with an h-resonance. -U----

194 BUREAU OF AME],RICAN ETHNOLOGY [BULL. 94 EABBNOGTON] TOBACCO AMONG THE I peheTahh mku'uf. Yuffivkyam bacco smoke. Smoke comes out H. Pahd-t kunkupitti patakun- (aC karu vura t6-mkui-hiricuk. 'Ap- of his nose, too. It comes out of pfcnA kvamaraha'1k m&,nkam karu vura tupfccAsfi- his mouth, too, but not much. I And smoke is coming off of the rlci~k, vura putthAyhara. 'Uhrhi- VaA vdra k6-vura to-pmah6n- I pipe, as he holds it. He shuts his mak karu vura 'dmki-fhiricaktV', ko~n 'iOi'ikc vura, pat6-sna-k- whi eyes, he looks kind of sleepy-like. po '&eOti'. Tu'asimtcak, kunic vAh~a'k. HATi vura pam-iyu~p Sor the tkvi-tha'. T6oxni-cha pamuit- His hand trembles, as he puts 'a? to.Oyivura'a. Karu hA-ri tu- An pipe to his mouth again. Then ti'ik, pakukku~m tupih8'er. Xas pikyivivra'8 , vhssihkyam tupikyf- bac again he smacks in. He smokes kfikku~m vura tupicki'in.42 Kuk- vivra"', tc&mya~tc vura 'a-pun He again like he smoked before. A ku~m vura va, tukupapiht-rah to-06ric pamu'dhra'am, karixas gro few or maybe four times he takes 'ipa picci~p 'ukupe-herahat'. 'If- pato-kyfvic. Xas takuntakkav, the the pipe from his mouth. Then, yaka-n 'ik vura ha-ri hik piOvA n k6-vura takunikei.hviinWa. Pu- at behold, he knows he has smoked to-peOri'iph pohra-m. PdyavaA 'akara 'fn vura xuis '8*etihhp, wh up the tobacco, there is no more kari tu'a punma tupaffip pehe- xh~t 'ihe-rah 'umyd m'ni, kuna bul inside [the pipe]. As he smokes raha'I, tapfuffajt su ?. Po he raif po-kuhitti kuma'i'i tupuiffa~th'ak, sic] he knows when there are only vura tu'a punma su? 'afmta~p kunfts- hin ashes inside. He just fills up the viA va: 'u~m 'fccaha kitc tu'lOra'. Itca-nnitc vura k6otti'. Vura peherahamd k tha pipe once, that is enough. That po-mahya-nnati po-hra-m, va. tupduffatha'k, puxxara 'arim the is enough, one pipeful. He rests vura k8 h, itca-nnitc vuia. VaA Oh-nn8-a. every once in a while when smok- vura yav, yi60 uhrhAm 'axyar. Ha-ri pe-kpfhanha~k pehe-raha', ing. The he puffs again. He Vura ko-mmahiteva po-pipd-n- pa'avansa patuht-raha~k vura is t does not have the pipe in his vfiti', po-he-rati'. Xas kukkuim pu'-puinmutihara patupuffa-- he mouth long, but it takes him a kari tupippi ckfv. Puxxara 'ap- tha'. Ha-ri vura 'apun to-kyfvic he 8 long time to smoke. mhon su? ikre-ra pamu'dhra' m, vura pu'a-punmutihara. '10la- fall kuna vura xara u~m vur uh-rd -n- ra '-n xas takunipp6'er: "Yaxa knm ti'. tupuffa-tha'." Thkunma vura "L Then after he gets through Ha ri vura patuhrTAmnarkhA'k, xas pamdtti~k 'udxni-chiti'. his 4 3 smoking he inhales with spitty xara vur upuxra-hvu1ti'. Ha-ri Kunipitti ka kkum papihni-t- sound for a long time. Some- vura tu'a ssic kar upuixrahvuiti'. tcitcas kunikti-nniti', patakun- hai times he lies down, making the 'U~m kari kunic vur 'u'kkati pihe -rAmArahahk, k6-vura 'ieh'i~c the spitty inhaling sound yet. It pamuipma nak pehe raha mku'uf. Xara vura fee [sounds] like he is still tasting in kunipmah6nk6onnati'. 'upmah6nko-6nnati yav, peheraha He his mouth the tobacco smoke yet. po victUntihha'k, xara vura yav aft 1 42 Or tupamahma'. Tupicki' n, like tupamahma', means he smacks 'upmah6nko~nnhti'. Ha-ri'a pun sm in several times. But tupam'ma, he smacks in once. t6-kyfvic, t6 myuim'ni, mit nim- wh the 43 The verb is derived from 'uxra-h, berry, and means to inhale my&-htihat va: mit kunkupitti- with half-closed mouth, thereby producing a long and loud interjec- haf, papihnf-ttcit'cas. 'Ikplhan to tion of deliciousness, which is used especially when eating berries pehe-raha', viri vaA pakunvicta-n- stri and after smoking tobacco, ti'. 'A pun takunikyivic. 'U~m- the kun vura takunpimtaO. Kuntak- gra ka-mti kitc pappinhifttcitcAs. Th Pakunih-r9nati' kuntcu-phina-ti me 'ikmahatcra'am. 'Axmay fk vura tal. yfe0a taputc-phitihAfA, hinup on( ' - - :------

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IERICAN ETHNOLOGY [BULL. 94 HABBINGTON] TOBACCO AMONG THE KAREN INDIANS 195 m bacco smoke. Smoke comes out H. Pahdt-t kunkupitti patakun- (HOW THEY DO AFTER THEY TAKE p- of his nose, too. It comes out of 'plfcnakvamaraha'8 k THE TOBACCO SMOKE INTO THE i- his mouth, too, but not much. LUNGS) smoke is coming off of the And Vas vdra k6-vdra to-pmah6n- He feels good over all his meat 1', pipe, as he holds it. He shuts his ko~n 'ioh~le vufiA, pat6-snai-k- when he takes it into his lungs. he looks kind of sleepy-like. ic eyes, viha'k. Ha ri vura pamdyu~p Sometimes he rolls up his eyes. as he puts the t- His hand trembles, 'a? to Oylvura'8. Karu hA-ri tu- And sometimes he falls over, again. Then as pipe to his mouth pikyivivra'8 , vhssihk~am tupikyi- backward he falls over backward. again he smacks in. He smokes k- vivra'8, tc6'mya~tc vura 'A-pun He puts his pipe quickly on the he smoked before. A th again like to-00ric pamu'dhra'am, karixas ground, then he falls over. Then times he takes If- few or maybe four pato-kyivic. Xas takuntakkaO, they laugh at him, they all laugh *n the pipe from his mouth. Then, k6-vdra takuniakcaihviinWa. Pu- at him. Nobody takes heed, behold, he knows he has smoked a, 'akara 'Pn vira xws '8Otihh,~ when one faints from smoking, there is no more s- up the tobacco, xh~t 'ihrTah 'umyd m'ni, kuna but if he faints because he is pipe]. As he smokes iti inside [the po-kuhltti kuma'i'i tupuffa~th'ak, sick, then they throw water on when there are only ;p he knows vfii va, 'utm 'iccaha kun as- him. When it is from tobacco ashes inside. He just fills up the ra ko-tti'. Vura peh6-rahami-k that he faints, he does not lie once, that is enough. That as pipe tupdffA tha"k, puxxAra 'Arim there stiff long. aA is enough, one pipeful. He rests Oh-nn&ia. once in a while when smok- Lr. every HA-ri pe-kpfhanha~k pehl-raha', Sometimes when the tobacco The he puffs again. He n- ing. pa'Avansa patuht-raha~k vura is strong, the man himself when the pipe in his m does not have pu'a-pdnmutihara patupdff ii- he smokes does not know when mouth long, but it takes him a p- tha'. HA-ri vura 'A'pun to-kylvic he faints away. Sometimes he long time to smoke. n, vura pu'af-pdnmutihaia. 'IePa- falls to the ground and does not 11- ra 'in xas takunipp8'Cr: "Yaxa know it. Somebody else says: tupuffA-thA'." Takunma vdra "Look, he is fainting." They see k, Then after he gets through xas pamdtti~k 'uxnI-chiti'. his hands shake. *ri smoking he inhales with spitty Kunipitti kh-kkum papihni-t- They say that some old men i'. sound for a long time. Some- tcitcas kunikti-nnAti', patakun- have to walk with a cane, when Lti times he lies down, making the pilh8mArAla'^k, k6-vura 'iO&'ifc they have finished smoking, they spitty inhaling sound yet. It kunipmah6nk6-nnatF'. Xara vura feel it over their whole meat. [sounds] like he is still tasting in 'upmah6nkU-nndti yav, p6ht-raha He feels good for a long time his mouth the tobacco smoke yet. po-victa ntihlA'k, xhra vura ybv after he smokes, if he likes to 'n, like tupamahma', means he smacks 'upmah6nko~nnhtl'. HA-ri 'A pun smoke, he feels good for a long la, he smacks in once. t6-kylvic, t6omyfim'ni, mit nim- while. Sometimes he falls on 'uxra-h, berry, and means to inhale mWa-htihat va, mit kunkupitti- the ground, he feels faint. I used y producing a long and loud interjec- hat', papihnf-ttcit'cas. 'Ikpthan to see them, the old men. It was used especially when eating berries pehlTaha', viri va, pakunvictA-n- strong tobacco, that was what ti'. 'A-pun takunikylvic. 'U~m- they liked. They fall on the kun vira takunplmtaO. Kuntbk- ground. They come to again. ka-mti kite pappinhifttcitcas. They always laugh at the old PakunihtTAnai'ti' kuntcil-phinA-ti men. When they smoke they 'ikmahAtcra'am. 'Axmay ik vfira talk in the sweathouse. All at yi0oa taputcd-phitihUM, hinup once one man quits talking, it -U----

ETHNOLOGY [BULL. 94 196 BUREAU OF AMERICAN HARMINGTON] TOBACCO AMONG THE I e-kva t6-m yu m'ni. 'U~m vura is that he faints. He gets up J. Pahfrt pax&hva~s kunkupa- (nc xas t6.pv8 nslp.43 Tu'ahAra'1m. himself. 43A He feels ashamed. pimoanuvn6ohiti',45 papudva po - VaA vdra kunkupittihanik pi)e'ep. That is the way they used to do hram piyu nvafap Viura 'u~m puxxwitc kunvictanti- in the old times. They used to hanik pehe-raha'. Karuma vura like the tobacco so well. They Karixas pasal tcupihyaram- his vaA kunvicta ntihanik pehe-raha used to like the tobacco strong. nih-eAhhk 45 pamu'dhra'ini, kari sac 'ikpihafA. Kfiruma vura pata- Whenever they faint from to- tcaka'i-mitc vura tupimoanlivnuv his kunimyuimnih&'ak, kunahhrd-m- bacco, they always get ashamed. pamu'dhranmAT-k pax&hva~s liti matl'. VaA vulra kunkupittihabik, They used to do that way, get ha-ri 'ahup ?anammahatcmf'uk, kunimyd mnihtihhAddk. HA-ri stunned. Sometimes one fellow kiri pehe-raha 'afivitc k6-vura Ht. do yiO0a vura 'ikpihan pamuhe-raha, will have so strong tobacco that 'upiOrl c sui. Tupimtcanaknak 47 vura k6-vura kunpuAff-thitl nobody can stand it without kiri su? upivrararamni peh8-raha', ta] fal patakunihe raha'ak, k6-va 'ikpi- fainting, it is so strong. He feels kiri 'afivitc 'upivrararamni pe- to han. Viri vo-pitcakuva-nnAti' proud of his strong tobacco. h8-raha'. pamuh8-rah 6-pfhanha'ok. K. Pah-t kunkup6-pOannA mnih- (H Ka-kkum pufatha-nsa pataku- Some were fainters when they vahiti po-hrhrm pax&hva-ssak nih8Taha'1k, ka-kkum vura 'um- smoked, others never did faint. su? kun pupufa-thitihap. Ka-kkum Some faint when the tobacco kunpufatho-tti patakunimyd-m- gets strong for them, and others Piccijp tupimeanfivnuv paxe-h- niha'ak, karu ka-kkum vura puva. do not. Vaskak was a fainter vaspA-vic. Karixas tupiyA-nvhr T kupittihap. Vaskak 'u: mit when he smoked. Everybody po-hra-m x6ehvassak. Va: ku k- pi viura 'imyd nniha'an patuhe-- knew that Vaskak was a fainter. kam 'usfijhiti pak&on 'u'a hke'Oc. m raha'. K6-vura 'i n mit kyunI& - Vaskak used to faint, but he Tcaka'f-tc kunic tupiyfiun'var. H Karixas t6-pkiccap, tupipaOravu- hi punmutihat Vaskak mit 'imyhi-m- liked it. 48 niha'8n. Mit 'upufath6ottihat', ruke pkiccapaha'. Va-ram pa- al karuma vura vowvictanti'. muxd-hvasvasthfan, va: mtik pa- h Vura 'u~m papiccitc tuhe- When he first starts to smoke tupipaoravuruke*pkiccapaha'. st 4 he 'Uhyannicudkvatc pakann 'uhram- w raha'ak, 4 pdvaA kar ikyivlcrihti- he does not fall. It is when 8 0 hara. Vura payi6ea 'uhratm finishes smoking a pipeful of ?hpma' n, pakd~n 'upma nhe'c, o 'axyar tuherafippaha'ak, va: ka- tobacco that he falls; it is then xe-hvasfippan'uhyhrlcakvA'. Xas h rixas pat6-kyfvic, karixas ha-ri that as it gets strong for him va- khrn piccftc t6-pkiccap 'a? 'I pato-myd-mni to kyivic. he falls. ippanni"tc. Xas tupipaoravuruk- u kuni. Karixas tusuppifha', vasta- t] I. Pahd-t kunkupapp8-orupa-hiti (HOW THEY TAKE THE PIPE OUT ranhippaiitc. Karixas kfikku~m p po-hra-m OF THE MOUTH) tupiya-nkuil, sitcakvu.tvarassuruk u karu ha-ri 'akavak- i Karixas patupihe -rAmhar, xas Then when he finishes smoking, tupiy-nkuifl, kirak su? tupiyui-nnam'ni, pamu- va: vura kaon tuphffUt.sfr pa- then he puffs the ashes out. Then 8 'fmta'ap. Xas t6ppiruppa'a. he takes it out of his mouth. xe hva' s. Xas to-knupnup po-hra-m, fa-t Then he raps the pipe [bowl, 46 This is the ordinary verb meanir vura mi-k to-knupnup. against anything he raps it. game. The diminutive, kunkupapi used, and is often used, of tapping 43a Some broke wind when they fainted. " Ct. papicci-tc tuh6-rA-nha'^k, when he [a boy] first starts in to out its contents. 4 upihyhrhmnih6.cahAk. smoke. Or tcim 4 Or tupimOandv'nuv. 48Old expression referring to the s - - -- -

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MERICAN ETHNOLOGY IBULL. 94 llABBLNOTON] TOBACCO A]IONG TH{;E EABUE INDIANS 197 ira is that he faints. He gets up m. himself.4 a He feels ashamed. J. PahO-t pax&ehvass kunkupa- (HOW THEY TAP THE PIPE SACK pimranuvn8 hiti',45 papilva po- BEFORE THEY PUT THE PIPE ep. That is the way they used to do ti- in the old times. They used to hrh;m piyu-nvhfap BACK IN) tra like the tobacco so well. They Karixas pasa? tcupihybrbm- Then when he is going to put ha used to like the tobacco strong. n1hc-Cahh;k " pamu'(ihra'8 m, kari his pipe back inside [the pipe La- Whenever they faint from to- tcaka'f-mitc vura tupim0andvnuv sack], then he gently taps with m- bacco, they always get ashamed. pamu'dthrAnmunOk pax&hva~s his pipe, or sometimes with a ik, They used to do that way, get hA-ri 'ahup ?anammahatcmd'uk, little stick, against the pipe sack. -ri stunned. Sometimes one fellow kiri peht-raha 'afivite k6-vidra He wants the tobacco to all settle il, will have so strong tobacco that 'upierf c siU. Tupimtcanaknak 47 down to the bottom inside. He iti nobody can stand it without kiri su? upivrArArAmni peht-rahA', taps it so that the tobacco will Pi- fainting, it is so strong. He feels kiri 'afivitc 'upivrarAramni pe- fall back down, so that it will fall ti' proud of his strong tobacco. he-raha'. to the bottom. u- Some were fainters when they K. Pahd-t kunkupp6p0tnnA-mnih- (HOW THEY PUT THE PIPE BACK n- smoked, others never did faint. vahiti po-hra;m pax&hva-ssak INTO THE PIPE BACK) m Some faint when the tobacco su? - gets strong for them, and others Picci~p tupimOandvnuv paxe-h- First he taps that pipe sack. a; do not. Vaskak was a fainter vaspfrvic. Karixas tupiyi-nvhr Then he puts the pipe back in the tit when he smoked. Everybody po-hrd-m x6-hva-ssAk. Va; kd k- pipe sack. The end where he s. knew that Vaskak was a fainter. kam 'usidhiti pakhtn 'u'bhkeIec. makes the fire goes to the bottom. r- Vaskak used to faint, but he Tcaka'f-tc kanic tupiya n'var. He puts it in kind of slow. Then a- liked it. Karixas t6-pkiccap, tupipaOravu- he ties it up, he wraps the thong t', ruke pkiccapaha'.4 8 VA-ram pa- about it. His thong is long that muxe -hvasvastaran, va; mIn -k pa- he wraps it with. The mouth end 'When he first starts to smoke tupipavravuruke *pkiccapaha'. sticks outside a little, the part ,i- he does not fall. It is when he 'UhyannicfikvAtc pakh;n 'uhram- where he puts his mouth, it sticks m finishes smoking a pipeful of ?h~pma'`n, pak4;n 'idpmi.nheIec, outside of the pipe sack. Then i- tobacco that he falls; it is then xe-hvasippan 'uhytricdkvh'. Xas he ties it first of all at the top. ri that as it gets strong for him va; kh;n picctftc t6-pkiccap 'a? Then he wraps it spiraling down- he falls. ipphnnf"tc. Xas tupipaeravurdk- ward. Then he tucks it under, kuiii. Karixas tusfippifha', vasta- the tip of the tie-thong. Then he ti (HOW THEY TAKE THE PIPE OUT ranhippafhitc. Karixas kdkku~m puts it back under again, back OF THE MOUTH) tupiyuinkfiii,sitcakvultvarassuiruk under his belt, or sticks it back is Then when he finishes smoking, tupiyfi-nkuri, karu hA-ri 'akavbk- in his quiver, his pipe sack. l- then he puffs the ashes out. Then kirak sui tupiyfiunnAm'ni, pamu- 8 a. he takes it out of his mouth. xe hva' s. *t Then he raps the pipe [bowl, 45 This is the ordinary verb meaning to drum, as in the Indian card against anything he raps it. game. The diminutive, kunkupapimoanupndppahiti', can also be y fainted. used, and is often used, of tapping an object when one is emptying [, when he [a boy] first starts in to out its contents. 4 Or tcim upihyhrhmnih~echhhk. 47 Or tupimoandv'nuv. 48 Old expression referring to the spiral wrapping. U ----

HARRINGTON] TOBACCO AMONG TH: 198 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [BULL. 94 Xas va: kuna kd-kam passarip L. Pahd-t 'ukupe-he-rahiti pafa- (SMOKING PROCEDURE OF THE tav8-nna'an FATAVENNAN) tu'axaytchkkic kite 'uhramlippan- kaih. 'Ar u'iftakank6-tti'. 'Im- Patcim u'a hke-caha~k pafata- When the fatavennan is going xaOakketem. Tcaka'i mitc vura vt-nna~n pamu'dhra'am, vaA kari to light his pipe, he then first tu'ioyfiruricuk passhfip 'ippan- plcci~p pamusittcakvfitvar tupic- takes off his belt, he rolls it up, karh. Piccltc patu'iflyurucuk yfi-nkir, tupi-ru, vastaranmt-k he ties it with the tie-thongs, he passarip, kari 'ak tuph-Okif. Fa-t tupinhi cri', muppi-matc 'a-pun lays it down beside him on the vur ukikkye'ec. Karixas 'apmh;n- t6WpOMic, yh-sti-kky9mkam mup- ground, beside him on his right mf-k tupaffutsur pa'ihat, sul 4 pi-matc t6-p0afic. ° Karixas tu- he lays it down. Then he kneels patd-ppitcas pa'AhatA' Xas paeakhi c 'a6puA, su? tumhhya~m on the ground, he puts his tobacco ahuppak 'a? tupikndpnuP, tca- 'uhrh~mak pamuhe-raha', tu'a-hka in the pipe, he lights the pipe, ka'i-mitc vuia. pamu'dhra'am, karixas tupihte'r. then he smokes. Va: vura kite pakunkupekya- saripmO- kun- (HOW THEY RAM THE NICOTINE 5. Pahh-t pa'uihaf hiti', va: kari tayav. Vura u~m po-hra-m'- OUT OF THE PIPE WITH A kupe-kfutrA00unahiti pu'iccAhamA-k piOxh-htihap. Va: mak HAZEL STICK) vuira kite payav kunkupapik- Paxxara takunihe raravaha'ak When they use a pipe a long yA-hiti', pakunikfutraoQunati p6-hra-m,' u'uihafhiti sA?. 'Upatc- time to smoke with, it gets pa'uhaf passhripml'uk. ruikutruikutti tl' tl' 50 pa'ara r nicotine inside. It makes a Paxxara takunihe raravaha.k tuhetAha'ak.6 'Amakke'em. clucking noise tl' tl' when a po-hra-m, va: kari sdikam taxikki Toppip: "'ff 'amakke'em, tu'uf- person smokes it. It does not pe kkY6'or. 'IkkyO rakam su? hafha'. Tupattcak po-hra-m, taste good. He says: "How bad 'u'inkydti pa'ihat, viri va: paxik- puIxavy ta'amki-fhirixAktihAPA, it tastes, it is nicotiny." The ki su?, 'umthktA-kpAOti'. Te-k- po hramhmku'uf. 'Uppi p: "i'tI, pipe is stopped up, the smoke xaramkunic sdkam karu. 'Ippan tupattcak." can not come out. He says: karu kunic to-mtAktA-kpa6 pe-k- "It is stopped up." kY6'°r, pataxxAraha'ak. Karixas pe-he-raha tupi va yri- Then he spills the tobacco out, cik, ti-kkyan tupI-va-yram'ni, xhat he spills it onto his hand, he 'imfir. Kari sarip tu'atppiv, does not care if it is hot. Then 'ikmahAtcra~m vura su? u'ak- he hunts a hazel stick, in the 6. Pahfrt kunkupittihanik sup- ka rrnva mati-mitc 62 pamukun- sweathouse inside in the matimitc pikrukvhra'ar, shfip. YiOfa tu'f- there is a [little] pile of rammers, pa hak, pahd-t kunkupe-he-ra- sip, va: mIDk tupikrudkko' 0r,sarip-i hazel sticks. He picks up one, hitihani kyAru vura ma-k tupikrukko'°r, tcaka'i tc kyu- he passes it through, he passes a 'AxAkya~n kunpaphi kkirihti Aiic, pe-kxaramkuniciuhaf va: hazel stick through it, slowly. yioea sdppa'a, mahri t kar ikxurar. ma-k t6-kfd-trabin. Paki-kam With that stick he rams out the Karu 'axatkya-nitc vura kunhip- 'uhramhipma'an va: ku-kam 'u- black nicotine. He starts from phmti'.5 4 Mahi-t vura kite kun- 'aravu-kti patupikrukko'°r, 'ip- the mouth end when he runs it ?A-mti kar ikxurar, 'axakyA-nnitc pankam kudk 'u'ikrukkuvuti'. through, he runs it through to- vura kite pakunhippamti'.

49 He also always lays his spoon down on his right. 63 By puffing into the mouthpiei 60 Like an ordinary cluck made to a horse. 64 Or kun?&-mti'. 61 Or patuh6-raha'ak. 62 They keep a little pile of the hazel sticks in the matimitc by the wall.

__ dERICAN ETHNOLOGY [BULL. 94 HARRINGTON] TOBACCO AMONG THE KARUK INDIANS 199 a- (SMOKING PROCEDURE OF THE Xas va: kuna kfiukam passhrip ward the top. Then he takes FATAVENNAN) tu'axaytcakkic kite 'uhramippan- hold of the stick at that end, at kath. 'Ar u'iftakank6 tti'. 'Im- the bowl end of the pipe. It is a- When the fatavennan is going xaOakk6'em. Tcaka'P mite vura sticky. It smells strong. He iri to light his pipe, he then first tu'ifydruricuk passafip 'ippan- pulls the hazel stick out slowly [c- takes off his belt, he rolls it up, kami. Picci tc patu'iOyiirucuk from the bowl end. As soon as k he ties it with the tie-thongs, he passhinp, kari 'ak tup OEkif. FA-t he pulls it out, he throws it into in lays it down beside him on the vur ukikkye'0c. Karixas 'apmhnn- the fire. It might get on some- p- ground, beside him on his right mf-k tuphffutsur pa'idhaf, su? thing. Then he puffs out the u- he lays it down. Then he kneels patd-ppitcas pa'fuhat.A3 Xas nicotine, the little pieces of nico- m on the ground, he puts his tobacco hhuppak 'a? tupikndpnup, tca- tine that still are in there. Then a in the pipe, he lights the pipe, ka'i mite vfifa. he taps it out [by hitting the pipe then he smokes. bowl] on a piece of wood, slowly. VaA vdra kite pakunkupe kyag- That's all they do, then it will a- (HOW THEY RAM THE NICOTINE hiti', va: khri tayav. Vura u~m be all right. They never wash it 1'- OUT OF THE PIPE WITH A piOxa-htihap. Va: with water. That's the only HAZEL STICK) pu'iccahAmum-k vura kite payhv kunkupapik- way they clean it, by ramming 'k When they use a pipe a long yA hiti', pakunikfutrflofunati the nicotine out with the hazel c- time to smoke with, it gets pa'fihaf passaripmd'uk. stick. ,r nicotine inside. It makes a Paxxhra takunih6 raravaha~k When they use a pipe for n. clucking noise tl' tl' when a po hra m, va: kari sdkam taxikki smoking a long time, the stone d- person smokes it. It does not pe kkY6'or. 'Ikky6&rakam su? pipe bowl gets rough inside. n, taste good. He says: "How bad 'u'i nkydti pa'ihat, viri va: paxik- The nicotine gets burned on a, it tastes, it is nicotiny." The ki su?, 'umtaktatkpaOti'. Te k- inside the stone pipe bowl and , pipe is stopped up, the smoke xaramkunic sdkam kaiu. 'fppan so it gets rough inside: it gets can not come out. He says: karu kunic to mtakta kpaO pe k- pitted. It gets black inside, too. "It is stopped up." kY6o'r, pataxxaraha'ak. Also the end surface of the stone i- Then he spills the tobacco out, pipe bowl is somewhat pitted, ;t he spills it onto his hand, he when it has been (used for) a I, does not care if it is hot. Then long time. a- he hunts a hazel stick, in the i- sweathouse inside in the matimitc 6. Pahd t kunkupittihanik sup- (THEIR DAILY LIFE AND HOW THEY - there is a [little] pile of rammers, pA-hak, pahd-t kunkupe h6Ta- SMOKED) p- hazel sticks. He picks up one, hitihani kyaru vfifa i- he passes it through, he passes a 'AxAkya~n kunpaphi kkirihti They sweat themselves twice IA hazel stick through it, slowly. y600a suppa"', mahint kar ikxurar. a day, in the morning and in the ,n With that stick he rams out the Karu 'axbkyA nitc vura kunhip- evening. And they eat twice a 1- black nicotine. He starts from pamti'. 4 Mah?-t vura kite kun- day, too. They eat only in the - the mouth end when he runs it ?hamti kar ikxurar, 'axakyA nnitc forenoon and evening; it is only '. through, he runs it through to- vura kite pakuniippamti'. twice that they eat.

>n down on his right. 63 By puffing into the mouthpiece. e to a horse. 64 Or kun?&mti'. e hazel sticks in the matimite by the 200 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY tEsL. 9 HARRINOTON] TOBACCO AMONG THE YfiOa vura mahr-t t6 kfuiksip One gets up early in the sweat- 5 Vura 'u~m teimitc vura paku- 'ikmahhtcra'^m, to kvAttai.' Va; house, he goes for sweathouse nihe-rati mahRi-t vura patakun- th 'u~m 'fcki~t pahitfha~n 'uikva -tti- wood. It is lucky to be packing 8 6 paphi kk1rlhmaraha' k. Karu vu- su ha'ak. 6 'U~m vura tuv6-nsip kar sweathouse wood all the time. ra patakunphmvaraha'ak, tcf-mitc on ukvitharahiti vdfa. Vura puxu- He goes out when all are asleep vura kitc 'u~mkun pehe-rAtihan- sn tihara: "Kiri kunIh-pdn'ma, pa- yet. He does not want anybody sah1I. taniv6 nsip." to know when he goes out. In the evening they all come Karixas takuniruhapsip pa- Then when he comes with the back. Sometimes they come th t6-kvatti6. Yi; vura takunipOit- sweathouse wood, all jump up. back one by one, and sometimes gc ti hivrik po-xrarati pato-kvAttt- They hear him far away as he in bunch. And sometimes some- fo crih~a'k. ThrApAkkam pat6-k- cries coming downslope with the body comes over to visit them, sli vattic. Xas yfOfa 'fn kunaxay- sweathouse wood. He comes when they come back. They tk ri-nkyuti pa'ahup 'ikmahatcra;m with the sweathouse wood to the know what time supper is going m su?, 'itcammahitc poyuruvr-evfi- hatchway. Then one takes the to come. ti ti'. Tcatik vura tapfiffa~t pa- wood from inside, taking it in Patakumphmvaraha'ak, va; gl 'ahup. Karixas takuniphi-kkifi. from on top a stick at a time. kari vura takunifyukfippi-ovh ti K6-vdra tAssu? pa'ahup, pe-kma- Then there is no more wood pa'avansas. Ka-kkum takunik- h- hatcramhhup, 'iphiriha'ahup, [outside]. Then they sweat. All rfhan'va, karu ka-kkum vura miftta'.5' Va; vura hitfha~n xh;t the wood is inside, the sweathouse fat vura kuma'i'i pakunifyuk- p 'axxak pa'xra~r kunikvattic, va; wood, sweating wood, fir limbs. kuti', ka-kkum mairuk, ka-k- p vura k6 vura kuniphi-kkirihti'. It is the rule that even if two kum maruk pakunifyudkkuna-ti'. o different Indians pack in sweat- Pa'asiktava;nsa karu 'u~mkun h house wood [separately], they all 'ahup takunturan'va, ('avansa o have to sweat each time. 'u~m vura pu'ahup 'ikya-ttihh- b Patakunpaphi kkirimAraha Zak, When they finish sweating, nilk), karu ha-ri fa-t vu'ra takun- kumaxxara xas pakun'a-mti', 'i n- then quite a while afterwards ?dpvAn'vA, karu hA-ri fa-t vura na k xas pakunh-mti'. Va; kari- they eat, in the living house they takunikya-n'va, takunikya-nva xas pamahitnihhtcav kunlf-m- eat. Then they eat breakfast, fa-t vuira ha-ri, karu fa-t hA-ri ti', pa'avhnnihitc to-kr6-ha~k when the sun is somewhat high. takunhppivar. pakku-sra'. Va; kunimmyuisti They watch the sun. Pa'avansa vura 'u~m va; hit'- pakku sra'. ha~n po-hrd;m kuneOti'. Vura li ss This verb, lit. to pack on the shoulder, is the old expression used pu'ipch-mkirihtihap, po-hra-m. v of a man performing the sacred and luck-bringing chore of getting HA-ri vura va; 'apun to-krf-c, 91 sweathouse wood. He steals out of the sweathouse at dawn, goes up tuh6'er, po vdrAyvuhtihha'1k. Ka- i the mountain side, cuts branches from fir trees enough to make a ru ka-kkum 'u~mkun pfiffa;t karu t shoulder load, incidentally trimming the trees through his daily raids vuramukunAhra'am. 'Ikmahatc- s into ornamental shapes which are seen from afar, brings the load ra~m xas kunimyi mmahti pe- ' downslope crying a lamentful hinuw8- which helps to wake the he'er. already rousing rancheria, and tosses his branches beside the sweat- 'Ikxurar xas k6-vura takunpav- ' house hatchway. Much more complete texts have been obtained on yihuk. HA-ri 'itcammahitc vura E this subject than the present text which purposes only the descrip- pakunlIppakti', karu ha-ri ta-yva- ( tion of tobacco usage. van vura. Karu ha-ri 'akara 66 Cp. the prsn. 'IkvAtta'an, name of a younger brother of Snepax vura 'f-n takinipmahvAkkira'1, pa-. (Mrs. Benny Tom), mg. getter of sweathouse wood. takunphvyihukaha'ak. Vura ku- ' 67Or mitahthhup.

P_ MERICAN ETHNOLOGY [BULL. 91 HABRGNOTON] TOBACCO AMONG THE KARUK INDIANS 201 ;ip One gets up early in the sweat- Vura They do not smoke much in ,a; house, he goes for sweathouse 'u~m te-mitc vura paku- the morning when they finish ti- wood. nihe-rati mahi-t vura patakun- It is lucky to be packing sweating. And after the meal, .ar sweathouse wood all the time. paphi kkfrlhmarahA'1k. Karu vu- ra patakunphmvaraha'ak, tefmitc only very few are the ones that 1- He goes out when all are asleep smoke. ta- yet. He does not want anybody vura kite 'u~mkun peh-rAtih.An- sA. to know when he goes out. In the evening they all When they finish eating, then ,a- Then when he comes with the come back. the men travel around. Some It- sweathouse wood, all jump up. Sometimes they come back go fishing, and some go around bf- They hear him far away as he one by one, and sometimes in bunch. And for various things, and some up- k- cries coming downslope with the sometimes some- body comes over to visit slope, some go upslope. And y- sweathouse wood. He comes them, when they come back. the women go to get wood (the m with the sweathouse wood to the They know men never made wood) and some- d- hatchway. Then one takes the what time supper is going to come. times go digging, and sometimes a- wood from inside, taking it in Patakumpamvaraha'ak, go picking, picking they go some- i. from on top a stick at a time. vaA kari vura takunifyukuppi-Ovh times, and sometimes they go a- Then there is no more wood pa'kvansaA. Kh kkum takunik- hunting something. 5, [outside]. Then they sweat. All The man always packs the it the wood is inside, the sweathouse rihan'va, karu kh-kkum vura fat vura kumA'i'i pakunifydk- pipe. He never leaves it, that t wood, sweating wood, fir limbs. kuti', kA-kkum mhfuk, kh k- pipe. Sometimes he sits down It is the rule that even if two kum maruk pakunifyuikkuna on the ground and smokes, when different Indians pack in sweat- ti'. Pa'asiktavkAnsa kiru 'u~mkun he is traveling around. But some house wood [separately], they all 'Ahup takuntdran'va, ('avansa of them have no pipe. They have to sweat each time. Yu~m viira pu'ahup 'ikyA ttila- bum a smoke in the sweathouse. , When they finish sweating, nik), karu ha ri fa-t vura takun- then quite a while afterwards ?(ipvAn'vA, karu hl-ri fA-t they eat, in the living house they vdra takunikyA n'va, takunikya nva - eat. Then they eat breakfast, fat vfira ha ri, karu faMt hl-ri i when the sun is somewhat high. i They watch the sun. takunAppivar. Pa'avansa vura 'u~m va: hit'- Then they sweat again. They ha~n po hrAom kunIeoti'. Vura know when, they watch the sun, shoulder, is the old expression used pu'ipca-mkirihtihap, po-hrf-m. when it sets then they sweat. and luck-bringing chore of getting HA-ri vura va: 'a-pun to-krf-c, The time they sweat themselves of the sweathouse at dawn, goes up tuht'6r, po vurA yvutihA'^k. Ka- is just at sunset. They watch Usfrom fir trees enough to make a ru ka-kkum 'u~mkun pififa~t karu the sun. That is the time they ing the trees through his daily raids vuramukun ldhra'am. 'Ikmah&tc- sweat themselves, at sunset. re seen from afar, brings the load ra~m xas kunfmyuimmAhti pe- Then they bathe. Then they :inuw6- which helps to wake the htler. stay around outside a while. sses his branches beside the sweat- 'Ikxurar xas k6-vura takunpav- The hot air is going around in- mplete texts have been obtained on yihuk. HA'ri 'itcammahitc vura side. They wait for it to get b which purposes only the descrip- pakun lppakti', karu ha ri ta-yvi- cooled off inside. Then they van vuia. Karu hanri 'akara go into the sweathouse again for me of a younger brother of Snepax vura 'i n takinipmahvakkira'a, pa- a while, when it gets cooled off. sweathouse wood. takunpavyihukaha"'k. Vura ku- They are waiting again as it is -U----

202 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [BULL. 94 BARRINGTON] TOBACCO AMONG THE napfinmuti pakkari xas ik pa- getting dark, as it is just getting hhtcra~m kA, kunpavyi hme'ec, g( kun ?ve'ec.65 dark. 'ivyihrupdkra'am.o0 Kdkku~m 'ik tf Puya vaA kari kdkku~m takuni- After they sweat they do not xurar xara xas vura pakunb-mti', is phi-kkifi. Kun?&-pdnmuti pak- smoke. Some of them may 'ikxurar, pamukunhikxurarh'a4. ti kari, kunimmyfisti pakki-sra', smoke a little. Sometimes one Vura t6-kxarhmni~k vuira kari al patuvakkuriha'ak, va: kari pa- man is in the sweathouse all the pakunh-mti', karivari vura kun- al kuniphi-kkirihti'. Va: kari pa- time making string. Sometimes ?h-mti'. Xas xara vura pakun- kuniphi-kkirihti', yan vur'uvhk- he takes a smoke. The time ?avc-nti pakun?&Amti'. kurihti'. Pakku-sra va: kunim- that they smoke most is after Va: tapa~n khnn kun?8-0ti pa- mufvsti'. Va: kari patakuni- supper. mukuniThra~m pa'i-nnA-k ta- fi. phi-kiri payatn vur uvAkkfi- kunhippavar, va; pava: kuni- tl rihti. Xas takunpa-tvan'va. ht-re~c papicef-tc kunpamva- b Xas k6-mahitc 'f-kkyam takun- raha'ak. Va: kari takunpih8-- tl 8 pikrd-nti'. 'Imfir kyar uvATAy- rana'a, patakunpAmva' r. Va: tl vuti sA?. Kunikrfpnti kiri kyuinic xans vura hitiha~n kari taku- ei 'umsippic sui?. Karixas kdkku~m nih8'er. Kuntcu-phina-ti'. Mx k6-mahitc 'ikmahhtcra~m takun- Patakunphmvaraha"'k, papic- M pavyihiv'raO, pat6 msippic. Kuk- cf tc takunpaxuxxa-hva', pa'a'v- b ku~m kunikrd-nti pat6-kxaram- vansas. Taripa-nmd-k pa'iccaha n ha', pat6-kxanamhaya-tcha'. takunikta-mvaray'va, 'iOe-kriv- uN Va: 'u~m kari vura pu'ih8- Then they again go back in raom vura, pa'avansas vura kitc, ti ratihap, patakunpaphi-kkirima- the living house. The women patakunphmva'ar. 'Assipparax- ii rAh'ak. Ka-kkum vura nik know when it is time; they have xak kunte-kri-pvuiti' pa'iccaha', u 'u~mkun kunihe-rati te-mitc. everything fixed up. Then they patarfppa~n 'axyar takunikyav. 'I Ha-ri yifOa pa'ftra~r 'u~m vura eat, when it is just getting dark, Xas vaA 'apmhon 'axyar takunik- a hitiha~n 'ikmahhtcrabm 'uparic- that is when they eat their big yav pa'iccaha', xas val takun- M ri hvuiti'. Ha-ri tuh6'er. Va: meal, in the evening when it is paxuxxa hvh'.6 1 Karu h-ri ti-k- t kari papuxxwitc kunihe-rati 'ikxu- just getting dark. It is called mf-k 'apmhon takunpa-kkara- n raraphmva'ar. pavyihfuruikram, the time when vaOvana'a, ha-ri va: kunkupa- t Karixas kfikku~m patakun- it is just getting dark, when they piOxhhvA-nnahitihanik pamukun- fi phvyi-erik 'f nn.Ak. Pa'asikta- go over to eat. And the time ?hpma'8 n. Xas kukku~m vura o vansa vura kun?-pfinmuti when they will go back out, takunpipaxuxxa-hva kdikku~m, I pakkaritah, vura k6-vura takun- when they will go back to the 'axakya~n kunpipaxuxxa-hvudti'. v pikya-ruffip. Va: karixas kun- sweathouse again, is called iv- Karu ti-kkyan takunpfixku'u, ?A-mti t6-kxannamhat'c, va: yihrupdkram. Again in the even- 'amtap ?Avahkam patakunpak- kari pa'avakamfcci~p kun?~Amti', ing they spend a long time eat- xu .y'va, 'ahiiam. 'Anitappak 'ikxurar t6-kxannamhat'c. Vur ing, in evening, their supper. tu'irihkyu: pa'iccaha 'ahiram, 6ovfi-yti pavyihfur6kra'am,O9 pa- When it is night, they are still va: kunkupapbkxfi-yvahitihailik. to-kxannamhaft, patakunippa- eating, they are eating yet. It HAri va: maruk takunkl-ssip- varukaha'ak. Va: karu vur takes them a long time to eat. riv xunyep iifuxxa' karu h-r ( 6ovi-yti pakari kunphvyi-hra- They pack their pipe there into 60 Mg. the time when they come ou puke'ec, pakdkku~m 'ikma- the living house, too, when they 61 Squirting the water back and 11 Added in humor. They were great bummers of meals. with closed mouth, making a squirt 19 Mg. the time when they come back in. resonance is included in the connote

__ EDRICAN ETHNOLOGY [BULL. 94 HAIRRINGTON] TOBACCO AMONG THE KARUK INDIANS 203 - getting dark, as it is just getting hatcra~m kid, kunpavyi hm6'ec, go to supper, dark. so they can smoke 'ivyihrupukra'am. 6 0 Kukku~m 'ik the first thing after supper. It After they sweat they do not xurar xhra xas vidra pakunIa-mti', is then that they smoke, when - smoke. Some of them may 'ikxurar, pamukunikxurara'a4. they get through supper. It is smoke a little. Sometimes one Vura t&kxarhmni~k vdra kari almost invariable that they smoke * man is in the sweathouse all the pakunta-mti', karivAri vura kun- at that time. They talk. * time making string. Sometimes ?bmti'. Xas xara vura pakun- * he takes a smoke. The time ?avfrnti pakun h-mti'. that they smoke most is after Va. tapa~n k&an kun?8&Oti pa- When supper. they finish eating, the mukuni'ihra~m pa'f-nng-k ta- first thing the men do is to wash kunhippavar, vaA phvaA kuni- their mouths out. With a dipper he re~c papicci-tc kunpfmva- basket they pass around water, raha'ak. Va: kari takunpih&- through the whole living house, rana'", patakunpamva'ar. Va: the men only, when they finish xats vura hitiha~n kari taku- eating supper. They take the nih8'er. Kuntcu-phina-ti'. water out of a big bowl basket, Patakunpamvaraha'ak, papic- when they fill up the dipper ciOtc takunpaxuxxA-hva', pa'av- basket. Then they fill their vansas. Taripvunmd-k pa'iccaha mouths with water, then they takunikta-mvaray'va, 'iO-kriv- wash their mouths out. Some- Then they again go back in rh~m vura, pa'Avansas vura kite, times also they the living house. The women stick the finger patakunphmva'ar. 'Assippirax- into the mouth, sometimes know when it is time; they have they xak kunte-kri-pvuti' pa'iccaha', wash their mouths everything fixed up. Then they out that way. patarfppa~n 'axyir takunikyav. Then they wash eat, when it is just getting dark, the mouth out Xas va: 'apmhnn 'axyhr takunik- a second time; two that is when they eat their big times they yav pa'iccaha', xas va: takun- wash it out. And meal, in the evening when it is they spit it on paxuxxa hvh'.61 Karu ha-ri ti-k- their hands [the water just getting dark. It is called from the md-k 'apmh~n takunpa-kkara- mouth], it is over the ashes pavyihfurfikram, the time when that vaOvana"', hA-ri va: kunkupa- they wash it is just getting dark, when they their hands, at the piOxhhvA-nnahitihanik pamukun- fireplace. go over to eat. And The water spills down the time ?Apma'an. Xas kdkku~m vura when they will on the ashes at the fireplace. go back out, takunpipaxiuxxai-hva kdikku~m, when they will go That is the way they used to back to the 'axakya~n kunpipaxuxxa-hviuti'. sweathouse again, wash their hands off. is called iv- Karu ti-kkyan takunpdxku'u, yihrupukram. Again in the even- 'amtip ?ivahkam patakunpak- ing they spend a long time eat- xui y'va, 'ahifam. 'Amth.ppak ing, in evening, their supper. tu'irfhkyu: pa'iccaha 'ahiram, When it is night, they are still va: kunkupaphkxT1-yvahitihaiik. eating, they are eating yet. It HA-ri va: mhruk takund-ssip- Sometimes they pick up Tan takes them a long time to eat. riv xunyep ?ifuxxga karu hA-r Oak rotten wood or sometimes They pack their pipe there into the living house, too, when they 60 Mg. the time when they come out of the living house ('i'v, house). 61 Squirting the water back and forth through their closed teeth great bummers of meals. with closed mouth, making a squirting resonance. This action and back in. resonance is included in the connotation of the verb.

J r

204 BUREAU OF AME]R]1CAN ETHNOLOGY [BuLL. 94 HARRINGTON] TOBACCO AMONG THE I xanOip ifuxxg'&. Va: 'u~m tcan- black oak rotten wood. It is kuniptaxuyxu yva~n pa'ifuxxa- jus tca-fkAnic 62 paxunye p Lifuxx/a', white, the tan oak rotten wood, pa'asiktava-nsa', pa'ifnna-k vura the kuna 'u~m 'iOfripifuxxA- 'u~m but fir rotten wood is red, even paf&,t kunkupave nnahitiha'ak, doi 'a~xkid~ic, karu xa t6 xxA'at va: if it is rotten it is not good, it pupakxu yvidtihaP. wit vura 'u~m puyavhara, 'ar 'u'ifta- sticks to a person. The old Karu ha-ri vura pa'avansas kank6 tti'. Va: vura kunsanmo -t- women always pack home some tapupakxu-yvap, va: vura kitc do 4 ti paxunye p ifuxxg- 'attimna- tan oak rotten wood in the takuntaxuyxuy mf-k pa'ifuxxVa'," jus mid-k hitfhabn pake vnikkkitcsA, openwork pack basket. They patakunya vha~k pe-h&'er. wo pavura ha-ri vurava maruk ta- pack it into the house, they to kunlffyuk, 'i nng kunsanmo-ti' keep them in the living house, %Ta: kbrixas patakunihe rana'a, va: vura 'i-nna-k kunta-rahiti', they keep them in the corner patakunpaxuxahvaya-tcha pamu- ha' kixximnipa: kunta-rahiti', va: of the living house, where the kunApma'an. Va: 'u~m yav pata- wa pasbppi kYaru kan 'u'itcapko-- poker stick is stood up too. kunihe raha'ak, pu'avaha 'akka- it hiti'. Pfva: kupittihansaA, ta~y The ones that do that way tihaia, pa'ipa takunpiOxahyA-tc- th 65 kyaru vura mukunhvaha', k6 vu- [that bring home rotten oak hat pamukunta&pma'&n. ra k6- kunta-rahitti', k6-vura k8- wood] have lots of food, they Va: kuma'i'i pa'hra~r vuha- kuma'fiup karu kunta-rahiti'. have all kinds of things, they ye pcahaAik, papuxxwitc kun- go, Phva: kunkupa'arA/rahitiha'1k, have all kinds of belongings. piex&-htihanik pamukun Ikpma'an. th viri va: takunpi-p 'ararahitihayav If they do that way, then they Karu peh8-rah6-kpihan kunihe- th say they are living well. ratihafiik, va: karu kuma'i'i pavu- th Xas patakunpakxii-yvamara- Then when they are through hayt-peAhAblk. 'Axxa kumai'i go ha'8 k, 'ahinamti-m'mitc, xas kix- washing their hands, by the fire- pavuhay6-pc5hAik, pdxay vuhak rel xamnipa kudk tu'fm, yiO0a 'u~m place, then he goes over to the 'imfirahitihAphaiik. Ha-ri vuh di vura, tu'f ssip pa'ifuxx,4a, xas corner, one of them does, picks up takunehfak, va: xas vura kari tit va: tu'ayi hvana'h, pa'ifuxxVa'. the rotten wood, and hands it to vuha kunimfirahitihailik. an Xas yO00a 'u~m vuira tu'Axxay, them, the rotten wood. Then ac karixas to pOivxuyxuiyva~n 6 'ap- one takes it, then he rubs it Karixas 'ikmahbtcra~m takun- manti m'mitc, karu ti kyaA, to-p- on himself at his mouth and on pikvi-tphn'va, pa'avansas, pa- in Oivfi-pctir pa'Asxa'ay, pu'ihe-ra- his hands, he dries the wet off, 'avansax1ittitcas karu vura. Plc- th tihap pa'aOkuritkitcha'ak 'apman- they do not smoke when they ci~p vura 'inna-k karu kunihe-- in ti'lm. are greasy about the mouth. rati G6 'i6A9n, patakunpamvara- fii Ha-ri paxx6 ttcitcha'ak vura Sometimes if it is soft, they ha'ak, xas kdkku~m 'ikmahatc- sv takunhixavsuiru'u, karixas 'a~k ta- break some off, then they throw ra~m takunihe rana'a, papicci-tc gE kunixyA kkirihvA' patakunk6-- it in the fire when they get takunivyihivra 6. Ha-ri karu S( ha"'k. Kuna vura pasakri-vha-k through. But if it is hard, the vura kuyraik po-hranm papura-n pi pa'ifuxx'a', 'u~m vura va: md- rotten wood, they merely rub kuni01i hvuitl petkmahntcra~m w kitc takuntaxuyxuy. it on. patta yvAvanha'8 k. HA-ri vura Si Ha-ri vura va: kitc mt-k ta- Sometimes the women folks tAya~n kunpehe-rati. Xas ku- ti nikvi-thinati. Vura 'u~m xara T 62 Once Camp Creek Johnny's wife and Camp Creek Sam's wife, when camping at Ishipishrihak in the salmon catching season, met a 64 Or pa'ifuxxA.hmA'uk instead of m little half-breed girl and called her 'ifuxxV'a, thinking of the white 65 Cp. pu'ihe-ratihap pa'aokuritkit looking rotten oak wood, because of her fair appearance. The word smoke when they are greasy about th was used almost as a nickname. 66 Better than kunihe-rana-ti here 63 Or to-ptaxuyxdyva"'n. there are smoking in the sweathouse. 6304403216 I

ERICAN ETHNOLOGY (BULL. 94 HARRINGTON] TOBACCO AMONG THE KARUK INDIANS 205 i- black oak rotten wood. It is kuniptaxuyxiu-yva~n pa'ifuxxa- just wipe themselves off with i, white, the tan oak rotten wood, pa'asiktAva nsa', pa'Pnng-k vura the rotten wood when they are n but fir rotten wood is red, even pafhJt kunkupavt-nnahitiha'ak, doing something in the house, * if it is rotten it is not good, it pupakxii*yvdtihap. without washing their hands. sticks to a person. The old Karu ha-ri vura pa'avansas And sometimes the men folks women always pack home some tapupakxd-yvap, vaA vura kitc do not wash their hands, they tan oak rotten wood in the takuntaxiyxuy midak pa'ifuxxa'a, 64 just wipe them off with the rotten , openwork pack basket. They patakunya vha~k pe heIer. wood, when they are anxious pack it into the house, they to take a smoke. v' keep them in the living house, Vra. khrixas patakuniht.rana"', Then they smoke, after they , they keep them in the corner patakunpaxuxahvhyA tcha pamu- have washed their mouths. That of the living house, where the kuntpma'an. VaA 'u~m yav pata- way it is good when they smoke, poker stick is stood up too. kunihe raha"'k, pu'hvaha 'fikka- it does not taste of food, when r The ones that do that way tihara, pa'ipa takunpiOxahbyatc- they wash their mouths all out. [that bring home rotten oak hAt pamukunapma'an.6 5 wood] have lots of food, they VaA kumLi'i pa'&ra~r vuha- That is why the people had have all kinds of things, they ye pcAhAiuk, papuxxwitc kun- good teeth, because they rinsed have all kinds of belongings. p1Oxahtihanik pamukun ihpma"'n. their mouths out strongly. And z If they do that way, then they Karu peht-rah6-kpihan kuniht-- they smoked the strong tobacco, say they are living well. ratihaiik, vaA karu kumb,'i'i pavu- that also was why they had - Then when they are through haye peAhiik. 'Axxa kum&'i'i good teeth. There were two - washing their hands, by the fire- pavuhayppeAhi~ik, puixay vdhak reasons why they had good teeth, 1 place, then he goes over to the 'imfirshitihtphafilk. HT-ri vuh did not have toothaches. Some- corner, one of them does, picks up takunehiak, vaA xas vura kari times they would crack a tooth, the rotten wood, and hands it to vuha kunimfirbhitihAAIk. and then they would have tooth- them, the rotten wood. Then ache. - one takes it, then he rubs it Karixas 'ikmahfttcra~m takun- Then they go over to sleep - on himself at his mouth and on pikvi tpan'va, pa'avansas, pa- in the sweathouse, the men, and his hands, he dries the wet off, 'avansaxi ttitcAs karu vufa. Pic- the boys, too. They smoke once they do not smoke when they ci~p vura 'i-nnA-k kara kuniht- in the living house, when they are greasy about the mouth. rati 66 'iOA'Ln, patakunphmvara- finish supper, and again in the L Sometimes if it is soft, they ha'ak, xas kidkku~m 'ikmahatc- sweathouse they all smoke to- break some off, then they throw ra~m takuniht rana'a, papicci-tc gether, when they first go in. * it in the fire when they get takunivyihivra 6. HA-ri karu Sometimes three pipes are being through. But if it is hard, the vura kuyrhok po hratm papurln passed around in the sweathouse rotten wood, they merely rub kunhii9i-hvitl pe kmahhtcra~m when there are many present. it on. patta yvhvanha'8 k. HA-ri vura Sometimes they smoke many Sometimes the women folks taya~n kunpeht-rati. Xas ku- times. Then they go to sleep. nikvi thinhAl'. Vura 'uam xhra They talk a long time in the wife and Camp Creek Sam's wife, i the salmon catching season, met a 64 Or pa'ifuxxhhmfn'uk instead of meek pa'ifuxxVa'. ler 'ifuxxA'a, thinking of the white 85 Cp. pu'ih-ratihap pa'aokuritkitcha~k 'apmanti'Im, they do not Nof her fair appearance. The word smoke when. they are greasy about the mouth, p. 204. 68 Better than kunih8-rana-ti here for there are not as many as there are smoking in the sweathouse. 63044032l1 206 BUREAU OF AME]BiRLICAN ETHNOLOGY [BULL. 94 HARRMOTON] TOBACCO AMONG THE kuntcu phina ti 'ikmahhtcra'am, sweathouse, and sometimes they mhar, kari tupiOxup pa'ahitam. ba karu ha-ri kunpakuri-hvanati'. sing. Some of them compose Xas kari y6-ram kfiik tu'i pma', he Kunikya-vana-ti pakkuri ka-k- songs. It is in the night that tupikvi-tpa'. ba kum 'Amkun. 67 'Ikxaram paku- they make their songs, and some- TI nikya-tti pamukunpakkuri, karu times up on the mountains. ya ha-ri marukniAay. Kunipitti va: kari pa'apurfiva~n kunma htihaAik pe-kxaram paku- dE A. Pahdut mi takunpiht'er, karu (HOW THEY WENT BACK TO SMOKE nifyfikkutihaiik, pakunpatvan- ar hA-ri mi takunpa-tvai, pata- OR WENT TO BATHE, WHEN THEY k6-tihAdilk.7 0 u( pu'ikvi thapha'ak COULD NOT GO TO SLEEP) Kunipitti 'ar o-kvi-thiti patu- They say that a person gets B. Pahd-t kunkupe-h8-rahitiha- ht rAh.a'k. Va: vura mit hitiha~n sleepy when he smokes. They nik pe-mpa-k, pa'&vansassi:n takunih8 rana'a, patcimi kunik- always smoke before they go to takunpikma ntunvaha'ak vi thina vicahA'ak,68 pe-kmahatc- bed, in the sweathouse. Then he VaA xas 'hvansa pe-mphr~k ra'am. Karixas tukupapikvi-tpa goes to sleep good, after he has 'u'hh6otihbak, pehf -rah&kpihan tr pa'Ara'ar, pa'ipa tupih8-fat. smoked. 'ussA nvfitihA'8 k, va: xas '§vans w Ha-ri yi00a puyav kupc kvita- Sometimes one of them does upxus punicvAinnati', 'avir up- is hitihara. Tcatik vura t6-pv6onsip, not sleep well. Then he gets up mah6nk6onnAt1'.72 Te-kittam tl tupu'ikvikthAfa, hA-ri pihnf-ttcitc, again, he can not go to sleep, '1pun kunhinnf crihe'en, taku- gi va: kari t6-pta max pa'a'ah, 'uh- sometimes an old man, so he then nippu n'vh. 'U~m vura pa'a- nm tatvArArAmd'uk. Va: kari 'ahi- stirs up the [banked] fire, with the vansa 'ukmfrihivrikaha' 8k, vur b ramti~m tupikri-c, 'imnak to-tta-t- tobacco-lighting poker. Then he 'uhMre~c xas ik 'u'&ho-4ic. Vur ai var. Karixas tupiht'er. Karixas sits down by the fireplace, he puts uxxuiti: "NuhUre~c xas ik nu'a- ti patupiht-rArhAr, yo-ram kliAk a fire coal on his pipe. Then he h6o-ic." VaA xas uxxuti: "Na: Ir tu'ipma'. Karixas t6ppa-ssic. smokes. Then when he finishes 'avansa'" phv okupittiha'ak. smoking, he goes back to the Pappicef-tc purhon takunikmh- yoram. Then lies back down rihivrikaha~k 'avanshssi"n, te-k- t] again. ?Ittam yiO~a pa'avansa 'upfhe~n: a PasakrivArA rh"a'k, patapu'ik- When it is a husky person, when "Tcimi 'A-pun." 73 Te-kittam rI vi th&'ak, va: 'unm saruk t6-ppa-t- he can not go to sleep, he goes to kuninnf crihe'en, takunippiu3n'vA. rn var 'ick8-ccak. Tu'Arihkyaf. Xas bathe downslope in the river. Karixas yiOoa pamu'fihra~m tu- h tu'ippak, t6pv-rfivrAO tcaka'f He jumps in. Then he comes '8-erlrcak. " Tcim akkitc 74 nu- h mite kiAhic, vura-kkirak t6-pvo-ni back, he comes back inside with hf en," to-ppi-p. Xas payioa 'f-n h tcaka'ftc kfilic.69 Kari xas 'ahi- slow motion, down the ladder he takunihivrik to ppi p: "Teim si ramti~m kdik tu'ilin. Karixas comes with slow motion. Where- akkitc." Xas pamu'dhra~m tu- I va: katn t6*pta-max pa'a'ah. upon he goes to the fireplace. 'a-hka'. Karixas tuhb'er, 'u~m s Karixas tuh8'er. Xas kfikku~m Then he stirs up the fire there. picci~p vura tuhe'er. K6-vura t tuploxup pa'ahiram, patupih8-ra- Then he takes a smoke. Then he va: kunkupitti' pfcci~p kunih8-- p 67 Most of the songs composed are pi niknikkYaP, kick-dance songs, 7 0 Or pakunp,-tvutihahik, when th but occasionally other songs are composed mainly by working 71 I. e., witch-doctors. together parts of various songs. 72 He feels like a thousand dollar "I Many Indians still have this custom, using White man tobacco. dictating this text. 69 One sees his wet body coming down the roof hatchway with the 73 Or: teimi mat8'Apun, let's sit d greatest deliberation. 74 In slow tempo: tcimmi 'akkitc.

F_ ERICAN ETHNOLOGY [BULL. 94 HARRINOTON] TOBACCO AMONG THE KARUK INDIANS 207

1, sweathouse, and sometimes they rhar, kari tupioxup pa'ahlfam. banks the fireplace again, when '. sing. Some of them compose Xas kari y6-ram kduk tu'pipma', he finishes smoking, it is then he i- songs. It is in the night that tupikvi-tpa'. banks up the fireplace again. t- they make their songs, and some- Then he goes back over to the u times up on the mountains. yoram, he goes back to sleep. Kunipitti va; kari pa'apurflva;n They say that they used to see kunmh htihaAik pe-kxaram paku- devils,71 when they used to travel WENT BACK TO SMOKE U (HOW THEY nifyukkutihaiiik, pakunpatvan- around in the night, when they WENT TO BATHE, WHEN THEY OR k6otihAiik.7 0 used to go to bathe. COULD NOT GO TO SLEEP) USED TO SMOKE ON They say that a person gets B. Pahd-t kunkupe-ht-rahitiha- (HOW THEY a sleepy when he smokes. They nik pe-mpd-k, pa'hvansdssi;n THE TRAIL WHEN TWO MEN always smoke before they go to takunpikmi .ntunvaha'ak MET EACH OTHER) bed, in the sweathouse. Then he Va; xas 'Avansa pe-mph;k When a man is traveling on the a goes to sleep good, after he has 'u'Ah6 tihV'k, peh6rah6-kp1han trails, and has strong tobacco smoked. 'ussA nvftih~a'k, va; xas '&vans with him, he thinks so much he Sometimes one of them does upxus punievAnnAti', 'a~vhr up- is a man, he feels high up. Then i, not sleep well. Then he gets up mah6nk6onnAt1' .72 Te-khittam they always sit down on the , again, he can not go to sleep, 'A-pun kunhinniScrihe'en, taku- ground, they rest. Whenever he - sometimes an old man, so he then nippuin'vA. 'U;m vura pa'h- meets a man, he has to smoke - stirs up the [banked] fire, with the vansa 'ukmbrihivrikaha'ak, vur before he travels. He thinks: "I - tobacco-lighting poker. Then he 'uh8re;c xas ik 'u'Vhovic. Vur am going to treat him before we s sits down by the fireplace, he puts uxxdti: "Nuh-re;c xas ik nu'h- travel." He thinks: "I am a 3 a fire coal on his pipe. Then he hU-4ic." Va; xas uxxuiti: "Na; man " when he does that. smokes. Then when he finishes 'Avansa' " phv o kupittiha'ak. smoking, he goes back to the Pappicef-tc purf;.n takunikmh- When two men first meet on yoram. Then lies back down rihivrikaha;k 'avanskssi"n, te-k- the trail, then one of the men again. hittam yiO0a pa'hvansa 'uphhe;n: always says: "Let's sit down." - When it is a husky person, when "Teimi 'A-pun ." 73 Te-khittam Then they always sit down, they - he can not go to sleep, he goes to kuninntfcrihe'en, takunippfi-n'vh. rest. Then one of them takes out s bathe downslope in the river. Karixas yieoa pamu'dhra;m tu- his pipe. "Friend, let's smoke," - He jumps in. Then he comes '&8OricUk. "Tcim Akkitc 74 nu- he says. Then the other answers i back, he comes back inside with h9'en," to-ppi-p. Xaspayieea'f-n him and says: "Friend, let's - slow motion, down the ladder he takunhihivrik toTppTp: "Tcim smoke." Then he lights his pipe. 3 comes with slow motion. Where- Akkitc." Xas pamu'ihra;m tu- Then he smokes, he himself . upon he goes to the fireplace. 'a-hka'. Karixas tuht'er, 'u;m smokes first. All [the men] do ' Then he stirs up the fire there. picci~p vura tuh ler. K6-vdra that way, smoke first before they - Then he takes a smoke. Then he va; kunkupitti' picci~p kuniht- pass it. Then he passes it to

are pi niknikkyaf, kick-dance songs, 70 Or pakunpa tvutihafiik, when they used to bathe. tre composed mainly by working 7" I. e., witch-doctors. 72 He feels like a thousand dollars, Fritz Hanson volunteered in -ustom, using White man tobacco. dictating this text. g down the roof hatchway with the 73 Or: tcimi matt'a pun, let's sit down for a while. 74 In slow tempo: tcimmi '1kkitc. 208 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [B=LI. 94 HARRINGTON] TOBACCO AMONG TE rati', karixas takunfOOi'. Ka- that one he has met. Then he ka'&n. Nanixukka mit, ni'attivfiti rixas tu'fOWi pa'ip ukmarihivri- smokes in turn, he is being treated. pananu'amkI-n'va. YIfv, yilv kyaf. Karixas tuht-r 'dpa'an, He smokes in turn the same pipe. karuk panu'ah6oti', yilv panu'uim- takunheo0i'. VaA vura kuma- Then they finish smoking. mo-ti yi60a sdppa'a. YiAv pavaA 'ihra~m patuhe-r 'fipa'an. Xas kann va'u~m yi66a suippa'a, Pa- takunko-ha pakunihtTati'.78 namni~k va'aramsi p, pa'ar u'atti- Karixas yif0a 'dpa~n pamu- Then the other one in turn vTitiha'ak. 'Umukwitcmahitc pa- 'uhra~m tu' -0ricuk. Karixas takes out his pipe. He treats nu'a~ho-ti' po pitti': "Tcimi nu- 'dpa~n tu'i10i', pa'ipa 'i n kun- him back, the one who has treated pu n'vi. Tcim nihe re ec."1 Puya hioihat. 'Upa~n to pe'er: "Teirn him. He says to him in turn: va: kari tuht'er. Tce-myhtcva ihe-ri nhpa~n pananihe-raha'." "You would better smoke my po-he-rati', 'apxanti tceimydrieri- To-ppi-p: "Tcim akkitc 'ipa~n tobacco." He says: "Friend, I har vura p6-hrf-vti'. 'Ahupas- nu'i9oi'." Xas 'u~m piccip am going to treat you back." sipak mit po-mahya-nnahitihat tuh6'er. 'U~m karu vura vaA Then he smokes it himself first. pamukun 'ahikya *r Pa'apxantin- to-ku-pha', picci~p tuh~eor. Ka- He does the same way, smokes nihitc, va: k6,k po *' -6that 'ahup- rixas 'dpa~n tu'i00i' 'ipa '1n kun- first. Then he gives it in turn to ?assipak. Na: va: kari tanni'av hfflihat picci'1p. Xas to-ppi-p: the one that has treated him first. pananu'amki-n'va pakari po-h8-- "Y&ehwh, 'iffakitc 'akkat pa- Then he says: "Well, friend, your rAtihah'k. Xara vura puhb-rT-nti', mihe-raha'." Xas payiO6 uppifp: tobacco is strong." Then the hitihan vura pato kri criha'ak pa- "Yo-kite 76 pd-hafa." To-pvas- other one says: "Well, friend, tuhe raha'ak. 'U~m vura putcu'p- surar. T6-ksahatc pato-kpi-p: no." He denies it. He kind of hitihara patuhe riha'ak, xara xas "Yo6 kitc pd-hafa." Xas takun- smiles as he says: "Well, friend, vura po-pu-hyanati'. Su? kunic pihe-ramhar. Pay609a pamu'uh- no." Then they are through puffa-th 6 kri'", 'ikpihan pehtTr- ra~m to-pOhr'i. Viri 'u'-mtahik smoking. He gives back the ha'. Karixas to-pi-p: "Tc6-ra, su? upiyu nvire'ec, p6-xni chiti other fellow's pipe. He can hard- tcimi nu'ippahu'u.'' pamutti"k. K6Av ikpihan pa- ly put it back in the sack, his Va: mit ne pe ntihha: "Xay muhe-raha'. Kar upakatka-ti hand trembles. His tobacco is fa~t 'iccah e'i-cti' pe-mpa-k pe`'a- pamupma n'nak. so strong. He is tasting it yet ho tiha'^k. Puhari 78 vur icpuk in his mouth. mahM-caiA,79 pa'iccaha ta~y 'i'ic- Xara kunih6-rd-nti'. Xara It takes them a long while to tiha'8 k." Xfrs ik vura va: pu- xas kunpihe-ramarati'. Karixas smoke. It takes them a long na'icce cara pa'iccaha' pani'ah- takunpifp: "Tceih, tcim akkitc time to finish. Then they say: tiha'ak tcatik vudra va: yinv tani- nu'ahu'u. Tcfm akkitc 'im kyar "All right, let's travel. You 'fim. Pamitva nifi'i-ctihat Ap- uWahu'u, karu naA teimi kyan- would better travel, and I am su~n pamdtcfiupha'.80 Patani'd-m- ?ahu'u. Tcim akkitc kuya-p- going to travel, too. Then, maha'ak, xas xuras 81 tani'ic. kuhi'." friend, good-bye." Va: 'u~m pu'ara ku'ittihaia. Xaot a. Pahf-t mit 'ukupe-he-rahitihat (HOW MY DECEASED UNCLE USED 78 Or: puharixa'. 'impa-k mitva 7' nanixukkaih TO SMOKE ON THE TRAIL) 79 Lit. see. 80 His word. Kuyrakya~n mit karuk nupi- Three times I made a trip 81Xuras, water with a very littl4 yl-ramat 'Ayi Orih 'Apsu~n xak- upriver with my uncle Snake xul-n, acorn soup, -'as, water. A. "I Or xas takunpihe-rarhar instead of these three words. water water, adding the ordinary 7B Used as if it were for *y&.hm 'Akkitc, well, friend. xuras, which already contains the: 7' Or phmitva'.

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RICAN ETHNOLOGY [13UU. 94 BIARRNGTON] TOBACCO AMONG THE KARUK INDIANS 209

* that one he has met. Then he ka'^n. Nanixidkka mit, ni'kttivvit1 to Ayithrim. I was packing our * smokes in turn, he is being treated. pananu'hmki-n'va. Yi v, yilv lunch in a p~ack basket. Far, far He smokes in turn the same pipe. karuk panu'Ah6-ti', yilv panu'dm- upriver we walked, a long trip Then they finish smoking. m6-ti yioea sfippa'8 . YiAv pavaA for one day. It is a long way to khon va'u~m yiOOa sfippa'8 , Pa- go there in one day from Orleans namni~k va'arhmsi p, pa'ar u'ftti- when anybody has a load. Every Then the other one in turn vittiha'ak. 'Umukwitemahitc pa- little way as we were walking takes out his pipe. He treats nu'aho-ti' po pitti': "Teimi ni- along he would say: "Let us him back, the one who has treated pui n'vi. Tcim niht re'eC." pfya take a rest. I am going to smoke." him. He says to him in turn: vaA kari tuht'er. Tce-myatcva Then he smoked. Every once "You would better smoke my po-he-rati', 'apxanti-tcoimydricri- in a while he smoked, using white tobacco." He says: "Friend, I har vura p6-hru-vti'. 'Ahup~hs- man matches. He had white am going to treat you back." sipak mit po-mahya-nnahitihat man matches in a little wooden Then he smokes it himself first. pamukun ahikyg-r Pa'apxantin- keg, he was packing that kind in He does the same way, smokes nihit'c, vaA k6,k po -'e-that 'ahup- a little wooden keg. And I first. Then he gives it in turn to ?hssipak. NaA vaA kari tanni'av would lunch while he was smok- the one that has treated him first. pananu'amkI-n'va pakari po-he-- ing. It took him a long time to Then he says: "Well, friend, your ritiha'ak. Xara vura puht-rd-nti', smoke every time that he sat tobacco is strong." Then the hitiha~n vura pato kri .criha'ak pa- down and smoked. He did not other one says: "Well, friend, tuh8 raha'ak. 'U~m vura putcu p- talk when he smoked, only after no." He denies it. He kind of hitihara patuhe rAha'ak, xara xas a long time did he talk. He sat smiles as he says: "Well, friend, vura po-pd-hybnati'. Su? kunic there kind of fainting inside. no." Then they are through puffa-th 6-kri", 'ikpihan pehe-ra- Then he would say: "Let us go, smoking. He gives back the ha'. Karixas topip: "Tc6-1a, let us travel." other fellow's pipe. He can hard- tcimi nu'ippahu'u." ly put it back in the sack, his Va: mit ne pe ntihae: "Xay He used to tell me: "Never hand trembles. His tobacco is fa~t 'iccah e'icti' pe-mpa-k pe 'a- drink water when traveling along so strong. He is tasting it yet ho.tiha'ak. Puhari 78 vur icpuk the road. You never will earn in his mouth. mahe-cAia,7 9 pa'iccaha ta~y 'i'ic- any money, if you drink much It takes them a long while to tiha'ak." Xhs ik vura va: pu- water." So I scarcely used to smoke. It takes them a long na'icce carx pa'iccaha' pani'ah6-- drink any water along all that time to finish. Then they say: tiha'ak tcatik vu'ra va: yiov tani- road. I kind of believed what "All right, let's travel. You 'fim. Pamitva nifu'i-ctihat Ap- Snake said. When I got there, would better travel, and I am su~n pamutcui pha'. 8 0 Patani'd-m- then I drank acorn water. No- going to travel, too. Then, mAha'ak, xas xfiras 81 tfani'ic. body gets sick from that; I do friend, good-bye." VaA 'u~m pu'Ara ku'ittihara. Xhrt not care if he has traveled a

(HOW MY DECEASED UNCLE USED 78 Or: puharixay. TO SMOKE ON THE TRAIL) 79 Lit. see. 80 His word. Three times I made a trip 81 Xuras, water with a very little acorn soup stirred up in it, from upriver with my uncle Snake xf-n, acorn soup, -'as, water. Also called xurhs~a'as, acorn-soup- Ad of these three words. water water, adding the ordinary postpound form -Vas, water, to 'akkitc, well, friend. xufas, which already contains the shorter postpound form, -'as. wir - __ __ -- _ ., I- I-

210 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [BULL. 94 EARRINGTON] TOBACCO AMONG T

yiAv 'i'fim, vura pukkuhe-cara, long way, he does not get sick, nanittajt 'u~m mu'avanhanik pa- xaht paxxuras Vu'iccaha'ak. Xhot if he drinks acorn water. I do k6ova kunvh60i nna tihanik pa- 'ip yiv tu'frm'mat, viri xh,,t 'ip not care if he has gone a long 'asikt6iva~n mutipAhi-vehakik, 'iccah 6 xra ti', vaA vura pukku- way and is thirsty for water, he va: mupfcci~pvannahifc. Vura hg-cafa, paxxuras ?a~s 81 'u'iccah- never gets sick if he drinks hu-ntahitc kunkuphan'nik, xas a'ak. acorn water. vaA katn kunhvanik xhkka"'n. b. Paha-t mitva kunkupittihat (HOW THEY DID WHEN TWO Xas purh~n vura kunhkkihafiik, pa'asiktAvansisn takunpik- WOMEN MET EACH OTHER ON 'amv8 cvitvit, purhnn kunhkki- ma ntunvaha~k 'impa-k THE TRAIL) haAik. Puye-f 'u~m Kunye pea- haftik, 'u~mkun vura va: puxxuti- Kfixu 'u~m pa'asiktava~n 'asik- But when a woman met a hap kiri pakka-rim. Xas pakun- thva~n to kmkrihivrikaha'ak, vur woman, she set her load down phmva'8 r, kari kunippahu'u, xak- u'-tticrihiti 'A-pun, me-kva tu- on the ground, she gets out her ka~n vura kunippahu'u, karu I piht-nva pamu'amki n'va. Piuya lunch. That is the way the kunpinno'°v, xhkka'an, Pakun- vab 'u~m karu vo-kupittihanik women used to do. That is the pAmva'8 r. pa'asiktava'an. Va. kunkupitti- way the people used to do. Only hanik pa'ftra'ar. Pa't-mcaha~k when they are doctresses, then c. Paha-t mit pa'ubs kunkupe-k- 'u~mkun kitc, xas vaA takunihe'er, they smoke, only when the two yg-hitihaf, pamitv o-kupittihat va, vura kitc pa'axxak '8mca- of them are doctresses, then do pa'avansa tupih-r 'ipaha'affiv ha'ak, vaA xas vura xftkka~n ta- the women smoke together. "Tco-ra 'ks8 nu'axxan'vi." kunih8-r pa'asiktava-nsa'. "Tcoem. Ho y pavura n'nar." Kiri ve-mmahanik pakatn pata- I wish you could have seen Xas pa'avansa vaA kitc t6-kva-t'- purhnn kunikmhrihivrikaha'ak how the women used to meet sip pavura n'nar, karu patax- pa'asiktava-nsa', karu hA-ri vaA one another there, or catch up vukrippanan, karu 'u~m pa'asik- khrn patapurftn kunipphari-hl- with one another there, at Wood- thva~n 'attimnam kite tu'aqttiv~, Kah1-v'r8r 'Ipu nvhfam.8 2 Ml~A, son's Flat Resting Place. I wish kar imvafam, karu 'usikxdhai, Kir immahanik 83 pa'attimnam you could have seen the pack pamukuntamki-nv 'u'attivuti'. pa'a pun 'uvumni nn'a'. Va. baskets sitting around on the kan pakunippu nvana-tihaiik, ground. There is where they Xas pa'avansa to-pip: "Va; KahPi-vr8-r 'Ipu-nvfaram. Vura used to rest, at Woodson's Flat xasik vura nivo rdriAvic slivE 'u~m ta~y va: kfrn purhn kunik- Resting Place. There many 'i kkyai." Paka-kkum "itahhnbm marihivrI-kvfitihaik pa'asiktk- women met together. They used mahitc kuinpiktcuissahina-ti'. 'Ax. va nsa'. Va: khon 'a-pun pakun- to sit around there on the ground, mayik 'upppec: "Mava. Tcim ?hrA-rAh1tihEaik, kunippf-nvana-- resting, giving one another lunch. 'a-pun tcimi nt~kyav pe kv6ecrih tihAfilk, purhn pakunhkkihtiha- ra'am." TakunpikkYa'ar vaA kaix nik pa'avaha'. xas kunikv8-crihti pa'iccahat 'IO- nvaA pi'ep KahWi vrer Once long ago there at Wood- ti' m. 'Ipu-nvaram va: kahn nanittht son's Flat Resting Place my Karixas to ppi p: "Tcimi kyan 'asiktava~n 'uppAharF-OOnAAik. mother met a woman. The woman v6.ffira'a." Xas pamutaxvuikka Vuppam 'uyararahitihaAik pa- was married at Redcap rancheria. 'atrhnx t6-mOfthra-nka patatrih 'asiktAva'an. Karuma va: pa- And it was that my mother's vArhm"'uk. Karixas t6 kshppi 82 The Douglas Fir tree where they used to rest is still standing and pamuvura n'nar. KarixAs topip the near-by spring is still unmolested. 84 For karuk. 83 Or kiri 'immahanik. 85 Jepson: Nuts of the Sugar I DGRICAN ETHNOLOGY [BULL. 94 BARRINGTON] TOBACCO AMONG THE KARUK INDIANS 211

long way, he does not get sick, nanittaJt 'u~m mu'kvanhanik pa- husband had been fighting with if he drinks acorn water. I do k6ova kunv&00i-nnA-tihanik pa- that woman's brothers a little a long not care if he has gone 'asiktdva~n mutipfihi-vchhaiiik, before. Then it was that they way and is thirsty for water, he va- mupicci~pvannahit'c. Vura did a strange thing, they ate never gets sick if he drinks hd-nthhitc kunkipphan'nik, xas together! They gave each other acorn water. vaA khon kunIhvanik xhkka'8n. lunch, pieces of salmon; they gave each other lunch. How good (HOW THEY DID WHEN TWO Xas purhon vura kun~Ikkihafiik, they were, they did not want to WOMEN MET EACH OTHER ON 'amve cvitvit', purhon kuntIkki- have trouble. And when they THE TRAIL) haAik. Puye-f 'u~m Kuny6-pca- haAik, 'u~mkun vura vaA puxxiuti- finished eating, they went along But when a woman met a hap kiri pakkAfi-m. Xas pakun- together, upriver they went to- woman, she set her load down phmva'ar, kari kunippahu'u, xak- gether, when they finished eating. on the ground, she gets out her ka~n vura kun~ippahu'u, karu 84 lunch. That is the way the kunpinno'ov, xikka'an, Pakun- women used to do. That is the phmvaTr. way the people used to do. Only when they are doctresses, then c. Pahd-t mit pa'u~s kunkupe-k- (HOW THEY GATHERED SUGAR- they smoke, only when the two ya-hitihat', pamitv o-kupittihat PINE NUTS, HOW THE MAN of them are doctresses, then do pa'Avansa tupih-r 'ipaha'affiv USED TO SMOKE UNDER A TREE) the women smoke together. "TC6Ta ' s86 nu'axxan'vi." "Let's go bite some sugar pine "Tcem. Ho y pavurf-n'nar." nuts." "All right. Where's the I wish you could have seen Xas pa'hvansa vaA kite t6-kva-t'- hook?" All that the man packed how the women used to meet sip pavurf-n'nar, karu patax- on his shoulder was the hook, one another there, or catch up vukrippahan, karu 'uzm pa'asik- and the small hook also, and Wood- with one another there, at tava~n 'Attimnam kite tu'atttiv, the woman just packs a pack I wish son's Flat Resting Place. kar imvaram, khru 'usikxdhaf, basket, an openwork plate bas- seen the pack you could have pamukunAmki-nv 'u'attivuti'. ket, a mashing club; she packs baskets sitting around on the their outfit. they ground. There is where Xas pa'avansa topi-p: "Vat Then the man says: "I'll Flat used to rest, at Woodson's xasik vura niv6Tirrdtvic silva climb that tree that is loaded." Place. There many Resting 'I kkyaf." Paka-kkum 'itahanfim- Some [limbsl have ten [cones] used women met together. They mahitc kdnpiktcfissAhinA-ti'. 'Ax- in a bunch. Then, behold, once to sit around there on the ground, mayik 'upp6'ec: "Mava. Teimi he will say: "Look. Let's sit lunch. resting, giving one another 'f-pun tcimi nuikyav p6-kv-crih- down on the ground, let's make ra'Im." TakunpikkYa'ar vaA kan a camping ground." They finished xas kunikve-crihti pa'iccahat- the camp ground there by the Once long ago there at Wood- ti'1m. river. son's Flat Resting Place my Kirixasto-ppi-p: "Tcfmikyan- Then he says: "Now let me mother met a woman. The woman v6.rdra"'." Xas pamutaxvukkar climb up." Then [the man] was married at Redcap rancheria. 'atrh;x t6-mOAt6,rA-nka patatri-h- lashes the small hook to his And it was that my mother's varamd'uk. Karixas t6-ksappic forearm with twine. Then he ley used to rest is still standing and pamuvura n'nar. KhrixAs to pi p: leaned the climbing hook [against ted. 84 For khfuk. 8 6Jepson: Nuts of the Sugar Pine, Pinus lambertiana Dougl. *DYfE A lit Y.tmTEttT tF HABRMGTON] TOBACCO AMONG THE 212 BUREAU OF AME]r&1CA±N .THJ1NUL1,UY [BULL. 94 "Tc6Ta tclm'mi. Teimi kyan- the tree]. Then he says: "All crihtihap. Vura patakunpikya'ar, iN~ v6Trira,'. Kuhy8-vie 'k vdfa ku- right, let's go. I'm going khrix"s kunic kybxIcrihtl'. Kun- [w hy6-nniet6eeik' Asaxvuhpihnf"tc." to climb up. Ye [children and xuti': "Xay 'umsip. Xay'usak- th "Manik." Me kva tuv6orirka'. women] must holler, be sure and ri-vha p6.msippaha'ak." Vdra rei M6-kva takunihyiv: "'Asaxvuh- holler. Ye must holler to Old kun?piummiuti pak6, kunikya-vic mi pihnf-te 'ikxfttcuA." Takunxus Man Turtle to bite off the sugar- yf00 ikxaram. Patth~yha~k vaA ha t6 kxit ciic. Yatik 'urikkikha pine nuts." 8" "All right," [the vura k&nn ka-kkum 'a-pun sA? kir pa'apun t6-kylvic. Me-kva ta- women and children say]. He takun?iccun'va va. 'u~m pu'ivax- in kunfffikvanaA papiricri'tk, karu always climbs up. They always rah-cara, 'imiA-nkaih. Xas ta- th po-navunni-hva', karu po xu- holler: "Old Man Turtle, bite it kuntamxu'. Ha-ri vura su? ta- so v1dra'an. VaA k6 kkaninay ta- off!" They think he bites it off. kunhi-t-cur 'itr6-pasuppa', xas ta- On kuniffikvana'a. Vura pu'Afficti- It makes a big noise when it kuntamxu'. VaA 'urm pu'ivax- pi hara pa'bns pa'avansa'. Kan hits the ground. They always ra htihaba. lei tupikrf-c pa'dsipaffi4. Tupih8-r pick them up in the brush, ar pamu'uhramxara. even though on the side hills, nc though in gulches. They are Xas 'imyhnkam patusuppa-ha picking them up all over there. takunpavyi-heip pamukunikriv- hc The man never touches the cones. ra'am, takunpaticci~p pb'u'us. Ka- He is just sitting down under rixas patakunpavyi-hma pamu- ge the sugar-pine tree. He is smok- kunikrivra'1m, xas takun0iv'rav, a ing his big pipe. 'asipparaxak takun0iv'rav. Ta- tb Pa'asikthva~n 'u~m k8tc pa- The woman carries her big kun?f-ccar 'ayippa~n karu sahu- vi mu'attim'nam, kuna pay6-nipax- pack basket, and the little girls sf xahar patakun0iv'rav.' Inhim xi vuhiteas 'uamkim td-ppitcasite have little pack baskets. The va'arairas 'u~mkun kunf-ccanti st pamukunattim'nam. Pa'avan- boys pack no pack baskets, they pahi-p, Va. 'u~m 'ikpihhn pamu- w saxi-ttitcas 'dAmkan 'attiminam just pack little network sacks 87 kin?u'us. VaA 'u~m tce-tc 'Ar pu'Attivutihap, Ouxrivtunv&ttcAs all full of sugar-pine nuts, old uya-vahiti'. Karixas takunsu- S1L kite kunOhOvAtti', ' axyarAva bags, they thought they might vaxar. 'A-pun va-ssak takihn~i4. di paVu's? 0ixrivkt mmIteAs kite get pitchy. Patueivrhvahitiha~k vaA yav di kunxuti xay 'uxvaha'. 'ukupe-vaxrahahiti'. Karixas 01 Patakuniffikfip xas tdr kunic When they finish picking them sipnu-kkan takun?f-va-yram'ni. takunikyav p&Vus, xas takun- up, then they stack them [in ti tdnsi~p xas takunturicri-hva ka-n the pack basket] like a heaped ti pe-kv6-cri hra'am. load, then they stand up with Patcimikunave caha'1k, kari load on back, then they spill takunpihtA-n'va. Karixas 'Asic sc it out at their camping ground. takun?ikyav. Xais takunpatnak- ti Xas takuntamxu'. Thya~n Then they singe the pitch off. vhra'1. Vura pu'axxak, yittcatc d. vdra 'ikxaram xas takuntamxu'. Often they roast them at night. patnh-ktihap, 'itcammahitc vura p Xas takuniffi0vana'a 'I0-kxaram And they shell them. They shell pakunpatnakvara-ti'. Patta~y yit- ti vurakuniffiovana-ti'. Pa'hAh ta- them all night. They make the ta-tc 'umd tkaraha"'k, mdvu, 'u- kunikyg-ppak. Vura pu'ickyhxi- fires all round about [the camp- pitcr6.ssVe'c, vaA kunipitti pa'a- ra'ar. Pay8-m vura tattcf-mitc 0 86 In a story Old Man Turtle bit sugar-pine cone twigs to cut pakun?a-punmuti pft'ds kun- I: them, and this old expression is used of cutting off the cones. kupe-kyA-hiti'. ti 87 Of special small size, smaller than those carried by men. EDRICAN ETHNOLOGY [BULL. 94 HARXINOTON] TOBACCO AMONG THE KARUK INDIANS 213

- the tree]. Then he says: "All crihtihAp. Vura patakunpikya'^r, ing ground]. They never rest - right, let's go. I'm going khrixAs kunic kyhxlcrihti'. Kun- [when they are working]. When to climb up. Ye [children and xuti': "Xay 'dmsip. Xay'usfik- they get through, then they women] must holler, be sure and rI-vha p6-mslppaha'ak.'' Vdra rest. They think: "The cone - holler. Ye must holler to Old kun?&apanmati pak6^ kunikylvic might get cold. It might get 3 Man Turtle to bite off the sugar- yiO0 ikxhfam. Patth~yha~k vaA hard when it cools off." They they can handle i pine nuts." 86 "All right," [the vura khnn ka-kkum 'A-pun sU know how many - women and children say]. He takun'iccun'va vaA 'u~m pi'ivhx- in one night. If there are lots, t always climbs up. They always rah-cara, 'imya-nkarh. Xas ta- they bury them under the ground, holler: "Old Man Turtle, bite it kuntamxu'. HA-ri vura su? ta- so they won't get dry. Then off!" They think he bites it off. kunhi-t-cur 'itr6 pasdppa', xas ta- on the next day they singe the It makes a big noise when it kuntamxu'. VaA 'u.m pu'ivbx- pitch off of them. Sometimes they leave it in the ground five days, E hits the ground. They always rai-htihara. pick them up in the brush, and then roast it. They do even though on the side hills, not get dry. though in gulches. They are Xas 'imyhonkam patusdppa-ha Then in the morning they go picking them up all over there. takunphvyi-heip pamukunikriv- home, they pack the sugar-pine The man never touches the cones. ra'lm, takunpaticci~p pu'u's. Ka- nuts along. Then when they He is just sitting down under rixas patakunpavyi-hma pamu- get home they steam them, in 8 the sugar-pine tree. He is smok- kunikrivra' m, xas takunOiv'rav, a big bowl basket they steam ing his big pipe. 'asipphraxak takunOiv'rav. Ta- them. They mix them with grape The woman carries her big kunII-ccar 'ayippa~n karu sahiu- vine [leaves] and with sahusi- pack basket, and the little girls sf xhhar patakunOiv'rav.' Inatm xahar [plant sp.] when they have little pack baskets. The va'hra ras 'u~mkun kunf ccA nti steam them. The Clear Creek boys pack no pack baskets, they pahi-p, VaA 'u~m 'ikpihan pamu- people mix [their sugar-pine nuts] with pepperwood [leaves]. Their just pack little network sacks 87 kdnu'us. VaA 'u~m tc6etc 'fir all full of sugar-pine nuts, old uya-vahiti'. Klrixas takunsu- sugar-pine nuts taste strong. You bags, they thought they might vaxai. 'A-pun va-ssak takinOi4. don't eat so many! Then they get pitchy. Patu.ivravahitiha~k va: yav dry them. They spread them 'ukupe-vaxrahahiti'. Karixas on a blanket on the ground. When they finish picking them sipnu-kkan takunP-vA-yrkn'ni. When they have been steamed up, then they stack them [in they dry nicely. Then they pour the pack basket] like a heaped them inside a storage basket. load, then they stand up with Patcimikun ?v6 caha'ak, kari When they get ready to eat load on back, then they spill takunpihta-n'va. Karixas 'bsic some, they take some out [of it out at their camping ground. takunhikya4. Xas takunpatnak- the storage basket]. Then they Then they singe the pitch off. vAra'a. Vura pu'axxak, yittca~tc dish them out [into openwork Often they roast them at night. patnaktihap, 'itcammahitc vura plate baskets]. Then they crack And they shell them. They shell pakunphtnhkvfrA ti'. Phtta~y ylt- them in their mouths [when they them all night. They make the ta-tc 'umd.tkaraha'ak, mfivu: 'u- eat them]. They do not crack fires all round about [the camp- pitcr6 ss6'ec, va: kunipitti pa'a- two at a time [in the mouth], ra'Rr. Paygm vura tattef-mitc one at a time they crack them. bit sugar-pine cone twigs to cut pakunh-pfnmdt1 pb'tls kun- If he puts lots in his mouth at a 3ed of cutting off the cones. kup6-kyA-hiti'. time, his teeth will be crowded, than those carried by men. -- - - -- - , - .111 . -

214 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [BULL. 94 HARRINGTON] TOBACCO AMONG THE so the people say. Nowadays 'ukuh68v6otihaiik. Va: karixas sn there are only a few [living] vura kunih8 ratihlik, patakun- hu work the sugar- that know how to y6eripOi nha'k.8 O Karixas takun- ar. pine nuts. xus: "NuA takk8-ttcas." VaA til kari h&-ri yiooa tufatave-nna-n- ali 7. Pahd-t kunkupafuhkecahiti (SMOKING BELIEFS) pe h9'er ha'1.90 (H A. Va* kunippe-nti t6-ksa-hvar (THEY SAY THAT IF ONE LAUGHS A. Pahd-t pamitva kari kinihe-- po-hra-m, to mxaxxar va: kfii INTO A PIPE, IT CRACKS) ravaOtihat paxxi-ttitcas pakup- hakka mha' 8k 90a "Xay fkci-hvar pa'uhra-m, xhy "Do not laugh in the pipe, it 'bamxixxa'ar,' va: mit pakuni- might crack," that is the way Taxxarav8-ttak 9' pftmitva. ku- pittihat. Puxxutihap kiri nfiksa'a, they used to say. They were ma'ih u'Aho'0t,92 kinikya-ttihat dE pakunih8 ratiha'ak, kunxuti xay careful not to laugh when they mit vura pakunkupe h8rahe~c m umxb.xxar po-hra-m. were smoking, they were afraid pa'avansixxi ttifcas, paye-ripax- ju the pipe would crack. vfuhsa khru vuia, pattd-ppitcas SD karih. Va: mit kyari k6 vura kuni- so B. Karu mit vura pu'ihe-ratihat (AND A PERSON NEVER SMOKED h8-rana-tihat patakunpippu-nva- pi 'a? ve-hyarihar STANDING) ha'-k phmitva. kunpakuri-hva- na tihaf, ka-kum vura 'uhnam- Va: vura kite mit pukupitti- They never smoked standing tunv8 tcas mit kunihMratihat, haphaf, pd'a? ve-hyarihar 'ihe-- up. They say a person should karu ka-ku mit 'ikxurika'dhra'am. rAtihap. Va: mit kyunipittihaf, never eat standing, and should pu'a.ra 'a? ve-hyarihar 'a-mtfhara, never smoke standing. He gets 9. Pahfrt peh8-raha kunkupavic- karu pu'av6-hyfxihar 'ih-rAtiha- out of luck if he smokes standing tanni *nuvahitihanik ra. Takunpi ttca'ak, pa'a? ve-h- up. yarihar uh6 riha'1k.88 Pa'ara~r tuvictaraha~k peh8-ra- ha', 'iccaha kunic 'uixra-hti', vura fo C. Karu piumit 'ihe ratihaphat, (NEC DECET FUMARE CACANDO) puffa-t kuph-chaia. Vura tuvic- tc pakunitcn *hvutiha'jk tar pehe-raha'. ai ti Va: mit kyhru kunipittihat, And they said also, that when Pava: kunipitti 'ara~r pu'ihe-ra- p6.tcni hvatiha'ak, pu'br ihe-rati- a person is defecating, he must ha victa-ntihap puxxwitc, pdvaA II hafa, kunpi ttca.kkeIec. never smoke, he will have bad luck. 89 Lit. when they become pubesceni °0 Sometimes in former times even i 8. Panmitva khrixas kunihe-rA-n- (WHEN THEY LEARNED TO SMOKE) and became fatavennan, although u hitihat first year and fatavennan the followi of a boy who is becoming pubescenl Pa'avansaxxi-ttitcas 'u~m vura The young boys did not smoke. fatavennan." pu'iherAtihaphafik. Kunih6-n- They played smoke, that was all. 904 See account of how they smok( ni-tevfitihat nik mit 'u~m vdua. When a small boy smoked he p. 253. Panl-nnamitc kariha~k tuhtTaha', used to get sick. They do not 9' This does not indicate as remote 92 Referring to the ghost dance, w 88 There is a similar superstition that a person is out qf luck if he eats standing. up the river and from Scott Valley. IERICAN ETHNOLOGY [BULL. 94 HARRINGTON] TOBACCO AMONG THE KARUK INDIANS 215 so the people say. Nowadays there are only a few [living] 'ukuh6-v6-tihafiik. VaA khrixas smoke until their throats get that know how to work the sugar- vura kunih6 ratihAhlk, patakun- husky. Then they think: "We 89 pine nuts. y6erip6i nha'ak. Khrixas tAkun- are already big boys." That is the xus: "Nu: takk8-ttcas." VaA time when one of them might Li (SMOKING BELIEFS) khri ha-ri yif00a tufatav6-nna-n- already be made fatavennan. ha,'.90 r (THEY SAY THAT IF ONE LAUGHS A. Pah6-t paminitva khri kinihe- (HOW THEY FORCED CHILDREN TO INTO A PIPE, IT CRACKS) ravaOtihat paxxi-ttitcas pakup- SMOKE AT THE GHOST DANCE) hfkkA mha'k9 0a yr "Do not laugh in the pipe, it - might crack," that is the way Taxxarav8-ttak 9' phmitva~ ku- Long ago when that kind of , they used to say. They were ma'ih u'ftho'0t,92 kinikyA-ttihat dance was going around, they T careful not to laugh when they mit vura pakunkupe-hM-rahec made the boys and girls smoke, were smoking, they were afraid pa'avansAxxi ttifcas, paye-riphx- just little ones yet. They all the pipe would crack. vf-hsa khru vuia, pattd-ppitcas smoked when they rested after a karih. VaA mit k~ari k6 vdra kuni- song; some smoked little (Indian] (AND A PERSON NEVER SMOKED he-rana-tihat' patakunpippu nva- pipes, and some cigarettes. STANDING) ha'ak pamitva. kunpak-dri-hva- na-tihat', * They never smoked standing kb-kum vura 'uhnam- tunve tcas mit kunih6Tatihatf, up. They say a person should karu kh ku mit 'ikxurika'dhra'Bm. never eat standing, and should never smoke standing. He gets 9. Pahi-t peh8-raha kunkupavic- (HOW THEY USED TO GET THE out of luck if he smokes standing thinni *nuvahitihaAik TOBACCO HABIT) up. Pa'ara~r tuvictaraha~k peh6Ta- When an Indian has an appetite ha', 'iccaha kunic 'dxrA-hti', vura for tobacco it is just like he wants (NEC DECET FUMARE CACANDO) puffA-t kuph8-chaia. Vura tuvic- to drink water, he can not do tar pehe-raha'. anything. He just has an appe- tite for tobacco. And they said also, that when Pava, When some people say that the a person is defecating, he must kunipitti 'fra~r pu'ihe-ra- ha Indians do not get the tobacco never smoke, he will have bad victh-ntihap puxxwitc, pdvaA luck. 89Lit. when they become pubescent. 90 Sometimes in former times even a 14-year-old boy was instructed (WHEN THEY LEARNED TO SMOKE) and became fatavennan, although usually he was made helper the first year and fatavennan the following year. It was an old saying The young boys did not smoke. of a boy who is becoming pubescent: "He might already be made They played smoke, that was all. fatavennan." When a small boy smoked he 90^ See account of how they smoked tobacco at the ghost dance, used to get sick. They do not p. 253. 9' This does not indicate as remote a time in the past as pi'e'ep. that a person is out qf luck if he 92 Referring to the ghost dance, which spread to the Karuk from up the river and from Scott Valley.

I - U -

216 BUREAU OF AME: RAkfINOTON] TOBACCO I UUAN ETHNOLOGY [BULL. 94 AMONG THE E 'ifhafa.Y8 Pukaru vura va, 'ik- habit, it is not right. They can 11. Pahd-t vaA vura kitc ha-ri (Ho rf ntihap pe-kmahhtcra~m xas ik not even wait to smoke in the pakunkupittihaiik, pa'uhippi T kunihere'ec, 'frnnak vura pata- sweathouse, they smoke in the kunf-ca-ntihanik pamukunihe-- B kunihe-r patakunphmva"&r. Vura living house after meals. They raha' B pu'ihe-rahahi-ppux 'ikr6'ep, 'asik- can not stay without tobacco, tava-nsa karu vura pa'emca'. including women when they are Ha-ri vura vaA kunf ca-nti pa- S doctors. 'uhippi karu pe-he-raha'. Va: and karu vura kuniherati patata- smc 10. Pahd-t vura pukupittihap- (HOW THEY NEVER MIXED ANY kunflchraha'ak. Picci~p takunik- the 6 hafiik, puffa-t vura kumappiric OTHER KIND OF PLANT WITH pakpak yuhirimu'uk . Xas ta- the, 'i ca ntihaphanik pamukun i- THEIR TOBACCO) kuniktcur 'iknamh'anammahatc- pes h8-raha' md'uk, pa'uhippi'. Xas va: ta- mb kuni-ccar pe-h8-rahahak. T6-k- tob PhnnuA kuma'Ara-ras vura pura- Our kind of Indians never xukkahiti pe-h8-raha'. Takun- Thi fa-t vura 'Tfca ntihap pamukuni- mixed anything with their to- ?aksg-rariv pa'uhippi pe htTaha- bac he-raha', vura 'u~m 'ihe raha kitc bacco, they smoked their smoking hak. VaA xas to'kui-pha pu- tob kunih8-rati'.94 tobacco straight.9 4 'ikpihanharape h8raha', va, 'u~m

A. Pahd-t vura pukupittihapha- (THEY NEVER MIXED BURNED pu'imyd-mnihtihap. nik 'axoahAman kuma'inkYa FRESH-WATER MUSSEL SHELLS vura pu'r ca ntihaphanik pehe-- WITH THE TOBACCO) A. Pahdt vura pukupittihapha- (HC raha' nik pu'ih-rfttihaphanik pa'uhi- pihf-ccarippuk Pa'apxanti-tc vaA kunipitti yi; The White people say that the va'ara ras vaA k6, kunihe-rati' kind that far-off Indians smoke is Pa'uhipihmunnaxitc va: 'u~m ' 'axOahhman kuma'i nkyapu "IvaA burned fresh-water mussel shells vura pu'ih8-ratihap, vura pe-h8- uni pehe-raha kunf-cca-nti', vaA kuni- mixed with tobacco. We knew raha patakunf-chraha~k karixas the he-rati'. NuA vura pdva: 'apuin- nothing about that kind. vura kuniihTrati pa'uhippi'. sm muitihap pkva; ko'°k. Kidna vura 'u~m va: ta~y kunih- the ruivti'. r The older Indians emphatically deny Mrs. Thompson's statement: 'f-n kunmuitpi1-vAti', pa'annav up "My people never let the tobacco habit get the better of them as takunikya ha'^k, pa'ara to-kku- [st4 they can go all day without smoking or quit smoking for several days ha'ak, pa'uhippi va: kunihrui-vti sor at a time and never complain in the least" (op. cit., p. 37). Many kunA'kkihti patti-ycip karu vura ba( Indians in primitive times would get a strong craving and impatience peKivOA nne'n. fee for tobacco, which had become a habit with them. But the old-time Pakun~hkkunvuti karu vura Indians never smoked but the merest fraction of the day, disapproved va: kunihru-vti'. Papuxvitc thE even of the smoking of men as old as in their twenties, and regarded 'uxxdtiha~k pa'akdnva'an: "Kiri hu the modern boy and girl cigarette fiend with disgust, as they do many purffitc nf kkyar," 'itahara-n vdir a c White man excesses. The early Karuk could deny themselves smok- 'ih8-rah utayvaratti', pa'uhippi', ter ing or quit smoking altogether with much more fortitude than the yiO0a sAppa"a, pattf-ycip 'u'ak- da, average White man can. Their daily life schooled them to all kihvana-ti'. 'Itahara-n yiOea Te kinds of self-denial and hardship. sdppaA 'ih8-rah utayvaratti'. th4 94 The Karuk claim that they never smoked Black Manzanita or mixed deer grease or sucker's liver with their tobacco. They never 96 Into pieces X inch, more or less, ir "enriched" their tobacco by moistening it with grease. 96Or 'axOahambni nkya'. ERICAN ETHNOLOGY [BULL. 94 BAtRINTON] TOBACCO AMONG THE KARUK INDIANS 217

- habit, it is not right. They can 11. PahA-t va: vura kitc hA-ri (HOW THEY NEVER MIXED ANY- z not even wait to smoke in the pakunkupittihaAik, pa'uhippi THING EXCEPT SOMETIMES TO- * sweathouse, they smoke in the kunf-ca-ntihanik pamukuniht-- BACCO STEMS WITH THEIR TO- L living house after meals. They raha' BACCO) * can not stay without tobacco, including women when they are HA-ri vdra va: kunf ca-nt1 pa- Sometimes they mix the stems doctors. 'uhippi karu pe-hg-raha'. Va: and the [leaf] tobacco. They karu vira kuniht-rati patata- smoke it mixed. First they cut (HOW THEY NEVER MIXED ANY kunf chraha'ak. Picci~p takunik- them up with a knife. Then OTHER KIND OF PLANT WITH pakpak yuhirimu'uk.9 6 Xas ta- they pound them with the little THEIR TOBACCO) kuniktcur 'iknamh'anammahatc- pestle, the stems. Then they mt'uk, pa'uhippi'. Xas va: ta- mix it with the tobacco. The tobacco is already crumbled. Our kind of Indians never kunmccar pe h8 rahahak. T6ok- They add the stems to the to- mixed anything with their to- xukkahiti pe-h-raha'. Takun- bacco, they smoked their smoking ?aksa-rariv pa'uhippi pe-h8-raha- bacco. It turns out then a mild tobacco straight.94 hak. Va: xas to'ku-pha pu- tobacco; they do not faint away. 'ikpihanhara pe-h8-raha', va: 'u~m (THEY NEVER MIXED BURNED pu'imyd mnihtihap. FRESH-WATER MUSSEL SHELLS WITH THE TOBACCO) A. Pahfrt vdra pukupittihapha- (HOW THEY NEVER USED TO SMOKE nik pu'iht-rAtihaphanik pa'uhi- THE STEMS UNMIXED) pihf ccarippuk The White people say that the kind that far-off Indians smoke is Pa'uhipihmunnaxitc va: 'u~m They do not smoke the stems burned fresh-water mussel shells vura pu'ihg-rdtihap, vura pe-hg- unmixed, only when they mix mixed with tobacco. We knew raha patakunf-cbraha~k karixas them with [leaf] tobacco do they nothing about that kind. vura kunihtTati pa'uhippi'. smoke the stems. But they use Kuna vura 'u~m va: ta~y kunih- them for lots of things. ru vti'. They throw them [the pounded r deny Mrs. Thompson's statement: 'f-m kunmdtpi-6vfhti', pa'annav up stems] about, when making o habit get the better of them as takunikyl ha'ak, pa'ara to-kku- [steaming] medicine. When ag or quit smoking for several days h,'ak, pa'uhippi va: kunihrfi-vtl somebody is sick, it is the to- ,he least" (op. cit., p. 37). Many kuntakkihti pattfuycip karu vura bacco stems that they use. They et a strong craving and impatience pe.6iv6A nn~en. feed the mountains and the world. Labit with them. But the old-time Pakunhikkunvuti karu vura And when they go hunting ,st fraction of the day, disapproved va: kunihra-vti'. Papux~itc they use them, too. When the as in their twenties, and regarded 'uxxdtiha~k pa'akdnva'an: "Kiri hunter wants hard: "May I kill iend with disgust, as they do many puiffitc nikkyar," 'itaharan vur a deer," he spills tobacco around aruk could deny themselves smok- 'ih8-rah utayvaratti', pa'uhippi', ten times, the stems, in one h much more fortitude than the yiO0a sAppa'a, pattu-ycip 'u'ak- day. He feeds the mountains. daily life schooled them to all kihvana-ti'. 'ItaharA-n yifoa Ten times in one day he spills sfippa: 'ih-rah utayvaratti'. them around. ever smoked Black Manzanita or *with their tobacco. They never 96 Into pieces X inch, more or less, in length. bening it with grease.

L 218 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY IBULL. 94 HARRINGTON) TOBACCO AMONG TH

B. Pahd-t hA-ri kuniAkkihtihanik (HOW THEY SOMETIMES GAVE TO- takunihrf-vti'. Piccibp takun- po hrTec pa'araraka-nnimitc BACCO STEMS TO SMOKE TO A vupakpak pakievu'uf, xas 'uh- pa'f n takinipmahvakkira-ha'-k POOR PERSON WHO CAME VISIT- rA~mak takunmhhya'an, xas va: ING) takunhavhka'. Va: vura kun- Ha-ri va; takun~hkki pakka-n- Sometimes they give stem to- kupe-h-rahiti pehe-raha kun- nimitc pa'hra'ar pa'uhipi'ih8-raha', bacco to a poor person, for him kupe-he-rahiti'. HA-ri 'ikxurar va: vura tuh"e'r. Ha-ri pihni-t- to smoke. Sometimes an old man kicvujf kunihe-rati', pa'ana'i'i. tcitc k&nn tu'u m pa'akaruvura comes there to somebody's house. HA-ri vura va: vura pakun?§-p- mukrivra"'m. Va: pa'uhippi ta- It is tobacco stems that they give. puti pakievu'uf, 'i-nn-k vur ut-y- kunIAkki', pa vura kg *nnimitcpih- When it is a poor old man, when hiti'. Va: kari takunihe'er, pa'ax- ni ttcitcha'ak, papiffAthhhk mIus- he has no money, they give stem va-k takunkdha'ak, papuyav 'ip- puk, va: pa'uhipi'ih8-raha ta- tobacco for him to smoke. He mah6 nko nnatihapha"'k. 'Im- kunAkki va: p6.h8 r6ec. 'U~m then pounds it up, then he smokes xaOayav patakuniht'r, pa'am- xas t-ktcai, xas va: tuh8'er. it. Or sometimes they give him ku'uf. 'AsiktAva:nsa karu vura Ha-ri vura va: takuntakki po-p- some to take home. But when a kunihe-rati karu vura 'avansas. sa.nvelec. Kuna payh-sAra pa- sick person comes there, a rich 'An'nav. good tobacco. khon tu'dlmmmaha'ak, paya-stara- man, they give him B. Pahd-t mit kunih8-nni-tevu- ra'avansa', vaA 'u~m kunAkkihti tihat sanpific pe-he5rahaye pca'. 98 12. Pahd-t ha-ri vura ko-k fa-tcas (HOW THEY SOMETIMES SMOKE HA-ri mit sa~n kunta ftlhht, pakunih8-rati pu'ih6Taha vura SOME LITTLE THINGS BESIDES sanpific. Viri va: kunifxuppa- kitchaia TOBACCO) rati paxxuiic, va: 'u~m xar utA-y- Winthu'ArA-ras kunih8-rahiti- The Wintu Indians smoked hiti', vaA kunipitti'. PhvaA pas- haflik: b6loy' (Arctostaphylos pa- Black Manzanita, Palo Santo, san 'uOxdpparahitiha'1k, tirihca tula Greene, Black Manzanita), Creeping Sage, Common Mistle- kunta-fti', viri va: kuniOxuippa- x6wtchus (Eriodictyon californi- toe, Wild Sunflower, Washingtonia rati passipnu'uk. HA-ri xdot cum Greene, Palo Santo), n6-pun nuda, California Black Oak, and 'iccaha Vu'irihkyu'u, pusu? 'iccaha 161' (Ramona humilis Greene, th6rpa, but our people smoked 'dimvutihara pasipnu-kkan su? Creeping Sage), 16-lt-at (Phora- none of these except the Indian passa~n 'u~xdpparahitiha'1k. dendron villosum Nutt., Common Celery. Mistletoe), 961om' (Balgamanhyza deltoidea Nutt., Wild Sunflower), builidum' (Washingtonia nuda Td-ppitcas kuntt-fti po-xrdo Torr. C. and R.), p6nelmi' Quer- kunimkYA nvuitiha'ak, viri vaA cus kelloggii Newb., California khon su? kunkiccapti po-xra-h. Black Oak), karu therp'a; paht t Puxxara tATahitihap po-xra-h. kuma'ara ras vura purafAlat fu- Va: kunkiccaparati po-xrA, pim- wetchi'kuna vufa. na-ni va pakunimkyi nvuiti'. Sa~n thkuntat. Xas va: takun- A. Pahi-t kfcvuIf9 'l kunkupe- (HOW THEY SMOKE INDIAN 9 7 kiccapar po-xra-h. Xas 'attim- h6 Tati' CELERY) 96a navak takun~urdrA-mnihvA po x- 'Ubhraomdk mit pakunihATati- It was with a tobacco pipe hat, paye-m 'ubm vur ikxurik that they used to smoke it. 98 The leaves were pinned togeth large paperlike sheets. 96^ Leptotaenia californica Nuttall. 97 For chewing Indian Celery root see p. 277. - - - - - : 0 : ------

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IRICAN ETHNOLOGY [BULL. 94 rAnslNGTON] TOBACCO AMONCE ACHE 1iARUE INDIANS 219

E (HOW THEY SOMETIMES GAVE TO- takunthri-vti'. Picci~p takun- They are doing so with paper v BACCO STEMS TO SMOKE TO A vupakpak pakievu'uf, xas 'uh- now. First they pound up the L POOR PERSON WHO CAME VISIT- rhnmak takunmhhya'an, xas va. Indian Celery [root], then they put ING) takun?&-hka'. VaA vura kun- it in the pipe, then they light it. - Sometimes they give stem to- kupe-he-rahiti pehgTaha kun- They smoke it like they do ', bacco to a poor person, for him kupe-he-rahiti'. HA-ri 'ikxurar tobacco. Sometimes they smoke - to smoke. Sometimes an old man kIdvujf kuniht-rati', pa'anf 'i'i. [a dry piece of] Indian Celery l comes there to somebody's house. HA-ri vura vaA vura pakunfiO-p- [root], in the nighttime, for - It is tobacco stems that they give. puti pakievu'uf, 'i nn k vur ut-y- medicine. They dig the Indian - When it is a poor old man, when hiti'. Va: khri takunihA'er, pa'ax- Celery any time, they store it in - he has no money, they give stem vl k takunkdha'ak, papuyav 'ip- the living house. They smoke - tobacco for him to smoke. He mah6onk6.nnatihapha'ak. 'Im- it when they have a headache, i then pounds it up, then he smokes xaOayav patakunihe'er, pa'hm- when they do not feel well. It . it. Or sometimes they give him ku'uf. 'AsiktAvknsa karu vura smells good when they smoke it, - some to take home. But when a kunihtTati karu vura 'bvansaA. the smoke does. Women smoke - sick person comes there, a rich 'An'nav. it as well as men. It is medicine. - man, they give him good tobacco. B. Pahd-t mit kuniht-nni-tevu- (HOW THEY USED TO PLAY-SMOKE tihat sanpific MAPLE LEAVES) i (HOW THEY SOMETIMES SMOKE HA-ri mit sa~n kuntvftihab,98 Sometimes they used to pin ma- L SOME LITTLE THINGS BESIDES sanpific. Viri va: kunioxfippa- ple leaves together, maple leaves. TOBACCO) rati paxxdfic, va: 'u~m xar utl y- They cover shelled acorns with it. - The Wintu Indians smoked hiti', va: kunipitti'. Phva: pAs- They keep longer that way, so - Black Manzanita, Palo Santo, sa~n 'uOxdpparahitiha'ak, tirihca they say. When they covered Creeping Sage, Common Mistle- kunth-fti', viri va: kunifxtippa- them with leaves, they pinned to- - toe, Wild Sunflower, Washingtonia rati passfpnu'uk. HA-ri xAot gether wide sheets. They cov- i nuda, California Black Oak, and 'iccaha Vu'irihkyu'u, pusu? 'iccaha ered the storage baskets with th6rpa, but our people smoked 'dimvutihara pasipni-kkan su? them. And if perchance water - none of these except the Indian phssa~n 'uOxdpparahitiha'ak. dripped on them, the water does [ Celery. not enter inside the storage bas- kets, when covered with maple leaves. TA-ppitcas kunth-fti po-xra4 They pin them together into kunlmkYa nvitiha'1k, viri va: small sheets for tying up berries, kkin su? kunkiccapti po-xra-h. they tie berries up in them. They Puxxhra tg-rahitihap po-xra-h. never used to keep berries long. Va: kunkicchpArati po-xrhi pim- They tie the berries in them in nA-ni va pakunimkyi nvuiti'. the summertime when they are Sa~n tikuntat. Xas va: takun- picking them. They pin maple (HOW THEY SMOKE INDIAN kiccapar poxri-h. Xas 'Attim- leaves together. Then they tie CELERY) 9"a navak takunturrii-mnihvA po x- the berries up in them. Then - It was with a tobacco pipe that they used to smoke it. 98 The leaves were pinned together with their own stems to make large paperlike sheets. all. oot see p. 277. ------ - - I

220 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY (BULL. 94 HIARRINGTON] TOBACCO AMONG THT ph-tticiP, mukunhikrivra~m kdik they put the bundles of berries C. Pah6-t pumitva 'ihe-ratihaphat takunpl-ttiNA. Pakicapatunve-- in a pack basket. Then they ( pa'ana tc~dhih 99 rahkiccapsa'. Xas vaA takun- pack them, they pack them to ttcas va: 'u~m paxxfittitcas their house. The smallest bun- Yifv fAtta~k va'ara ras va: mukunixra'a. dles are for the children. 'ata nik 'u~mkun vura kuniherati Karu ha-ri 'attimnavak takun- And sometimes they pin the 'ana tc Puhic, pAnnuA kuma'ara ras tafku: phssa'an. Pasururupri- maple leaves to an openwork pack vura pdva: k6-k 'iheratihap. Nu: nak takunikyurdpri hva pamup- basket. They stick the leaves in va: nukup -Ovuyannahiti 'anA tc- ti-kmfik pappiric, 'atimnamsd?- the holes by means of the stems, ?6hi6. Xanoi-ppak 'u'i fti', xan- kam 'uvarari-hva passa'an. the leaves hang on the inside of puttipak ha-ri. Vura pura fA-t Sulkam takunthfku'u. Va: vura the pack basket. They pin them kinihru -vtihAf a, 'anh-tcfhih. k6-vdra su? takunpaOva-nnam'ni. inside. They line the whole in- Man 'ata vura nik pikvah. Va: 'u~m pu'ihru-ptihara. Xas side. It does not leak. Then D. Pah6-t mit 'iOagn uxdssa'at va: kan takuni-vaiyra-mnihva they spill huckleberries into it, kiri va: nikyu pha 'Ah6-yA-m'- papplifnO, patakunimkYA nvaha'ak. when they are picking them. matc Va: kari pakuntipka-ppfit It is in the fall when they like ve kyav picyavpf-c phssa'an, to pick the maple leaves, when 'Ah6-yA m'matc I mit dOvfiy- pat6-mtup, pat6mvay. Maruk they are getting ripe, when they tihat. KaitimIPin mit 'ukre'et, kunitra-ttl', xas takunpi-p: are turning yellow. They look ka timi nAra r mit. Xusipux mit "Maruk vura to mtupdvra~n upslope and then they say: "The kunma htihaf, pi'e'ep, mit kunip- phssa'an." Kunm vasti pasan- maple leaves are getting ripe up- pe-ntihat va: k8-k 'amayav, va: hippa', kunxuti kir uivrarunni slope." They shake the maple k8-k ve-he-r 'amayav, kunippe-n- pappific. Va. kari tasikri~v tree, so the leaves fall down. tihat mit, musmdsa'af. Vura mit pAssa'ln, pat6-mtup. HA-ri vura The maple leaves are hard, when 'uvura-yvutihat', 'umumahurA-y- 'axakharinay 'uta yhiti', hA-ri they get ripe. Sometimes the vfutihat mit vuia. Xas vo-'appiv, 'axakharinay vura kunihri-vti'. maple leaves are kept for two pe-vaxra vo 'appiv. Xas va: years, sometimes they use them khnn kakkum iimmhh. 'Uxxus: after two years. "Kuinic 'amayav umuissahiti'." Karu ha-ri mit vura kunihe-n- And sometimes the boys used Ta'fttam vo.'iffikYAh6'en. 'Uxxus: nl-tcvTtihAt pa'avansaxxi ttitcas to smoke in fun the maple leaves, "'Arare herah vur umussahiti', pasanpific, pasanpiricivhxra'. the dry maple leaves. The boys va: ko6 kiunic umussahiti'." Ka- Pa'avanshxxi-ttitchs pa'inna-k when they saw dry maple leaves rixas vo h6e'r. Va: vur umus- takunmaha~k sanivhxra', va: in the house, smoked them in sahiti', 'arare-he-raha vur umius- mit kunhe nnl tevutihaf, ti-kmf-k play, crumbling up the leaves sahiti', kuna vura pu'ihtraha mit takunikxukxu-k pAssa'an. with their hands. Some boys 'akkatihaia, vievan Itran kitc Ka-kku mit pa'avansaxxittjtcAs used to make little pipes, they 'u'akkati'. kunikya-vanna-tihat 'uhnamtun- used to ram out the inside of 9 This text was given when told vt'etc, va: vura xavictunve-ttcas little arrowwood sticks, using a smoked mistletoe when short of tobac kunikfutraOunatihat su? 'ahup- stick. Then they put in the dry occasionally smoked by these [Chima md'Uk. Xas va, khn su? takun- leaves, then they smoke, mock- Powers, op. cit., p. 93. "An oak m' mahya~n papiric ivhxra', xas va: ing the men with their play- by the Chimariko as a substitute takunih6'er, pa'avansas pakuni- smoking. known." Ibid., p. 430. The Karuli h-nni-teviti'. of tobacco, hence did not resort to tC to the south of them. Mg. good walker. 63044°-32-17

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0- ERICAN ETHNOLOGY [BULL. 94 HARRINGTON] TOBACCO AMONG THE KARUK INDIANS 221 k they put the bundles of berries C. Pahd-t pdmitva 'iht-ratihaphat (HOW THEY NEVER SMOKED MIS- in a pack basket. Then they pa'anh-te~dhi6 99 TLETOE) L- pack them, they pack them to ,s their house. The smallest bun- Yifv fatta~k va'Ard ras vaA Some kind of far people may dles are for the children. 'ata nik 'u~mkun vfira kunih-rati have smoked mistletoe, but our L- And sometimes they pin the 'anh-tcfihic, phnnuA kuma'hri rhs kind of people never did smoke maple leaves to an openwork pack vura pdvaA k6rk 'ih&dtihAp. Nu: that kind. We call it crow seed. basket. They stick the leaves in vaA nukup6-Ovyii-nnhthiti 'an&tc- It grows on Black Oak, and the holes by means of the stems, ?dhih. Xanoi-ppak 'u'ifti', xan- sometimes on the Maul Oak. It I. the leaves hang on the inside of puttipak ha-fi. Vura pura fit is not used for anything, the a the pack basket. They pin them kinthrafU-thfA, 'an&-tchdhic. mistletoe. I guess there is a [. inside. They line the whole in- Man 'ata vura nik pikvhh. story of it. 's side. It does not leak. Then D. Pahd-t mit 'iOkn uxdssa'at AHOYAMMATC'S EXPERIMENT a they spill huckleberries into it, kiri .. when they are picking them. vaA nikyd pha 'Ah6yA-m'- I It is in the fall when they like matc a, to pick the maple leaves, when 'Ah6-yA-m'matc 1 mit ilOvfi'y- Ahoyammatc was his name. He k they are getting ripe, when they tihaf. Ka~tim~l n mit 'ukr"e't, lived at Katimin, he was a Kati- l:are turning yellow. They look ka tim i;-n ftra r mit. Xfisipux mit min Indian. They fooled him, a upslope and then they say: "The kunmh-htihaf, pi'e'ep, mit kunip- long ago; they told him that that - maple leaves are getting ripe up- pe-ntihat vat kirk 'amayav, va: kind tasted good, that it tasted i slope." They shake the maple ko-k ve-he r 'amhyav, kunipp6-n- good to smoke, they told him, v tree, so the leaves fall down. tihat mit, musmisa'qf. Vura mit cow dung. He was just going a The maple leaves are hard, when 'uvrii-ryvdtihht', 'umumahura'-y- around, he was bumming around. i they get ripe. Sometimes the vutihat mit vura. Xas vo 'hppi4, Then he looked for it; he maple leaves are kept for two pe-vhxra vo 'Appi4. Xas va: looked for some that was dry. years, sometimes they use them k•An kh-kkum iAmmbh. 'Uxxus: Then he found some there. He after two years. "Kinic 'amayav umfissahiti'." thought: " It looks like it tastes - And sometimes the boys used Ta'Ittam vo 'iffikYihe'en. 'Uxxus: good." Then he picked it up. s to smoke in fun the maple leaves, "'Arare-htrah vur umilssahiti', He thought: "It looks like Indian the dry maple leaves. The boys vaA ko kuinic umissahiti'." Ka- tobacco, it looks like that kind." K when they saw dry maple leaves rixas vo hE'er. VaA vur umus- Then he smoked it. It looked ^ in the house, smoked them in sahiti', 'arare-ht-raha vur umids- like it, it looked like Indian i play, crumbling up the leaves sahiti', kuna vura pu'ihtraha tobacco, but it did not taste . with their hands. Some boys 'ftkkatihaia, vievan hran kite like it; it tasted merely like s used to make little pipes, they 'u'Akkati'. entrails. - used to ram out the inside of This text was given when told that the Wintu and Chimariko s little arrowwood sticks, using a smoked mistletoe when short of tobacco. Cp.: "The oak mistletoe was - stick. Then they put in the dry occasionally smoked by these [Chimariko] Indians in lieu of tobacco," - leaves, then they smoke, mock- Powers, op. cit., p. 93. "An oak mistletoe (Phoradendron); smoked ; ing the men with their play- by the Chimariko as a substitute for tobacco. Indian name un- - smoking. known." Ibid.,p. 430. TheKarukclaimthattheywerenevershort of tobacco, hence did not resort to the trashy herbs smoked by tribes to the south of them. Mg. good walker. 630440-3217 -9q

HARRINGTON] TOBACCO AMONG THI

'k0 'u'hrihkyaf. Kitaxrihar ku-j fic. Viira 'uzn vo-kupave-nni-t hid'. N 1 XI. Pahd-t mit kunkupittihat (HOW THEY USED TO EAT TOBACCO) 'iht raha mit kunflmtihat Pav o kupittihak pa'avansa', puxay 'ikvi thitihara. Vur o - Ha ri vura yiooa pa'fra~r vo-ku- Sometimes an Indian does this 'asimtca-kti 'ukvithu-nnicti kitc pitti', 'iherah o-'amm tcvfiti',1 way, just makes believe eat to- vura Pakitaxrihar vak vura kitc vura pu'ftmtihap. Pamux6 hvd s- bacco, he does not really eat it. po kvitha nnicti'. HA-ri va; 'uk- sak to-mu trip peheraha', vaA He takes tobacco out of his pipe vithu nnicti Kitaxrihara'iPn ta- kari 'apmAhn tumutvfra'1, kunic sack, and feeds it into his mouth, kunifvatuk. HA ri kunvernafip- 'uV'amti', karuma vura pu'al mti- it is like he is eating it, but he ky6&ti 'iO6 kxhrAm '1k. hara. KAhn vura 'A-pun 'tkriA does not eat it. He sits there on n 'upakurihvuti'. Tcatik vura the ground, he sings. Then after PAssay mit vo kupittihafik, 'i- pa npay kunic tcim upuffaithUec. a while it is as if he faints. Then herah u'amtihanik. Vura vo - Karixas 'axmay ik vura tu'Ae ri- he takes out his pipe. Then he kupave nahf tcvftihht. In chk pamu'fihra'am.3 PhehMraha spills tobacco in his hand, into his ti kyan t6 yva yram'ni, 'atrfup palm he spills it. He acts like he t6y-va-yrhmni peh raha'. Kunic is feeding tobacco into his mouth. 'umutvAra ti3 pehe raha'. Tce m- Every little while he acts like he yfteva vura pakunic 'umutvara- is feeding it into his mouth. He ti'. Kunic 'usinkyA nvuti'. acts as if he swallows it. 'Upyuhruippanati vuta. 'A kar He just spits it out. He throws umutkirihvuti pehe raha'. Kunic tobacco on the fire, too. He acts tuydnyu-nha', kunic tcupuffa t kind of crazy, he acts as if he is helec.4 Kitaxrihar 'umaharati'. about to faint. He is mocking 'Upfavit.curuvAnndti hiri, 'ux- the Kitaxrihars. He is trying xuti': "Ni'iphmva'11n." to bite himself at times, he thinks: "Let me eat my own meat." Pavura k6viura 'ukupave-nahi- He does all kinds of things. t'. 'Ikmahatcrakm h ri vato - In the sweathouse he sometimes ki-pha', tu'ururiccukva papihnf-t- has his fainting spell. He takes tcitcas mukunihra'@m. Takun- the old men's pipes out [of their ?ay, puffa~t vura 'ipittihap, thkun- pipe sacks]. They are afraid of ?ay. To-ptakta kpa'. 1 Hari tca- him, they never say anything [to tik vura takunlaxaytcfkki6, xay him], they are afraid of him. He

1He does this in the sweathouse, or anywhere. 2 Out of the pipe sack. 8 With repeated motions of his hand toward his mouth, as if shov- eling it in. 4 Or: teim upuffa thelec. 6 Throws his arms and legs and squirms with his trunk. Suck doctors also go through such motions. 222 nARRINGTON] TOBACCO AMONG THE KARUK INDIANS 223

'hAO 'u'hrihkyaf. Kitaxrihar ku- jerks his body around. Some- nic. Vidra 'u~m vo-kupave nnA- times they have to hold him so he hlti'. will not jump in the river. He is like a Kitaxrihar. He is just t (HOW THEY USED TO EAT TOBACCO) doing that. Pav okupittiha~k pa'Avansa', The way that man does is he puxay 'ikvi-thitihaia. Vur o- never sleeps. It is that he shuts Sometimes an Indian does this 'asimtca kti 'ukvithd-nnicti kite his eyes, and is just dreaming way, just makes believe eat to- vura Pakitaxrihar vaA vura kite about him, is dreaming about that bacco, he does not really eat it. po-kvithd nnicti'. HA-ri vaz 'uk- Kitaxrihar. Sometimes he dreams ^ He takes tobacco out of his pipe vithd-nnicti Kitaxrihara'l-n ta- that the Kitaxrihar comes and c sack, and feeds it into his mouth, kunAvafuk. HA-ri kunve-nafip- eats him up. Sometimes they it is like he is eating it, but he kW5 ti 'i66-kxArAm 'Ik. have to say formulas over him A does not eat it. He sits there on all night. a the ground, he sings. Then after Phssay mit vo-kupittihahik, 'i- Passay used to do that way, a while it is as if he faints. Then he rah u'a mtihanik. Vura vo - used to eat tobacco. He used to - he takes out his pipe. Then he kupave *nahf-tcvdtihdA. make believe that way. a spills tobacco in his hand, into his E palm he spills it. He acts like he c is feeding tobacco into his mouth. - Every little while he acts like he - is feeding it into his mouth. He acts as if he swallows it. r He just spits it out. He throws c tobacco on the fire, too. He acts t kind of crazy, he acts as if he is about to faint. He is mocking - the Kitaxrihars. He is trying to bite himself at times, he thinks: "Let me eat my own meat." - He does all kinds of things. - In the sweathouse he sometimes - has his fainting spell. He takes - the old men's pipes out [of their - pipe sacks]. They are afraid of - him, they never say anything [to F him], they are afraid of him. He Me, or anywhere.

hand toward his mouth, as if shov- aid squirms with his trunk. Suck lions. - -.qqm -

XIII. Pak6-vura kumakkuha 'uyavhitihanik pehe-raha' 1. Pahd-t mit kunkupe-cnapk6-- hitihat pehe-raha', patakun- XII. Pah6-t pamitva pukupitti- (TOBACCO NEVER USED AS AN pikni vravaha'ak haphat', pudmit 'ih8-raha mah- INSECTIFUGE) PahA-ri 'Arar tupikni-vrava- ya-nnatihaphat, papu'ave cap ha'^k, karu vura po-kpakkahiti- fat 'in pA'u'up ha"'k, vaA kari takunicnA-pkh PfivaA khon 'ihgTaha mahya-n- They never put tobacco in 'ih6Taha', pakafn 'ukpakkahiti- natihap pak&on pa'ararft'u~p where they are storing things to hA'ak. 'uta-yhiti', pavakkay su? puva- keep the bugs away, like the 'Atru-ppan t6 yva yram'ni pe- ramnihe caia, pa'apxanti tc kun- white people do. he-raha', xe-hva-ssak t6 yvayri- kupitti'. cuk. Xas tuve nafipkYu'U: "Hu k- Yufivmatnakvanna'atc, karu It is wormwood, and some- ka hinupa 'im 'AkOfpnamkitaxri- 1 hAri pahipsa'an, vaA pakunmah- times pepperwood, that they put har'? 'Ata fa-t Yh-s~tra te-p- 2 ya-nnati su?. VaA vura su? kun- in that way. They put it in a tass6'iy. 'Ata fa-t Ya sara mahya-nnati' sipnu kki6ak, karu treasure basket or an Indian ka-rim te-xd-shf1Aic. Tcimi 'ahupIhssipak. Pura fatt vura su? trunk. Nothing goes in there. nupo-nya-rihi'. Tcu ma pay." varamnihtihaia. 'Ikpihan pay That wormwood is strong. Xas tum.itpiOvA'. HAT ufum- yufivmatnakvftnna'atc. p6hpi Ovuti'. Karu hari umuit- Paffurax takunimOhttap 'ahup- When they lash a woodpecker pi Ovat!'. Ka,-kkumi~tc, tel mmitc tinnihiteak, hA-ri vaA yufivmat- scalp to a little flat stick, some- vura po mutpi Ovati'. Xas vaA nakvanates&-n su? takunimOft- times they lash wormwood leaves 'uppas tuyu-hka'. Karixas va: tapkarariv, vaA 'u~m tce-tc uvax- in under, then it dries quickly, t6sna-pka pe-kpfkkak. Hari ra hti', pura fhot vura 'in 'a mti- nothing eats it. takunkiccal. Hari xas vura hap. va: puva: 'ihyhrihafa, k6-va 'imfir 224 pehe raha'. Karu ha-ri pa'tippas 3 vtira kite takunyu-hkuri pe kpak- kak, peh6-raha'uppaL.

I Name of a former flat situated t ramiccip sweathouse, which was wa 1895. It was the shinny ground of 1 har addressed lived on that flat, and him for bruises received in shinny. 2 Implying that if the Kitaxrihar ca ment or through meanness, he can al 3 Lit. the spittle. XIII. Pak6-vdra kumakkdha (TOBACCO GOOD FOR VARIOUS 'uyavhitihanik peht-raha' AILMENTS)

1. Pahu-t mit kunkup6-cnApk6-- (HOW THEY USED TO PUT TOBACCO hitihat peh-raha', patakun- ON WHEN THEY GOT HURT) (TOBACCO NEVER USED AS AN pikni vravaha'ak INSECTIFUGE) Pahg-ri 'AraAr tupikni-vrava- When somebody gets hurt, or ha'ak, karu vura po-kphkkahiti- cut, then they put on tobacco ha"'k, va, kari takunicni-pkh where he got cut. They never put tobacco in 'ih6-raha', pakan 'ukpakkahiti- where they are storing things to hbak. keep the bugs away, like the 'Atri-ppan t6-yv! yrim'ni pe- One spills the tobacco on his white people do. he-raha', xe-hvd-ssak t6oyvA yri- palm, out of the pipe sack he cuk. Xas tuve nafipkyu'u: "Hutk- spills it. Then he prays over it: It is wormwood, and some- ka hinupa '%m 'Akeipnamkitaxri- "Where art thou, Kitaxrihar of that they put har'?' 'Ata fA-t YA-stAra te p- Ax~ipna'am. Perhaps thou hast times pepperwood, 2 in that way. They put it in a tass6'iy. 'Ata fg-t Yaf-sikra punished Human. Perhaps thou treasure basket or an Indian kg-rim te-xd-shunAic. Tcimi didst something bad to Human. trunk. Nothing goes in there. nupo-nyg-rihi'. Tcu mg-pay." May we make thee propitious. That wormwood is strong. Xas tumdtpi Ova'. HA-r ufum- Take this!" Then he throws it. puhpi Ovuti'. Karu hA-ri umut- Or sometimes he blows it [off his When they lash a woodpecker pi Ovuti'. KA-kkdrhitc, tcif mmitc palm]. And sometimes he is scalp to a little flat stick, some- vura po mutpf Ovati'. Xas vaA throwing it. Only a part of it, times they lash wormwood leaves 'uppas tuyu-hka'. Karixas va, a little of it he throws. Then he in under, then it dries quickly, t6-snA-pkA pe-kpqkkak. HA-ri spits on it. And then he puts nothing eats it. takunkiccap. HA-ri xas vura it on the cut. Sometimes they vaA puvaA 'ihyArihafa, k6-va 'imfir tie it on. Sometimes then he pehUraha'. Karu hA-ri pa'uppas 3 can not stand it, the tobacco is vura kitc takunyui hkuri pe-kpik- so hot. And sometimes they just kak, peh8-raha'uppaL. spit the juice on the cut, the tobacco juice. I Name of a former flat situated toward the river from Ikmahatc- ramiccip sweathouse, which was washed away by the river about 1895. It was the shinny ground of Katimin rancheria. The Kitaxri- har addressed lived on that flat, and there is a formula addressed to him for bruises received in shinny. 2 Implying that if the Kitaxrihar caused the cut or bruise as punish- ment or through meanness, he can also heal it. I Lit. the spittle. 225 sSarhirflhiflflir".PTtrrr -

'T)Tp A xr x, r.^xswnoT n^ 226 BUREAU OF AME]IRIUAIN NFHiNULUUY [BULL. 94

2. PahA-t mit kunkupe-cnapko-- (HOW THEY USED TO PUT TOBACCO hitihat pehe raha 'a v, pavuha ON THE FACE WHEN THEY HAD kunimnffrahitiha'ak THE TOOTHACHE) XIV. Pa'e-mca pahf-t kunku- Pavdhak 'umfirahitiha'ak, xas When a tooth aches, they wet pe-hr6-hiti peh-raha' va: 'ihe-raha 'asxay takunikyav, tobacco, they put it on a hot appli- xAs va: takunina-pka Gank6-takj cation rock. They make the 1. Pahd-t pkmitva kunkupitti picci~p 'imfir takunikyav pa'as, rock hot first, then the one that pa'emca', picci~p kunihe-rati', xas pavdhak 'imfirahitihan 6 va, has the toothache lays his face karixas takunpattumka' kAfn tu'avhittat, vaA vura t6-k- on the rock. He goes to sleep Pa'e-mca karu vura va; paku- vi-tha ka-n. there that way. nihrui-vtihanik pehe raha mku'uf. 3. Pahd-t mit kunkupafumpilh- Picci tc takuniher xasik pak- ka-nnatihat peh6-rahf-mkuJf (HOW THEY USED TO BLOW TOBACCO unpAttumke'ec. Va; 'u~m vura titv su?, pa'aratta nva takun- SMOKE IN THE EAR WHEN THEY 'apmftn pehe rahha-mku~f kunhk- k&nnaha~k ti v HAD THE EARACHE) kati', va; kunkuph'ai-pAnmAhiti pa'araratii n'va pehe-raha-mku-f- Va: mit kunkupittihat pi'l'ep, The way that they used to do mfrk pakunOayunkivti'. Yakuin patiov 'aratatnva to 'kke nnAha'^k, formerly was, whenever the pain kunipitti 'f'm kunIarfmsi-privti xas yiAOa u~m vura tuhte'r, xas jerks in the ear, then one smokes, pa'arAtta n'va, 'atcvilv kunic ku- va: pa'arata nva to lkke nnAha'ak. whenever the pain jerks there. nixippitevuti 'ikkYam pa'arat- Xas va: tufumpihka~n tiv su?. Then he blows it into his ear. tain'vh. Viri va; ha'ri yiO6a Tupfckyi"n, karixas towpp&OtipaA He smacks in, then he takes his takunikxi pkya'. Va; vura kite pamu'fihra`am. Tc6myfttcvavura pipe out of his mouth. Every kumakkuha pakunkupakfihitiha- po pepOrppAnati' karixas va: tu- once in a while he takes the pipe nik, pa'aratta nva kunke-nnati- fumpdhka~n pehe-rahf-mkuJf tifv out of his mouth again, then he haAik. Purafa-t vura kumakkuha sii?. Xas va: kumaxAnnahicitc blows the smoke in the ear. Then kuhitihaphanik vuhak tfpa~n tu'arAri-hkyanhA pattiov 'imfira- the one that has the earache vura pu'imfirhitihaphafnik. Kar hitihaA.7 always gets well in a little while. iOva-y vura puxxwa tihaphAdk.l Va; 'u~m vur 'aka-y vurava Anybody blows it into the ear. Xas ph'u~mkun vura mukun- tufumpuhka~n tiWv. Karu vura If there is a suck doctor in the purfrn vaxds ?u'Um,2 va; vura pa'i-nnA-k 'e&m ukreha"'k, va; house, she blows it in, for she kun ?arAri hkyanhitihaiik. 'iPn takunfumpthka'an, 'ayu'a'tc smokes. Va; kuma'i'i 'usm uhe rAti'. pa'e mca kunt- ratrahitiharuk, va; kunfayinki-n- O0ank0'`r, described as "the Indian hot water bottle." A flat rock, natihafnik, 'ih6 raha mkf 'fmO'uk. 5 to 10 inches diameter, kept in the house, and heated and applied 'ApmAhn vura pehU-rahftamkuJf to the body for cold limbs or the allaying of pain. kunpu-hti'. Karixas takunpat- 6Lit. who is hot at the tooth. tumka'. Xas va; mit vura 7Lit. who is hot at the ear. pamukunane ci~p pehe raha'. Va: 'u~m vura puxwitc6.ci~p kunih- ri-vtihanik. Kunic vura kun- xutihanik va, panu'ararahitihki- rihti' peh-raha'.

' Lit. the heart gets rotten. 2 Cp. xUs 'ip nu' mmutihaf, we do IERICAN ETHNOLOGY fBUJLL. 94 i'- (HOW THEY USED TO PUT TOBACCO la ON THE FACE WHEN THEY HAD THE TOOTHACHE) XIV. Pa'&-mca pahd¶-t kunku- (HOW THE SUCK DOCTORS USE as When a tooth aches, they wet pe-hr6-hiti peh-raha' TOBACCO) 4, tobacco, they put it on a hot appli- i,5 cation rock. They make the 1. PahA-t pamitva kunkupitti (HOW THE SUCK DOCTORS DO, LS, rock hot first, then the one that pa'& -mca', picci~p kunihM Tati', HOW THEY SMOKE BEFORE a: has the toothache lays his face karixas takunphttumka' SUCKING) k- on the rock. He goes to sleep Pa'&-mca karu vura va: paku- The suck doctresses, too, used there that way. nihirfi -vtihanik peh6 rahh -mku'uf. tobacco smoke. They first smoke Ii- Piccf-tc takunih6-r xasik pak- before they suck. They have to :f (HOWTHEY USED TO BLOWTOBACCO unphttumkelec. Va: 'u~m vura taste tobacco smoke in the mouth. n- SMOKE IN THE EAR WHEN THEY 'apmft~n peh6-rahh-mkuJf kun?kk- That is the only way that they HAD THE EARACHE) kati', va: kunkupft'iip~nmkhiti know the pains. With tobacco pa'arar~tA -n'va peh6 Tahh-nku -f. smoke they suck the pains out. p, The way that they used to do md-k pakunotyftnkivti'. Yakiin They say the pain comes from k, formerly was, whenever the pain kunipitti 'fm kun ?arftms1privti outside, the pains fly around as jerks in the ear, then one smokes, pa'arfltt-n'vA, 'atcvi~v kunic ku- outside. Then sometimes they k. whenever the pain jerks there. nixippi-Ovuti 'F-kkyam pa'arht- fly on anybody. That was all Li. Then he blows it into his ear. td n'vA. Yini va: ha'-ri yIO0a the sickness that they used to a: He smacks in, then he takes his takunikxi -pkyAW. Va: vura kitc have, when pains jerked. They ra pipe out of his mouth. Every kumakkdha pakunkupakiihitiha- never even had toothache. And u- once in a while he takes the pipe Alik, pa'arhttU-nva kunke-nnati- they never had consumption. ;v out of his mouth again, then he haftik. Purafa't vura kumakkiiha And they used to doctor each tc blows the smoke in the ear. Then kuhitihaphanik vuhak tftpa~n other, they used to get well. a- the one that has the earache vura pu'imffrhitihaphaftik. Kar always gets well in a little while. iOvh-y vura puxxwA-tih~phAftik. ra Anybody blows it into the ear. Xas pfiu~mkun vura muikun- ra If there is a suck doctor in the purfrn vaxds Iu'um,2 va: vura Ft: house, she blows it in, for she kun Iarflri tkyanhitihaAik. tc smokes. Va: kumfT'ii pa'6&mca kun?ft- That is what they had the suck riirahitihamik, va: kunoaydnki-n- doctors for, they suck off of Indian hot water bottle." A flat rock, nktihaflik, 'ih6-rah& -mkfi -fmd 'uk. anybody by means of tobacco n the house, and heated and applied 'Apmft~n vura peh~-rahfl-mkuJf smoke. They hold the tobacco -ie allaying of pain. kunpiX-hti'. Karixas takunpht- smoke in the mouth. Then they tumka'. Xas va: mit vdra suck. That was their best medi- pamukun ?an6-ci~p peh6-raha'. cine, tobacco. They used it more Va: 'u~m vura puxwitc6.ci~p kunlh- than anything. They thought rfitvtihaflik. Kunic vura kun- that was what they lived by, xiitihanik va; panu'ararahitihki- smoking tobacco. rihti' pehe-raha'.

' Lit. the heart gets rotten. 2 Cp. XIIS 'ip nu'd'mmutihaf, we doctored him. 227

L r~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

228 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [BULL. 94 HARRINGTON] TOBACCO AMONG TH]

Pa'asikthvabn tu'e mha'ak 'ik- When a woman gets to be a takunpipparnva"'k, vas kari ta- E mahhtcra~m 'itahare-kxaram 'u- doctor, she dances ten nights in kunpihe rana'a, puran masva i 'i-hti'. K6-mahitc tuk8-ha p6'i-hti the sweathouse. Now and then kunllOoihti po-hra-m, pa'em 'u~m E ha-ri. Viri vaA kuma'IffuO 'itn6- she quits dancing for a while. vura mu'dhra~m kitc 'uherati', I pe kxa-nnamitc vura kitc po 'i hti'. Later on [after her initiation] she pura kara vura vethgTaramtihara I Kuina vura pahariva tu'iha'ak, only dances five nights. When- pamu'dhra'am, 'u~m vura kitc E 'itno pe-kxa nnamitc vura kitc ever she starts to dance, she only 'uht-raramtivaA pamu'fhra'am. u'ihti', pavura tapa nphyha'k. dances five nights, later on. Ko vur o-hramxarahsa pa'e m- The good doctresses all have 3. Pahd-t 'Icra-mhirak Va'ara~r ye pea'. Pa'ara kunpatumk6-ti- long pipes. When they are suck- 'ukupararihkyanhivA evAhiti ha'ak tce-myAtcva kunpihe rati', ing on people, they smoke every pakkuhar 6 vas 'u~mkun tc6-myajtc kun- once in a while, that way they 'Axakikxurar mit napatum- OaydnkmInnati pa'aratta n'va. take the pains off quick. My kB'ot. Ta-y vavan 'i nnak kunh- i Nanitta~t mit 'u~m vura mit 'ip- deceased mother had a short pipe. ra-rahiti'. 'IOkyaffirax 'uOka'ira- i 3 cdinkinatc pamu'Ahra'am, ho y I do not think she was a very hiti', kar uttavahiti 'i-Okya'. Pa- I 4 'if 'ata 'e m yd-hafik. good doctor. tu'arihicriha~k pamupakkuri, xas I vaA kari takunpakurirhvana"'. 1 2. Pahu t pa'e m 'ukupapimya-h- (HOW A SUCK DOCTOR BREATHES Vura 'u~m pidva 'i-nnA-k 'ikre-vi- E vahitihat pehe rahA-mkujf IN THE TOBACCO SMOKE WHILE cara 'a nvIpui. Ko-vura 'Anv E po'i htiha'ak, pakunpi-niknik- SHE IS DANCING AT A KICK 'ikxaram kunphrApkurihva', vana tiha'ak. DANCE) 'axakmahitc vura 'avkittuycurak Ha-ri pa'e m po-'i htiha~k 'ik- When a woman doctor is danc- kunparipkurihva 'ikxaramkmiAic. 1 mahAtcra'am, pakunpi-nfkni-kva- ing in the sweathouse when they Kaht-mca 'u~mkun 'ikxurar xas ( 5 na-tiha'ak, 'apmhonmd-k 'upim- are kick dancing, she breathes 'ara xus kunu-mmuti', nuA 'u~m 1 ya-hvuti', kiri sa? pehe-raha-m- through her mouth, she wants vura suppa-hak 'ara xus kunL'-m-h kujf pamupma-nnak sOi. Kir the tobacco smoke to go into her muti', pavura takka rimha'ak, xas ( uvictar pe he-raha', pataxanna- mouth. She wants to get to 'ikxaram kunpatumk6oti'. I hicitcha'ak kir uvicta poh8-rati- like tobacco, she wants to like VaA mit 'dppa'at: "VaA xus helec. VaA 'ukpihanhikkiritti' tobacco later on when she smokes. 'e-stihanik kunftppuraAik, vir I pe'he rahmkujfmAfuk vaA mfi She gets stout from the tobacco vaA 'irm vura puharixay 'ip kunic 'ukpihanhikkiritti' passuu- smoke, from it she gets stout, yav pe-cara pamieva'ay. VaA vu- i pimya-hvarati pamupma-nnak when she breathes it in, the ra paharivarivaA vuira papuxxwitc : pe he raha mkl'uf. 'UkxwlkvdrAti tobacco smoke, through her ikyuhA'4ak vaz 'Vii upvo-nsiprevic 2 po-'ihti'. Po pamtcaktihh'ak, mouth. She makes an inhaling pa'arattan'va. Karixyas ik va; I vas 'u~m 'u'iviruve'c. Ka--rim sound as she dances. If she 'ifn 'i tk~recap pa'aratta n'va. c Vu'Arihicrihe'ec, 'u'lvirrve'Iec. shuts her mouth, she gets weak. Su? u~m vura vaA tusakrivha'. i Tc6-myhtcva vura patakunpe-- She will get far gone, she will get Paxidnxu~n tukicchparaiiv. 'Tp- I he-rana k6-vuia, vaA 'u~m pu'aO- weak. Every once in a while ma-nhiti', vassihkam xas 'iupmA n- E kuu-nkuhittihap kunipitti'. Pa- everybody takes a smoke, they hiti'. Vura tapune-cyu-nke-ra, I tusakri-vha'. Vura 'u~m tapu- i 3 This pipe was sold by Sylvester Donohue. n-cyfi-nke-ra, vura nik 'u~m nu- I 4 Said in fun. She was an excellent doctor and busy all the time with her cases. 6 The following text, dictated by 5The doctress alone dances standing, the others present sit and was doctored by 'Icra-mhirak Va'a kick the floor. the tobacco pipe being a prominent IERICAN ETHNOLOGY [BULL. 94 HARRINGTON] TOBACCO AMONG THE KARUK INDIANS 229 k- When a woman gets to be a takunpippfi nva'ak, va; kari ta- say they do not get sore throats u- doctor, she dances ten nights in kunpih8 rana'a, pura;n mhsvh that way. When they rest, they ti the sweathouse. Now and then kuntieoihti po-hra-m, pa' m 'u~m smoke, they pass the pipes around. shes- quits dancing for a while. vura mu'dhra~m kite 'uh8Tati', But the doctor smokes her own 1'. Later on [after her initiation] she pura kara vura ve-h6-raramtihara pipe, nobody else's, she just k, only dances five nights. When- pamu'dhra'am, 'u~m vfira kite smokes her pipe alone. bc ever she starts to dance, she only Iuh:raramtiva; pamu'Ahra'am. dances five nights, later on. I- The good doctresses all have 3. Pahd-t 'Icrhvmhirak Va'hra~r (HOW MRS. HOODLEY CURED A SICK i- long pipes. When they are suck- 'ukup ararihkyanhivA *OvAhiti PERSON) ', ing on people, they smoke every pakkuhir 6 1- once in a while, that way they 'Axakikxurar mit napatum- She nodded her head over me i. take the pains off quick. My k6'ot. T-y vhvan 'fnnAk kunA- (circumlocution for she sucked - deceased mother had a short pipe. rATahiti'. 'IOkyhffirax 'uOka'fra- me) two evenings. There were y I do not think she was a very hiti', kar utthvahiti 'iNOkya'. Pa- lots of people in the house. She good doctor. tu'ftrihicriha~k pamupbkkuni, xhs had on a feather cape, and she va; kari takunpakfiri hvana'a. was vizored with feathers. When 1- (HOW A SUCK DOCTOR BREATHES Vura 'u~m piiva. 'f-nnA-k 'ikr8-vi- she started to sing, they all would IN THE TOBACCO SMOKE WHILE sing. No person who is not SHE IS DANCING AT A KICK cara 'a nvi-puk. K6-vira 'Aiv painted can stay in the house. DANCE) 'ikxhram kunphrupkfirihva', 'axAkmahitc vura 'avkittuycurak They all dot their faces with When a woman doctor is danc- kunpardpkurihva 'ikxaramkdfic. black, a black dot is put on each t- ing in the sweathouse when they Kah?8-mca 'u~mkun 'ikxurar xas cheek of each person. The up- L- are kick dancing, she breathes 'hra xus kund-mmuti', nu; 'u~m river doctors doctor at night, but 1- through her mouth, she wants vura suppA-hak 'Ara xus kunfi m- our people doctor through the ir the tobacco smoke to go into her muti', pavura takkA rimha'ak, xas day; only in a bad case do our t- mouth. She wants to get to 'ikxaram kunpatumk .11'. people suck at night. i- like tobacco, she wants to like Va; mit 'dppa'at: "Va; xus She said: "They had deviled i' tobacco later on when she smokes. '8-stihanik kun~hppuraAik, viri him [that dead person], whom it She gets stout from the tobacco va; 'im vura puhArixay 'ip you took care of [before he died], t- smoke, from it she gets stout, yav pe-cara pami~va'ay. Va; vu- you never will be good again in k when she breathes it in, the ra pahhrivariva; vdra papuxxwftc your chest [gesture]. Whenever bi tobacco smoke, through her ikyuh.'ak, va; 'a? upv6-nsipr6-vic you get sick again, the pain will i, mouth. She makes an inhaling pa'arhttA-n'vh. Karixyas ik va; rise up again. That pain is the n sound as she dances. If she 'i n 'i-kyhr6 cap pa'arhtt5, n'va. one that is going to kill you. It shuts her mouth, she gets weak. Su? u~m vdra va; tushkri-vha'. is getting hard inside. It [the She will get far gone, she will get Paxdnxu~n tukiccApdrafiv. '11Tp- pain] is tied up with spit. It has weak. Every once in a while ma-nhiti', vhssihkam xas 'upma n- a mouth, and its mouth is to your everybody takes a smoke, they hiti'. Vura tapunftcyui-kea, back. I can not pull it out. It tushkri-vhh'. Vura 'u~m tapu- is hard [to take out]. I can not Donohue. Ater no-cyi-nke-ra, vura nik 'u~m nu- put that out, I can only help a cellent doctor and busy all the time 6 The following text, dictated by Imkyanvan, describes how she tanding, the others present sit and was doctored by 'Icrh-mhirak Vd'ara'ar, Mrs. Hoodley, the use or the tobacco pipe being a prominent feature. -. 4011100op-r

230 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [BULL. 04

pipearavrikYA'an ammah atche'ec. little bit. It is not Indian sick- Vura 'u~m pu'ararakdhahaia, ness, it is White man sickness." vura 'urm 'apxanti tckyiha'." Then she said: " I know if the Xas 'upitti': " Vax 'u~m vura ni'a - pains are paining you, I know on piumuti pa'aratta nv ikyt nnat- the exterior, I do not know far XV. Pahftt papirican6 kyava n- ( tiha'ak, vaA 'u~m vura ni'apun- in.', sa picci~p kunkupamutpi 0- muti 'avahkarh. Su? 'u~m ylf va: vahiti peht raha', pa'annav Yu~m vura tapuna'A puinmara." karixas kunikya-tti' Karixas napatuimku"u, k6-vura Then she sucked me, she sucked 'Avansas mit kitc kunic napatdmku'u. Karixas tu't-Oricuk me all over. Then she took out pa'an6-kyava-nsa', kuna vura pamd'uhra'am. Karixas tuh8'er. her pipe. Then she smoked. Yu~m paye-m va: tapdffa'at, Karixas ne-hyakuri-hva pamu'uh- Then she stood the pipe on me takunpe runpaffiP. Pay8-m vura ra'^m, 'upakuri-hvuti', 'u'ihti'. [bowl against my skin], she was ni kyh kkum 'asikthvaAnsa takun- Va: vura yittcakanitc po-hyatk- singing, she was dancing, too. sa-m, 'asiktavanian6-kyftv-nsA'. kuti', k8-mahitc vura po-kkena- She pressed it on in one place, Xutexutckhssar ' vaA mit ye-c- vavaeti I po-hra -m. Patcim upic- rocking it a little. Every time ci"p. Kunipitti 'AkramanAhhu^2 yuinkevicaha'ak, va: kari pat6-- when she took it [the pipe] away karu vura nik 'u'ittapti'. Pa'ara kwi kva'. Vura pusu? 'uyh -nvara- [from my skin], then she inhaled t6okkidha'ak, va: kari takun- tihara 'apma n, 'uhram'd-m mukw- with a noise. She did not put it plkya~r pa'ane kyhva'an. Va: itevura t6*pma-nha'. Vura puva into her mouth, she just held her vura kari picci.p vura takun ?'e. ramahara pamu'dhra'am. mouth close to the pipe. She did Kari vura puv ikyav pa'annav Kuyra kkan pan6-hyakkurihat not have a very long pipe. Three kari vura takune'le. 'IOapaOilv- pananiOva"'y, 'axva-k kaiu, different places she stood it on my ri~n va: vura k6, pa'iccavsip. vura pupuxxwltchara vura, tcaka- chest, and on my head [on my HA-ri 'itrahyar furax. Pa'apxan- 'itc kyuifc. Karixas pat6kwik- forehead], too, not hard, just tinnihitc ve ttak kunaivyihuk va'. Viri patupicyuinkiv po-h- gently [on my head]. Then she va: kar itrahyar 'icpuk vura ra-m, yatik pa'a x 'utakkararihvic inhaled with a noise. Then when takunhiccavsip. po-hnamippakitc. Kikku~m she took the pipe away, blood was Patakunpikya ha^k pa'an&k- vura taxxannahicitc tupihg'er. hanging on the end of that pipe. yAva'an, kari mahh-tnihatc vura Tc6-myh.teva po hgTati po m- Then after a while she smoked tuva-ram, to-kya-r pamuppific, ma-htiha~k pa'arattan'va. again. She keeps smoking every maruk vura k6-kkaninay to-k- Kunipitti pakkaruk va'8 mca little while as long as she sees the yVa'r, tu'apimpfiOvar pamuppific. puhitiha~nhara patumk68ttihap, pain in there. Xas tu'ippak, 'usa-nvuitl pamup- po-hr&~m kitc kunic vura paku- They say that the upriver doc- piric. Pak6^ 'ua punmuti vaA nihru-vti' vura tce myAteva kitc tors do not suck much; they use pamuppiric, va: k6: to-psaiuk, pakunpih6Tati', va: vura kite rather the pipe, every once in a thhpu'us, karu ha-r icvfiip, kAru pakunkupitti', kuntbttuycuruti while they take a smoke; that is 'akravsi"p, karu 'akvitti"p, karu 'i 9kyamf'uk payikkihar. all the way they do, with a [condor vievankuha'An'nav, karu ha-ri feather] they brush the sick per- kusrippaA, pak6- 'u'apfinmuti', son off. va: k6, 'u'uhyanako-vic. K6-- vura pak6. muppiric va. k6, 'u'i- 7 Or po-kke-navasti, as it rocks. I Mg. having his head hair like a n hair. 2 Mg. he walks as if going to war. IERICAN ETHNOLOGY [BULL. g4

'C. little bit. It is not Indian sick- -a, ness, it is White man sickness." ,, Then she said: "I know if the C- know on pains are paining you, I (HOW THE STEAMING DOCTORS know far XV. Pahd-t papirican6-kyAvA-n- a- the exterior, I do not THROW TOBACCO AROUND BE- nI- in." sa picci~p kunkupamdtpi-0- vahiti peht raha', pa'Annav FORE THEY FIX THEIR MEDI- EL; karixhs kunikyA tti' CINE) ra Then she sucked me, she sucked 'Avansas mit kite kdnic It used to be mostly men that k me all over. Then she took out pa'an6 kyAvd-nsA', kUma vura were steaming doctors, but now ir. her pipe. Then she smoked. 'u~m payt m vaA tapdffa'at, there are no more of them, they E- Then she stood the pipe on me takunp6-runpaffip. Payerm vura all died off. There are now still i'. [bowl against my skin], she was ni kyh kkum 'asiktftvinsa takun- some women left, some woman a- singing, she was dancing, too. sa-m, 'asiktavan an6-kyAvA-nsA'. steaming doctors. Sandy Bar aL- She pressed it on in one place, Xutcxutckhssar ' vaA mit y6-c- Bob was the best one. They say c- rocking it a little. Every time ci"p. Kunipitti 'AkramanAhu^ 2 that Sandy Bar Jim knows how, when she took it [the pipe] away karu vura nik 'u'ittapti'. Pa'hra too. When somebody is sick, i- [from my skin], then she inhaled t6okkfiha'ak, vaA kari takun- then they send for the steaming w with a noise. She did not put it pikya.r pa'an6 kyhva'an. Va: doctor. They pay him first. Be- into her mouth, she just held her vura kari picci~p vura takunIe'e. fore he makes the medicine, they 1. mouth close to the pipe. She did Kari vura pdv ikyav pa'Annav pay him. One string [of the kind It not have a very long pipe. Three kari vura takun ee. 'IeapaOiv- of dentalia called piovfva] is his 1, different places she stood it on my ri~n va: vura k6: pa'iccavsip. doctor fee. Sometimes 10 wood- i- chest, and on my head [on my HA-ri 'itrAhyar fdfax. Pa'apxan- pecker heads. After the Whites i- forehead], too, not hard, just tinnihitc v6-ttak kunivyihuk came they have started to fee i- gently [on my head]. Then she va: kar itrAhyAr 'Icpuk vuira him $10. lc inhaled with a noise. Then when takunhiccavsip. n she took the pipe away, blood was Patakunpikya-ha~k pa'an6-k- When they get the steaming r. hanging on the end of that pipe. yava'an, kari mahPi-tnihatc vura doctor, he goes early in the morn- t- Then after a while she smoked tuvA-Pam, to-kyl-r pamuppiric, ing, he goes to pick his herbs, again. She keeps smoking every mkruk vura k6-kkbninay to'k- all over upslope he goes to pick a little while as long as she sees the y'a'r, tu'apimpi ovar pamuppific. them, he goes to look for his i, pain in there. Xas tu'ippak, 'usA nv1ti pamup- herbs. Then he comes back, L- They say that the upriver doc- pfric. Pak6^ 'u'aVpfimuti va: packing his herbs in his hands. c tors do not suck much; they use pamuppific, va: k6: to-pshiuk, Whatever kinds he knows, that c rather the pipe, every once in a thhpu'us, karu har icviiip, kAru many he brings home, the twigs ,i while they take a smoke; that is 'akrAvsi"p, karu 'akvitti"p, karu of Douglas Fir, and sometimes all the way they do, with a [condor vicvankuha'an'nav, karu hA-ri Jeffrey Pine, and cottonwood, feather] they brush the sick per- kusrippaA, pak6- 'u'ahpdnmuti', and alder, and vievankuha'An'nav son off. va: k6, 'u'dhyanak6o ic. K6-- [fern sp.], and sometimes ma- vura pak6- muppific va: k6, 'u'i- drone, as many as he knows

1 Mg. having his head hair like a nest, referring to his slightly curly hair. 2 Mg. he walks as if going to war. 231 -----U -- - r

232 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [BULL. 94 HARRINGTON] TOBACCO AMONG THI patsuor6ti 'itcammahitc pa'ap- [formulas for], that many he is hec.8 Teinmi Ya-s?ara kipkyo-' ti"k va~ 'u~m ha-r ifyg-vfiravh going to pray over. All his himmatevi'. Tcimi klanapipea- I patd ppitcasha'ak.3 herbs as many as there are he ravrf-ki', ptiAyci-p." Vura 'u~m breaks off one limb at a time, tef-mmite po-mutpi-Ovuiti'.i sometimes several if they are Xas tu'uhyanhkku: pappiric small ones [small plants]. 'itcamahitc. YiOOa kumappiric 9 'f-m vura to psamkir pamup- He leaves his herbs outside the picciftc tu'iissip, vaA vura piric, pamaruk tuWippakaha'ak, living house, when he comes 'avpi-mmitc po-'axaytchkkicrihti, ' nna k pusa-mffiruktihara. Pa- back from upslope; he does not xakararfttikmd'1k, po-'uhya- ku-sra 'a~vannihitc to kr8 ha'ak, pack it into the living house. nako-tti'. Xas patupuhyana- kari po-kya-tti pa'an'nav. 'Asip- When the sun is already some- k-m'mar, kari 'assipak to-Oi-v- piJt po-kya ramti', papuva'assip- what high, then he makes the ram'ni. Pulyava 'iffuO yio kuina hahlti'. Pakuhitihan mu'hrd r medicine. It is a new bowl kumappiric tu' ssip. Va: kuik- va: 'f-n takun?68e, pa'assip. basket that he makes it with, a ku~m yio kuma'i-hyan patu'uh- Yittceetc vura tuvo-nnfip~tk, bowl basket that has never been yanAkku'u. 'Assipak to-Oivramni pa'annav 'ikya ttihAiA. Va: ku- used. The sick person's rela- kukku~m va"'. K6-vura vo-ku- ma'ii pa'fl-kkyam 'ukya-tti', tives furnish it, that bowl basket. pe-kya hiti pamuppiric. Tcatik patuycf-p 4 'fn kunhimmyfistl'. He goes out alone, when he vuira tapuiffaJt pappific. Xas Karixas tu'uiruppuk pamu'as- makes the medicine. He makes pa'assip tupikta msip pa'assip, sip, pamu'ane kyaTav.5 Va; it outside so that the mountains pappiric 'u'iOra'. Xas 'icca- kdik tu'dov pa'assip pamup- will see him. hatti~m kulik tu'fim, kulik t6-k- piric 'uta-yhitihirak 'fkkYarh. tam'ma. Xas 'iccaha to-tta- Va, khnn to OOlc pamu'atssip, rivramni pamu'assipak pamru- 'arun. Xas yiOukhnva vura po- 'anna 'k. ta-yhiti pappiric, payiOuva ku mappiric. Xas khtn vura 'fkkyam 6 pic- Then he takes his bowl basket ci~p 'umutpifOvuti pa'uhipihiktcu- outdoors, his steaming receptacle. rappu', 'utcu phiti po mutpi O- He takes the bowl basket to vuti'. Picci~p kyikon 'utayva- where he left his herbs outside. ratti 7 pe-h8 raha', patu-yci-prin He sets his bowl down there, Karixas va: 'i-nn-k t6-kta-m- 'u'akkihvana-ti', pe-OivOa-nne-n empty. Then he lays the herbs fuirtk payikkihar 'uOanni-rak 'fn- kyhru vura, khon vur 'ivi-kkyam in separate places, each kind of nA'ak. Xas piccl tc va: t6-tariv- po 'akihc-iprinati pehtTaha'. herb. kYArAvhM pa'iccaha payikkihar. Patuyci-prin 'u'atkkihvana-ti': Then outside there first he Karixas patuparampdkkwik, pic- "Ma-pay pe-he raha takikak- throws around the pounded up ci~p tu'icmaO pa'iccaha'. Va: kihap. Tcimi kyanapipcarav- stem tobacco; he is talking as he muppi-m to-Orf-c poO-nnif-ak. ri ki', YA-stra tcim 'u'lPkkYim- throws it around. First he Karixas vab 'ase-mfir tuturuk- kurihva pa'assipak. 'ImxaOayav 3 he picks in bunches, he just carries them He does not tie the sprigs pato-mtuipahabk pappific. Xas holding the stems grasped together in his hand. vhas tupaOxuittap. Va: vura 4 Or patuycf prin. 6 Special term applied to the bowl basket used for steaming. s The Ikxareyavs, when speakin 6 Or 'm. tu'likkyam, he has gone outside [tl 7 This is the idiom. died. 9 Or pappiric. -'

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NIERICAN ETHNOLOGY [BULL. 94 HARRL5aToN] TOBACCO AMONG THE EARUK INDIANS 233 Lp- [formulas for], that many he is h6'ec.8 Teimi " spoils" vi going to pray over. All his YA-sAra kipkyo- the tobacco, he is himmatevi'. Tcimi kyanapipca- feeding the mountains herbs as many as there are he and the ravri ki', pAtRLyci p." Vura earth, it is outside breaks off one limb at a time, 'u~m there that he tci-mmitc po mutpi Ovati'. is feeding the mountains sometimes several if they are from. Xas tu'uhyanakkuA He feeds the small ones [small plants]. pappiric mountains: " Here 'itcamahitc. Yif0a kumappiric 9 I feed ye this smoking p- He leaves his herbs outside tobacco. the picci tc Ye k, living house, when he comes tu'd-ssip, vaA vura help me, Human is going to 'avpfmmitc go a- back from upslope; he does not po-'axaytclkkicrihti, outside. Feel ye sorry for xakararhttilkminu'uk, Human! k, pack it into the living house. po-'uhya- Ye help me, ye moun- nak6 tti'. Xas tains." He i- When the sun is patupuhyana- just throws it around already some- ko-m'mar, a little. )- what high, then he makes the kAri 'dssipak to-Oi-v- ram'ni. Then ;r medicine. It is a new bowl Pdyava 'iffuO yio kina he prays over the herbs kumappiric one S. basket that he makes it with, a tu'dussip. Va: kdk- at a time. He takes up one ku~m kind c, bowl basket that has never been yiO kumA'fi-hyAn patu'uh- of herb first; close to his yanhkku'u. 'Assipak to-oivramni face he holds it, with both hands, - used. The sick person's rela- kflkku~m va'a. K6-vdra as he prays over it. Then tives furnish it, that bowl basket. vo-ku- when pe-kya-hiti pamuppiric. Tcatik he finishes praying over it, then He goes out alone, when he vdra tapdffaat pappiific. Xas he puts it in the bowl basket. makes the medicine. He makes pa'Assip tupikta-msip Then afterwards he takes , it outside so that the mountains pa'Assip, up pappiric 'u'i Ora'. Xas 'icca- another kind of herb. Hle prays - will see him. hatti~m kilk tu'll-Im, kudok t6-k- a different prayer over it. Then tam'ma. Xas 'iccaha to-tth- he puts it in turn in the bowl rivramni pamu'Assipak pamu- basket. He does that same way 'Anna'ak. to all his herbs. Then the herbs are through with. Then he picks up the Then he takes his bowl basket bowl basket, with the outdoors, his steaming receptacle. herbs in it. Then he goes to the water, he He takes the bowl basket to packs it to the water. Then where he left his herbs outside. he puts water in his bowl basket He sets his bowl down there, on his medicine. Karixas va: 'fnnl-k Then empty. Then he lays the herbs t6-ktA-m- he packs it into the f&rik payikkihar 'uO-nni-rak house where in separate places, each kind of 'n- the sick person lies herb. n'a'k. Xas picci tc va: t6-thriv- in the house. Then the first kyirAvA0 pa'iccaha payikkihai. thing he makes Then outside there first he the sick person Karixas patuparamptkkwik, pfc- drink some of that throws around the pounded up water. Then ci~p tu'icmaO pa'iccaha'. he starts in stem tobacco; he is talking as he Va: to steam him,first muppi-m to-Orf-c po Ohnnm ak. he makes him drink throws it around. First he the water. Karixas va: 'as6-mfir tuturuk- He sets the bowl basket close to cks in bunches, he just carries them kiurihva pa'&ssipak. 'Imxaeayav where he [the sick person] is r in his hand. patonmtfipaha~k pappiric. Xas lying. Then he puts hot boiling vats tupaaxdttap. VaA vura stones into that cup. It smells wl basket used for steaming. 8 The Ikxareyavs, when speaking of Human dying, always said tu'bkkyam, he has gone outside [the house], instead of tu'iv, he has died. 9 Or pappiric.

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234 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [B3ULL. 94

kAon 'fkri'1, 'dmmf1 sti'. Pat6-m- nice when the herbs get all sip,'0 yf kuna to-pturukdrilivY. cooked. Then he covers him 'I0asdippa, vo-parampikkikti pa- [the sick person up with a yikkihai, vaA po-parampfikkiky- blanket]. He stays there watch- arati pa'ipa 'uhyanakk6'ot. 'IOa- ing him. If it gets cooled off, he XVI. Pahf-dt 'ih-raha kunkupa- sippaA xas p6 mtfi'pti'. Pu'im- puts some other ones [hot boiling tayvarahiti pa'akunva 'nsa' firahirurav ikyA-ttihAo. Xas stones] in. All day long he Ha-ri po"'kkunvfitiha~k pa'a- pat6-mtup pappiric 'ikxurar, xas steams the sick person, with ra'8 r, thya~n yiooa suppa 'ihe-rah I tuk6-ha'. YiO tumdssahina-ti what he has prayed over. It uptayvaratti', payi0ea kikku~m i pappitic, t6-mtup. Xas pa'Annav takes all day long to cook it. 'ikkyura' to kfdkkuvra'a, kikku~m I patupikya' 8 r, xas va, to pa-tvae They do not make it so hot. vaA khvn 'ihe-raha tuthyva'ar, vaA t pa'ana 'a smA'uk) vaAmfik to pa t- Then when the herbs "get pay pakunkupav6-nnatffipahiti': I vaO pa'anfa'a~s payikkihai. Xas cooked" in the evening, then he "TA-ycip, tcimi pay nu'akki yiO kuma'iccaham6-k takunpip- quits. The herbs look different, pehe-raha'. Na, mahavnikay- I pd-tvak. Xas tuvonsip6 payikki- when they are done. Then when a-tche-cik, tA-ycip. '6 -k tani- f har, papupuxwitc ka rimha'^k. he finishes the medicine, then he 'Ahu'u. Ve k nipikya'rave.c pa- I Xas Fim tupiktA-mnfipuk pamup- bathes him with the medicine mi'aramah6-cci"p. Pamikinin- i piric pa'an6ekyhva'an, pa'assipak, water, with the medicine water na-ccitc ve-k nipikyl raVee." I tu'iccunva 'i'kkyam pappiric xay he bathes the sick person. Then Peh6-raha'uhippi', va, mitpa- kunmah. Xas tupifxa'l pamu'as- they bathe him with other [ordi- kuntayvarattihat, ha-ri mit vur 1 sip. Xas va, vur upavikve~c nary] water. Then the sick per- ihe-raha'. Paye-m vura pa'ap- I pa'assip popvATamaha'ak. VaA son gets up, if he is not too sick. xanti-tciht-raha' patakuntayav- 1 takunpip Then pakkuha k6-viur upsa-n- the steaming doctor packs ratti'. ve'ec pa'AssipAk sO?, pato-pavikva his herbs outdoors, in the bowl pa'Assip. basket, he hides the herbs out- 1. Yi0Oa pakkuri po'pivdyri'nkyfit side, lest people see them. Then tayvaratti pakun? he washes out the bowl basket. He is going to take it along with (SONG TELLING HOW HUNTERES him when he goes home. They The following kick-dance song tel say that he is going to take all the sickness away in the bowl 'Itahara-n vura basket, when he packs it home 'Ihe-rah uptayva with him. 't-kyam vavunay Pava k6-k ?an4-kyAvan, pa'a.n- That kind of steaming doctor, nav ukyA ttiha'1k, 'iccaha pu- when he makes his medicine, He spills [ prays and throws aro f-ctihhrA kuyraksdppa'a. Va. does not drink water for three walking around outside [=the hunt kari vura tu'aramsi'priv pappiric days. From the time that he to kya rAha'ak, tapu'iccaha 'icti- starts to go to pick the herbs, hafa. Xuin vura kitc puphttati he does not drink water. He kuyraksdppa'a, u'a yti': "Xay 'fc- merely spoons acorn soup for caha ne xra', pafa-t ni'Avaha'ak." three days, he is afraid "I might get thirsty if I eat anything." 10 Lit. if it becomes extinguished, said of fire. A curious extension of the verb. ERICAN ETHNOLOGY [BULL. 94 r- nice when the herbs get all '. cooked. Then he covers him [the sick person up with a - blanket]. He stays there watch- ing him. If it gets cooled off, he XVI. Pah-t 'iht-raha kunkupa- (HOW HUNTERS "SPOIL" puts some other ones [hot boiling tb~yvhrahiti pa'akiinvA-nsa' TOBACCO) s stones] in. All day long he HA-ri po-'hkkunvfitiha~k pa'•h- Sometimes when a person is ,s steams the sick person, with ra"ar, thya;.n yieoa, siippa 'iht-rah hunting he throws tobacco around ;i what he has prayed over. It uptayvhratti', paylffa kdikku;.m many times in one day, whenever v takes all day long to cook it. 'ikkyurg- to -kfdikkuvra"a, kfikku;.m he gets to the top of a ridge, he 0 They do not make it so hot. va;. kh;.n 'iht-raha tutftyva'ar, va;. throws tobacco there again, he , Then when the herbs "get pay pakunkupav6-nnhffipahiti': prays thus: s cooked" in the evening, then he "Ttiyelp, tcimi pay nu'hkki "Mountain, I will feed thee quits. The herbs look different, peht-raha'. Na;. mahhvnikhy- this tobacco. Mayst thou be when they are done. Then when rttche-cik, tlrycip. '6-k tani- glad to see me coming, mountain. he finishes the medicine, then he lhhu'u. V6-k nipikyA-r~ve;.c pa- I am coming here. I am about bathes him with the medicine mi'aramah6 -cci' p. Pamikinin- to obtain thy best child. Thy , water, with the medicine water ni-ccitc ve-k niiy-rv~. pet I am about to obtain." y he bathes the sick person. Then Peh6-raha'uhfppi', va;. mit pa- It was stem tobacco that they they bathe him with other [ordi- kunthyvarattihaf, hA-ri mit vur used to throw around, sometimes c nary] water. Then the sick per- iht-raha'. Payt-m vura pa'ap- leaf tobacco. Nowadays it is son gets up, if he is not too sick. xanti-tcihhtraha' patakuntayhv- the White man tobacco that they packs Then the steaming doctor ratti'. throw around. a his herbs outdoors, in the bowl basket, he hides the herbs out- 1. YifOa pakkuri po pivdyri!nkyati pahd-t pehe-raha kunkupe-p- side, lest people see them. Then tayv~ratti pakun ?kkunvutiha'8k he washes out the bowl basket. He is going to take it along with (SONG TELLING HOW HUNTERS THROW TOBACCO AROUND) him when he goes home. They The following kick-dance song tells of a hunter throwing tobacco: say that he is going to take all the sickness away in the bowl 'Itahara-n vura basket, when he packs it home 'Ih-rah uptayvaratti with him. 'f-kyam vavunayviteva'an 'iTya. That kind of steaming doctor, when he makes his medicine, He spills [=prays and throws around] tobacco 10 times, he who is ; does not drink water for three walking around outside [ = the hunter]. days. From the time that he 235 starts to go to pick the herbs, i he does not drink water. He merely spoons acorn soup for three days, he is afraid "I might get thirsty if I eat anything." ,d, said of fire. A curious extension

IL -Iqwpp,-

HARRINCTON] TOBACCO AMONG TH

Patcirixxu~s takunikya ha'ak, sd'kam kunikru-pti', 'ipphmd'uk, pavura pax&hva~s kunkupe-krup- pahiti'. Karixas yioeukamkam takunp-vrin patakunpikya-ra- XVII. Patcirixxu'us, pahd-t mit (THE TCIRfXXUS, AND WHAT THEY ha"ak. kyhru vura kunkupethro hitihaf DID WITH THEM) Karixas 'ipannimtc vastaran ta- kunikru-pka', va: mId- kunipkic- Tcirixxu.s 'uxm vura pu vic- Tcirixxus are little sacks. They cape'oc. tunv6 ttcaA.a Ka timi-nirahiv use them at the Katimin new year Karixas pakunve nnhfiptiha'ak, kunihru vti',1 karu vura Panam- ceremony, and at the Orleans new va; takunpippui, pa'uhippi kun- nikhirahi4, karu vura karukiira- year ceremony, and at the up- mutpi ovuti'. hiv vaA karu kh~n vura kunihrdi-v- river new year ceremony, they ti patcirixxu'us, karu vura pasa- use the tcirixxus there, too, and 1. Pahh t Kuf "I 'ukupappi fkYu- 8 ruk Amkuf 2 takunikya *ha'k, ku- when they make the downslope na-hanik pala~tim?!inye ripax- nihrf-vti va, patcirixuspA-Oic. smoke they use the tcirixxus vu-hsa', pamuppakkuri tcirix- sacks. xurs 'upivuyri-mkyatihanik VaA vura kitc tafirapuhpua-vic- They are nothing but little Kui f tunv8 ttcas. X6 hva~s karu 'Atm buckskin sacks. A xehvas is vura yiO, x&hva~s 'umm 'uhram- different, a xehvas is a pipe sack. 'Ukni. 'Ata hariva kuntarA-- pdvic. Vikkyapuhak vdra su? They are kept in a vikkyapu. rahiti'. 'umahya *nnahiti'. Ta~y vavan viura va; khan pa- 'Itrahyar patcirixyuspd vic va. They fill 10 tcirixxus sacks 'ifappi-ttitcas. Xas u~mkun viura viri va: 'axyarava kunikyA-tti pa- with stem tobacco on the last day va; kunkupitti', 'immyftn kuk- ku~m pakunu-pvkn'vh, Mati- 'uhippi', Katim ?i 1n pakunicri-m- of the Katimin target shooting pa-npay 'ioa n tilia"'k, pata'ifutetimitesdppa, when they make the fire upslope cra-m. Tcavura pa'a h kunikya-tti maruk, 'inki- at Inkir fireplace. Then they kuma kaii te-kxurar va; ka;n takunpavyihic, pamukuniatim- ra'ahiram. Xas va, kunmdtpi-0- throw around the stem tobacco 4 vuti kyatn pa'ahirhmti~m pa- there by the fireplace, while they nampim'matc. Ta'ip k6-vura 'uhippi', pakunve nnftfiptiha'1k. pray. pamukun'attiv 'axyar kunikya- 'Itrahyar patcirixxyu,-s ko-ka- They use 10 everywhere except vo'°t, ta'ip kyahn kunipvumnic- ninay vura va: kunihruivti', va; only 5 tcirixxus at the downriver cri hvat pamukunhtti4. Tcimi vura 'ata kitc kyan 'itno ppitc smoke, there at Amekyaram they kunpavyiheipre vic, takunkariha kunihru-vti patcirixxyu~s pasa- put 5 little sacks into one big pakunkupaphvyihciprehe 'ec .6 rukhmku~f takunikya'ha'ak, va, sack.3 Xas matruk kunitrA-ti'. Tcimax- kahn 'Ame-kyA-ram 'itro p papf-- may maruk 'aficnihanya-matc victunve-ttcas yiO0a puvickyd m- 'u'ihun'ni. Vuira u~m ya matc mak kunmahya nnati su?.A pa'aficnihan'nitc, tupa nvaya tc- hUen. Pura;n takunipp&'er: "'If ' For detailed description of the use of tcirixxus at the Katimin ya matcitc pammaruk ta'ihunni- new year ceremony see pp. 245-247. haA." Tcavura pa-npay vura 2Referring to the Yutimin spring salmon ceremony. I Models of the large and small tcirixxu'us sacks used at the spring 39 Western Spotted Skunk, Spiloi salmon ceremony were made by Mrs. Mary Ike, and are shown in tcinnim and tcinimkya'am (-ka'1m, b P1. 36. The large sack has a drawstring: 'upt6ontciccarahiti vasta- 4 They were just resting from ma s Referring to their loads being mt ian, it draws together with a thong. 0 32 236 6W044 - 18 HARRINGTON] TOBACCO AMONG THE KARUK INDIANS 237

Patcirixxu~s takunikya'hanak, When they make a tcirixxus, sA5kam kunikrii-pti', 'ippAmd'uk, they sew it wrong side out, with pavura pax6 hva~s kunkup6-krdp- sinew; they sew it the same way pahiti'. Karixas yifoukamkam as they do the pipe sack. Then takunpd-vrin patakunpikyA-ra- they turn it right side out when 1 mit (THE TCIRfXXUS, AND WHAT THEY halak. they finish making it. Tihat' DID WITH THEM) Khrixas 'ipanni tc vasthran ta- Then they sew a thong at the G vic- Tcirixxus are little sacks. They kunikrui-pka', va; my- kunipkic- top to tie it up with. rahiv use them at the Katimin new year cape c. nam- ceremony, and at the Orleans new Karixas pakunv6-nnAfiptiha'ak, Then when they pray, they ,?ira- year ceremony, and at the up- va; takunpippui, pa'uhippi kun- open them up, they throw the rdv- river new year ceremony, they mutpi-Ovuti'. stem tobacco around. pasa- use the tcirixxus there, too, and :,ku- when they make the downslope 1. Pahtut KJ.f "I 'ukuphppi fkYu- smoke they use the tcirixxus na hanik palatim 1-nye-riphx- (HOW SKUNK SHOT THE KATIMIN sacks. vfi-hsa', pamuppbkkuri tcirix- MAIDENS, HOW SKUNK MEN- I vie- They are nothing but little xu~s 'upivuyri mk1if1tihanik TIONED TCIRIXXUS IN HIS SONG) 'Em buckskin sacks. A xehvas is Kfi-f ram- different, a xehvas is a pipe sack. 'Ukni. 'Ata hqriva kunIArA-- Ukni. They were living [there]. su? They are kept in a vikkyapu. rahiti'. Ta~y vhvan vdra va; k&hn pa- There were many girls there. vat They fill 10 tcirixxus sacks 'ifappi-ttitcas. Xas u~mkun vdra What they were doing was just pa- with stem tobacco on the last day va; kunkupitti', 'immyftn kdk- going out to dig roots every day, 1im- of the Katimin target shooting ku~m pakun?u6.pvAn'vh, Ma'ti- at Maticram. Then later on one pa: when they make the fire upslope cra-m. Tcavura pa-npay 'ie9n evening they were sitting there, nki- at Inkir fireplace. Then they kuma kAfi te-kxurar va; kfrn by their pack baskets. They had Ai-0- throw around the stem tobacco takunpavyihi6, pamukunatim- already filled all their pack bas- pa- there by the fireplace, while they nampi m'matc.4 Ta'ip k6-viira kets; they had put their pack k. pray. pamukun'httiv 'axybr kunikyl- baskets in a row. They were ka- They use 10 everywhere except vo'ot, ta'ip kyAn kunipvumnic- about to start home, they were va, only 5 tcirixxus at the downriver cri hvht pamukunftti4. Tcimi already fixed up how they were )itc smoke, there at Amekyaram they kunpavyiheipre-vic, takunkAriha going to go. Then they looked Lsa- put 5 little sacks into one big pakunkupapAvyihciprehe'6ec. upslope. Behold from upslope 3 va; sack. Xas mhruk kunitri tti'. Tcimax- there came a good-looking danc- may mdruk 'aficnihanyg-matc ing youth. He was good-looking, 'u'ihun'ni. Vfira u~m yA-matc that youth; he was all painted up. pa'aficnihan'nitc, tupA-nvAyd-tc- They said to each other: "lie is nice-looking, that one who danced the use of tcirixxus at the Katimin hUen. Purftn takunippt'er: "'If -247. ya-matcitc pammhruk ta'ihunni- down." Then after a while he danced downslope )ring salmon ceremony. han." Tcavura pa-npay vura a little closer, all tcirixxu'us sacks used at the spring 3a Western Spotted Skunk, Spilogale phenax Merriam, also called )y Mrs. Mary Ike, and are shown in tcinAim and tcinimkYa'am (-ka'am, big). drawstring: 'upt66ntciccarahiti vasth- 4 They were just resting from making their loads. long. 5 Referring to their loads being made up, ready to pack. 63014 329-18 -U

238 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [BULL. 94 HARRINGTON] TOBACCO AMONG THE taU mmukitc po 'ihuinnihti', po- dancing the war dance. His front pi p: "Va-nik, manik tani'a pun'- o Oivta pti'. Fa-t kunic 6 'umsiva- side shone up bright, it was so ma, Ki-f. Manik nikya-vic pa- s xavrf-nnAti pamiiova'ay, kipa white, as they were looking. kukup6ekkYArahe'ec." Karixas S tcfntcabf pamfiiva'ay, pakunim- He was singing. 'ukya v6-hxara. Xas uppi p: s myfisti'. 'Upakurihvuiti'. "MA-pay, paktkku~m uppihin- r Song by the Skunk Song by the Skunk nihh'ak, ve kpaymdi k ku kruik- s khvWr~ec."d 7 Kdufan ?An ?An ?An 7 Kd fan ?an ?An ?An Tcirixus tciri-xu-s. Tobacco sack, tobacco sack. Xas kiikku~m po ssuppAtha', kiikku~m kunivyi hei, kunIu4p- f Tcavura pay ky6 mahitc xas Then when there close he vanva kfkk'Um. Mahli tnihAtc t 'A~v utcyirunnimhvAna'. Karixas breathed on their faces. Then kiikku~m kunivyi heip. Tcavura i kun toric, pa'ifappittitea, ko v the girls all fell over, his poison kdkku~m ta~y takunlt-pvdnA'. E ikpihan pamiippit. Karixas kun- was so strong. They fainted. Tcavura kdkku~m takunvumnic- S puffA-thinA'. Khrixas kduk 'uis- Then the skunk jumped over ri hva pamukuntayi'lO. Tcimax- ' ka kma', pa'attimnam 'uvumni n- toward there, toward where the may kydkku~m mAruk u'ihun'ni. f ne rak k4;k 'uska kma'. Ta'it- pack baskets were sitting. Then Tcavura ta't¶mmukitc. 'Upa- I tam 'Arun 'ukya vo hb~n pamu- he emptied all their pack baskets. kuri -hvu~ti', kunlAttit. Kunikrittuv pa'ifdp- The girls were lying in a pile; plittitcas, takunpuffa thina', ta- they had fainted, they were giddy Song by the Skunk kunimyi-mnihina; pappif. Xas from the poison. Then he put Ku fan ?an ?An ?An 8 upiOvAssip. Tcavura pa npay the load on his back. Then after ka kkum takunpimtav. Tcavura a while some girls came to. Then Tcirixus tciri xu s pa-npay k6vura takunpinmtav. all came to. Behold they saw Karixas ta'ittam kiikkunm 'utc- Yanava k6vuira ta'Arun pamu- that all their pack baskets were yirtinnih6n 'a-v. Xas yio0a tu- f kunlhttit. Xas kunpavyicip. empty. Then they went home. puffa thA'. Xas yi0fl u'Ariheip. I AtimnamAnnunite kunpatfccip. They were packing back empty Pa'ipa u'Arihcipre-nhat, karuma 1 Xas saruk kunpihmarun'ni. baskets. vo-'avikvuti pavo-hxara. Ta'it- s Xas kunpavyihma', saruk, pa- Then they got home, downslope, tam vo-krdkktvArAhe~n pav6oh- 1 mukun ikrivralam. MakdnkiPt to their living house. They lived xArahml'uk.9 Yo tAknihun'ni. t Kova kuniarArahiti'. Xas yiffl with their grandmother. Then YAssaruk utfknihun'ni. Karixas s upi p: "PFffaa pananutAyi'"H. one said: "Our cacomites are kunpatieci"p pamukuntayi' 10,kun- I MAruk 'aficnihanite u'ihun- all gone. A boy danced down paticci"p, takunla tcitchina'a. I nihat. Viri va; 'i n takinyavayi-p- from up on the hill. He took Xas saruk kunpavyi-hmA pAmu- I va'. Xas vura hu t vaA vura them away from us. We do kuntikrivra'^m. Xas kunpi p: s pakininniccahe'en, puxay viura not know what he did to us, we "TAnupiykyAravar. Hinupa va; c kinmAhe'en. Va; vura kArixas never even saw what he did to us. 'in pakinyavayyi pvutihanik." f nupmah6nko'°n, panupiflksi'lp. We did not feel it until we got YAnava tapfiffaJt pananutayi' 10. up again on our legs. Behold 'Ip kyinpifkyo'°t. Vura 'u~m our cacomites were all gone. Pdya va; 'u~m 'ukuphan'nik. kemic." Xas pamukinki~t 'up- He poisoned us. He was venom- Kufi. Va. vura kain piricri~k II

6 Lit. like something. 'This line has no meaning. I This line has no meaning. 9 Behind. RICAN ETHNOLOGY [BULL. 94 RARRINGTON] TOBACCO AMONG THE KARUK INDIANS 239

dancing the war dance. His front pi-p: "Vi-nik, manik tani'a pun'- ous. " Then their grandmother side shone up bright, it was so ma, Kfl-f. Manik nikywvic pa- said: " Surely, I know, it is white, as they were looking. kukupe kkYhrahe'ec." Karixas Skunk. I will make something He was singing. 'dkya v6-hxhfa. Xas uppi p: so you can kill him." Then she "Ma-pay, pakdkku~m uppihan- made a long digging stick. Then she said: " Here, if ever he dances Song by the Skunk nihi,'k, v6-kpaymd-k kd-krdk- ktwvarxec." downslope again, ye must stick Kl -fan ?an ?an ?Ann7 him with this." po-ssdppA-hA', Then when morning came, they Tobacco sack, tobacco sack. Xas kdkku~m kdkku~m kunivyi-heip, kuntu p- all went again, they went again Then when there close he vanva kdkk'um. Mahti-tnihAtc to dig roots. They went early breathed on their faces. Then kdkku~m kunivyi-hcip. Tcavura in the morning. They dug lots the girls all fell over, his poison kukku~m ta~y takunu-pvAnh'. again. Then again they set in . was so strong. They fainted. Tcavura kdkku~m takunvumnic- a row their loads of cacomites. Then the skunk jumped over ri-hva pamukuntayi"'0. Tcimax- Then all at once from upslope toward there, toward where the may kyakku~m maruk u'ihun'ni. he danced down again. Then pack baskets were sitting. Then Tcavura ta'd-mmukitfc. 'Upa- he came closer. He was singing. he emptied all their pack baskets. kuri hvuti'. The girls were lying in a pile; Song by the Skunk they had fainted, they were giddy Song by the Skunk from the poison. Then he put Ku fan ?an ?An ?An 8 KA-fan ?an ?An ?An 8 r the load on his back. Then after Tcirixus tciri-xui-s Tobacco sack, tobacco sack. 6 a while some girls came to. Then . all came to. Behold they saw Karixas ta'ittam kukku~m 'utc- Then he again poisoned their - that all their pack baskets were yirimnih6~n 'av. Xas yiO0a tu- faces. Then one of them fainted. . empty. Then they went home. puffa-tha'. Xas yfoo u'ftrihcip. But one of them jumped up. They were packing back empty Pa'ipa u'Arihcipre nhaf, karuma The one who had jumped up, baskets. vo 'avikvuti pav6ohxaia. Ta'it- she had the digging stick in her - Then they got home, downslope, tam vowkrdkkuIvArhe~n pav6oh- hand. Then she stuck him to their living house. They lived xhrahmd'uk.9 Yo taknihun'ni. through with the long digging- 3 with their grandmother. Then YissAruk utaknihun'ni. Kirixas stick. He rolled downslope. one said: "Our cacomites are kunpaticci' p pamukuntayi'"6,kun- Downslope he rolled. Then they - all gone. A boy danced down paticci"p, takuna?tcitchina'a. put their loads of cacomites - from up on the hill. He took Xas shruk kunpavyi-hma pimu- back on their backs, they were S them away from us. We do kuntikrivra"'m. Xas kunpi p: so glad. Then they got back . not know what he did to us, we "Thnupiykyhravar. Hinupa vaA downslope to their living house. 3 never even saw what he did to us. 'in pakinyavayyI pvutihanik." Then they said: "We finished We did not feel it until we got him. He is the one that always . up again on our legs. Behold did take it away from us." 1 our cacomites were all gone. Puya vaA 'u~m 'ukiuphan'nik. That is the way he did, Skunk. - He poisoned us. He was venom- Kfuf. VaA vura khon piricri~k He went into the brush there.

8 This line has no meaning. 9Behind. - U -

240 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [BULL. 04

'uv6-nthkrahaiiik. Va. vura kh~n He was metamorphosed there. 'upk9-vicrihA~hk. 10 Viri va~ 'u~m And it smells yet, his poison does. vura pay6-m kar imxa~akk8'em, That is why he walks slow, pam~ippif. Khru va~ kumh'i' because they fought him in story XVIII. Pahd-t kunkupe-hr6-hi pakkatca'imitc 'u'hUti', ku- times, because they stuck him niykkykranik pikvhihahii'ak, v6-h- through behind with a digging (How THEY USE TOBACCO IN T mfi-k kunikriikki~vhrhnik 'afup- stick. He travels around nights To understand the following texts tciiiax. 'Jkxaram xas uvri'iry- now. He knows that he is slow, Year ceremony, we shall give here the he knows that they can easily complete texts on which have been vdra pfi.'u~m tcaka'1-m'mitc 'u 'h- kill him if he goes abroad by as a separate publication. pfinmuti viira patc6tc kunjlk- day. He is afraid yet. The ceremony was held at only kyare"ec, pa'fn-m 'uviir~yvfitihA;k mouth of Clear Creek), at Katimir sfippi-h~k. Khri vari vir u0tie- everywhere of two sections: the 'ici vuti'. fire-kindling and target-shooting cere Kuph.nnakanakana. Kii,~f Kupannakanakana. Skunk did man goes upsiope each day to kin 'ukdiphA-n'nik. Viri 'Axpu~m 'fn thus. And Meadow Mice stuck followed by a crowd of men and boy pa'afuptcriiax kunikriikkiivdrha- him through. They were girls, they go up and who reach the firep] Alk. 'U~mkun va~ paye-rip(~x- Meadow Mice. And that is the and has started down the hill; and ti vi-hsahafiik, 'Axpu'um. Viri va; way they did. They were Kati- ceremony, which consists of a vigil 'u~mkun pakunkfiphiin'nik. min girls. pile called yiixpi' t during the night o 'U~mkun Ka~tim?i-n~if~ppi-ttcds- the eleventh day, ending when they h~filk. at sundown on the eleventh day. rj Tc6-myajtc 'ik viir Icyl-t 'im- Shine early, Spring Salmon, sweathouse for 5 nights after the thi ci-nnh&~4Ic. Naniv~ssi viirav e-ki- hither upriver. My back is 10 nights if he is officiating for the njy~A"tc. Tc6-myajtc '1k viira straight. Grow early, Spring days are not included in the period 'Atftytcukkinatc Ti'(nniiprave 'ec. Cacomite. only of one night and the following 10To become the modern animal. The ceremony is held at Innam si pearance of the August moon, and Katimin and Orleans, starting 10 d the September moon. The night w night that the moon is visible; the the last time as he goes back to tl vigil at the yiixpi"t. Those officiating in the ceremony cine man"; the 'im11ssa~an, or "he' shooters; the kix~hiinsa', or boy sin or two maiden assistants of the me(~ vA-nsa', the officers of the precedin fire near the yiixpi"t fire during the There are always several men W and the same' man did not usuall number of years, but there was intei The purpose of the ceremony is another year, and from the Indian AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [BULL. 94 kh~n He was metamorphosed there. u m And it smells yet, his poison does. That is why he walks slow, af~'i'i because they fought him in story XVIII. Pahd-t kunkupe-hr8-hiti peht-raha pa'irahivha'ak ku- times, because they stuck him o6h- through behind with a digging (HOW THEY USE TOBACCO IN THE NEW YEAR CEREMONY) fup- stick. He travels around nights To understand the following texts on the use of tobacco in the New ay- now. He knows that he is slow, Year ceremony, we shall give here the briefest outline of this ceremony, nuti he knows that they can easily complete texts on which have been obtained and will be presented kill him if he goes abroad by as a separate publication. i-k- day. He is afraid yet. The ceremony was held at only three places: At Innam (at the kihk mouth of Clear Creek), at Katimin, and at Orleans. It consisted ?a-0- everywhere of two sections: the 'icriv, or target shooting, a 10-day fire-kindling and target-shooting ceremony, during which the medicine Kupannakanakana. Skunk did man goes upslope each day to kindle fire at a different fireplace, thus. And Meadow Mice stuck followed by a crowd of men and boys who shoot arrows at targets as ira- him through. They were girls, they go up and who reach the fireplace after he has kindled the fire Meadow Mice. And that is the and has started down the hill; and the 'frahiv, the culmination of the va. way they did. They were Kati- ceremony, which consists of a vigil of the medicine man by a sand iik. mm girls. pile called y~ixpi"t during the night of the tenth day and festivities on cAs- the eleventh day, ending when they stop dancing the deerskin dance at sundown on the eleventh day. The medicine man remains in the 'im- Shine early, Spring Salmon, sweathouse for 5 nights after the the night spent at the ydxpi"t (for 3-ki- hither upriver. My back is 10 nights if he is officiating for the first time), but these additional rdira straight. Grow early, Spring days are not included in the period known as 'irahiv, which consists BAlec. Cacomite. only of one night and the following day. animal. The ceremony is held at Innam starting 10 days before the disap- pearance of the August moon, and a month later simultaneously at Katimin and Orleans, starting 10 days before the disappearance of the September moon. The night when the 'irahiv starts is the last night that the moon is visible; the medicine man sees the moon for the last time as he goes back to the sweathouse after his night of vigil at the yuxpi"t. Those officiating in the ceremony are the fatav6 nna"an or "medi- cine man"; the 'imissa' n, or "helper"; the 'icrivAnsa', or target shooters; the kixahh-nsa',or boysinge-ers of brush; the'ikyavA-nsa', or two maiden assistants of the medicine man; and the ko pitxa rih- va nsa', the officers of the preceding year, who have their separate fire near the yidxpi"t fire during the night of the 'irahiv. There are always several men who can function as medicine man and the same man did not usually officiate for any considerable number of years, but there was interchanging. The purpose of the ceremony is for the refixing of the world for another year, and from the Indian expression for this, 'ifivOd nn6 n 241 I

242 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [BULL. 94 BARRINGTON] TOBACCO AMONG TH

'upikya-vic, he [the fatave nn'an] is going to refix the world, comes tahka mhe cara 'icya'av. Karixas the term pikyavish, the name of the ceremony current locally among vaA k&tn k6-vura takunih8rana'a, the Whites. hA-ri 'itro p ik p6-hra-m, viri vaA purhon kunliOOi-hvuti po-hra-m, 1. Pafatave-nnan pahut 'ukupa- (HOW THE FATAVENNAN ALWAYS kuyrhkya'an ik ha-ri 'axhkya~n 'e-Otihahiti hitiha~n pamu- CARRIES HIS PIPE WITH HIM) takunpippi-ckiv. PNyava. k6- 'dhra'am vura takunih8 rana'1. Xas va. Vura vaA kunxakka-nhiti pa- The fatavennan just goes with karixas patakunk6-ha pakunih8-- 'uhra-m pafatave nna'an.1 Pu'8 - his pipe. He does not carry his rana-ti', takunpiccunva pamu- tihara pamuvikkyapuhak pamu- pipe in his basketry sack, in his kun Puhra~m sitcakvutvassuiuk. 3 'dhra'am, ti-kyan vura po-'e-Oti hand he carries it; everywhere he Karixas patakunkunihra'an, ta- pamu' Ihra'am, k6-kaninay vura goes he carries his pipe in his kuniyvi yra'a.4 pakdik 'u'ummiti vaA vur ti-- hand. He never lets go of it. VaA vura kitc k`Aon kunivyi-h- kyan u'8 Oti pamu'llhra'am. Hiti- muti payeripaxvui-hsa', vaA vura ha~n vura po'&eOti'. khnn ko mmahitc kunikrd nti', 'Inna k patu'ippavar vaA vur When he goes over to eat in puran kun?~AnvaOti'.5 Pakun- u'8-0ti pamu'uihra'am, muppi m the cook house he carries it; he pih8 ramaraha~k pa'avansas, kari- to-00ric pata'Av. Xas 'fim ta- lays it down by him when he eats. xas ik kunpihmarunnihe~c paye-- kunhihyi4: "Xay faJt 'uxxwak, Then they holler outside: "Let ripaxvu-hsa'. Karixas pa'divansas fatave-nna-n 'a~s tu'ic." there be no noise, the fatavennan patakunkunihrA-nnaha'ak, vaA is eating." khri vaA paye-ripftxvi-hsa takun- 'A-pun to OOaric 2 patcim upa-t- He sets his pipe on the ground pi-p: "Mava takuniyvdyra'a." v8 caha'ak, pamu'dhra'am. Pa- when he is going to bathe. He Suva takunpi-p: "Hi0Ouk hiO~uk." musittcakvutvar karu 'a pun t6-0- puts his belt on the ground too. Takuniyva yra'a. VaA kari paye- Oi-cri'. Xas pa'a~s tuvakku- Then he goes into the water. ripaxvfu-hsa takunpfhmarun'ni.6 ri. Xas patupippa tvmihar, kuk- Then when he comes out, he puts Va, picciftc kunimmyfisti pata- ku~m to-psittcakvfitva', kdkku~m on his belt again, he picks up his kunkunihra'an. Saruk takun- t6 pp8 tcip pamu'dhra'am pipe again. pihmarun'ni, takunpa-tvan'va. Vura 'u~m kuna vura 'um But he does not smoke when Karixas i kun~hvelec. 'Avhkka~m pdvaA kh,,n 'ihe-ratihara, payux- he stands by the yixpi"t. takunpikyav. VaA kari vura pifttak tupihyarihicriha'ak. tAkunav patakunpippa-tvamhar. VaA kari pa'avansas patakun- 2. Pahu t kunkupe-he rana hiti (HOW THEY SMOKE AT KATIMIN ON pftvyfhukaha'1k, patakunpicri-c- Katimi'i n pa'axxak tukun- THE SECOND DAY OF THE TAR- riha'ak,7 'u~mkun karu takun- niha'ak GET-SHOOTING CEREMONY) pa tvana'a, karixas pathkun~av VaA kari 'axxak tukunni On the second day [of the 'icriv 'u~mkun karu. PhvaA kftriha~k Ka timi n Papihn8-f 'U6 nni rak ceremony] at Katimin when they pe crivahivha'ak, 'itca nitc vdra 'usri mti', xas vaA kari pfcci~p target shoot at Pihne I 'U0& nni- kunA-mti'. pa'i-crihra~m takunivyi hmaha'ak, rak, first when they get there, 3 Their belts are all that they hav karixas 'a~h takunikyav. VaA pa- they make a fire. They believe 4Referring to "spilling up" their kunkupafu'iccahiti va, 'u~m pu- there will not be such a big snow I The girls of course do not srqoke 1The medicine man in charge of the New Year ceremony. 6 They have eaten no breakfast. 2He lays it, does not stand it on end. 7 This is the old term for coming This form of the verb is used of this a

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_ _ _ - s _ _ - - t t _ _ . _ | _ _ | _ a - -s AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [BULL. 94 HARRINGTON] TOBACCO AMONG THE KARtJK INDIANS 243 n'n] is going to refix the world, comes tahkA mh6 cara 'icya'av. Karixas in the winter time. Then they > of the ceremony current locally among vaA k&on k6-vira takunih8 rana'a, all take a smoke, sometimes there hA-ri 'itr8 p ik p6-hra-m, viri vaA are five pipes there, they pass ipa- (HOW THE FATAVENNAN ALWAYS purhn kuntiio6-hvuti po-hrd-m, them to each other, they take mu- CARRIES HIS PIPE WITH HIM) kuyrhkya'an ik hg-ri 'axakya~n two or three puffs each. Behold, takunpippi-cki4. Ptyava. k6-- they all smoke. Then when they vura takunihtTana'a. Xas vaA are through, they put their pipes pa- The fatavennan just goes with khrixas patakunk6-ha pakuniht-- away under their belts. Then e 0- his pipe. He does not carry his rana ti', takunpiccunva pamu- they shoot as they go upslope; nu- pipe in his basketry sack, in his kun ?ihra~m sitcakvutvassdiuk. 3 they are "spilling in upslope i-oti hand he carries it; everywhere he Karixas patakunkunihra'an, ta- direction." ura goes he carries his pipe in his kuniyva yra'a.4 ti hand. He never lets go of it. VaA vura kite kfin kunivyi-h- The girls only go that far, iti- muti pay4-ripixvu-hsa', va: vura they wait there a little while, katn k6-mmahitc kuaikrd-nti', they paint each other. When 7ur When he goes over to eat in purftn kun? Anva0ti'.5 Pakun- the men get through smoking, [-m the cook house he carries it; he pihe ramaraha~k pa'hvansas, kari- then the girls all run back down- ta- lays it down by him when he eats. xas 1k kunpfhmarunnihe~c paye-- slope. Then when the men start ik, Then they holler outside: "Let ripaxvf-hsa'. Karixas pa'dvansas to go shooting along up, then the there be no noise, the fatavennan patakunkunihra nnahaak, va: girls say: "I see, they are spilling is eating." khri va: paye-ripAxvf-hsa thkun- in upslope direction." They hear it- He sets his pipe on the ground pi p: "Mava takuniyvA yra'a." them say "hi0fuk hieeuk." They 'a- when he is going to bathe. He Sdva takunpi p: "HiOfuk hiOfuk." are spilling in upslope direction. *-0 puts his belt on the ground too. TakuniyvA-yra'a. Va, kari paye-- Then the girls all run back down- u- Then he goes into the water. ripaxvui-hsa takunpfhmarun'ni. 6 slope. They watch when they k- Then when he comes out, he puts Va. piccftc, kunimmyfisti pata- [the men] first start in to shoot m on his belt again, he picks up his kunkunihra'an. Saruk takun- along up. They all run back pipe again. pihmarun'ni, takunpib-tvan'va. downslope, they go and bathe. m But he does not smoke when Kftrixas i kunIfVe'ec. 'AvAkka~m Then they eat. They fix a big x- he stands by the yilxpi"t. takunpikya4. Va: kari vura feed. They eat when they fin- thkuntav patakunpippA-tvaihar. ish bathing. Then whenever the Va: kari pa'hvansas men-folks come back, after ti (HOW THEY SMOKE AT KATIMIN ON patakun- they phvyihukaha'ak, patakunpicri-c- come back from the target 1- THE SECOND DAY OF THE TAR- shoot- riha'ak,7 'u~mkun karu takun- ing, they also bathe, and GET-SHOOTING CEREMONY) then pa tvana'8 , karixas pathkunav they eat, too. At that time, the ii On the second day [of the 'icriv 'u~mkun kaiu. Pava: kiriha~k time of the target shooting, they k ceremony] at Katimin when they pe crivahivha'ak, 'itcaInitc vira eat only once [a day]. p target shoot at Pihne f 'Uf vnnf - kuni-mti'. , iak, first when they get there, they make a fire. They believe 3Their belts are all that they have on. - there will not be such a big snow I Referring to "spilling up" their arrows, i. e., shooting them. I The girls of course do not smoke. of the New Year ceremony. 6 They have eaten no breakfast. )n end. I This is the old term for coming back down from target shooting. This form of the verb is used of this act in the New Year ceremony only.

_An 244 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY (BU7LL.94 TUARRINGTOW1 TOBACCO AMONG THE K

3. Pahd-t mit kunkupittihat dh- (HOW THEY USED TO DO ON THE 4. Pahd-t kunkupitti pata'ifutcti- (Hol ?Ahakkuv kumasdppa'a DAY [CALLED] "GOING TOWARD mitcsdppa pe criv Katimi'n o TOBACCO") Pa'ifutctimitesippa' pa'a-h TI Patcim u'ir6ecaha,'k, patcim When the New Year ceremony upikya tti pafatav8 nna'an, 'itaha- cine upikyAT6 caha&k pafatave nna'an, is about to take place, when the rappd-vic tu'a'-pha', tcirfxxulus. alon ('itahara suppa ukya-tti', 'avip- fatavennan is about to finish Pamuvfkkyhpilhhk sUl tumah- puts pux po-kya-tti', 'itch~nitc vdr 'u- his work (he works 10 days, ya'8 n. VaA picci tc 'ukupitti 'ik- first 'a-mti 'ikxibrhi), 'axxak usuppa-- working without eating, he eats mahAtcra~m tuvo nnupuk. KA- of t] ha 8 'uko he'ec viri vaA kari pe-- just one meal evenings), two ruki' ssak t6-ppa-tvar. 'UhraAm bath h6Taha 'uve nnarati', pa'u~h 9 u- days before he gets through, he 'u'8Oti ti-kkyaA. 'As ti~mitc pack 'ahakumti'. Viri vaA po6 Ovd yti prays over tobacco, he goes to- t6-00hricri pato patvaha'ak. Xas puts 'uhAhakkuv pasuppa'. 'As ward tobacco. They call that vaA patu 'ippak '1*nn a-k vura wher kknn 'ikri", 'Uhtayvarxra'am,lo day "the going toward tobacco." t6-pvo-nfuriuk v8-nnartam. Ku- come viri vaz khnn 'avahkam takun- There is a rock there, and they nikrd-nti vura 'i nna k. Xas housi Oi-vtak pa'uhwippi', 2 maihtit ta- put on top of it there the tobacco takunkiffai.1 KArixas takunA-n- are M kunOi-vtak ka-n. Xas vaA tu- stems, in the early morning they 'vaO,'3 'ikxaramkunic takunA-n- they 'ahakkuv pafatav6enna'an. 'U- put them on there. Then the vaO 'a-xkunic karu. Picci~p 'iOai~c they ve-nnati vura po-'ahakkumti pe-- fatavennan goes toward it. He vura 'a-xkunic takuni vuriuk. Ka- black he-raha' hitiha-n vura. VaA keeps praying all the time that rixas 'ikxarammu-k takuntapuk- him kan su? to-OOi-vramni vikkyapu- he is walking toward the tobacco. puk"4 pamdpsi, kyhru pamuitra'ax, they hak patu'dvssip. Karixas tu- He puts it in his wikkyapu when 'ikxaramkunic d-nvahamd *k. and a 'Ahu'u. Matruk 'a~h t6 kya r he picks it up. Then he goes on. Karu 'kv takunipt8-ttiv ra0. Vic- they pa'ahiram'mak. Maruk to nna . He makes a fire upslope at the vaAn 'avahkan karu yfO~a takun- face. Wikkyap uskuiruhti'. Xas pam- fireplace [of that day]. He goes tappukrav. Xas pamupipOaric 8 bar E mairuk 'a~h t6*kyV'r. upslope. He is packing his kyaru sakriv takunfkya4.'5 Xas they wikkyapu. Then he makes a fire pamupikvas karu takunihyak- Then upslope. kuri, sakriv vura takunikyav. they Katimdf-n karu vura va; kun- At Katimin they do the same Xas va; patcim uvA.Tamelec, vik- he is kupitti' pamitva kunkupittihat as they did at Orleans, and they kyapuhak takunmahyan patcirix- tcirixa Panaimni"k, vaA karu vu'ra va, do the same upriver at Clear xu'Us, 'itaharatcirixxu'us. 10 tci kan kunkupitti kahhNnna'am, va, Creek, one day there, too, is karu vura khon vaA y1O6a sdppaA called "going toward tobacco." '2 This verb is used of this prompting oi '6Ovfiyti 'uh~hhakku0. Pa'as The rock at Katimin is just always waiting there and after the medici KatimrPin vaA khn p6-kriA Ka- upslope of Karukassak. what to do for that day, no matter who I ruk?~Assak 11 mukka-m. has been fatavA-nna'an. Tinti"n always Na; vuira nik ni'apuinmuti panikyuphtlec, 8 On the eighth day. 13 They paint him good this noon for tl 9 Old ceremonial name of tobacco, here volunteered. The word is when he goes to the ydxpi"t that evenin scarcely ever used nowadays. all night, during the height of the ceremoi "I Mg. where they spoil (i. e. pray and throw) tobacco. The rock 4 Ct. takunxuiripha', they stripe him lei and place are a little toward Georgie Orcutt's house from the Orleans '6 I. e., they tie his hair tightly into a p schoolhouse. His hair is gathered into a pug, into whi( " The rock at Katimin spring. The rock at Katimin is called there is a mink skin on top of his head, th( 'Uh~i cr~hra'am, mg. where they put tobacco on. iris string. I"a The ceremonial quiver. - =

HARRINGTON] TOBACCO AMONG THE KARUK INDIANS 245 AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY (BULL. 94 4. Pahd t kunkupitti pata'ifutcti- (HOW THEY DO ON THE LAST DAY A~h- (HOW THEY USED TO DO ON THE 1 pe criv KaitimP'i n OF THE 'ICRIV AT KATIMIN) DAY [CALLED] "GOING TOWARD mitesippa TOBACCO") Pa'ifutctimitcsdppa' pa'a~h The last day, when the medi- pafatave .nna'an, 'itaha- cine man makes the fire, he takes ;cim When the New Year ceremony upikyg-tti tu'A-pha', tcirixxu'us. along 10 sacks, tcirixxus. He i'an, is about to take place, when the rappd-vic siy? tumah- puts it in his basketry sack. The vip- fatavennan is about to finish PamuvikkyArpfmhk picci tc 'ukupitti 'ik- first thing he does is to come out * 'u- his work (he works 10 days, ya'an. VaA tuvo-nnupuk. KA- of the sweathouse. He goes to ipa- working without eating, he eats mahAtcra~m t6-ppA -tvA. 'Uhr-m bathe at Karukassak. He is pe- just one meal evenings), two ruk Phssak ti-kkyaii. 'As tl~mltc packing his pipe in his hand. He 9 'u- days before he gets through, he 'u'8 oti pat6-pa'tvahPa'k. Xas puts it [the pipe] by the water ! -yti prays over tobacco, he goes to- t6-Q00ricri 'i-nna k vura when he bathes. Then when he 'As ward tobacco. They call that vaA patu'ippak Ku- comes back he goes into the prayer am,20 day "the going toward tobacco." t6-pv-nftirak v8-nnAiam. vura 'l nnA-k. Xas house. They [two or three men] kun- There is a rock there, and they nikrfi nti 2 Khrixas takunA-n- are waiting for him inside. Then , ta- put on top of it there the tobacco takunkiffai." 3 takun?1-n- they are prompting him. Then tu- stems, in the early morning they 'vaO,1 'ikxaramkunic kafu. Picci~p 'ioh'i~c they paint him. They paint him 'U- put them on there. Then the vaf 'a-xkdnic takuni vfifuk. Ka- black and red. They first paint Lpe- fatavennan goes toward it. He vura 'a-xkiinic 'k takuntapfik- him all over with red. Then Va. keeps praying all the time that rixas 'ikxkrammu 4 kyAru pam1tra'ax, they transversely stripe his legs lapu- he is walking toward the tobacco. puk' pamdpsi, 'ikxaramkunicA-nvahami *k. and arms with black paint. And ; tu- He puts it in his wikkyapu when 'Av takunipt6-ttiv'raO. Vic- they paint a [black] bar across his kya-r he picks it up. Then he goes on. Khru karu yiOfa takun- face. And they paint a [black] He makes a fire upslope at the vatn 'avAhkan 'nna. across on his belly. Then [of that day]. He goes tappukrav. Xas pamupipohric bar pam- fireplace 5 Xas tight his back pug. upslope. He is packing his kyaru sAkriv takunikya4.1 they make they stick in his plume; wikk5apu. Then he makes a fire pamupikvas karu takunihyftk- Then make it tight. Then when upslope. kuri, sakriv vfira takunikya4. they patcim uva'rame'ec, vik- he is ready to go, they put the kun- At Katimin they do the same Xas va: takunmnhyan patcirix- tcirixxus into the wikk~apu I5a ttihat as they did at Orleans, and they kyapuhak xu'us, 'itaharatcirixxu'us. 10 tcirixxus. i vaA do the same upriver at Clear one day there, too, is or three men are a, vaA Creek, 12 This verb is used of this prompting only. Two (ippa: called "going toward tobacco." always waiting there and after the medicine man enters instruct him just Pa'as The rock at Katimin is what to do for that day, no matter who he is or how many times he .Ka- upslope of Karukassak. has been fatav6enna'an. Tinti"n always answers them impatiently: NaA vura nik ni'h pdnmuti pbnikyupht'ec, I know what to do. 13 They paint him good this noon for the paint will still be on him to the yfixpi'1 t that evening, and he wears this paint f tobacco, here volunteered. The word is when he goes all night, during the height of the ceremony. S. they stripe him lengthwise. i. e. pray and throw) tobacco. The rock 4 Ct. takunxdripha', tie his hair tightly into a pug at the back of his head. I Georgie Orcutt's house from the Orleans 1 I. e., they His hair is gathered into a pug, into which the plume is stuck, and skin on top of his head, the whole being fastened with spring. The rock at Katimin is called there is a mink they put tobacco on. iris string. ,I, The ceremonial quiver.

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246 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [BULL. 94 IIARRINGTON] TOBACCO AMONG THE

Xas k6-vdra takunittcunvanaA Then all the people hide. One Xas patu'fim, va: vura kari pa'Ara'ar. YiOMa 'avansa 'iPm man [of the prompters] goes out- tuv6'en, papicci tc 'ahiram tuva- pr tuvo-nnfipuk, t6-hyi4: "Kikht- side [the cookhouse] and hollers: ram'ni. Xas pa'ahiramti~m vura fir tcunvana'a. Fatavt-nna~n tu- "Ye hide. The fatavennan is yav t6-kyav. TutatuycunkyA tc- th va-ram. Kikhitteunvana'a. 'IO- going. Ye hide. On the other hh,'.17 K6 tcriUk tirihri~k vura Hi yaru khrih vOIth. Fatavg nna~n side of the river, too. The fata- patuthttuycui. Pakuha yiov a l tuvA ram." 'I0yhruk 'uhyivkyA n- vennan is going." He is holler- 'uptatu1yfiti'. Va: mkhn diE 6 vuti p6ohyi vti'.1 K6-vdra tak- ing across river when he hollers. pow-vennaiti po thttiuycarat!', su? wI unhittcunvanab pa'Ara'ar. Pam- All the people hide. They stop po xxudti'. th ukdntinv khru vura takunipciveap. their ears.loa They think they Wi Thkunxus xay nu~ittiv po-rik- might hear the sound of stepping. Viri va: kahn karu pe-he-raha ki-khiti'. VaA pu0itti mtihap po- They must not hear the sound of p6-tayvarati 'ahiramti"m, pe-he-- th rikkikhe' c. Pa'ara tuaittivaha'ak stepping. If one would hear the rahatcirixxu'us. pe-he-raha po- tci po-rfkkikho~ti, toppitp: "Tani- sound of his slow striding, he mdtpi-6vfti'. Tcimitemahitc vura th 'a-ksan'va, tcimi 'a-vne mtcak- says: "I am going to have an po mutpi ovuti'. Pattuycip va, th k0ec." Xas vaA kunipitti patu- accident, my face will be burned." 'u~m te-citc 'akkihti pehe-raha', Hi vo-nnfupuk, xannahitc vura tuta- They say that when he comes out satimu~y karu vur u'akkihti'. M xarAppA06RnAti', ve-nnaram 'e ni- he strides around for a while out- Va: viura tWfff-pha pe-taharatci- to crupatti'"m. Karixas 'ickyi vura side of the door of the cookhouse. rixxu'us, po v8-nnati'. KhrixAs 10 tu'Ahu'u patuva-ram. Ma? tuvA- Then swiftly he walks when he va: pavastaranpu vic ?runsa to -p- he ram 'ahiram, 'Inkira'ahfram MaV. leaves. He goes to the Ma fire- mahyan vikkyapuhak, patcirix- en 'U~m vura pattce~tc tuva-ram, place, to the fireplace at Inkir uspt-vic ta'arunsa'. th pe-mdssa~n 'u~m xara xas 'uva [called] Ma. He sets out alone, all ramuti'. the helper sets out later. Kari picci tc pe-krivkir kuna to pta-triprav, va: khn 'upit.cip- he 16 The people of Katimin used all to leave their houses at the begin- ninanko ttlhe~c passdruikkttrihhtk th ning of the New Year ceremony and camp under the bank at pa'ahuphikrittu', po-kritumsipriv- pi] the edge of the river during the 10 days. They claimed that anyone ti pa'ahup. Tce-myhteva vo-pim- lo( who would stay in the houses at that time would not live long. The myfistihl.c pattu-ycip. Sfiva th result was that much drying salmon used to rot in the houses during tapu'imtarana-mhitihara pattu-y- ta these 10 days and be lost. They are permitted to enter the houses cip, suva tapuma-htihara, kari ca for the purpose of making a fire for drying the fish, but are careless xas ik 'ukohe~c pa'ahup 'ukya-t- Wi about attending to this and much of it spoils. Only those men in ti'. Vur 'u'a punmuti pakhn kn the sweathouse with the fatavennan are permitted to remain in the 'uptaltruprave c, picci~p takun- hii rancheria. That is why the crier faces across river direction, toward ?ikciippi'. Va: vura kitc kyhn tju' the people encamped on the hither bank and those on the Ishipishrihak pasurukuiri kunikya-tti yittca- ye side. kanitc k6-vuira kumaharinay. 1a The ears are stopped by inserting forefingers in ear holes tightly, Xas 'u~m vura tu'Jrip pafa- pinching with the thumb the lower part of the external ear against tave nna'an, vuru 'uma-hiti', 'u- ha the forefinger, and often in addition pressing the whole fisted hand 'apunmuti pakan takunikciippi th against the ear. This effectually closes the ears to the sound of the picci"p. 'Ahupmdrk vura tu'irip. di: fatavennan striding and stamping. 'Utaxarappa0unati', he strides. 'A-pun tu'iripkyfifi. Va: khn tde 'Uxaprikicrlthvuti', he stamps. 'Urikkikhojti', there is a sound of su? t6-pmah pe krivkir. Va: th slow striding or stamping. 'Urikri khiti', there is a sound of stepping vura kftn t6opsa mkir pasuruik- it or walking. 17 Or Tutaxyasunaya-tcha'.

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AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [BULL. 94 BABRINGTON] TOBACCO AMONG THE EQUR INDIANS 247 ana Then all the people hide. One Then i'm man [of the prompters] goes out- Xas patu'fi m, va. vdra kari when he gets there, he prays, kut- side [the cookhouse] and hollers: tuveon, papicci tc 'ahiram tuva- when he first enters the fireplace ground. tu- "Ye hide. The fatavennan is ram'ni. Xas pa'ahiramti~m vura Then he makes the place about '10- going. Ye hide. On the other yav t6-kyh4. Tutatuycunhya-tc- the fire clean. He sweeps it la~n side of the river, too. The fata- hit'. 7 K&tcriUk tirihri~k vura up good. He sweeps a big wide a-n- vennan is going." He is holler- patutAttuycui. Pakiiha yi v place. He is sweeping disease tak- ing across river when he hollers. 1upthatyfut!'. VaA mkharr afar. That is the place where he prays, Im- All the people hide. They stop p6 vwnnati po ttttuycurati', su? when he sweeps, thinking it ap. their ears.l1a They think they po xxati . inside [not speaking it rik- might hear the sound of stepping. with his mouth]. He also throws )o - They must not hear the sound of Viri va. khnn khru pe-hb-raha around tobacco there LaJk stepping. If one would hear the p6-thyvarati 'ahirhmti"m, pe-hb-- by the fireplace, the tcirixxus sacks ni- sound of his slow striding, he rahatcirixxu'us. pe he raha po - of tobacco; he throws the lk- says: "I am going to have an mutpi Ovfiti'. Teimitemahite vura tobacco around. He throws tu- accident, my face will be burned." po mutpi Ovuti'. Pattuycip va, it around a little at a time. He feeds the ta- They say that when he comes out 'usm t6-citc 'Akkihti pe-h-raha', tobacco mostly to Medicine Mountain; ri- he strides around for a while out- satim~u~y karu vur u'hkkihti'. he also feeds to Lower ra side of the door of the cookhouse Val vdra t6-ffi-pha pe-taharatci- Mountain. He uses up rixxu'us, 10 tcirixxus sacks of tobacco i- Then swiftly he walks when he po vt nnati'. KhrixAs as he prays. Then L. leaves. He goes to the Ma fire- vaA pavastaranpu vic arunsa to -p- he puts the empty buckskin sacks n, place, to the fireplace at Inkir mahyan vikkyapuhak, pateirix- back into the wikklapu, [called] Ma. He sets out alone, lispU-Vic ta'Arunsa'. the tcirixxus sacks already empty. the helper sets out later. Kari piccf tc pe-krivkir kuna Then he digs up the disk seat; all to leave their houses at the begin- to-pta-trfipra, vaA kon 'upit.cip- he will need to be looking from rny and camp under the bank at ninankB-ttihe~c passiirtxkkirihk that hole at the woodpile as he is 10 days. They claimed that anyone pa'ahuphikrittu', Po kritumsipriv- piling up the wood. He will be that time would not live long. The ti pa'hhup. Tce-myhteva vo pim- looking every little while toward non used to rot in the houses during mya stih6~c pattu-ycip. Sfiva the mountain. When the moun- y are permitted to enter the houses tapu'imtarana-mhitihara pattu y- tain is no longer visible, when he for drying the fish, but are careless cip, suva tapuma-htihaia, kari can not see it any more, then he ch of it spoils. Only those men in xas 1k 'uko he~c pa'Ahup 'ukya-t- will stop fixing the wood. He nan are permitted to remain in the ti'. Vur 'u'a pdnmuti pak&hn knows where to dig; they show faces across river direction, toward 'uptA trfiprave c, piccip takun- him first. They make the pit bank and those on the Ishipishrihak iikcippi'. VaA vura kitc kyan just there at that one place every pasdrakiri kunikyg tti yittca- year. ting forefingers in ear holes tightly, kanitc k6-vdra kumahhrinay. er part of the external ear against Xas 'u~m vura tu'irip pafa- Then the fatavennan digs; he ion pressing the whole fisted hand tave.nna'ln, vuru 'umn-hiti', 'u- has seen it; he knows the place; closes the ears to the sound of the 'a pdnmuti pakq-n takunikcdppi they have shown him before. He r. 'UtaxarAppaOunati', he strides. picci"p. 'Ahupmi-k vura tu'frip. digs it with a stick. He digs Urikkikhojti', there is a sound of 'A pun tu'iripkyfiui. VaA khn down in the ground. He finds Ekhiti', there is a sound of stepping su? t6-pmah pe-krivkif. Va. that disk seat there. He leaves vura kahn t6 psAmkir pasdri'k- it in the hole. He is going to sit 17 Or Tutaxyasunaya-tcha'.

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248 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [BUL. §4 HIARRINGTON] TOBACCO AMONG THE

irihak. Va; khan po-kd-ntAki- on it down in the hole. Then he vura kari pa'ahup ukya-tti, va; crihe~c paslrAkfirihak. Karixas fixes the wood, he piles up the karu kar ukyA tti po htatvAra'ar. pa'Ahup t6-kyav, to-krittuvic pa- wood. He had already gathered 'Axxak 'u'ippatsuruti kusripan- 'ahup. 'U~m vura va; kftan some wood there previously. He Ihhup pu'ikru-htihara. 'Aixxak picci~p tupfkyATAnik ka-kkum had been by there twice. He had 'ukya-tti pa'ahup. Xas va; tu- pa'fahup, 'axfkya~n khan u'ip- left some wood there, which he is pimOkttun'va, va; kari vA-ram pah-savanik, pa'ahup kftn 'up- going to burn at this time. He tu'arihic. Va; 'uhru vti pa- sa mkiraAik, pa vaa kftri 'uyudn- fixes lots of wood. He makes 'a~h 'uturuya-nnati'.'9 kirihe'ec. Ta~y t6-kyav pa'ahup. that wood without any ax. He Xas tuoimyuricri', pattu-ycip 'Ak6-ri-pux karu vura pa'hhup has no tool, he makes it with his 'uOxuppihti hitiha~n vura. Kari- 'ukya-tti'. Vura purafa-t 'ik- hands alone. He piles big sticks xas va; tu'a-hka pa'ahup, pa'ip ya-ratihara, vura tf-km& kite at the bottom, small ones on top. ukrituvicrihat. Karixas sul pukya-tti'. Sirukam t6-krittuvic Every once in a while he looks at tuvakkuri. Piric 'Axxak 'u'ap- pa'ahupkA-msa', 'avahkam pa- the mountain. He sits down in huti va~mA-k 'uOe-mya-hti pa'a"'h, tui'ppitcas. Tce-myftcv upim- that hole on the seat, he looks up, va; 'u~m tc&mya~tc 'u'iPnkydti'. myufsti pattu-ycip, su? va, kahn he looks at the mountain. When Passu? tuvfkkuriha'ak, putce-tc tupikri-c pe-krivkirak, maruk he is piling up the wood, when he 'ipvAruramtihara. Pat6 mfitckyuA tupitrA tti', pattu-yeip tupim- can no longer see the mountain pa'ahup karixas vur upvArAprdm- mlfi sti'. Po-krittansiprivti pa- [Medicine Mountain], then he ti'. Pe-mdssa~n 'uim vura va; 'fahup, suva paturycip tapuma- thinks that is enough, when he kA~n 'uvuirayvuti', pa'a~h po- *htihara, karixas to-xxus tak6 h can no longer see the mountain. 'inkyiti kyarih. Su? uku nkirih- suva patu-ycip tapuma-htihara. va'. Ararfva~s 'u'assati', 'imfi- PA-npay ikva xas tu'iim pe-- Then after a while the helper raya-k su? p6-kri'. 'Ikrivkirak miissa'an. Karixas tupicarav'rik. arrives. Then he helps him. 'uki-ntaku; su?. Va~s 'upaexit- Pafatave nna~n 'u~m vira pu- The fatavennan never speaks, taparahiti' 20 hA-r upaOxiittapa- tcu-phitihara, ti~kmf-k 'utaxylo- with his hands he motions when- hiti vA-smti-k pamuxvA'a. Pa- Oannflti po-xxutiha~k kiri fA-t ever he wants anything done. te mfirhrifkha~k sui, pe-mfissa~n 'uyA-ha'. 'U'u-hkiriti 'ikninni- The helper wears a mink-skin kari ka6n mu'u-Okam piric tu- hate 18 pemtissa'Tn, pikvas headband tied around his head, 'ak cri -hva', va; 'u~m pupuiwitc u' *hyat'c. a plume is sticking up. 'imfi nkyfutihaia. Pato-pta-triravaha~k pe-kriv- When he digs up the disk seat, kir, va; kari tuya-vha to-xxus then he is in a hurry to make a kiri tce mya~tc pa'a~h nikyav, fire soon; he does not want the Pakunic teim umcipicrethe~c puxxutihara kiri xar utaxraratti hole to be open a long time. He pa'a'ah, piuya va; kari pe mdssa~n ot pasurukfiui. 'IkyA-kka~m vura works hard, because he is in a 'i n takunpicrd-nnfiprAv. Vura ta po kya-tti', 'ayu'a tc 'uya-vhiti'. hurry. When he feels famished 'uIm kunic tupiffa-tha' pafata- in 8 Pavura t6-mki-nvhrAyvh vA~hmf- he just thinks all the time: " I ve nna' n. T6-mki-nvaray'va 21 iS rax vura kite 'uxxiuti': "Mate h- must live long." He makes the karu vura, karu vura t6-mtcax. tf xara nimyaihtihleec." 'Ukya' tti fire poker, too. He makes the karu vura po htatvAra'ar. Va; poker at the same time when he 19 For leaving the poker stick lying fireplace, see p. 250. 18 He has a 1%-inch wide band of mink skin around his head. It 20 But va~s 'u'assati', he is wearing has kduat or small 'iktakatakkahelen scalps sewed on its fur side as 21 Ceremonial word equivalent to ts decoration. ERICAN ETHNOLOGY [BmLz. 94 HARRINGTON1 TOBACCO AMONG THE KARUK INDIANS 249 i- on it down in the hole. Then he vura kari pa'ahup ukyA tti, vaA makes the wood. He breaks off Ls fixes the wood, he piles up the karu kar ukyA tti po htatvhra'ar. a couple of madrone sticks; he t- wood. He had already gathered 'Axxak 'u'ippatsuruti kusripan- does not peel them. He makes n some wood there previously. He iahup pu'ikru htihaia. 'Axxak the two sticks. Then he ties n had been by there twice. He had 'ukya tti pa'ahup. Xas vaA tu- them together so it will be long. - left some wood there, which he is pimOattun'va, vaA kari va-ram He uses it to hook the fire around - going to burn at this time. He tu'arihic. VaA 'uhru-vti pa- with. 1- fixes lots of wood. He makes 'a~h 'uturuya nn5ati'.1' 5. that wood without any ax. He Xas tuoimyuricri', pattu-ycip Then he makes fire with Indian p has no tool, he makes it with his 'uoxippihti hitiha~n vura. Kari- matches, facing the mountain all c- hands alone. He piles big sticks xas vas tu'a-hka pa'ahup, pa'ip the time. Then he sets fire to ;c at the bottom, small ones on top. ukrituvicrihaf. Karixas su? the wood, that which he has piled. ic Every once in a while he looks at tuvakkuri. Piric 'axxak 'u'ap- Then he gets in the hole. He is i- the mountain. He sits down in huti va~mf-k 'uOe-mya-hti pa'a'ah, holding two pieces of plant in his 1- that hole on the seat, he looks up, vaA 'u~m tce mya~tc 'u'inkyuti'. hands, with which he is fanning n he looks at the mountain. When Passu? tuvAikkuriha'ak, putce tc the fire, so it will burn fast. After k he is piling up the wood, when he 'ipvaruramtihara. Pato mfitckyu, he has got down inside, he does i- can no longer see the mountain pa'ahup karixas vur upvarapram- not come out; when the wood is t- [Medicine Mountain], then he ti'. Pe mdssa~n 'uAm vura vaA all burned up, that is the time he i- thinks that is enough, when he katn 'uvurayvuti', pa'a~h po- comes out. The helper is walk- h can no longer see the mountain. 'irnkiyti kyarih. Su? uku'-nkurih- ing around there, while the fire is 1. va'. Ararhvas 'u'assati', 'imfi- burning. He sits in the hole. He Then after a while the helper rayA-k su? p6-kri'. 'Ikrivkirak has on an Indian blanket, it is so z. arrives. Then he helps him. 'ukd-ntakuA su?. Vats 'upaOxuit- hot in there. He is sitting in i- The fatavennan never speaks, tApArAhiti' 20 ha-r upaexuttapa- there on the disk seat. He has an i- with his hands he motions when- hiti vA-smd-k pamuxva'a. Pa- Indian blanket over him. At *t ever he wants anything done. te-mfirari~khak su?, pe-midssa~n times he covers up his head with i- The helper wears a mink-skin kari kA4n md'i-OkAm piric tu- the blanket. When it gets too ts headband tied around his head, 'ake cri hva', va, 'u~m pupuxwjtc hot in the pit, the helper then a plume is sticking up. 'imfi nkydtihafa. piles some brush there in front, 7- When he digs up the disk seat, so that heat does not go on there is then he is in a hurry to make a so strong. r, fire soon; he does not want the Pakunic tcim umcipicre-he~c When the fire is about burned ti hole to be open a long time. He pa'a'ah, puya vaA kari pe mdssa~n out, then they help him [the fa- a works hard, because he is in a ' n takunpicr-nnfiprhv. Vura tavennan] out. He is about all '. hurry. When he feels famished 'u~m kunic tupuffa-tha' pafata- in, the fatavennan. He is fam- i- he just thinks all the time: "I v6 nna'an. T6 mki nvaray'va 21 ished, and he is hot, too. Then i- must live long." He makes the karu vura, karu vura t6 mtcax. the helper helps him up out, he ti fire poker, too. He makes the 19 For leaving the poker stick lying by the fire when he leaves the ti poker at the same time when he fireplace, see p. 250. I of mink skin around his head. It 20 But va-s 'u'assati', he is wearing a blanket. he'en scalps sewed on its fur side as 21 Ceremonial word equivalent to to xxuii. [ 7

250 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY (BULL. 94 HARRINGTON] TOBACCO AMONG THE 22 Va. karixas tupicru-nsip pemnis- helps the fatavennan up out. Xas yIfv saruk tu'ippahu'u. Xas sa'an, pafatave-nna.n tupicru nsip, There is dust all over his [the fa- vaA kh~n 'upu-nvaramhiti', 'am- pa'hmta~p va, vura kite to-vo-nti tavennan's] meat, woodpecker- 23 tupitci-vre r ipA nvhfam.7 Xas pam'i" c, pa'avaxfurax hmta'ap. scarlet red-clay dust. Then they vaA kkon t6 ppuin'va. Xas vaA Xas pasdrakkfiri takunpioxup. fill up the hole. He is watching 'uimmu -sti Pa'at'u-yitc, 'dnvfi yti Pakd-sr 6 mmyd sti', pakar up- the sun to see when he is going to vaA kan 'A'u-yitcak, 'Aktci p- varipp6bc pa'ahikam. leave that fireplace. hitihatchan. Xas vaA khn pa- Xas pe-mussa~n to-pvA ram, Then the helper starts off; he. tupikcicpraha'ak, 'Aktci phiti- vaA vura khon t6-psa-mkir pa- leaves the fatavennan there. hatchafi, karixas pasaruk t6-p- fatave .nna'an. Po pikya raha'ak When he finishes up, then the vitn'ni.2n YakfinvaA kari takafi, xasik upva rame~c pafatave n- fatavennan will go. He hollers to saruk payuxpi-ttak 'upvaramni- na'an. Tupihyd-nnic pafatave-n- the fatavennan: " Travel back he' ec. na'an: "Tcaka'f mitc 'ik vura slow! I'll meet you when the Picci~p to-pva-ram pe-mdssa~n, 'i'ipah6vic. 24 Minik nupikrd-nti- time comes." He thinks: "Let yuxpi-ttak to-pva-ram picci"p, harukele, patakhriha'ak. 'Uxxuti': him travel back slow, I have k6-vura tupikya-rusi-p pa'ahiram- "Xa-tik 'u~m vura tcaka'f-mitc much to tend to downslope." mak, 'a~h t6-kyav, karu va, Yuyippahu'u, naA ta~y nanikyav When he is going to go back, he kuma'i'i uya-vhiti pe-mdssa~n sarfuk." Pate upva rame-ca- sweeps back in the little pieces of 2 3 xay pe-kyavansa 'heei kuniv. ha'ak, vab kari to ptattuykiri wood, the burned pieces of wood, Xas pe-krivkir kb,,n to OOaric pa- pa'ahuptunve-tcas, pa'ahuprim- he sweeps back good into the fire fatave-na~n va~ kahn 'upikrilc- pakpa-kkafc, 'a k to-ptatuykini- the little pieces of wood, the little rihe'ec. Maruk ve-nnaram 'upe- haya-tcha' pa'ahuptunve-tcas, pa- pieces of brush, which did not Oank8-ti pe krivkir. Vo -kriv- pirictunve tcas, p6 'umpakrippa- burn. Then he lays the poker kiritti patu'kvaha~k pafatave-n- nati'. Xas va~ 'ahiramyo ram 26 stick with its tip to the fire at na~nve-nnhram 'i nna'ak. Pak6-v- tupikkyfikkiri pa'uhtatvhra'ar. the yoram of the fire ground. It ni-kkitcas kunivci-phiti tcaka- VaA vura kd'An 'ie&cya~v 'uku k- lies tip to [the fire] all winter 'i-mmitchiti pe m1Tssa'an, putce-tc kirihvA', 'ahinamti m'mitc. Xas there at the fireplace. Then pikru-ntihantihaia. Ha-ri mu- k6-vura tayav pa'ahirhmti"m. everything is fixed up good at the kunAra~r pafatave na'an. Ta- Karixas pat6 pvarip, pa'ahiram- fireplace ground. Then he gets kunhixvi pha'. "Hi- putc-tc mak. Karixas pat6-pva-ram. out from there, from that fire- pikrd-ntihantihafa, hi 'utcaka- 'iTtchiti pemdssa"'n." Xay 'ukyi- 22 He helps the fatavennan up out of the pit by putting his hands under his armpits and pulling him out. vun'ni, t6mki-nvaray'va," vaA 23 From the fire. kunippe nti'. Karixas tupikfui-kra'a, maruk 24 He tells the fatavennan to go slow so he will not get down to the yuxpi"t too early, before the helper has finished with his duties there, tupikru-6ntihar pafatave nna' n. and also because the fatavennan is weak. The fatavennan just stays Xas kh~n xas to-kmarihivrik 'ara- at the fireplace a short time after the helper leaves, but spends some 27 Upslope of Ernest Conrad's hou time where he stops to watch the shadow on the way down. down under the white oak tree there 23 Or: Patcim upva rame caha'ak,. eyes fixed on Sugar Loaf. 26 'Ahiramyo-ram, the side of the fireplace ground toward Medicine 2S This brings it about that the I Mountain. But the other terms designating the sections of the with the sun just up, and always at t] floors of living houses and sweathouses are not used of fireplace grounds. DRICAN ETHNOLOGY IBULL. 94 HARRINGTON] TOBACCO AMONG THE KARUK INDIANS 251

22 - helps the fatavennan up out. Xas yfov shruk tu'ippahu'u. XAs place. Then he goes back. Then There is dust all over his [the fa- va- kftn 'upd-nvhramhiti', 'am- he travels a long way downslope. 27 i tavennan's] meat, woodpecker- tupitc hivre *r?ipinvAf am. Xas Then there is a resting place scarlet red-clay dust.2 3 Then they vaA kan t6 ppfiun'va. Xhs vaA there, Amtupitcivreripunvaram. fill up the hole. He is watching 'idminfisti Pa'a'u-yitc, 'dovfu yti Then he rests there. Then he - the sun to see when he is going to vaA khrn 'A'u-yitcak, 'Aktcfp- looks at Sugar Loaf; it [the place] leave that fireplace. hitihatchAdi. Xas vaA khn pa- on Sugar Loaf is called Aktciphi- Then the helper starts off; he, tupikei prlha'ak, 'Aktci phiti- tihatchan. When the shadow leaves the fatavennan there. hatchah, khrixas pashruk t6-p- comes up to reach Aktciphitihatc- k- When he finishes up, then the vd n'nl.28 YakdnvaA khri takhfi, han, then he goes back down- fatavennan will go. He hollers to saruk payuxpi-ttak 'upvhramni- slope. Then it is time for him to the fatavennan: "Travel back he'ec. go back downslope to the yi'xpi"t. a slow! I'll meet you when the Picci~p to-pva-ram pe mdssa~n, The helper leaves first for the time comes." He thinks: "Let yuxpi-ttak to-pvg ram picci"p, yuixpi"t, he goes back first, he fixes ': him travel back slow, I have k6-vdra tupikya rusf p pa'ahiram- everything up at the fireplace, he c much to tend to downslope." mak, 'ash to kya4, khru va, makes the fire. He is in a hurry v When he is going to go back, he kuma,'i'i uyh-vhiti pe midssa n lest the two girls feel cold. And i- sweeps back in the little pieces of xay pe-kyhvansa 'AOOi kuniv. he puts the disk seat there where ri wood, the burned pieces of wood, Xas pe-krivkir kan to-OOAric pa- the fatavennan is going to sit i- he sweeps back good into the fire fatav8-na~n vaA khn 'upikrilc- down. He brings it over from up i- the little pieces of wood, the little rihe'ec. Maruk v8-nnhram 'upe- at the cookhouse. The fataven- I- pieces of brush, which did not 6ank6-ti pe-krivkif. Vo-kriv- nan sits on it when he eats in the l- burn. Then he lays the poker kiritti patu'avaha~k pafatave-n- cookhouse. The old women used 26 stick with its tip to the fire at na~nve nnaram 'innmaak. Pake v- to be grumbling because the helper r. the yoram of the fire ground. It ni-kkitcas kunivci-phiti tcakh- was slow, because he does not a- lies tip to [the fire] all winter 'i-mmitchiti pe mfissa'an, putc6-tc hurry to go to meet him. Maybe is there at the fireplace. Then pikrui-ntihantihaia. HA-ri mu- they are his relatives. They are a. everything is fixed up good at the kunhra~r pafatav8 na'an. Ta- getting mad. "How slow he is in i- fireplace ground. Then he gets kunhixvi-pha'. "Hl- putc6 tc going to meet the fatavennan, the a. out from there, from that fire- pikr-ntihantihaia, hi 'utcakh- helper is so slow. He might fall, 'iPtchiti pemnissa'an." Xhy 'ukyi- he is famished," that's what they ) out of the pit by putting his hands vun'ni, t6-mki-nvaray'va," vaA are saying. im out. kunipp6 -nti'. Karixas tupikffikra' , maruk Then he starts back upslope, he will not get down to the Do slow so he tupikrd -ntihar pafatavt nna'an. goes to meet the fatavennan. with his duties there, lper has finished Xas khen xas to -kmhrihivrik 'ara- Then he meets him there up above l is weak. The fatavennan just stays er the helper leaves, but spends some 27 Upslope of Ernest Conrad's house. The fatavennan always sits the shadow on the way down. down under the white oak tree there and leans against its trunk, with iavak,. eyes fixed on Sugar Loaf. 1 the fireplace ground toward Medicine 28 This brings it about that the fatavennan reaches the ydxpi' t rms designating the sections of the with the sun just up, and always at the same time of day. ieathouses are not used of fireplace -I- r

252 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [BULL. 94 rama-m. Xas xakka~n xas the rancheria. Then both of them takunpiruva kiri 'ahifam. 'Iffue come back to the fireplace. The 'u'ah-ti pe mdssa'an. helper walks behind. Xas takunh pma', yuxpitahi- Then they get back there, to fam. Yan6-kva tatta~y pa'ara' 8r, yuxpi"t fireplace. Behold there XIX. Pahd-t mit kunkupe he-ratiha pa'irb nsa'. are many people there, Irahiv at- ha'ak1 tenders. (HOW THEY SMOKED TOBACCO A full account in text has been ol ghost dance to the Karuk in 1870, bu Both Karuk and White man tobacc( constantly indulged in. The forcing o0 at the dances to smoke was a featurc see the text below; also page 215. The following text describes smoki general:

HA ri vura mit suppa-ha ka'iru 1 pakunparuiri vana .tihat',la 'ikxa- in ram 'u~m vura hitiha~n mit. dan dan 'Ikxurar, papuva xay 'i-hva- I1 na'ap, picci tc xannahitc vura dan kunpippu-dnvuti', karixas picci~p At takuniherana'a, k6-vura pata- do kunih' rana'a, pa'asiktava-nsa smo karu vuia. Ko-vira pa'axlte kairu All vura takiniihHrav~ao, takinippt-r to s ki-he-ri. Karixas patakunpaku- fello ri hvana'a, yi1Oa piccltc tu'ari- sing hicri papfakkufi, kiikku~m takun- song pippu n'va, pataxxAraha~k pe-k- it is xatram kukku~m kari takunpip- The] puIn'va. Kari kydkkuim k6-vura Thei takunpihe ranala. Kari kyfkku~m they takunpi hvana"a takunpipakurih- nigh vana '. Te-kxaramAppapvari the kari takunk6-ha', pate kxaram- ?ftppapvdriha'ak.

Also translated "round dance." a The Indians called it "sing," not "c 63044O3219 ,F AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [BULL. 94

n xas the rancheria. Then both of them 'IffuO come back to the fireplace. The helper walks behind. )itlahi- Then they get back there, to 'hra'ar, yixpi"t fireplace. Behold there XIX. Pahd t mit kunkupe heratihat pe-h8-raha po-kuphhkka-m- are many people there, Irahiv at- hanakl tenders. (HOW THEY SMOKED TOBACCO AT THE GHOST DANCEI) A full account in text has been obtained of the coming of the ghost dance to the Karuk in 1870, but will be published elsewhere. Both Karuk and White man tobacco and styles of smoking were constantly indulged in. The forcing of young children in attendance at the dances to smoke was a feature entirely novel to the Karuk; see the text below; also page 215. The following text describes smoking at the ghost "sings" in general: H-ri vura mit sdppa-ha ka'iru They used sometimes to dance pakunpardri vana tihat','a 'ikxa- in the daytime [at the Ghost ram 'u~m vura hitiha~n mit. dance], but it was nights that they danced all the time. 'Ikxurar, papdva xay 'iPhvA- In the evening before they na'ap, piccitc xftnnahitc vura dance, first they rest for a while. kunpippu-nvuti', karixas picci~p At that time the first thing they takun~ihhrana'a, k6-vura pata- do is to smoke; all of them kunhihe rana'a, pa'asiktava-nsa smoke, the women folks also. karu vura. K6-vfra pa'axiotc karu All the children, also, they force vura takin ihh ravao, takinippe r to smoke; they tell them, "You ki-he-fi. Karixas patakunpakiu- fellows smoke." Then when they ri hvana'a, yi0ea picci tc tu'ari- sing, one of them first starts the hicri papakkuri, kdkku~m takun- song. Then again they rest, when pippfu-n'va, pataxxaraha~k pe-k- it is well along in the evening. xaram kdkku~m kari takunpip- Then all of them smoke again. pu n'va. Kari kydkku~m k6-vura Then again they dance, again takunpihe ranala. Kari kydkku~m they sing. At the middle of the takunpi hvana', takunpipakirih- night is the time they quit, when vana'a. Te-kxaram ?,ppapvari the night is already at its half. kari takunk6-ha', pate-kxaram- ?Appapvdriha'ak.

1 Also translated "round dance." IAlso translated "round dance." 1I The Indians called it "sing," not "dance." 6304432219 253 -U

XXI. PayiOeva k6, kuma'an'nav pehe-ra]

(VARIOUS FORMULiE WHIC XX. Pah-t mit kunkupe-he-rahitihat pa'arare-Otittahi4 1. Kitaxrihara'araraxus

(HOW THEY SMOKED AT INDIAN CARD GAMES) (PROTECTIVE SMOKING MEDICINE OF YAV) The principal gambling game of the Karuk is "Indian cards," a form of the hand game, which is accompanied by singing and drum- The following formula is Kitaxrih ming. The game was intense, luck medicine opposing luck medicine, one against his enemies. It relates and considerable property being constantly involved. There used Ikxareyavs, called Kitaxrihars, lit. W to be much passing around of the pipe at these gambling assemblages, with his tobacco smoke overcame " but it was considered unbusinesslike for one to smoke while in the the Sun. No greater power is attr act of gambling. any person or substance than that hE Pamitva taxxarave-ttak ve-0- In the old times the Indian Hu6ka hinupa 'i~m, %im '6-k titta-nsa pulmit 'ih8 card -ratihaphat players did not smoke while 'I0ivOan6-n'A-tcip Vake m'mic. 0 pakunieti tvana tiha'ak, they were pata- playing. When they Pak6-kkaninay vura Vakemicas I kunieric xas mit vura takuni- got through, then they smoked. '1-n kunippA-n'nik: "Na: nik p] h6'er.l Pe-muskinva nsa The va: 'u~m- onlookers smoked now and nf kkyare'ec." Tcavura puffa t T kun 'ik 2 kunihe ratihaf. Paye then. Now m all smoke-White 'in pf kyAravaraphafiik. Va: mu- tl vura k6-vura takunihe-rana-ti', man tobacco. rax kitc 'ixxuitihaAik: "Na: kAra ai 'apxant! tc iht raha'. Ke-m'mic." Viri ky6 vura '1-n ti 'ixusstTAphhAik: 1 Or va: mit vura karixas kunihe ratihat patakimn ricriha'ak "NaA nik ni-k- Si instead of these five words. kYhre'ec," pavuira k6-kkaninay T Vakt-m'mic. Karuma 2 Or va: nik mit 'u~mkun instead of these three words. 'inm k~ar Si ixussa-n'nik: 254 "Na: khra Ke-mic. m Na: puraffa-t 'f-n vuira n-kkyare-- chara. Na: karu Ke-mic." Xas ta'ifdtctf m'mitc. K6- vura T'n takunikya varihva', pa- Sf kunxuti': "Kirinuykyaf." Vura to takuntipce'ek. Puffa-t '1-n vura th t6-kkyarap. Xas ta'if(itctl-m'- co mitc, Paynanu'avahkam'aho-tih- co AA, 'uppi-p: "Na: xasiknfi kkYAre'ec. on yakin na: piric tapa~n vura nf-k- sa

I Or kitaxrihare-he-rar, what the 'Araraxusipmurukkai, protective medi being killed by medicine pronounced E

0- XXI. Payioiva k6, kuma'fn'nav, pakiik tcu ph u'6-mmahiti pehl-rahak

(VARIOUS FORMULIE WHICH MENTION TOBACCO)

'herahitihat pa'arare-Otittahit 1. Kitaxrihara'araraxusipmirukkarih8-6ar1 (PROTECTIVE SMOKING MEDICINE OF THE [KATIMIN] WINGED IKXARE- AT INDIAN CARD GAMES) YAV) of the Karuk is "Indian cards," a accompanied by singing and drum- The following formula is Kitaxrihar medicine used for protecting .4 ick medicine opposing luck medicine, one against his enemies. It relates how one of the class of savage g constantly involved. There used Ikxareyavs, called Kitaxrihars, lit. Winged Ones, dwelling at Katimin, pipe at these gambling assemblages, with his tobacco smoke overcame "Him Who Travels Above Us," sslike for one to smoke while in the the Sun. No greater power is attributed in Karuk mythology to any person or substance than that here related of tobacco.

B- In the old times the Indian Hd-ka hinupa 'i"m, 'inm '&k Where art thou, thou Savage it card players did not smoke while I0ivOan6-n'A-tcip Vakt-m'mic. One of the Middle of the World i- they were playing. When they Pak8-kkaninay vdra Vakt-micas Here? The Savage Ones of every i- got through, then they smoked. 'ln kunippd-n'nik: "Na; nik place said: "I will kill him." i- The onlookers smoked now and nl kkYhre'ec." Tcfvtira puffa-t They never killed thee. All that m then. Now all smoke-White 'ln pi-kyravaraphafiik. Va; m- thou didst was to think: "I too i, man tobacco. rax kite 'ixxdtiha~iik: "Na; kirf am a Savage One." They all K6-m'mlc." Viri ky6 vira 'Tin thought: "I will kill thee," the 'ixiisst-raphhifk: "Na; nik nik- Savage Ones of every place. kunih6 ratihat patakunm ricriha'ak kyhreec,l" pavira k6-kkAninAy Thou thoughtst: "I too am a Vakt-m'mic. Khruma 'im klar Savage One. Nothing can kill ,ead of these three words. ixissA-n'nik: "Na; klrtx Ke-mic. me. I too am a Savage One." Na; puraffa-t 'I n vira ne-kkyAr6- chifi. Na; khrti K6inic." Xhs ta'ifutcti-m'mitc. K6-- Then the last one [the last vura 'in takunikyftvarihva', pa- Savage One] came. All had tried kunxuiti': "KiriniykYaf." Vdra to kill him, thinking: "Would takuniipce'ek. PuffyAt 'Tfn vura that we could kill him." They te-kkyfttap. Xas ta'ifgtctf m'- could not kill him. Nothing mitc, PAynanu'fvahkam'ahh-tih- could kill him. Then the last an, 'upplrp: "Na; xasikni .kkYfre'1c. one, He Who Travels Above Us, yakiin na; pfric thpa~n vura nitk- said: " I will kill him. Even

1 Or kitaxrihare he1.ar, what the Winged One smoked with. 'Araraxusipmiirukkat, protective medicine, which keeps the user from being killed by medicine pronounced against him. 255 _ _ -- _------__ __ -_.11 - - __ . I I .

256 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [BULL. 94 HARRINGTON] TOBACCO AMONG T1 kyftratti'. NaA k6 mahitc vuira bushes I kill. I look at the ku'uf, Pakuisra'. "Viri tava 'i1n tanimmyfiusti', yati kun?&yic, pa- bushes a little while, and behold na'a punmahhVk, puirafa-t vura tanimmyuistihh'ak. Yh-nik pana- they fall over, as I look at them. Iln '; kkyftr6 cap." Pulya 'i~m niyupatc uve hrfpramtiha'ak, ka- I think: I can kill him." v6eppa n'nik, 'im '6-k 'IJivoane-n- ri takuniA0vana'a. Viri na; ni- ?A-tcip Vake-m'mic. xxditi: Na; xasik nip! kkyhrAvA- Karu 'usm v6ppa-n'nik, Pay- ree. " nanu'avahkam'ah6otihhli: "Pu- Karixas 'uxxus, '6 -k 'I0ivOan-n- Then he thought, he the Savage hinupa fa-t 'i n p; kyhravdre capt." a ttcip Vake-m'mic, xas One of the Middle of the World 'uxxus: 2. Pahl-t mit kunkupe-h6-rahiti- "Hu t 'ata pAniky4h6 Here, then he thought: "What ecPl '&-k hat pamukunva-ssan takunma- 'IOiv~ane nA-tcip Vak8 m'mic tu- shall I do?" The Savage One of ha'ak 'apuin'ma: "Kftruma tanave-t.- the Middle of the World Here cip Paynanu'avahkam'h6o tihan knew: "He Who Travels Above Picci~p tuhyanhkku; pe*heTa- 1 in." Us is already starting to attack ha'. Xas va; vur 'usa nvfit1'. me this [day]." Xas pato-mmhha~k pa'f n kunvn - Xas 'u'VOric~ik pamu'dhra'am, Then he took out his tobacco hiti', 'a ppun t6okri c. Xas tu- 'uxxus: "Na; karu Ke-mic." pipe, he thought: "I too am a he'er. "Kiri va; 'uum sakkai, 'Uxxus: "Na. karu thy nanihe-- Savage One." He thought: "I pa'i navinhiti', kir u~m sakkai. rahab', na; kar ikpihan nanihe-ra- have much smoking tobacco, and Pu'ipharin aypu-mm ah6-c ara, ha'." Tcavura tapa-npay t6-m- my tobacco is strong." Then pava 'u~m sAkkaraha'ak panam- ku-hruiprav. Xas 'ixxOs: "Sam presently there was heat coming he raha-mku'uf." Puxutihap vura 'ickye-cti~m vura kdok ni'u-m- up [from the east]. Then he va; fa-t patuhle r, kunxuti vura me6,c." Ta'ittam va; kuik 'u- thought: "I will go downslope to 'ukm tuh6'er. 'u mmh6 eln. Xannahicitc vur 'u- the edge of the river." Then he tura y'va. Yanava kft;n 'uya-- went thither. He looked around 3. Pahuz.t Vi tvi~t ukuiph-n'nik hiti', 'asivediuk, 'icky6 ctim~asiv- for a while. Behold there was a pamarukarara'i n kinOAffipanik cdifuk. T6-mk-hrfuprav. good place there, under an over- pamutunvi"v, pahd-t 'uku- hanging rock, by the edge of the pe *h-rahanik river under an overhanging rock. 'Uknim. 'Ata hariva kunara-ra- There was heat coming up. hitihanik. 'A ya ta'ittam 'uherAheen. Behold then he started to 'Itr6-p pamutunvi-vhaniik Vi t- Xas 'uxxus: "NaA krar Ke-mic. smoke. And he thought: "I too vi't,2 k6-vura 'aficnihannitcas- Na; nixydti': "Na; puiva '1 n na- am a Savage One. I think: He hanlik. Pamukun~ikmahAtcra-m- pi kkyarAvAr6 cara, p6-msakka- will not kill me, when he smelleth kun?'arA rahitihamik, pamukun- raha~k pananihe rahatmku'uf." my tobacco smoke." He kept ?Akka k6-va. PA-npay tcavura3 Vurav uhe-rati'. Tcaviura ta- smoking. Then presently the takk8-tcas, takunAkkdinva nhi- pa-npay tuvaruprav Paki-sra'. Sun came up. For a little while Xannahicitc p6ptuiray'va, '& k he looked around, the Savage Karixas 'iOatn kumamhhibt k6-- 'Ioivvane~nih tcip Vakem'mic. One of the Middle of the World vura kuntAkkunvan'va. Xas 'ik- Vurav uhe-rati'. Pikeip kydnic Here. He kept smoking. Dim- xurar pakunpavyihuk, yanava I tuvakiri-hva paxumpi-Ovan pe- ness was entering the deep places yiO~a purafatta'ak. Hinupa yiOoa 1 Ojv6d.nn& en. Ta'a ?vAnnihitc [the gulches and canyons] of the tapu'ippakara. I 'ukri". "Puya lip nippa at , ho-y earth. He [the Sun] was already 'if 'im 'i n napPkkYhravare ec."1 high. "Indeed, I said it, in no 2 The Long-billed Dowitcher, I Hinupa t6 myd mni pe-he-raha m- wise canst thou kill me." Behold (Say). ' Or tcavura pA-npay. - -

AMONG THE KARUK INDIANS 257 JCAN ETHNOLOGY [BULL. 94 HIARRINGTON] TOBACCO

bushes I kill. I look at the ku'uf, Pakiisra'. "Viri tAva 'i n the Sun swooned away from the bushes a little while, and behold nA'A pdnmhhA'ak, pidrafA t viira tobacco smoke. "He that knows killed." they fall over, as I look at them. 'l n '; kkytre cap'." Pdya 'i~m my way will never be One I think: I can kill him." ve-ppa-n'nik, 'im '6-k 'IlivOane-n- Thou saidst it, Thou Savage ?h-tcip Vak6-m'mic. of the Middle of the World Here. Khru 'u~m v6-ppi-n'nik, Pay- And he too, He Who Travels nanu'hvahkam'hh6-tihhA: "IP'- Above Us, said: "Behold nobody Then he thought, he the Savage hinupa fat 'ln pi kYbravdr6-cap." will kill him." One of the Middle of the World 2. Pahd-t mit kunkupe-h8-rahiti- (HOW THEY SMOKED WHEN THEY Here, then he thought: "'What hat pamukdnva-ssan takunmh- SAW AN ENEMY) shall I do? " The Savage One of hanak the Middle of the World Here Picci~p tuhyanhkku~ pe-h-ra- First he prays over the tobac- knew: "He Who Travels Above ha'. Xas vaA vur 'usA nvTiti'. co. Then he packs it around. Us is already starting to attack Xas pato mmhha.k pa'i n kunvl - Then if he sees somebody that me this [day]." hiti', 'a ppun t6okrivc. Xas tu- hates him, he sits down on the Then he took out his tobacco he'er. "Kiri vaA 'u~m sakkaf, ground. Then he smokes. pipe, he thought: "I too am a pa'i- navi hiti', kir u~m sAkkaf. "Would that he smell it, he who Savage One." He thought: "I Pu'ipharinaypA-mmAh6-ciar, hates me, would that he smell it. have much smoking tobacco, and pava 'um shkkaraha'ak panani- He will not live another year, my tobacco is strong." Then he rahA mku'uf." Puxiitihap vdra if he smells it, my tobacco smoke." presently there was heat coming vaA fg t patuhter, kunxdti vura They do not think that there is up [from the east]. Then he 'uam tuh6'er. anything to his smoking, they go downslope to thought: "I will think he is just smoking. the edge of the river." Then he went thither. He looked around 3. Pahd t Vlitvit ukdphi-n'nik (WHAT LONG-BILLED DOWITCHER * for a while. Behold there was a pamarukarara'In kinOhffipanik DID WHEN THE MOUNTAIN GIANT good place there, under an over- pamutilnvi"v, pahdvt 'uku- ATE UP HIS CHILDREN, HOW HE hanging rock, by the edge of the pe he rahaiik SMOKED) river under an overhanging rock. 'Ukni . 'Ata hhriva kunAra-ra- Ukni. They were living there There was heat coming up. hitihaniik. for a long time. Behold then he started to 'Itr8-p pamutdnvi-vhafiik Vi t- Long-billed Dowitcher had five smoke. And he thought: "I too vi1 t,2 k6-vdra 'aficnihannitcas- children, all of them boys. They - am a Savage One. I think: He harik. PamukunhikmahAtcra~m lived in their sweathouse, together - will not kill me, when he smelleth kun ?rA-rahitihaiik, pamukun- with their father. Then later my tobacco smoke." He kept ?Akka k6-4a. PA-npay tcavdra 3 on they were already big children, smoking. Then presently the takkt-tcas, takunAkkdnvA-nhi- old enough to hunt. Sun came up. For a little while naha. k he looked around, the Savage Karixas 'iOahn kumamahhtiJt k6 Then one morning all of them One of the Middle of the World vura kunAkkunvan'va. Xas 'ik- went out hunting. Then when c Here. He kept smoking. Dim- xurar pakunpavyihuk, yhnava they came back that evening, - ness was entering the deep places yiOla purafatta'ak. Hinupa yio0a behold one of them was missing. c [the gulches and canyons] of the tapu'ippakafa. Behold one did not come back. y earth. He [the Sun] was already 2 Dowitcher, Limnodromus griseus scolopaceus " high. "Indeed, I said it, in no The Long-billed a- wise canst thou kill me." Behold (Say). 3 Or teavura pl-npay.

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258 BUREAU OF AMEB [CAN ETHNOLOGY [BULL. 94 HARRINGTON] TOBACCO AMONG T The next day they went Kfikku~m 'imyhon kunAkkun- hunt- Xas upifp: "Karuma naA Maruk- ing again. Again one van'va. Kfikku~m vura yieea did not ?ara'ar.l Kunipitti 'im pammi- come back. puxay 'fppakaia. tidnvi~v tapdffa'at." Puxay vura Then on the next day they went Xas kudkku~m vura 'imyhrn kun- '1hivrkyA1A, pakunteuphunic iakkunvan'va. Kdkku~m vura hunting again. Again one did kl6ti'. not come back. yiO0a puxay 'fppakaia. Xas vura tutcuphunickyu'u, xas Xas kfikku~m vura 'imyhon Then the next day they went upe'r: " Tcimi pananixuska-mhar posuppa-ha kun hkkunvan'va. hunting again. Again in the 'A-ksuA." Xas u'axxay. Ko-ma- Kukku~m evening one was missing, did not vura 'ikxurar yanava hitc vur u'affic, 'axxak xas y1Oa purafAtta'ak, come back. uphic- tapu'ippakaia. cip. Xas kiunic tu'ay Pamaruk?a- Pukiunic xuitihara h t papih- It was as if the, old man never noticed. There was just one ra'ar. Patcvifv u~m vura puku- ni-tcitc. Yittce tc kitc to sa-m. nic fa-txutihara, karuma Xas left. Then he went hunting, 'u~m vaA vur u'akkun'var karuma ni namiacit'c. Karuma 'u~m vura tapattceetc. Karixas kfimateetc even alone. Then that night nik tu'a pun'ma: "Vax 'i n pana- puxay vura 'Ippakara he did not come back in the 'ikxurar. nitdnvi~v pa'&ruTn takinpfkya4." evening. SUP vosudti'. Ka-rim vura to xxus Vi tvit- Long-billed Dowitcher Old Man pihnf'1tc, kg-rim vura to-xxus, felt awfully bad, he felt awfully tapfiffa'8 t pamutdnvi"v. bad, he did not have any more Xas Xas Pamaruk~arajr 'upifp: 'imyhn posuppa-ha xas papih- boys. Then when morning came, "Tcimi panani'dhra~m vaA 8 then the old man thought: "Let kun ni tcitc uxxus: "Tcimi kyanpap- ih-ri." 9 me go to look for them, I, too, Xas 'u'axxay. Kuk- plvan'vi manik naA kar Ikxare- ku~m vura vo -ku-pha', 'axxak xas am an Ikxareyav. I wonder what yav. Fa-t 'ata 'i n pa'eru~n uphiccip it is that cleaned us out." Then pa'uhra-m. takinpikyav." Karixas pamu- Xas Pamarukarar 'uxxus: 4 he just took down his quiver, and 'akavakkir kitc 'u'e O0uni, karu "Tcimi kanIkffiikkira'&, manik- took his pipe. Then he climbed pamu'dhra~m vura kitc V&00. ni narhitc." Kahn 'u~m 'apun Karixasmaruk 'ikff-kra'. upslope. Every once in a while Tce-m- xas dkf ikkira'a. Hinupa surukam he smoked. He went a long yateva kitc 'upih-rati'. Yinv tu'arihik. Puxay vura mahara, way. Then he sat down there. maruk tu'hhu'u. Xas kan ukri-c- k6-va 'u~m ni-namhitc. Karuma Then he looked upslope. Then ri'. Viri pammaruk pay 'uikiu-p- 'u~m maruk t6.kvirlpfirVa. behold upslope an Ikxareyav came ha'. Teimaxmay maruk 'Ikxa- Tcavura running down. Then he thought: yifv maruk to kviri- re yav 'ukvirippAAl1. Karixas p&ra' 8. Yanava k&hn para m'var. " I guess this is the one who uxxus: "Kfaruma vaA 'ata pay Ta'ittam uphiccipre-he~n papa- cleaned out my sons." Then 'in 5 pananitfinvi~v 'Pn ta' &ruAn ra m'var. Tcavura yinv maruk he came near, he who had come kinpikyav." Teavura pa-npay t6.kfu krala. Xas shruk 'upitfAk- ta'd-mukitc 'u' flm, pa'ipa maru running down from upslope. 6 kdkviripunihanhat. Karixas Then he came there. Then he 7 Lit. Upslope Person. Persons khon 'u'ufm. Xas upf p: "Pami- said: "I guess you are looking strong, stupid, crude, and were so tdnvi~v 'at ipappimvana ti'." for your children." Then he the woods. They lived in rocky younger Indians call them "gorillas. 4 From where it was hanging. 8Kufia means now in turn (aft I Or 'i n pay for pay 'i"n. thing, and shows that Mountain Pe 6 From mbruk kuh 'ukviripunihanhat'. 9 Tamtirak, Fritz Hansen's mothe har 'u~m pun6-hr6ovicara, nani'uhr, my bow, I'll use my pipe (to kill an; [CAN ETHNOLOGY [BULL. 94 HARRINGTON] TOBACCO AMONG THE KARUK INDIANS 259 The next day they went hunt- Xas upi p: "Khruma na: Maruk- said: "I am a Mountain Person. ing again. Again one did not ?Ara'ar.7 Kunipitti 'im pammi- They say you have not any come back. tdnvi~v tapiffa'at." Puxay vdra children any more." He did Then on the next day they went 'ihivrky~ia, pakuntcuphunic not answer, when he was being hunting again. Again one did ky6oti'. talked to. not come back. Xhs vdra tutcuphunickyu'u, xas Then he kept on talking to Then the next day they went upt'er: " Tcimi pananixdskA *mhhr him, he told him: "Shoot my hunting again. Again in the 'a ksuh." Xas u'Wxxay. K6oma- bow." Then he took it. He evening one was missing, did not hitc vur u'bffi6, 'ftxxak xas uphic- touched it a little bit; he picked come back. cip. Xas kuinic tu'ay PamArukh- it up as two pieces. It looked It was as if the, old man never ra'ar. Patcvilv u~m vura puku- like the Mountain Person was noticed. There was just one nic fa txutihara, karuma 'u~m afraid of him. It looked like left. Then he went hunting, nf namia-citc. Karuma 'u~m vuira that bird never thought anything even alone. Then that night nik tu'a pun'ma: "VaA 'f-n pana- [in the way of fear], and at the he did not come back in the nitflnvi~v pa'e run takinpikya4." same time he was small. He evening. SUP vo xfiti'. knew: "That is the one who has Long-billed Dowitcher Old Man cleaned out my sons." He felt awfully bad, he felt awfully thought that inside. bad, he did not have any more Xas Pamaruk~hra~r 'upi p: Then the Mountain Person boys. Then when morning came, "Tcimi panani'dhra~m va: kun 8 said: "Now smoke my pipe." then the old man thought: "Let ih8-ri." D Xas 'u'axxay. Kuk- Then he took it. He did the me go to look for them, I, too, ku~m vura vo -ku-pha', 'axxak xas same thing again, picked it up am an Ikxareyav. I wonder what uphiccip pa'uhrfitm. as two pieces. it is that cleaned us out." Then Xas Pamaruk~hra~r 'uxxus: Then the Mountain Person he just took down his quiver, and "Tcimi kanikfTi kkira'a, manik- thought: "Let me catch hold of took his pipe. Then he climbed nf narhitc." Katn 'u~m 'a-pun him, he is small." He just caught upslope. Every once in a while xas dkfiikkira'. Hinupa suirukam hold of the ground there. Behold he smoked. He went a long tu'arihik. Puxay vura mahaia, he jumped under him [through way. Then he sat down there. k6-va 'u~m nf-namhitc. Karuma by the Mountain Person's legs]. Then he looked upslope. Then 'u~m maruk t6Wkviripfira-a. He did not even see him, he was behold upslope an Ikxareyav came Tcaviura yfiv mhruk to kviri- so small. He [Long-billed Dow- running down. Then he thought: pi.'ir~a'. Yanava kan para m'var. itcher] was running upslope. " I guess this is the one who Ta'ittam uphiccipre*he-n papa- Then he ran far upslope. Be- cleaned out my sons." Then ra m'var. Tcavura yI~v maruk hold there was a wedge there. he came near, he who had come t6 kfi .krajIa. Xas saruk 'upitfak- Then he picked up that wedge. running down from upslope. Then he came there. Then he I Lit. Upslope Person. Persons of this race were hairy, large, said: "I guess you are looking strong, stupid, crude, and were sometimes seen by the Indians in for your children." Then he the woods. They lived in rocky dells far upslope. Some of the younger Indians call them "gorillas." 8 KuAa means now in turn (after breaking my bow), the next thing, and shows that Mountain Person was mad. vanhat'. 9 Tamtirak, Fritz Hansen's mother's brother, used to say: Xuskam- har 'u~m pun&hr8vicara, nani'dhra~m 'u~m nihr6-ic, I won't use my bow, I'll use my pipe (to kill anybody). HARRINGTON] TOBACCO AMONG T 260 BUREAU OF AME] RICAN ETHNOLOGY [BULL. 94 4. KahOuxrivickyuruhar kuti'. Viri kuna saruk upik- Then far upslope he went. Then mutun- ve-rahappfric, ffvkra: Maruk ?6ra'&r, shiuk. Th- he looked downslope. Down- pa 'u~m vura va: muppiric pas u'aytihafiik. Xas vaA kan slope Mountain Person was com- upikyA-nik pamu- 'umma 'fishkk5,-msa'. Ta'ittam ing back up, downslope. He 'dhra'am vo-paraksdr6ohUn pa'as. '0 Xas was not afraid of him. Then Hd-ka hinupa 'im Karuk 'upe nvhna, pa'as: "Saruk kik- he saw some big rocks there. ?JOivoane-ippan VaOuxrivickya- ?iruv6ruinni hvi'." Ta'ittam Then he was wedging off rocks. ruhai? Karuk ?iOivOan6 nippan vo-Ohntcftrassahe~n passaruk pik- Then he told the rocks: "Ye slide 'aramsi pre n'nik. 'J;m vur fu kra tihaA. 'U~antcarastcaras, downslope!" Then the rocks 'i'ah6-tihanAk. Yuruk 'ioiv- passaruk pikfui-kra-tihaA. mashed the one downslope who Oan-nhippan 'iva rimmitihanik. was coming back up. They mashed him all up, him down- Karixas 'o-k 'iOivOan6 niatcip slope who was coming up. 'ivaramnihafuk. Yanava pe-k- Karixas 'dkfa-krha'^. 'Upappim- Then he climbed up. He was xare-yav vura takunimfipieni- vana ti pamutdnvi'lv. 'Uxulti': looking for his children. He haya-tcha', pa'ane kyAvA nsa'. "Manik yax6.k vura nipmAhe~c thought: "I might find the Karixas 'iperaphflik: "' 6k pamukunhlppi'." Tcavura yiv bones." Then he got a long way 'Ikxar6yav teim u'i kkyama- maruk tu'f m, vitkiriccuiuk. Ya- up, under the ridge. Behold hWe'c.ii Pe-kxare-yav k6ovura nava ka-n. Viri xhnnahitc vur they were there. He looked va: k&;n tahaniik, pa'ane kya- utura y'va. Yanava kipa tcan- around for a while. Behold va nsa'. Xas KahOuxrivickydru- tcajf unampi-Ova pamukunippi'. their bones were scattered so har 'uppi-p: " Na: kar 'Ikxare-- Puya vo xxus: "Va. hinupa 'o-k white. Then he thought: "This yav." Xas uxxus: "Karuma pay pannanitdnvi~v 'e ru~n ta- is where they cleaned out my na: nani'dhraom vuira kite nuxAk- kinpikyav." children." ki;nhlti', va: kar IkxareTyav." Karixas k6 -vura 'upifikhya-tc- Then he picked them all up, Xas 'iPnna k 'uv6-nffurAk. Tu- ha', pamukun'ippi'. Yanava their bones. He saw a lake was xaxxanna-ti vfiua. Xas pamu'uh- ka&n 'dikra~m u'i Ora'. Ta'ittam lying there. Then he soaked ra~m 'u'8 Oricak.l3 Xas 'uppi-p: va: kAnn 'upuOankurihvahe'en. them in there. "Nas kar Ikxare-yav. Na: vura Karixas upva-ram. Pidya va: Then he went back. Then he pay nanix&hva~s 'I- nik napipea- xas u'ipma', pamukrivra'am. got home, to his living house. ravrikke'ec.,, Ta'ittam ki'k Viri taxannahicitc yieumasva ku- Then a little later they were all 'u'u mmahe'en. Karixas 'u- nipvo nfurukti. Hinupa va: khn coming back in [into the living pa0akhi crihen 14 mu'IffuOkarih. su? takunpimtA-mvAnaA p6kri~m house] one at a time. Behold Xas 'upippur pamulThra'am. sii?. Hinupay" takunpavyihuk they got alive in there in the lake. Xas uppi p: "Na. kar Ikxare-- pamukun hikrivra2am. Behold it was that they all came yav." Karixas 'uisyu-nkiv pa- back to their living house. mu'fihra'am, tcaka'f-mitc vura Kupannakanakana. Puya va. Kupannakanakana. Long- p6-syu -nkivti', p6 tceuphiti'.' 1 Vitvijt ukupha n'nik, up6-nvf-k- billed Dowitcher did that, "Xas nani'dhra~m, tcimi Pe-k- 1 kanik pamutdnvi' v. Tce myajtc brought back his children. Shine xare-yav kamtunv8-rahi'." Viri 'ik vur Icya-t 'imcfinna vic. early, Spring Salmon, hither up- Nanivassi vuirav e kiniyA'atc. river. My back is straight. 12 Mg. is going to die. Tc6-myajtc 'ik vura 'Athytcuk- Grow early, Spring Cacomite. 13 Or nik 'mn. kinatc 'i'u nndprave e. 14 With both knees on the floor, a was lying on the floor. 10 An Ikxareyav could do anything. 1" He pulled the pipe out of the pi 1 Or hinupa pay. -

HARRINGTON] TOBACCO AMONG THE KARUK INDIANS 261 ,RICAN ETHNOLOGY [BULL. 94

4. KahOuxrivickydruhar (KAHOUXRIVICKYURUHAR'S * Then far upslope he went. Then mutun- CHILD- ve rahappific, pa BIRTH MEDICINE, HOW HE * he looked downslope. Down- 'u~m vira va: USED muppiric upikyA-nik pamu- HIS PIPE AS MEDICINE) t slope Mountain Person was com- 'dhra'am 1 ing back up, downslope. He was not afraid of him. Then Hi ka hinupa 'i~m Karuk Where art thou, Ouxrivickyuru- * he saw some big rocks there. ?I'iveane-ippan Vaouxrivickyd- har of the Upriver End of the L Then he was wedging off rocks. ruhar? Karuk ?iOivOan-n hippan World? Thou camest from the * Then he told the rocks: "Ye slide 'i'arams-1 pr6 n'nik. 'ITm vihr upriver end of the world. He downslope!" Then the rocks 'i'ho tihAflik. Yuiruk 'i6iv- was walking along. He was go- mashed the one downslope who Oane-nhippan 'iva riimmutihaihk. ing downriver to the lower end of was coming back up. They the world. mashed him all up, him down- Karixas '6-k 'iOivoan6 niatcip Then thou didst enter the mid- slope who was coming up. 'ivkramnmhAAik. Yanava pe-k- dle place of the world here. Be- I * Then he climbed up. He was xare-yav vura takunimfipicni- hold all the Ikxareyavs had all looking for his children. He haya-tcha', pa'ane-kyava-nsa'. gathered there, the brush doctors. thought: "I might find the Karixas 'ip6TAphArhmk: "'-k Then they told thee: "An Ikxa- bones." Then he got a long way 'Ikxar6eyav tcim u'iPkkyama- reyav here is about to go outside." up, under the ridge. Behold he'ec.l2 Pe-kxar6yav k6-vura All the Ikxareyavs were there, they were there. He looked va: kian tahanik, pa'ane-kya- the brush doctors. Then Upriver around for a while. Behold va nsa'. Xas KahOuxrivickYdru- ouxrivickyuruhar said: "I, too, their bones were scattered so har 'uppL-p: "Na: kar 'Ikxare-- am an Ikxareyav." Then he white. Then he thought: "This yav." Xas uxxus: "Karuma thought: "I am just along with is where they cleaned out my na: nani'uhra~m viura kitc nuxak- my pipe. I am an Ikxareyav, children." kiknhitl', vaA kar Ikxare-yav." too." Then he went inside. Then he picked them all up, Xas 'f- nna k 'uvo nffuifk. Tu- They were just crying. Then he their bones. He saw a lake was xfaxxanna-ti vura. Xas pamu'uh- took his pipe out [of his basketry , lying there. Then he soaked rasm 'u'eOric~ik.'3 Xas 'uppL-p: quiver]. Then he said: "I am an them in there. "Na: kar Ikxare-ya. Na: vura Ikxareyav, too. This my pipe Then he went back. Then he pay nanix&hva~s '1 nik napipea- sack can help me." Then he got home, to his living houE 3. ravrikke'ec.." Ta'ittam kudk went over to her. Then he knelt Then a little later they were all 'u'u mmahe'cn. Karixas 'u- at her feet. Then he untied his coming back in [into the living paOakhi crih6n 14 mu'iffuOkamh. pipe. Then he said: "I am an house] one at a time. Behold Xas 'upippur pamu'dhra'am. Ikxareyav, too." Then he pulled they got alive in there in the lake. Xas uppip: "Na: kar Ikxare-- his pipe out [of his pipe sack], just Behold it was that they all came yav." Karixas 'usyu-nkiv pa- slowly he was pulling it out, talk- back to their living house. mu'dhra'am, tcaka'fi-mitc vura ing. "Then my pipe, may this Kupannakanakana. Long- po-syu1-nkivti', p6-tcu phiti'.11, Ikxareyav give birth to the child." billed Dowitcher did that, "Xas nani'uhra~m, tcimi Pe -k- Then he pulled out his pipe, brought back his children. Shine xar6-yav kamtunve-rahi'." Viri then all at once behold a baby early, Spring Salmon, hither up- river. My back is straight. 2 Mg. is going to die. Grow early, Spring Cacomite. 3 Or nik 'Tn. 14 With both knees on the floor, at the feet of the sick woman, who was lying on the floor. 16 He pulled the pipe out of the pipe sack little by little.

I Wow I - I______:___ __.- __ ----- I -..- -INEW00-

262 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [BUJLL 94

p6 syuinkiv pamu'ihrah'm, tci- cried. Then he thought: "I am maxmay 'axitc 'dxrai. Xas 'ix- the best Ikxareyav, Human will x~s: "Na; hinupa kitc 'Ikxa- do the same, if he knows about r6yav. Viri Ya-si'ra 'u~m karu me. Human also will make brush vura vo-kuph6'ec, thva; 'f* na'a - with his pipe." Upriver Oux- XXII. 'Ihe rah uOvuykirahin pfinmaha'ak. YA-sitra 'u~m karu rivickyuruhar said it. vura piric upikyA-vic pamu'dh- (VARIOUS NAMES WHICH I 6 ra'am.h'1 Puya 'usm v6-pha-n'- 1. Pehe rahi nik KahOuxrivickyfiruhai. (THE "TOBACCO Viri naA kitc 'I- nu'a puinmuti'. I only know about thee. Be- EA Puya 'im v6-pha-n'nik, Kahoux- hold thou didst say it, Upriver A bird, identified from pictures i rivickydruhai: "Ya-si'ara 'urm Ouxrivickyuruhar: "Human will and elsewhere as Nuttall's Whip] karu vura vaA piric 'upikya vic again make his pipe into brush, nuattalli Audubon, is named 'ihe -ral pamu'dhra'am, pathvaA '1-n na'a- whoever knows about me." Thus scriptions of its habits also fit thos punAhn'ak "huim vevkyu- thou didst, Upriver Ouxrivickyu- the informants have known why the pha-n'nik, KahOuxrivickydruhaf. ruhar. said to have eaten tobacco or its se myths. The appearance of the bird' 6 For only brush is addressed in brush medicine, and he addressed design name; see below. his pipe. A. Pahl t kunkupaso mkirahanik I 'ajt paye ripaxvu hsa', xas 'ihe raha mva~n karu puxa k- kitc kunippa nik: "NuA pa- VICt

'UmiE. 'Ata hariva kunara-ra- hitihahik. VaA kunkupitti pamukuniv- i'ihkYarm, ata h6-y u'ipanhiv6-hiti pamukuntixy6'em. 2 'A~t 3 mu- 'ivi1vA ykyhm 'u~m 'axra 'uk- sapka'u. VaA kite KunipaivOa- kuirannati pamarukke ttcas,4 pa- muktaktakahe-nkininnii ssit'c. Karu 'axxak vaA k&,n muppi-mitc ' The bird most closely resembling pudxxa'ak, the Pacific Nighthawk, CA 2 taxy9'em, old word equivalent to a wide and cleanly kept bare plot in f way one can tell if a man is a Ya-si make frequent mention of these nice] 3 'A"'t, name in the myths of 'icya' 4Lit. upslope big one, by-name f because he hollers tak tak), Westeri tomus pileatus picinus Bangs.

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P_

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0- ERICAN ETHNOLOGY [BULL. 94 i- cried. Then he thought: "I am the best Ikxareyav, Human will L- do the same, if he knows about u me. Human also will make brush with his pipe." Upriver Oux- XXII. 'Ih-rah uOvuykirahina-ti yieilva kumhtcfiupha'. u rivickyuruhar said it. (VARIOUS NAMES WHICH MENTION TOBACCO) 1. Peh8 rahh-mva'-n.

I only know about thee. Be- (THE "TOBACCO EATER" [BIRD]) - hold thou didst say it, Upriver A bird, identified from pictures in Dawson's Birds of California 1 Ouxrivickyuruhar: "Human will and elsewhere as Nuttall's Whippoorwill, Phalaenoptilus nuttalli again make his pipe into brush, nuttalli Audubon, is named 'ih6 raha mva'an, tobacco eater.' De- A - whoever knows about me." Thus scriptions of its habits also fit those of the whippoorwill. None of thou didst, Upriver Ouxrivickyu- the informants have known why the bird is so called, or whether it is ruhar. said to have eaten tobacco or its seed in reality or in the realm of myths. The appearance in brush medicine, and he addressed of the bird's back has given rise to a basket design name; see below.

A. Pahi-t kunkupas6-mkirahanik HOW THE MAIDENS CAME TO MARRY 'ajt paye-ripftxvd-hsa', xas SPRING SALMON, AND HOW 'ih-rahh-mva~n karu puxa-k- NIGHTHAWK AND ''TOBACCO kitc kunippa-nik: "NuA ph- EATER " SAID THEY WERE SPRING SALMON 'Ukni. 'Ata hAriva kun?,Ard ra- Ukni. They were living there. hitihahlik. VaA kunkupitti pamukuniv- They fixed their yards so that ?Pihkyarh, ata h6zy u'ipanhiv6-hiti one could not see the end of their pamukuntAxy&1em. 2 'Alt I mu- yards. In front of Spring Sal- 'ivI6vA-ykyAm 'utm 'axra 'dk- mon's house there was a dead tree sa pku'u. Vat kite KunipOivoa- leaning. The western Pileated kdrA-nnhti pamarukk6-ttcas, 4 pa- Woodpeckers just kept walking up m u k t a ktakahe *nkininnA -ssit'c. flutteringly, his Western Pileated Karu 'Axxak vaA khan muppi-mitc Woodpecker pets. And there were I The bird most closely resembling 'ihe rahhvmva"'n is said to be piixxa'ak, the Pacific Nighthawk, Chordeiles minor hesperis Grinnell. 2 taxy8'em, old word equivalent to 'ivIi-hkyarh. They claim that a wide and cleanly kept bare plot in front of a living house is the only way one can tell if a man is a Ya-shfia (rich person). The myths make frequent mention of these nicely kept yards. 3 'A'^t, name in the myths of 'icyl'at, Spring Salmon. 4Lit. upslope big one, by-name for 'iktakathkkahe'en (so called because he hollers tak tak), Western Pileated Woodpecker, Phlaeo- tomus pileatus picinus Bangs. 263 ___ _- s_.___ -W r

264 BUREAU OF AME: tflCAIN 1i'lT1iN(tU(iY [BULL. 94 HARRINGTON] TOBACCO AMONG TH] uvuimni pe krivra'am, yi00a Pux- two living houses standing near mava '8-k Ph'a~t mukrivra'am. xask 6 mukrivra~m 6 karu yif0a by, one Pacific Nighthawk's and Mav axra 'ukksa-pku'." Xas 'Ih6TahAmva'1n. 7 'U~mkun 'ax- one Nuttall's Poorwill's living 'f nna-k kunhiruvo-nfuiuk. Yfa- xak vura kg-nnimitcds pakun- house. They were making a poor nav 6-kri". Yanava taprarahak kupa'i-nnahiti'. 'U~mkun 'axxak living, those two. Those two 'uku-6nnamnihva'. Hinupa 'u~m vura ka-nnimntcashafik. 'A~t were poor people. But Spring yifOuk 'u'Vvarahe~n1l pataprara, 'u~m vura pe-krey&ciTphAnik. Salmon lived rich. yi0Ouk kume krivra'am, 'At mu- Tcavura pa-npay karuk 'axxak Then after a while two girls krivra'am. VaA khon 'ukri". kunhiruvarakkanik 'iffappi ttca', came down from upriver, to apply 'Upakunihvi-tcv-ti'. 12 Karixas 'A~t kuns6-mkirarukti'. Vura nik for marriage with Spring Salmon. 'as kunippaiic. Tcimaxmay ku- takinippe-ranik Pa'a-t mukri- They had been told what Spring nihyiv '1 kkyarh: "Puxa-kkifc, vra~m umussahiti'. Salmon's house looked like. namtiri pifapta -nnxark'.''13 "YT-- Xas patcimikyunhi' me cAnik, Then when they were about to haeh,14 tcimi '6-k vura ki-krim'ni. xas khnn 'Iherahh-mva~n kunik- arrive, they met Nuttall's Poor- Takan6-hyd-n'nic, kane-ppe-nti': marihivrikyaiiik. 8 Vura 'UI1m will. They were nice-looking 'Tcimi paxye *ttaruiki"22.16 Karixas ya-mitcas pa'ifAppi-tca'. Xas girls. Then one of them said, '1k vura kun?•Affice'ec, panipax- yf00 upi-p, panfin'namitc: "Tcfmi the youngest one: "Let's ask him, ye tmarahh'ak." Xas u'arih- nupathnvi-ci', niuppipi': Ho y vari let's say: 'Where does Spring rupuk. Karixas kunpui-hyan pa- Pa'ajt 'ukri"?"' I Karixas kun- Salmon live? "' Then they asked so-mva-nsas. Xas yiOO uppi-p patan'vic. Karixas 'upi-p: "Man him. Then he said: "Ye will see pa'ifa4ppi"t: "Na: 'ip niOittivat, vura va: kummhhe'ec, suva 'i1m there is a dead tree setting out- 'ip kyunipp6 rat: 'Pifapta,-n- 'axra 'uksa-pku 'ivi0vi-ykyArh. side in front of the house. Ye nArlhki namtir'i.' Tco' numus- Tcimi mate- 'o-k vura ki-ki-n'ni, stay here a while and then go in sah."'6 Xas payi10 upi-p: "Na: xas ik kari ku'iruvAttakrahe'ec.10 there. It will be good if ye get nixuiti thntissir. Ho6y 'if 'ata Va 'u~m yav pe-kxurar vari there toward evening." Then he vh,. pay PA'a'at." Yanava pa'as xas ik ku'idmmaha'ak." Karixas went back, the one that they had po viraxviraxti' paparamvarat'as. 'u~m u'fppahu', pa'ipa kunik- met, he turned back. Then they Karixas 'a'pun vura tupifapsi-p- marihivrikat, 'uparatAnmihpa'. sat down there for a while. rin pa'amva'ictunve'etc. Karixas Xas kan k6-mahitc kunfnn Ic. panamtiri kun o-pattarip. Tci- Karixas kunahu'u. Karixas Then they traveled. Then maxmay kuntcu'pha','axniay kun- kuniruvAttakra pe nirahiram. they entered the rancheria. Then pi-p: "Yae 'hh, 'akkaray panani- Xas kdkku~m yiOOa panf-n'na- the younger one said: "Here it is, kininna-sitc 'u'afice nnetihc'en? 17 mitc 'uppi p: "Mava 'o-k, here is Spring Salmon's living Yaxa Puxa-kkitc muvi'ih- kyam xas uks-pkhi'. YTxa nani- 6 Pdxxa'1fk, Pacific Nighthawk, Chordeiles minor hesperis Grinnell. taprAra karu tu'drupukahe'en." Also puxa-kkit'c. Xas yiOO 'upl p: "H1-, tcimi 6 The living houses of these two men were just downriver from Spring Salmon's living house, in the same row. This row of houses 11 He had gone to get it. Ct. tu': lay where John Pepper's hogpen is now, in the downriver part of 12 He was singing by himself to E Katimin rancheria. the tule mat. 7 'IherTahMmva'an, Nuttall's Poorwill, Phalaenoptilus nuttalli nut- '3 Mg. to clean out, using mouth, talli (Audubon). 14 Man's interjection of glad surpi 8 Or kunikmarihiv'rik. 16 Referring to dividing the catch 9 Or vari p6 kri- 'A'at. 16 Short cut for tco ra numuissan. 10 Into the rancheria, into the house row. 7' Lit. was touching. 265 [ERICAN ETHNOLOGY [BULL. 94 HARRINGTON] TOBACCO AMONG THE KARUK INDIANS i- two living houses standing near mAva 'o8k Ph'aJt mukrivra'am. house. Here is the dead tree la by, one Pacific Nighthawk's and MIv axra 'aksA-pki'." Xas leaning." Then they went in- K- one Nuttall's Poorwill's living 'Pnng k kuniruvo-nfufuk. Yh- side the living house. He was i- house. They were making a poor nav 6okri". YAnava taprArahak there. He was sitting on a tule k living, those two. Those two 'uku nnamnmhvA'. Hinupa 'u~rm mat. It was that he had gone to Jt were poor people. But Spring yiOeuk 'u'Wvarahe~n'l pataprhfa, another place to get that tule mat, Salmon lived rich. yieeuk kum. krivra'am, 'AJt mu- to another living house, to Spring .k Then after a while two girls krivra'am. VaA khnn 'dkri'". Salmon's living house. He was .', came down from upriver, to apply 'Upakunfhvi tcvfti'`12 Khrixas sitting there. He was singing for k for marriage with Spring Salmon. 'as kunipphiic. Tcimaxmay ku- fun. Then they put the [boiling] i- They had been told what Spring nihyiv 'ikkyaih: " PuxA kkifc, stones in the fire. Then all at Salmon's house looked like. namtiri pifhptannaruki'.' 1' 3 "Ym-- once they hollered outside: "Pa- 4 I , Then when they were about to hiuh,' tcfmi 'o&k vura k1-ki-m'ni. cific Nighthawk, come and clean <- arrive, they met Nuttall's Poor- Takan6-hyfn'nic, kan6-pp6-nti': out the wooden plate." "Ah, ye En will. They were nice-looking 'Tcimi paxyt ttArUiki' '1. Karixas stay here. They hollered to me, is girls. Then one of them said, '1k vdra kunAffice'0c, phnipax- they are telling me: 'Come and ai the youngest one: " Let's ask him, ye tmAr3LhA'ak.'' Xas u'hrih- divide it.' Only then they will ri let's say: 'Where does Spring rupuk. Karixas kunpfi-hyan pa- touch it, after I get through divid- i- Salmon live? "' Then they asked so mvA nshs. Xas yiOO uppi-p ing it." Then he sprang out of .n him. Then he said: "Ye will see pa'ifappi'lt: "NaA lip ni~itffivat, the house. Then the girl appli- n there is a dead tree setting out- lip kyunipp6 rat: 'Pifapt5,-n- cants talked together. Then one h. side in front of the house. Ye ndrAlhki namtifi.' Tc& numins- girl said: "I heard them tell him: 1, stay here a while and then go in saA."'6 Xas pay106f upi-p: "NaA 'Come and clean out the wooden 10 there. It will be good if ye get nixu1ti thnissir. Ho y 'if 'htt plate.' Let's go and see." Then ri there toward evening." Then he vhA pay PA'a at." Yftnava pa'A.s the other one said: "I think we is went back, the one that they had po viraxviraxti' paparamvarh'as. have made a mistake. I do not i- met, he turned back. Then they Karixas 'A-pun vura tupifhpsi-p- think this is the Spring Salmon." Behold he was licking off the '. sat down there for a while. rin pa'amva'ictunv6'etc. Karixas panamtiri kun o-pftttahip. Tci- stones, the salmon boiling stones. is Then they traveled. Then maxmay kuntci-pha','axmay kun- Then he ate up the pieces of sal- a. they entered the rancheria. Then pi p: "Yeheh, 'akkAray panani- mon meat on the ground. Then 17 al- the younger one said: " Here it is, kininna-sitc 'u'afict nnetihc' en? he cleaned out the wooden plate. k, here is Spring Salmon's living YAxa PuxA-kkitc muvP-h- Then all at once there was talking, kyam xas dksd-pkui'. Yaxa nhni- all at once somebody said: "Ah, i, Chordeiles minor hesperis Grinnell. taprara karu tu'Arupukahe'en." who was bothering my pets? Xas yIOO 'upip: "Ha-, tcimi Look here, it is leaning outside of two men were just downriver from i the same row. This row of houses 1iHe had gone to get it. Ct. tu'hivar, he went to get it. ,n is now, in the downriver part of 12 He was singing by himself to amuse himself, as he sprawled on the tule mat. Poorwill, Phalaenoptilus nuttalli nut- 11Mg. to clean out, using mouth, tongue, hands or in any way. 14 Man's interjection of glad surprise. 13 Referring to dividing the catch of salmon. "I Short cut for tcrra numdssaA. house row. 17 Lit. was touching. ----- ~ ~~. -"- -- U,

HARRINGTON] 266 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [BULL. 94 TOBACCO AMONG THIl nupievi-ppi'. Na.~ thna'ahftra"am. Pacific Nighthawk's house. See, 4. 'UhOl-crihra"am, mg. where thi Khruma 'ip nippa~at: Thn'xssir. he, took my tule mat out, too." upslOpe Of Katimnin Spring. (See p. Tc&i'a." Xas va~ vura kh~n Then one [of the girls] said: 5. 'Uhtayvarhra'am, mg. where kunpiOvlripci~. KunpiyAl'am. Sii- " Yes, let's run off. I am toward Georgie Orcutt's house fron va~ vura kari vani kunAfssuna-ti', ashamed. I already said: 'We p. 244.) yi mfisitc takunhippahu'u. made a mistake.' Let's go." 4. 'Avansa 'iht-rah u Then they ran home from there. (A MAN NAMED They went home. They could still hear them quarreling, when 'Iht-n'natc, dim, of 'ihe-.rala n, sn they were some way off. Indian who was lame and walked v Kupftnnakanakana. 'Ihe-rah'-- Kupannakanakana. Nuttall's been hooked by a cow. He died mva~n ukiiphdiiik, karu PuxA'k- Poorwill did thus, and Pacific name was PA -kv~ttcak', unexplained, kifc. Tc~mya~tc '1k vfir IcyA't Nighthawk. Shine early, Spring Fred Johnson. Of 'IM-n'natc is s3 'imcj-nn&fvIc. Nanivhssi viirav Salmon, hither upriver. My back namitchahik, he was a smoker when e kiniya~ate. Tc6-mya~tc 'ik vfira is straight. Grow early, Spring 5. 'Athytcfikkinatc Ti'(nnfipraveleeC. Cacomite. Pahd-t mit 'ih6'raha kunkupe-0i Od~kkinkunic 2. Peh6 -raha 'mvanvasih ~ikxiiik (How THEY CALLED IT AFTER (THE WHIPPOORWILL BACK [BASKET] DESIGN) SAW ANYTHIN( Tobacco has given its name, though indirectly, to one basketry Tobacco also contributed a coli design. Vertical zigzags of dots, occurring on a very old tray basket Belonging to the same class of color (miiiuk) purchased from Yas are called 'ih6,raha-mvanvasih?ikxdfiik, lit. brushlike, and sanfmviiykiyiiic, b whippoorwill (lit, tobacco eater) back design. The basket is 14% Imkyanvan's mother sometimes usec inches in diameter and 4 inches deep. a green tobacco leaf, to designate a

3. Pak6'kk~ninay 18 pehe-'rah u6vuykfrahiniiti'

(PLACES NAMED BY TOBACCO) Although it was common to speak of the tobacco plot of a certain individual or rancheria, only five Karuk placenames have been. found which refer to. tobacco: 1. 'Ih8-rah Umidvtrivii'ak, mg. where the tobacco is piled, a place on the old trail leading from upper Redcap Creek over the divide to Hupa. Cp. 'A66it umu'trivii'ak, mg. where trash is piled, a place- name on Willis Creek. 2. 'Uh6'rarav~rakvfitihii'ak, mg. where he smokes as he walks downriver, a place in the region at the head of Crapo Creek. The originating incident was not known to the informants. 3. 'Uh6'rhx6-nnatihifak, mg. where he smokes as he walks upriver, a place upslope of Tee Bar, near the head of 'Asahan&tcsi-mvariuv, Rocky Creek, on the north side of the Klamath River. Originating incident unknown, as in the case of No. 2 above.

18Or pak6-kkhninay pe.OivOi.n~len. ,RICAN ETHNOLOGY [BULL. 94 HARRINGTON] TOBACCO AMONG THE XARtTK INDIANS 267

. Pacific Nighthawk's house. See, 4. 'Uh0f crihra'am, mg. where they put tobacco, name of a rock he took my tule mat out, too." upslope of Katimin Spring. (See p. 244.) E Then one [of the girls] said: 5. 'Uhtayvarara'am, mg. where they spoil tobacco, place just * " Yes, let's run off. I am toward Georgie Orcutt's house from the Orleans schoolhouse. (See ashamed. I already said: 'We p. 244.) made a mistake.' Let's go." 4. 'Avansa 'ih6-rah uOvuykirahitihailik Then they ran home from there. (A MAN NAMED BY TOBACCO) They went home. They could still hear them quarreling, when 'Ihl-n'natc, dim. of 'ihMra'an, smoker, name of an old Katimin they were some way off. Indian who was lame and walked with a cane as a result of having * Kupannakanakana. Nuttall's been hooked by a cow. He died perhaps about 1870. His other * Poorwill did thus, and Pacific name was PAtkvhtcax, unexplained, which is also the Indian name of Nighthawk. Shine early, Spring Fred Johnson. Of 'Ihen'natc is said: 'ih8rA-nhani kyari u~m nmn- Salmon, hither upriver. My back namitchaiiik, he was a smoker when a little boy. Hence his name. is straight. Grow early, Spring 5. Pahd-t mit 'ih8-raha kunkupe-Ovdykirahitihai', Cacomite. patakunmhha~k Odkkinkunic fi-t vria ivanvasih 'ikxurnik (HOW THEY CALLED IT AFTER TOBACCO WHENEVER THEY

. BACK [BASKET] DESIGN) SAW ANYTHING GREEN) though indirectly, to one basketry Tobacco also contributed a color expression to the language. occurring on a very old tray basket Belonging to the same class of color comparisons as pirickyunic, green, called 'ihe-raha-mvanvasih Likxdiik, lit. brushlike, and sanimvAykyfiic, brownish yellow, lit. sear-leaf like, back design. The basket is 1434 Imkyanvan's mother sometimes used to say kipa 'ih6-rabmxxi"t, like .eep. a green tobacco leaf, to designate a bright tobacco-green color. ehe-rah u0vuykirahinA-ti'

ED BY TOBACCO) eak of the tobacco plot of a certain ve Karuk placenames have been. where the tobacco is piled, a place oper Redcap Creek over the divide k, mg. where trash is piled, a place-

Lg. where he smokes as he walks at the head of Crapo Creek. The wn to the informants. here he smokes as he walks upriver, the head of 'AsahanAtesd-nmvatuv, )f the Klamath River. Originating of No. 2 above. d "Neopp-

XXIV. Pa'apxanti-tc ih6-raha' 1. Pahd-t kunkupfaa-nvahitiha- nik pamukunihW-raha pa'ap- xantinnihit'c VaA kuma 'iffuo pa'apxantin- XXIII. Ka-kum pakkuri viira kitc 'ihe-raha 'upivfiyrinkyahinati' nihitc parmitva kunivyihukaf, viri k6-vura pa'drajr tce myajtc vura (ONLY A FEW SONGS MENTION TOBACCO) pakunih8 TanaA pamukunih6 ra- In a collection of 250 Karuk songs only two have been found which ha', Pa'apxanti-tcih6-raha'. mention tobacco, smoking, or its accompaniments. Pamitva pi'e p va'ArA ras, pa- 1. The song sung by Skunk, mentioning tcirixxus, in the Skunk picci tc vura 'Apxantf tc takun'- story. (See pp. 238-239.) ma, vaA kar ih6Taha takunpa- 2. The kick-dance song, which tells of the hunter throwing stem thn'vic, takunpi p: "Ta-k 'ihe-- tobacco to get luck in hunting. (See p. 235.) raha'." VaA mit kunkupittihaf. These songs were not transcribed in time for insertion of their VaA mit kunpatanvi ctihAf: musical notation in the present paper. " 'Ihe-rahahum. 'ita-rahiti' ?" 268 Ha-ri mit kunpatanvi ctihhe: "1Ho y kitc mihe raha'?"' Ka-kum pa'araraye-ripaxvfi-hsa picci~p vura takunimcakkar, Pa'apxanti-tc patcimi kunikma- rihivrike caha'ak, thkunpi p: "Tcim Apxanti tc nukmatrihiv- rike'ec." 'Ih-raha paknimcak- karati'. A. Pahi-t mit po-kupittihat 'Axvahitc Va'Ara'ar, pehe-raha mit uphttanvutihaf

'Axv~hitc Va'ara 2 'ihr6-ha mhit, kuna vura mit vo-kupittihat po- patanvurayvutihat Pa'apxantini- hitcri~k peh6Taha' karu pa'- avaha'. ', -m'mit.

1 Cp. what Powers tells of thi downhill upon him to beg for tobi 2 Mg. person 'AxvAhitc, plen. ai 630443 20 XXIV. Pa'apxantf tc iheraha' (WHITE MAN TOBACCO) 1. Pahd-t kunkup~aA-nvahitiha- (HOW THE WHITE MEN BROUGHT nik pamuk.unih6-raha pa'ap- THEIR TOBACCO WITH THEM) xantinnihifc VaA kuma 'iffufo pa'apxantin- After the White men came in it kunivyihukaf, viri was not any time at all before all kite 'iht-raha 'upividyrinkYahina ti' nihitc pamitva k6-vdra pa'dra.r tc6mya~tc vura the Indians were smoking their GS MENTION TOBACCO) pakunihU-ranaA pamukunih6-ra- tobacco the White man tobacco. tc ih6 raha'. ongs only two have been found which ha', Pa'apxant! va'hraras, pa- The old-time Indians, as soon accompaniments. Pamitva pi'ep 'Apxantiftc tAkun'- as they see a White man, they ask mentioning tcirixxus, in the Skunk picci tc vura ma, vat kar ih.-raha takunpa- for tobacco, they say: "Give me thn'vic, takunpi p: "TA k 'ih6-- some tobacco." That is the way h tells of the hunter throwing stem VaA mit kunkupittihaf. they used to do. They used to (See p. 235.) raha'." ctihAf: ask: "Have you any tobacco?" ribed in time for insertion of their VaA mit kunpathnvi 'itA-rahiti' " Or they used to ask: "Where is )aper. "'Ih-rahahum HI-ri mit kunpatanvi ctihat: your tobacco?" "1167y kite mih8 raha'?"l KA-kum pa'araraye-ripAxvi-hsa Some Indian girls smell a picci~p vura takunimcakkaf, white man right off before they Pa'apxanti tc patcimi kunikm&- meet him, they say: "I am going rihivrike caha'ak, thkunpi p: to meet a White man." It is "Tcim Apxanti-tc nukmnrihiv- tobacco that they smell. rike'ec." 'Ih8-raha paknimchk- karati'. A. Pahd-t mit po-kupittihat (HOW OLD COFFEE POT USED TO 'Axvhhitc Va'afra'&r, peht-raha BUM TOBACCO) mit uphttanvutihat

'Axvdhitc Va'hra 2 'ihr6-ha mit, Axvahitc Va'ara was a married I kuna vura mit vo-kupittihat po- woman, but she used to go around | patanvirayvutihat Pa'apxantini- bumming tobacco and food from hitcri~k peh-r9rh&' karu pa'- the Whites. She was a doctress. atvaha'. '9 -m'mit. I Cp. what Powers tells of the tatterdemalion Yuruks swooping downhill upon him to beg for tobacco, quoted on pp. 21-22. 2 Mg. person 'Axvhhifc, plcn. across the river from Ayithrim Bar. 63044' 3220 269

A A 270 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [fBULL. 94 HARRINGTON] TOBACCO AMONG T 'IOAn pehe-rah upathnvic Sap- Once she asked Andy Merle Viri vura va: kunimmya sti ?avA-vhitihaA.3 Vura 'upathn- for tobacco. She kept asking pa'apxantitci'n, kunxdss6 nti vi cti'. Ta'ifutctifmmitc xas him. At last he said: "I am xay kunihe r pamukunfihra~m upp8ier: "NaA pukinhkkihe cara not going to give you any." 'i nna'ak, xay numsakkai. Pata- pehl raha'." Xas uppi p pak6-v- Then the old woman said: "Pretty kunxissaha~k nuhMe r kari pa- nikkit'c: "IKmate tcvAnnihitc soon a big cut will be coming 'arar kunpaharipptikvatihbiik, k6 tc 4 vdxxax 'u'fppake'ec, pana- your way." patakunxissaha~k nuh8'er. ';Akkiha'ak. Taxhra vura vaA kuma'IffuO Long after that Andy told his 2. Pet pa'd nti 'u'6-0&-hvana nik pamu- friends, thinking it was so funny, k8 tcikyAvvivca', po xidssAnik 'if what she said. She used to call (THE T, hu nta hitc toppi p. Va~ mit tobacco, White man tobacco, 'Apxant; tcihe raha', 'apxantini 'ukupe-oviya-nnAhitihat peh8 ra- "tcup6-kyu "*4a Pa'ara~r 'u~mkun vura va: pu'4 ha', pa'apxant;itcih6 raha', "tcu- hitc papiccl tc 'uhe ranik va'ar; pe kyu'." 'usa nsipre nik pehe raha', pa'ara; Va: mit Kunkupittihaf, pata- That is the way they did if 'u~mkun vura va. pu'apunmutil Kunih8 ra .nha'ak, kunpattanvuti- they knew how to smoke, they The Indians did not know that wl hat peh8 raha', 'ahikyaT kaiu. used to bum tobacco, and matches was Indian tobacco, that he first gi Va: mit kuma'i'i na: puneh8- too. That was the reason why I it was the Indians' tobacco. The ratihat xay 'akhra ni'aharamuti', did not learn to smoke, I might Indian tobacco. 'ih8 raha nipatanvuti', be following somebody, begging 'Ih6Tahapu vic, bag or package tobacco. or cigarette smokers. 'Iherahapi 'An 'unhinnipvatc pehe rahapd B. Pahdvt mit kunkup6kva n- (HOW THEY USED TO BUY MATCHES on it. 'A~n unhi criharahiti', it hi vana-hitihat pa'ahikyA"ar karu AND SMOKE INDIAN PIPES IN Musmusoirixo rare-he'raha', Bu mit va: vura khon pakunihe- THE ORLEANS STORE) tobacco. rana tihat panamnikpe hvapiO- Several of the Indians, much. varam This is the only brand o given a name in the language. Kari mit karitta~y papihnfit- When there were lots of old tcitcas, xas Panhmnink pewvapiG- Indians yet they used to go in the 3. Po varam 'i nnak kunivyi hfurukti- store at Orleans Bar all the time. (THE haiuk. Hitiha~n kunikvArank5oti- All the time they used to be buy- hanik fa t vura. Va, puxwitc&- ing something. The thing they 'Apxant; tcihra'am, 'apxantinit ci~p kunikva nti' 'ahikyl'ar. Va. bought the most was matches. 'Ahup~ifhra'am, a wooden pipe. kunihrfiuvti pakunih68rati, karu They used them in smoking and 'Amtupihra'am, a clay pipe. uLra 'a h kunikya rati'. made fire with them. 'Ukwffkdrahiti', it is bent [in con 'A? 'ukwifka nsipre hiti', xas khn 3 Mg. having [red] cheeks like the sa'ap, Steelhead, Salmo gairdneri it is crooked upward, it is like a bc Richardson; the Steelhead has a bright spot by the gills. Andy Patuhe raha'ak, 'unm vura xar a] Merle came to Soames Bar as a fairly young man and died there mi k 'u'axaytcakkicrihti'. Puva: when old. He had an Indian wife and was widely known among the Karu vura pu'icna-kvutihara peh, Indians. It was he who introduced into English the term Pikyavish po herati'. When he smokes he k for the new year ceremony. time. He holds it between fore an 4Lit. will be coming back, as a return gift. 4 From Eng. tobacco. I Or pava. CAN ETHNOLOGY [BULL. D4 CHARRINGTON] TOBACCO AMONG THE KARIJK INDIANS 271

Once she asked Andy Merle Viri vura vat kunimmyd sti The Whites were watching for tobacco. She kept asking pa'apxantitc?i"n, kunxdss6 nfl lest they smoked their pipes him. At last he said: "I am xay kuniht-r pamukunfihra~m inside, lest they smell it. If they not going to give you any." ' InnA'ak, xay numshkkai. Pata- wanted to smoke, then they drove Then the old woman said: "Pretty kunxfissaha~k nuh8'er kari pa- them out. soon a big cut will be coming 'ara~r kunpahariippfikvaitihAfik, your way." patakunxdssaha~k nuh8'er.

Long after that Andy told his 2. PehU raha' friends, thinking it was so funny, what she said. She used to call (THE TOBACCO) tobacco, White man tobacco, 'Apxanti-tc ihh-raha', 'apxantinihitcihh raha', White man tobacco. ''tcup6-kyu".4a Pa'hra~r 'u~mkun vura va, pu'A punmutihaphanik, pa'apxantinnk hitc papicci tc 'uherinik va'arare-ht'rahahaAik, picciftc 'arAri~i- 'usansipre-nik peh6-raha', pa'hra~r mukunih8trahahanik. Pa'dra r That is the way they did if 'u~mkun vura va: pu'ft-punmutihaphamik va S 'arare'h8rahahaAik. they knew how to smoke, they The Indians did not know that when the White man first smoked it used to bum tobacco, and matches was Indian tobacco, that he first got the tobacco from Indianity, that too. That was the reason why I it was the Indians' tobacco. The Indians did not know that it was did not learn to smoke, I might Indian tobacco. be following somebody, begging 'Ih-rahapd-vic, bag or package of smoking tobacco, used by pipe tobacco. or cigarette smokers. 'IheTahapfivicanammahafc, dim. 'A~n 'unhinnipvatc peh6-rahapu`vic, the tobacco sack has a string (HOW THEY USED TO BUY MATCHES on it. 'A~n unhi crihArahit1', it has a string tied on it. AND SMOKE INDIAN PIPES IN Musmusoirixo-rare'h8 raha', Bull Durham, lit. cattle testicle THE ORLEANS STORE) tobacco. Several of the Indians, e. g., Syl Donohue' use this term much. This is the only brand of smoking tobacco that has been given a name in the language. When there were lots of old [ndians yet they used to go in the 3. Po-hri-m store at Orleans Bar all the time. (THE PIPE) All the time they used to be buy- 'Apxant! tc?6hra'am, 'apxantinihitc?ihra'am, mng something. The thing they White man pipe. 'Ahupfihra'am, a bought the most was matches. wooden pipe. 'Amtup?dhra'am, a clay pipe. They used them in smoking and 'Ukwifkdrahiti', made fire with them. it is bent [in contrast to the straight Karuk pipe]. 'A? 'ukwifkd nsipr6.hiti', xas khon kunic 'uorittaku 'Assip po-hri-m, sa'1p, Steelhead, Salmo gairdneri it is crooked upward, it is like a bowl setting on there. bright spot by the gills. Andy PatuhU raha'ak, 'utm vura xar apman 'uhyhrApph-tV. 'Atcipti'k- %irly young man and died there mI-k 'u'axaytcAkkicrihti'. Pdva: kupittihaia pa'dra~r kunkupitti'. Lnd was widely known among the Karu vura pu'icna-kvfitihara peh6erahhamku'uf, 'apmahn vdra kite into English the term Pikyavish po-h-rati'. When he smokes he keeps the pipe in his mouth all the time. He holds it between fore and middle fingers. He does not do turn gift. 5 Or pbva.

] - U -*- I

272 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [BULL. 94 HARRINGTON) TOBACCO AMONG TE as the Indians do. He does not inhale it either, he only smokes 'Ih6-rahe-kxdiik, cigarette paper with his mouth. regular term, one hardly says 'il HA-ri 'upfmOandpni pti pamu'udhra'am, hA-r upiyvayriccukvutti' paper. pamuhe ahA mta'V. Sometimes he taps his pipe, he spills out the 'Ih8 rahe kxurikata hko'°s, white tobacco ashes. 'Ihe rahe kxurikasamnsuiykuinic, 1 Va, pa'Avansa vura hitiha~n 'apmhnn 'uhrahm 'uhyarfippA-ti'. sfiykunic pamidmya~t papu'ffifc, t] That man always has a pipe sticking out of his mouth. NaA vura 'Ikxurika'uhnamtunve tekicca', 'uhrh~m 'apmhn n6-hyhrfiph-ti hitiha'an. I have the pipe sticking kakiccap, any package, tied up wi out of my mouth all the time. Nikvrairarukti 'ioamhhya~n vura 'Ara~r 'u~m vura va, kitc kari pam-ipmA-nnak po-hrAm po'phm- (± 'ihe raha)pd vicak 'ih8-raha', k mAhtiha'1k, viri va, kari to pp8 orfiph'. 'Axyar to-kyav pamupma-n- to buy a package (lit. one conta nak pehe raha mku'uf. But the Indian keeps the pipe in his mouth cigarette [lit. sack] tobacco, and so only when he is smacking in, then he takes it out. He fills his mouth 'Ikxurika'uhramike .raha mku'Uf with smoke. A. Po hramx6ehva'1s B. Paht-t pakunkupe-yruhahiti ] kupe-he (THE PIPE CASE) (HOW THEY ROLL AND 'Apxant; tc~uhramx6 hva'as, White man pipe case, lit. White man pipe pipe-sack. The term is standard and in use. 'Ih-r 'ukyA-tti', he makes a sm 'Ikxurika'dhra~m 'uyrniuhti,5 he i 4. Pe'kxurika'dihra' 1m HA'ri vura yi00a vo kapitti', 'u, ra'am,6 hari yi6Oa 'u~m vo kupitt. (THE CIGARETTE) sometimes a person makes his oVF A. Pahd-t pe-kxurika'dhra~m 'uovdytti-hva', karu pahd-t pamuc-. his own smokes. vitav 'u~vuytti-hva' 'U~m vura xas ukya-tti pamukxu he makes his own cigarettes, he rol (HOW THE CIGARETTE AND ITS PARTS ARE CALLED) Tcim ih8 r ukya vic, he is going 'Ikxurika'fuhra'am, cigarette, lit. paper pipe. Also 'ihe rahe'kxuri- Patcim ih8r ukya-vicAhh'ak kari ka'dhra'am, lit. tobacco paper pipe. And sometimes as an abbrevia- going to take a smoke, he rolls the tion of this last 'iheraha'dhra'am, lit. tobacco pipe. 'Ikxurika'uhna-m'- T6'yviT5Imni 'ikxdrikkyak peh8 mitc, 'ikxurika'uhnhmanammahafc, dim. 'Ikxuiik, marking, pic- paper. ture, pattern, writing, paper, is formed from 'ikxuirik, to mark, to Karixas t6-y'ruh, then he rolls it paint or incise marks on, to make a pattern, to write. Po.'ittaktiha'ak, 'u~m vura kob 'Apxant; tc ?ikxurika'Ahra'am, 'apxantinihitc Likxurika'uhra'am, helec, xakkarari vfira va: k6;s uk3 White man cigarette, lit. White man paper pipe. ukya tti'. If he knows how, he i 'Ikxurika'uhram~ippafi, cigarette tip. going to smoke it, he makes both 'Ikxurika'uhramhffivr, butt end of cigarette. straight. He makes it good. But pamukunihe rVe'p, stub of smoked cigarette or cigar, lit. one Va: vura tcaka'i tc kunic pakuni that has been smoked. 'i ruthtihap, va; 'u~m vura pa'am] 'Ikxurika'uhrAm~i' 1c, surface or body of cigarette, lit. cigarette maha'ak, they roll it slow, when i meat. tight, so the smoke can go inside w 'Ikxurika'uhramiht raha', cigarette tobacco. 'Icyannihitc pehe raha', vaA pewkxurika'dhra~m kunikyA'tti', petk- 5 Or t6-y'ruh. xukayav pakuma'ih8 raha', it is fine (not coarse) tobacco, they make c Short for pamuhe-rahe-kxurika' cigarettes of that, the fine (not coarse) kind of tobacco. l

- b - 2 ------

- F = ------. _ r _ - _ _ _ _ _ - ______

RICAN ETHNOLOGY [BULL. 94 naRmNaToNI TOBACCO AMONG THE RARUK INDIANS 273 t inhale it either, he only smokes 'Ihe-rahe-kxurfik, cigarette paper, lit. tobacco paper. This is the regular term, one hardly says 'ikxurika'uhramikxufik, paper pipe 'ihra' 8 m, har upiyvayriccukvutti' paper. i he taps his pipe, he spills out the 'Ihe rahe-kxurikata-hko' 0s, white cigarette paper. 'Ihe rahe kxurikasainsuiykuihic, brown cigarette paper. Cp. sam- 'apmh~n 'uhrftam 'uhyhrappA-i'. sfiuykunic pamdmyajt papu-ffit'c, the deer has fawn-colored fur. cking out of his mouth. NaA vura 'Ikxurika'uhnamtunv8-tckiccap, package of cigarettes. 'Ikxuri- iitiha'an. I have the pipe sticking kakiccap, any package, tied up with paper. Nikvararukti 'iOamahya~n vura po hnamtunv6'etc, kar 'i0apph-vic pamfipmi-nnak po hbAm po-p66m- (±'ihMTaha)pduvicak 'ih8-raha', kar ihe-rahe-kxurik. I have come ufipa,'. 'Axyar t6-kyav pamupma-n- to buy a package (lit. one container) of cigarettes and a sack of Indian keeps the pipe in his mouth cigarette [lit. sack] tobacco, and some cigarette papers. Lhe takes it out. He fills his mouth 'Ikxurika'uhramike rahm mku'uf, cigarette smoke. karu pakun- amxe hva'8 s B. Pahd-t pakunkupe-yruhahiti pe-kxurika'fihra'1m, kupe-h8-rahiti' 'IPE CASE) (HOW THEY ROLL AND SMOKE A CIGARETTE) hite man pipe case, lit. White man ndard and in use. 'Ih8-r 'ukyA-tti', he makes a smoke (idiom for rolling a cigarette). 'Ikxurika'ilhra~m 'uyruihti1, he is rolling a cigarette. ika'dhra'am HA-ri vura yiOfa v6-ktipitti', 'u~m vur ukya-tti pamuhe-raha'uh- ra'am,6 ha-ri yifoa 'u~m vo-kupitti', 'u~m vur 'uyru-vti pamuhe'er, EGARETTE) sometimes a person makes his own cigarettes, sometimes one rolls ivfiytti hva', karu pahA-t pamuc.. his own smokes. )vdytti-hva' 'U~m vura xas ukya-tti pamukxurika'dhra,'m, 'u~m vura 'uyru-hti', he makes his own cigarettes, he rolls them. ND ITS PARTS ARE CALLED) Teim ih6T ukya-vic, he is going to make a smoke. t. paper pipe. Also 'ihe rahetkxuri- Patcim ih8-r ukya-vicAhA'ak kari pe kxurik tu'uriccuk, when he is pe. And sometimes as an abbrevia- going to take a smoke, he rolls the paper. lit. tobacco pipe. 'Ikxurika'uhna-m'- T6oyviTamni 'ikxdrikkyak peh8-raha', he spills the tobacco on a at'c, dim. 'Ikxurik, marking, pic- paper. formed from 'ikxurik, to mark, to Karixas toy'ruh, then he rolls it. e a pattern, to write. Po .'ttaktiha'ak, 'u~m vura kohumayA-tc 'ukya-tti po-kupeh-ra- 'apxantinihitc ?ikxurika'uhra'am, he'ec, xakkarari vura vaA k6,s ukya-tti'. Fi-phyav ukyA-tti'. Yav man paper pipe. ukyl-tti'. If he knows how, he makes it the right size how he is tte tip. going to smoke it, he makes both ends the same size. He makes it d of cigarette. straight. He makes it good. f smoked cigarette or cigar, lit. one Va, vura tcaka'i tc kunic pakunit-ru-hti' pakunikya-tti', pupuxxwltc 'i-ru-htihap, vaA 'u~m vura pa'Amkujf su? 'ukyi mvAre~c po-pamah- 8 or body of cigarette, lit. cigarette mkha' k, they roll it slow, when they make it, they do not roll it tight, so the smoke can go inside when he smacks in. arette tobacco. I Or to-y'ruh. ekxurika'dhra.m kunikyA-tti', pe-k- 6 Short for pamuherahe kxurika'dhra'1m, fine (not coarse) tobacco, they make oarse) kind of tobacco. U -

HARRINGTON] TOBACCO AMONG 274 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [BULL. 94 THI

Karixas tI:m 'dpas to yvirak, tuviraxvirax ti m, then he puts spit Tcatik vura takdmatetc k6 viro on the edge, he laps the edge. before night he uses up all his tobac Karixas 'uipasmid-k t6 pthxva', then he sticks it down with spit. UIhe ra'an, he is a great smoker. HA-ri t6-yrd-hpaO 'ipannif"tc, xAy 'dyviyri6uk, sometimes he crimps 'IDasippi- vuirh po-h-rati pe ki the end, it might spill open. cigarettes all day. Karixas kar apmhon tdyi'ln'var, then he puts it in his mouth. Kunic taOdkkinkunic pamfitti"k k To-ppaf, he bites it. rati', his fingers and his teeth are ye TupamtchkkarAri pe kxurika'dhra'am, 'apmanmnfk tupamtchk- D. Petkxurika'i karari, he shuts it on the cigarette, he holds it in his mouth. TA-k 'ahiky'aBr, give me a match. Also tA-k Oimyuricrihai. (THE CIGARETJ Ta k 'a'ah, give me a light. 'Ikxurika'uhramhhup, Xas tu'ahka', xas tubamAhma', then a cigarette he lights it, then he smacks in. tcakkicrihAi. Ha ri pay-fl0a mu'uhra-mmak va~khon pamu'uhra mm6i k 'u'ah- E. Pe'kxurika'uhr sur6oti'. Xas vo;'ahko tti pamu'uhram'mak. 'Ukukkuti payif8a mu'uhhram'mak. Xas tupamahma'. Sometimes from another's (CIGARETTI cigarette [lit. pipe] he takes fire off with his cigarette [lit. pipe]. He 'Ikxurika'uhram (tunve 'te) ?issip, lights his "pipe." He touches it against the other "pipe." Then lie smacks in. basket, = 'ikxurika'uhramahya ,nn cigarette pipe sack, could hardly be Tceemyhtcva 'upe Ordppanati', he takes i1 out of his mouth every now and then. 'Ikxurika'uhnam (tunve tc)mahya with first prepound omitted. Ha'ri 'a-pun t6-00hric, vura vo1i nkydti', sometimes he lays it down, it is burning yet. Mupf vicak su? 'umahy-annati', I keeps it in his pocket, it is all the ti: Kukku~m kari t6 pp 8ttcip , 'apm An tuptyiyn'var, he picks it up Tcakitp rvic, jacket pocket. again, he puts it back in his mouth again. I But never use pAfxvic uncompounde Ha-ri t6-msip, karixas kdkku~m 'a-h tuplkyav, sometimes it goes coat, pants, out, then he lights it again. or like. KutrahAva'as, his buttocks to one side and back Tcatik vura va; tuh8-raffip, then he smokes it all up. Xas pamuhe-rep yfovari to-ppaema', then he throws the stub 5. Pasil away. Ha-ri vaA vura to-kvithiccur po-he-rati', sometimes he puts himself (THE CI to sleep smoking. A. Pasikyl- kunkur Ha-ri vaA vura t6-kvi-tha' vura vo 'i nkydti pamukxurika'dhra'am, sometimes he goes to sleep with his cigarette burning. (HOW CIGARS A HA-ri pamdva~s tu'iPnkya', sometimes his blanket burns. SikYPa', cigar. Imyanvan's aunt sikya ksi' = 'ihe raha'uhramxhfa, cig C. Pahi t kunkupavictanni-nuvahiti pe-he-r pe kxurika'ihra'am SikYA hka'am, a big cigar. (THE CIGARETTE HABIT) Sikyhahxar uhe rati', he is smoking Sikya'hanammahafc, a small Peht-ra~n Kuma 'Avansaha'ak, vura tuyunyi-nha ciga pehe raha tupik- Ka kum th ppitcas 7 fi tckYaha'ak, the man who smokes all pasikY/a', soly the time just gets crazy if he SikYAhikyhva'an, gets no more his smoking tobacco. cigar maker. Sikydhp6 hvapiOvafam, cigar store Payioea tuh-raffip, kydkku~m yiO0a tupikyav, as soon as he gets SikyAhpe hvapi6va'an, through with one he makes another one. cigar seller. 7 Or papiric?(hra'am.

D-

0- HARRINOTON] TOBACCO AMONG THE KARUK INDIANS ERICAN ETHNOLOGY [BULL. 94 275

tuviraxvirax ti-m, then he puts spit Tcatik vura takdmatetc k6-vdra tuht-rhffip pamuh6 rahapu'vi.e before night he uses up all his tobacco sack. then he sticks it down with spit. 1Ihe ra'an, he is a great smoker. iy 'dyv-yriruk, sometimes he crimps 'IOasdppd- vuirh po-hM-rati pe-kxunika'dhnd-m'mitc, he smokes cigarettes all day. xr, then he puts it in his mouth. Kunic taOilkkinkunic pamutti"k karu pamuvuh, k6-va ta~y po'h8-- rati', his fingers and his teeth are yellowish, he smokes so much. ihra'1m, 'apmanmndk tupamtchk- D. Pe -kxurika'uhram.IhhuP te, he holds it in his mouth. tch. Also tA k Oimydricrihaf. (THE CIGARETTE HOLDER) 'Ikxurika'uhram.?AhuP, a cigarette holder, = 'ikxurika'uhram axay- then he lights it, then he smacks in. tcakkicrihAi. vaA k&nn pamu'fihra mm6 k 'u'Vh- E. Pe kxurika'uhramahya-innaiav Lu'dhhram'mak. 'Ukilkkuti payieOa ama'. Sometimes from another's (CIGARETTE CASE) Dff with his cigarette [lit. pipe]. He 'Ikxurika'uhram(tunve-tc) ?5ssip, cigarette case, lit. cigarette bowl it against the other "pipe." Then basket, = 'ikxurika'uhramahy6 -nndfav. 'Ikxurika'uhramx6 hva'es, cigarette pipe sack, could hardly be applied. he takes it out of his mouth every 'Ikxurika'uhnam (tunve *tc)mahya-nnairav, cigarette case. Also with first prepound omitted. i nkydti', sometimes he lays it down, IMupd vicak su? 'umnhyannati', hitIha~n vura muptivicak su?, he keeps it in his pocket, it is all the time in his pocket. pmoAn tupiyfi'n'var, he picks it up Tcakitptdvic, jacket pocket. Kutrahavaspd vic, coat pocket. th again. But never use pd vic uncompounded for pocket. Always prepound m 'a-h tuplkya'v, sometimes it goes coat, pants, or like. KutrahAva'1s, coat. From tukuitra', he wags his buttocks to one side and back = tukutrhha0ufi.== tukuitcpit. en he smokes it all up. pa'Oma', then he throws the stub 5. Pasiky'A'

hTati', sometimes he puts himself (THE CIGAR) A. Pasikyg kunkupe-Ovuya-nnahiti' t vo 'i nkydti pamukxurika'dhra'am, uis cigarette burning. (HOW CIGARS ARE CALLED) etimes his blanket burns. Sikyg'1, cigar. Imyanvan's aunt, Tcuxatc, used to call cigar sikYA-ksi' = 'ih8 raha'uhramxara, cigar, lit. long cigarette. vahiti pe-h6-r pe kxurika'dhra'am SikYa hka'am, a big cigar. IETTE HABIT) Sikyh hxar uh8 rati', he is smoking a long cigar. Sikyd h~anammahatc, a small cigar, a cheroot. vura tuydnyi-nha peh6 raha tupik- Ka kum ti1'ppitcas pasikY'a',7 some cigars are small. es all the time just gets crazy if he SikYghikyhva'an, cigar maker. p. SikyAhp6-hvapiOvhfam, cigar store. yifea tupikya4, as soon as he gets SikyAhpe hvapiOva'an, cigar seller. .er one. 7 Or papiricdhra'am. I r -U,

276 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [BULL. 04 HARRINGTON] TOBACCO AMONG TE B. Pahd-t kunkupe-kyA-hiti karu pahlft kunkupata rahiti' E. Pasikya-hm (HOW THEY ARE MADE AND KEPT) (THE CIGA Pirie 'i-ruhapuhsa vura pasikYA'a, a cigar is made of rolled up brush. VaA kuma'i'i pupuxxwite 'i-ru-htihap, va; 'u~m yav kunkupapamah- Sikyd h~hssip, cigar case = sikyaq mahahiti', va: 'u~m pa'AmkuJf su? 'ukyi-mvarati', they do not roll it 6. PapuOe-h8-raha' tight, so that they can suck in the smoke good, so that the smoke can go in. 'Ara~r 'u~mkun vura pu'ih8-- Xas 'avahkam vura santirthkya~m po -yruhararivahiti', then a big raha phppuOtihaphafiik. Pay8-m wide leaf is rolled around the outside. ka-kkum takunphppuOvana-ti pa'- HA-ri pasikYA- 'hvahkam 'uyx8-rarivhhiti 'ikxurikasirikunicta hko'o,8 Arabr 'Apxant; tcih6 raha'. Ta-y sometimes they wrap it with tinfoil on the outside. vura kunpAppuevana-ti papapu- HA-ri pasikya 'ikxurikasirikunicta-hk6o 'uyx8 trarimva 'avahkamh, 08*H8*raha pa'apxanti tcicvftsa'. sometimes it is wrapped with tinfoil on the outside. Ka-kkum karu vura pa'ararapi- HA-ri 'ikxdrik 'a-tcip 'ukiccaparahina-ti', 'ikxurikasiri, sometimes hf-ttcitcas kunphppuOvana-ti'. there is paper tied around the middle, shiny paper. KfcvuJf vura nik 'um hA-ri 'Asxayri~k vura po-tA-yhiti', they have to be kept in a damp place. kunphppuOti'. Ha-ri vura yiOOa pa'ftra~r vo-kupitti, ylOO uvurAy- C. Karu pahu-t kunkupeth8rahiti' vuti' kievuJf sittckvutvarak su- ruk 'uyu-nkuiihva'. (AND HOW THEY ARE SMOKED) 'Uvuray- vuti'. Tee myAtcva 'upfaxay- Patcim uh8 re.cahaha'ak pasikYA'a, kari simsi-mmd-k t-kpa-ksur euro-ti klevu'uf. pakiu~k 'u~m 'upmA nheIec, then when he is going to smoke the cigar, Va: mit kyAru k6- kunpap- he cuts off the mouth-end with a knife. puOtihat mitimchxvu',9 karu ha'- Tu'a-hka', he lights it. ri 'ieviripimcfxvu'. Karixas tupicki"n, then he puffs in. 'Apmftan t6rkyi mvar pa'Amku'uf patupamahmfha'lk, the smoke 7. Pe meakai goes in his mouth when he smokes it. (SNu] Pu'ikxurika'uhnamtunv8-tc 'fkkatihata, 'ikpihafi, 'imxaOakk& em, it does not taste like a cigarette, it is strong, it stinks. 'Jmcakare h8raha', snuffing tobac Tup6-ortppan pasikYA"a, he takes the cigar out of his mouth. Yfffivmd k 'umsakansakkanti', i 'Ukfufuruppanati pehe rahhamku'uf, he blows the smoke out. several times he smells it in, he smo Ha-ri tutaknihruppanmao muhe rahhamku'uf, sometimes he makes Xas to pafOva', then he sneezes. his tobacco smoke roll out in rings. 8. PahA-t pa'apxantinnihitc pie- ( D. Pasikya -hAhup cl tc kunikya-varihvutihat mit pa'are-h8-raha ve h&er (THE CIGAR HOLDER) Papicci-tc kunivyihukkanik SikyathAhup, cigar holder = siky& haxaytcAkkicrihAt. pa'apxantinnihitc, ka-kkum kinik- i Sik3A haxaytcfkkicrihAt, cigar holder. yA-varihvanik veh6'er, pa'arare- t 'Utaknihruippanati pa'hmku'uf, the smoke is rolling out in rings. h8 raha'. Kunxutihanik vura t HA-ri vura va: 'apmAfn 'uhyATAti xkit pu'inkyitihata, sometimes nik nuh8 re'ec. 'ItcA-nnitc vura ' he holds it in his mouth unlighted. patakunimyA-hkiv sit?, takunxus: j I Lit. white-shining-paper. Long texts have been obtained gum, but the subject does not belon 'RICAN ETHNOLOGY [BULL. 04 CNAERONGTON] TOBACCO AMONG THE KARUK INDIANS 277

karu pahd-t kunkupata rahiti' E. Pasikya hmahya nnaray MADE AND KEPT) (THE CIGAR CASE) a cigar is made of rolled up brush. SikYa h?assip, cigar case = sikyA hmahyA nnafav. tihap, vaA 'u~m yav kunkupapamaih- 1? 'dkyi-mvArati', they do not roll it 6. Papuee-he-raha' (CHEWING TOBACCO) the smoke good, so that the smoke 'Ara~r 'u~mkun vura pu'ih8- The Indians never did chew raha phppuetihaphaftik. Pay8 m tobacco. Now some of the In- a~m poyrdhATArivtAhiti', then a big ka-kkum takunpappuevana-ti pa'- dians chew White man tobacco. tside. Ara~r 'Apxant;-tcihe-raha'. Ta-y Lots of the halfbreeds chew rarivahiti 'ikxurikasirikunicta hko'0 ,8 vura kunpappuOvana-ti papapu- chewing tobacco. Some old In- oil on the outside. O*ht *raha pa'apxantI-tcicvftsa'. dians chew too. ictA-hkU 'uyx6 rAri mva 'kvahkaih, i Ka-kkum karu vura pa'ararapi- afoil on the outside. hf-ttcitcas kunpappuOvana-ti'. )arahina ti', 'ikxurikasiri, sometimes KfcvuJf vura nik 'u~m ha-ri Indian Celery [root] is what they addle, shiny paper. kunpAppuoti'. Ha-ri vura y1O0a do chew sometimes. Sometimes a Ley have to be kept in a damp place. pa'fxra~r vo-kupitti, yiHO uvuiray- person does this way, goes around kunkupe *h rahiti' vuti' kicvuJ sittcakvuitvarak su- with a piece of Indian Celery [root] ruk 'uyui-nku1rihva'. 'Uvuraiy- tucked under his belt. He walks IEY ARE SMOKED) vuti'. Tce-myAtcva 'upOaxay- around. Every once in a while YA"'^, kari simsi-mmd-k t6-kp-ksur cur6 ti kievu'uf. he bites off some Indian Celery. when he is going to smoke the cigar, Vaa mit kyhru k6- kunpap- Another thing that they used 9 t knife. puetihat mitimcatxvu', karu ha-- to chew was milkweed gum, and ri 'icviripimchxvu'. sometimes Jeffrey Pine pitch. ffs in. 7. Pe-mcakare-he-raha' u'uf patupamahmaha'ak, the smoke kes it. (SNUFF) ukkatihaia, 'ikpihalA, 'imxaOakk8'em, 'Imcakare-h8-raha', snuffing tobacco. >,it is strong, it stinks. Ydffivmd-k 'umsakansakkanti', vo-kupe-h-rahiti', with his nose kes the cigar out of his mouth. several times he smells it in, he smokes that way. iku'uf, he blows the smoke out. Xas to-pa-Ova', then he sneezes. he raha mku'uf, sometimes he makes gs. 8. Pahd-t pa'apxantinnihitc pic- (HOW THE WHITE MEN TRIED AT ci tc kunikya-varihvutihat mit FIRST TO SMOKE INDIAN TO- ;iky& h?ahup pa'are-he-raha ve h6'er BACCO) GAR HOLDER) Papiccf tc kunivyihukkanik When the White men first came 3ik1a *haxaytchkkicrihar. pa'apxantinnihifc, ka-kkum kinik- in, some of them tried to smoke xr holder. ya-varihvanik veh6'er, pa'arare- the Indian tobacco. They f, the smoke is rolling out in rings. h8-raha'. Kunxiutihanik vura thought: "We can smoke it." -rati xh~t pu'1 nkyutihafa, sometimes nik nuh68re'ec. 'Itca-nnitc vura They took it into their lungs patakunimya-hkiv sO?, takunxus: just once, they thought "we will 9 Long texts have been obtained on preparing milkweed chewing gum, but the subject does not belong with the present report. j - _ _ _ _ --- ______,_ -- I - _ p.

278 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [BULhL. 94

" Nu. karu va~ nukuphtlec pa- do like Indians do." Then they 'hra~r kunkupitti'." Xas va~ were sick for a week. The In- vura xakinivkihasiipa~ kunkil- dian tobacco is so strong. They hiti', k6-v ikplhai~i, pa'arar6-h9- never tried to smoke it again. raha'. Va~ kuma'iffuO vura IND' puhhrixay pikybvfrixvfittfi pe- h&er. Page ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ------2, 13 ACORN BREAD, reference to----67, 68 ACORN GATHERING, time of --- 82 ACORN WATER, as a preventive of illness------209 ADIANTUM PEDATUM ------103 AGRICULTURE, Raruk______- 9,14, 63 ABOYAMATC, story about ---- 221 ALDER, WHITE, use of, in bas- ketry ------103 ALNUS BROMBIFOLIA ------103 ARCTOSTAPHYLOS GLAUCA ---- 22, 23 ARIKARA INDIANS, tobacco of-- 36, 42 ARROWWOOD, pipes Of__- 135,137-147 ASHES, tobacco fertilized with _ 21, 43-44, 64 ASIKTAVAN, acknowledgment to- 2 BARCLAY, FORBES, mention of-- 20 BARK- Karuk terms for ------52 uses of------52i BASKETRY, decoration in----103-104 BASKETS, MONEY------103i BASKETS, TOBACCO- described ------103-107 details of weaving ---- 107-126 made of hats------128-131 owners of------1o4-1o5 size of------126 BATHING AND SWEATING----- 6 BEAR LILY, use of, in basketry- - 103, 117-121 BEETLE LARVA, use made of --- 10 BEGGING, for tobacco-----269-270 BELIEFS- concerning elder wood -- 135-136 concerning pipes ------30 concerning smoking-----214( concerning tobacco ----- 29,( 34, 78-79, 255, 257 BIBLIOGRAPHICAL NOTES- 14-34, 36-44 BOLANDER, PROFESSOR, men- tioned------22 iMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [BULL. 94

pa- do like Indians do." Then they va; were sick for a week. The In- Lkl- dian tobacco is so strong. They h6-- never tried to smoke it again. 'ura INDEX

Page Page ACKNOWLEDGMENTS------______2,13 BOLTON, H. E., acknowledg- ACORN BREAD, reference to 67, 68 ment to - 13 ACORN GATHERING, time of _ 82 BOVING, A. G., cited - 143, 144 ACORN WATER, as a preventive BOWLS OF PIPES-171-172 of illness - 209 Boys- ADIANTUM PEDATUM - 103 pipes made by - 32-33 AGRICULTURE, Karuk - 9, 14,63 smoking by - 12-13, 214 AHOYAMATC, story about - - 221 BRUSH, burning of-63-65 ALDER, WHITE, use of, in bas- BUCKSKIN, used to cover baskets 106- ketry -103 107 ALNUS RHOMBIFOLIA -103 BURIAL CUSTOMS------6-7,164-165 ARCTOSTAPHYLOS GLAUCA -- _- 22, 23 CALENDAR, KARUK ------81-83 ARIKARA INDIANS, tobacco of - 36, 42 CALIFORNIA HAZEL, use of, in ARROWWOOD, pipes of _ 135,137-147 basketry - 103 ASHES, tobacco fertilized with 21, CAPITAN, acknowledgment to -- 2 43-44, 64 CEREMONIAL FIRES, making of. 247- ASIKTAVAN, acknowledgment to 2 252 BARCLAY, FORBES, mention of 20 CEREMONIES. See DANCES; BARK- NEW YEAR CEREMONY; SAL- Karuk terms for - 52 MON CEREMONY. uses of -52 CHAIN FERN, use of, in bas- BASKETRY, decoration in - 103-104 ketry 103 BASKETS, MONEY -__ 103 CHASE, A. W., mention of 22 BASKETS, TOBACCO- CHASE, MRS. AGNES, acknowl- described - 103-107 edgment to _-- _ 13 details of weaving -_-_ 107-126 CHILDBIRTH MEDICINE -- _-__ 261 made of hats - 128-131 CHORDEILES MINOR HESPERIS- 264 owners of -104-105 CLOTHING- size of -126 Absence of, among men 5 BATHING AND SWEATING- 6 of Karuk women 6 BEAR LILY, use of, in basketry - 103, CORN, supposed effect on, of 117-121 tobacco -.-.------42 BEETLE LARVA, use made of 10 CORYLUS ROSTRATA _. _ 103 BEGGING, for tobacco -_ - 269-270 COYOTE, stories of 98-99 BELIEFS- CROW INDIANS, tobacco of 44 concerning elder wood- 135-136 CULTIVATION OF TOBACCO .-__ 9, concerning pipes - 30 21, 29, 30, 33-34, 63-65, 81-91 concerning smoking--_-_- 214 CULTURE, KARUK, affiliations of 3 concerning tobacco - 29, CUSTOMS. See BURIAL; MAR- 34, 78-79, 255, 257 RIAGE; MOURNING; SMOKING. BIBLIOGRAPHICAL NOTES_ 14-34, 36-44 DAGGETT, JOHN, mentioned _ 154 BOLANDER, PROFESSOR, men- DANCES. See JUMP DANCE; tioned -_--_--______---__ 22 KICK DANCE. 279 - ______- ~- _ -

280 INDEX INDI

Page Page Page DEEMESTES LARDARIUS - 143, 144 GIRLS, part taken by, in cere- KARUK INDIANS- DERMESTES NIDUM -__-_-__ 144 mony-- __------243 culture affiliations of _____ 3 DERMESTES VULPINUS------143, 144 GIST, F. E., pipes collected by 161, 165 life of, described- - 4-9, 199-207 DESIGN called whippoorwill back 266 GLUE, made by the Karuk-_ 156-157 location of-_- 1 DIALECT, used in texts ------2 GRAVEYARDS, beliefs concerning meaning of the name ____ 2 DISK SEATS, use of -96-97 tobacco in -_----- __34,78-79 names for - __-- _-____ 1-2 DOCTORS, pipes of -159 GRAY, ASA, mentioned -22 KATIMIN, pipe rock at -____ 151-152 See also SUCK DOCTORS; GRUBS, used to bore pipes _ - 31 KICK DANCE, account of - 8 WOMEN DOCTORS. GUM, of tobacco plant - _-__ 54 KLAMATH INDIANS- DOG HUCKLEBERRY, described- 45 HABITATIONS------4 Karuk attitude toward_-_- 3 DOUGLAS, DAVID, tobacco de- HACKETT, acknowledgment to-_ 2 tobacco raised by -22 scribed by - 19, 20-21 HANSON, FRITZ- LANGUAGE, KARUK names for-_ 1-2 DOWITCHER, LONG-BILLED, story acknowledgment to -_-_ - 2 LEAF, Karuk terms for - 52-53 about--__------_-- 257-260 pipe sack made by-_____ 182 LEAVES, TOBACCO, described - 53-54 DRAKE, SIR FRANCIS, tobacco HAPPY CAMP, basketry of- 128 LEWIS AND CLARK EXPEDITION, offered to - 18 HATS- mention of -__------_-_ 20, 41 DWELLINGS, KARUK ------4 Klamath, in National Mu- LIMNODROMUS GRISEUS SCOLO- DYAR, L. S., mention of -127 seum - _------_---- 127 PACEUS - _ _ -- -__- 257 EARACHE, remedy for - 226 use of, for tobacco baskets. 128-131 LINGUISTIC METHOD OF STUDY, EATING CUSTOMS of the Karuk- - 203 HEADDRESS- importance of- flower -_------______-__72-73 ELDER WOOD, belief concerning 135-136 LINKINS, JOHN T., Acknowledg- of medicine man ------245 ment to -_------ELK SCROTUM, use of - 131-132 13 HENRY, PETE, acknowledgment MCGUIRE, JOSEPH D., mistake ENGELHARDT, FE. ZEPHYRIN, ac- to 2 made by- 25,28 knowledgment to -_-_- _ 13 HERBS, medicinal use of- 231-234 MADDUX, MRS. PHOEBE, infor- , use of, by HEWETT, EDGAR L., acknowl- mation obtained from - -_ 2 the Karuk -_ 2-3 edgment to -_--__---__-_ 13 MAIDENHAIR FERN, use of, in FERTILIZER, wood ashes used for 21, HIDATSA INDIANS, tobacco of basketry - _------_ 103 43-44,64 - 36,42,44 ------MAIDIU, NORTHERN, tobacco FEWKES, J. WALTER, acknowl- HODGE, F. W., acknowledgment among - 29 edgment to - 13 to ------13 MANDAN INDIANS, tobacco of-- 36, 42 FIRE MAKING, Karuk - 184 HOUSES------4 MANZANITA, use of- 22, 23, 25, 147 FIRES, CEREMONIAL, at New HUMBOLDT BAY INDIANS, pipes MAPLE LEAVES, use of- 219-220 Year - 247-252 and tobacco of -33 MARRIAGE CUSTOMS------4-5 FLOWER, of tobacco plant - 54-58 HUPA INDIANS- MAXON, Wm. R., acknowledg- FLOWERS, headdress of - 72-73 pipes of -23-28,28-29 ment to -13 Foon- reference to culture of 3 MEDICINE, tobacco in practice classification of -___-_-_ 62 tobacco of -_--_---_40 of - 225-233 Karuk -______5, 74 HUPA RESERVATION, collection MERLE, ANDY, brief account of 270 sale of - _------_ 133 made on -_---- _23 MISTLETOE, use of -221 FORMULAE- IKXAREYAVS, explanation of _ 8-9 MIWOK INDIANS, tobacco of 39 for sowing seed -85 INDIAN CELERY- MODOC INDIANS, Karuk attitude tobacco mentioned in _ 255-257 used for chewing -277 toward- 3 FORT VANCOUVER, account of- 19 used for smoking -_ 218-219 MONTHS, LUNAR, of the Karuk-. 81-83 FRUIT, Karuk terms for - _ 60-61 INSECTIFUGES, plants used as-- 224 MORPHOLOGY of tobacco plant 47-62 GAME, GAMBLING, smoking at- 254 INSOMNIA, Karuk remedies for 11, 206 MORTON, C. V., acknowledg- GHOST DANCE- JEFFREY PINE, use of, in bas- ment to -13 mention of-_- --- 215 ketry -_____ 103 MORTUARY CUSTOMS____ 6-7, 164-165 use of tobacco at -- 253 JEPSON, W. L., acknowledgment MOUNTAINS, offering to- 232-233, 235 GILL, MRS. MARY WRIGHT, ac- to -_------13 MOURNING CUSTOMS_------81 knowledgment to - _-_-_-_-_ 13 JUMP DANCE- MULLEN, MRS. GEORGE, ac- GILMORE, MELVIN RANDOLPH, account of ------7 knowledgment to -13 seed obtained from - 41 time of-83 INDEX INDEX 281

Page Page Page Page 144 GIRLS, part taken by, in cere- KARUK INDIANS- MULTNOMAH INDIANS, territory 144 mony--___------__243 culture affiliations of 3 of _------20 144 GIST, F. E., pipes collected by- 161, 165 life of, described- -_ 4-9,199-207 MUTLTNOMAH: RIVER, applica- 266 GLUE, made by the Karuk -- 156-157 location of- 1 tions of the name ------20 GRAVEYARDS, beliefs concerning meaning of the name ___ 2 MYTHS, telling of- - 8 tobacco in - ____ 34,78-79 names for - _------_-_ 1-2 NAMES- GRAY, ASA, mentioned - 22 KATIMIN, pipe rock at -_-__151-152 for tobacco_____--_____ 44-47 GRUBS, used to bore pipes _ 31 KICK DANCE, account of - _ 8 mentioning tobacco -_-_263-267 GuM, of tobacco plant - __ 54 KLAMATH INDIANS- See also PLACE NAMES. HABITATIONS------4 Karuk attitude toward- -_- 3 NECROBIA MESOSTERNALIS- 143 HACKETT, acknowledgment to 2 tobacco raised by - _- __ 22 NECROBIA RUFIPES------143 HANSON, FRITZ- LANGUAGE, KARUK names for-_ 1-2 NED, acknowledgment to ___ 2 acknowledgment to ------2 LEAF, Karuk terms for - 52-53 NEW YEAR CEREMONY- -260 pipe sack made by ------182 LEAVES, TOBACCO, described.-- 53-54 described -_--___--___ 7-8 HAPPY CAMP, basketry of- 128 LEWIS AND CLARK EXPEDITION, outline of -_----_____-_ 241 18 HATS- mention of -20, 41 purpose of-_---_-_-_-_ 241-242 4 Klamath, in National Mu- LIMNODROMUS GRISEUS SCOLO- reference to -______163 127 seum - _------127 PACEUS -- __------257 time of -81, 82, 83,241 226 use of, for tobacco baskets 128-131 LINGUISTIC METHOD OF STUDY, use of tobacco in - 241-252 203 HEADDRESS- importance of -1 NICOTIANA ACUMINATA - - 38 flower -_---- ___----72-73 LINKINS, JOHN T., Acknowledg- NICOTIANA ATTENUATA - 33, 36, 43 -136 of medicine man ------_ 245 ment to -_------13 NICOTIANA BIGELOVII------29, -132 HENRY, PETE, acknowledgment MCGUIRE, JOSEPH D., mistake 30,33,35,36-44 to -_------2 made by -- - __- 25, 28 var. exaltata --- 17,19,35, 37,38 HERBS, medicinal use of- 231-234 MADDUX, MRS. PHOEBE, infor- var. typica -_-___17, 35, 37, 38 HEWETT, EDGAR L., acknowl- mation obtained from- _ 2 var. wallacei - 36, 37, 38,41 2-3 edgment to -_------_13 MAIDENHAIR FERN, use of, in NICOTIANA CLEVELANDII-- 36, 38, 41 21, HIDATSA INDIANS, tobacco of basketry - 103 NICOTIANA GLAUCA -__ 18,35-36 1,64 ------36,42,44 MAIDU, NORTHERN, tobacco NICOTIANA MULTIVALVIS - 19, HODGE, F. W., acknowledgment among - _------29 20,36,39,40,42,43,44 to - _------13 MANDAN INDIANS, tobacco of 36, 42 NICOTIANA NOCTIFLORA - _-__ 37 HOUSES------4 MANZANITA, use of- 22,23,25,147 NICOTIANA PLUMBAGINIFOLIA --- 22, HUMBOLDT BAY INDIANS, pipes MAPLE LEAVES, use of - 219-220 23, 25, 36, 37, 38, 39 -252 and tobacco of -33 MARRIAGE CUSTOMS ------4-5 NICOTIANA PULVERULENTA -__ 20 4-58 HUPA INDIANS- MAXON, WM. R., acknowledg- NICOTIANA QUADRIVALVIS - 20, 2-73 pipes of -23-28,28-29 ment to -_------13 22,23,25,36,39,41,42,43,44 reference to culture of 3 MEDICINE, tobacco in practice NICOTIANA REPANDA - 38 62 tobacco of ------40 of ------_225-233 NICOTIANA RUSTICA------43 5,74 HUPA RESERVATION, collection MERLE, ANDY, brief account of. 270 NICOTIANA STOCKTONI------38 133 made on - _---- _-- 23 MISTLETOE, use of - 221 NICOTINEcleaningthepipesof 198-199 IKXAREYAVs, explanation of -- 8-9 MIwoK INDIANS, tobacco of --- 39 NIGHTSHADE, related to tobacco- 45 85 INDIAN CELERY- MODOC INDIANS, Karuk attitude OFFERINGtothemountains-- 233,235 -257 used for chewing -277 toward -___----- 3 OJIBWAY, custom of, in making 19 used for smoking - 218-219 MONTHS, LUNAR, of the Karuk - 81-83 pipes -_------141 0-61 INSECTIFUGES, plants used as 224 MORPHOLOGY of tobacco plant 47-62 OMAHA TRIBE, tobacco of- 43 254 INSOMNIA, Karuk remedies for 11, 206 MORTON, C. V., acknowledg- ORIGIN OF TOBACCO_------75 JEFFREY PINE, use of, in bas- ment to - 13 ORNAMENTATION, of pipes 161-162, 169 215 ketry -____ 103 MORTUARY CUSTOMS_--- 6-7,164-165 OVERLAY, in basketry - 103 253 JEPSON, W. L., acknowledgment MOUNTAINS, offering to_ 232-233, 235 PARKER, SAMUEL, mention of. 20 to -_------13 MOURNING CUSTOMS_------81 PEACE PIPE, not known to Karuk 1 1 JUMP DANCE- MULLEN, MRS. GEORGE, ac- PEPPER, JOHN, acknowledg- account of - 7 knowledgment to - _-_-_-_ 13 ment to--_------_- 2 time of ------83

-I 282 INDEX INDE)

Page Page SKINS- Page PEPPERWOOD, use of -224 S PLANTING OF TOBACCO - 75-77 tobacco containers made PESTLES, use Of_------97-98 PLANTS, Karuk classification of- 61 of ------131-132 PHALAENOPTILUS NUTTALLI NUT- POMO INDIANS, tobacco of _ 40 used for pipe sacks - 174-176 TALLI -_--_---- 263,264 POUCHES- SKUNK, story about -237-240 PINUS PONDEROSA -_-_ -_ 103 of basket work -_- _-__ 24 SMITH RIVER TRIBE, reference PIPE BOWL ROCK, pipes made S tobacco, described - 24 to -3, 11 of - _------S 151-153 PRAYERS- SMOKING- PIPE OF PEACE, unknown to T at filling the pipe - _-__ 180 beliefs concerning -214 Karuk-11 over medicine -_-_-_233 - by Karuk women - _ 210 PIPE SACKS- PROPERTY- effect of -195-196 described - ______- 10-11 T disposal of, at death_-___ 164 habit of-215-216 kinds of ------_173-176 ownership of- 4 inhaling in - 193 making of_------175-179 T QUIVER, pipe carried in - 182-183 Karuk attitude toward --- 12-13 measurements Of______. 182 T RATTLESNAKES, driven out plants used for - _ 218 use of------29,34 by T brush-burning -_ 65 procedure in -183-199 PIPES- T RAY, LIEUT. P. H., collection SMOKING CUSTOMS -10-12, arrowwood - 135,137-147 T made by- 23 32,207-208,210 bored by grubs -_-_-_ 31,146 REESE, MR. AND MRS. W. P., SNAKE INDIANS, tobacco Of---- 44 bowls of, fitted to stems 155-156 acknowledgment to - 13 SNAPPY, acknowledgment to- 2 capacity of -160 - RIVER TOBACCO -46-47 SOAPSTONE, use of, for pipes 153-155 cases for - 27,29,34 ROOT, TOBACCO, Karuk SOLANUM NIGRUM -45 decoration of_------161-162,169 names for - SONGS, KARUK- described … _10-11, 50 ROTTEN by the Orleans maidens-- 71 19,22,23-34,165-166 WOOD, use of - 203-205 by the skunk -238,239 details of manufacture-_ 138-150 SACKS, BUCKSKIN, ceremonial mentioning tobacco -268 Hupa - use of-236 - 167 of the SAFFORD, W. kick-dance -235 Karuk word for -_- 14, 15, 16, 17 E., acknowledg- SQUIRREL JIM, mention of------137 kinds of ------_167-170 ment to--_------_ 13 STALK OF PLANTS, Karuk terms lighting of -187-191 SALMON BEETLES, varieties of- 144-145 for -50-51 manner of carrying -181 - SALMON CEREMONY- STANDLEY, PAUL C., acknowl- manler of holding - 191-192 described -_--- 7 edgment to -13 manzanita -147-150 time of- - 83 STEALING, among the Karuk 90-91 Northern Maidu -29-30 SALMON GRUB, use made of- 142 STIRLING, MATTHEW W., ac- of Humboldt Bay Indians 33 SALMON WORMS, kinds of - -_ 145 knowledgment to -13 of the Hupa - 28-29 SANDY BAR BOB, a doctor -_ 231 STONE PIPES -136,150-155 of the Shasta Indians_- 30-31, 167 SANDY BAR JIM- STORAGE, of tobacco - 10, 102 of the Takelma -____ 30 acknowledgment to - _-- 2 STORIES, KARUK- of yew - ______135,150 mention of ------_ 231 about Long-billed Dow- parts of_------166 SEATS. See DISK SEATS. itcher - 257-260 sale of - 162 SEED, Karuk names for -_-___58-60 of Across-water Widower 67-72 Shasta beliefs concerning - 30 See also TOBACCO SEED. of Coyote -94 size of - 158-159 SETCHELL, W. A.- of Spring Salmon - 263-266 stone - _------150-155 acknowledgment to -_-_-_ 13 of Sugarloaf Bird -66 use of, as medicine -261 an authority on tobacco -_ 35 of the skunk -237-240 wooden - 135-150 assistance rendered by __ 35 SUCK DOCTORS- Yuruk -167 SEWING, method of -178 methods used by _ - 228-231 PIPES, Miss NELLIE B., assist- SHASTA INDIANS- use of tobacco by - 227-229 ance rendered by -19, 20 pipes of -__---- 30-31,167 SUGAR PINE NUTS, gathering PITH OF PLANT STEMS, Karuk reference to culture of 3 of -211-214 terms for ------52 SHAVEHEAD, a Karuk woman SWANTON, JOHN R., assistance PLACE NAMES referring to to- doctor - 159 rendered by -19 bacco -_ 266-267 SHELLENBARGER, MRS. B., ac- SWEATBATH, as a remedy for PLANTATION OR GARDEN, Karuk knowledgment to -_-_-_-_ 13 sickness -233-234 name for ------_ 50 SINEW, used for sewing ------178

.Mw_ INDEX INDEX 283

'age Page SKINS- Page SWEATHOUSE- Page 224 PLANTING OF TOBACCO - 75-77 tobacco containers made gathering wood for - _ 200 -98 PLANTS, Karuk classification of 61 of ------131-132 tobacco cured in - 93 POMO INDIANS, tobacco used of- 40 for pipe sacks - 174-176 tobacco grown on - _ 22 264 SKUNK, POUCHES- story about -237-240 use of- 4, 6, 200, 201, 202, 205 103 of SMITH RIVER basket work -_-_-_-_ 24 TRIBE, reference SWEATING, custom of - 199, 201 tobacco, to described -24 3,11 SWEATING AND BATHING __ 6, 233-234 PRAYERS- SMOKING- TAKELMA INDIANS- at filling the pipe -_-_-__ 180 beliefs concerning -214 location of -30 by Karuk over medicine -__-_-_-_ 233 women -_- __ 210 smoking among -30 PROPERTY- effect of -195-196 TARGET-SHOOTING -11 CEREMONY- 241, disposal of, at death -_ 164 habit Of_------215-216 242-243 176 inhaling ownership of - _- 4 in -193 TEETH, preservation of -205 179 QUIVER, pipe carried Karuk in - 182-183 attitude toward-- 12-13 THEFT, among the Karuk - 90-91 182 plants RATTLESNAKES, driven out by used for - _ 218 TILLAGE, knowledge of-73 , 34 procedurein - brush-burning -_ 65 183-199 TINTIN, acknowledgment to_ 2 RAY, LIEUT. P. H., collection SMOKING CUSTOMS - - 10-12, TOBACCO- 147 made by - 23 32,207-208,210 beliefs concerning 146 -29, REESE, MR. AND MRS. W. P., SNAKE INDIANS, tobacco of---- 44 156 34,78-79,255,257 acknowledgment to - 13 SNAPPY, acknowledgment to- 2 botanical discussion of- 160 35-44 RIVER TOBACCO------46-47 SOAPSTONE, use of, for pipes 153-155 color of-100 34 SOLANUM NIGRUM -45 ROOT, TOBACCO, Karuk names cultivation of -_-_-_-_ 169 - 9, for - 50 SONGS, KARUK- 21,29,30,33-34,63-65,81-91 11, ROTTEN WOOD, use of - 203-205 by the Orleans maidens-- 71 curing of -9,92-93 166 by the skunk -238,239 SACKS, BUCKSKIN, ceremonial distribution of - _-_-_ 40-41 150 mentioning use of - tobacco -268 forms of, in California- 167 236 35-36 of the kick-dance - 235 habits of , 17 SAFFORD, W. E., acknowledg- growth of_------48 ment to - SQUIRREL JIM, mention of___.._ 137 harvesting *170 - 13 Of -87-90 SALMON BEETLES, STALK OF PLANTS, Karuk terms in Karuk language 191 varieties of 144-145 - 44-47 SALMON CEREMONY- for -50-51 Karuk word for -.-- 14, 181 15, 16, 17 described STANDLEY, PAUL C., acknowl- medicinal use -192 -_-- 7 of - 225-226 time of -83 edgment to - - 13 mentioned by writers on -150 STEALING, SALMON GRUB, use made of 142 among the Karuk 90-91 Karuk -17-34 -30 STIRLING, MATTHEW W., ac- SALMON WORMS, kinds of -_ 145 offered to the gods - 9-10, 12 33 knowledgment to -13 SANDY BAR BOB, a doctor- 231 place of, in Karuk life 12 l-29 STONE PIPES -136,150-155 167 SANDY BAR JIM- power attributed to - 255, 257 STORAGE, of tobacco - 10, 102 price of -134 30 acknowledgment to - - 2 STORIES, KARUK- river and mountain - 150 mention of - _---- 231 46-47 about Long-billed Dow- running affected by -42 166 SEATS. See DISK SEATS. itcher -257-260 sale of -133 162 SEED, Karuk names for - _ 58-60 of Across-water Widower - 67-72 storage of-10, 30 See also TOBACCO SEED. 102 of Coyote -94 uses for -10, -159 SETCHELL, W. A.- 11-12, 224 of Spring Salmon- 263-266 volunteer growth -155 acknowledgment to - _-_-_ 13 of- 78-80 of Sugarloaf Bird -66 wild, belief an authority on -- concerning 29 261 tobacco. 35 of the skunk- 237-240 assistance rendered wild, breeding from- 9 -150 by _ 35 SUCK DOCTORS- SEWING, method wild, name for -46 167 of -178 methods used by- 228-231 wild, use of-22, 25, 34 SHASTA INDIANS- use of tobacco by- 227-229 See also TOBACCO PLANT. pipes of-30-31,167 SUGAR PINE NUTS, gathering TOBACCO BASKETS. See BASKETS, reference to culture of 3 of -211-214 TOBACCO. SHAVEHEAD, a Karuk woman SWANTON, JOHN R., assistance TOBACCO CHEWING, among the doctor - 159 rendered by -19 Karuk -10, 277 -267 SHELLENBARGER, MRS. B., ac- SWEATBATH, as a remedy for TOBACCO EATER, name for the knowledgment to - _- 13 sickness -__ - 233-234 whippoorwill -263 SINEW, used for sewing -_-___ 178

j ___ __-______' .. I I - -

284

TOBACCO PLANT- Page WILD TOBACCO-Continued. Page described - 49 name for - 46 discussion of - 35-44 use of -22, 25, 34 habits of growth of -48 WILL, GEORGE F., seed obtained Karuk names for parts of- 47-60 from -41 See al8o TOBACCO. WOMEN DOCTORS, methods of- 227-231 TOBACCO PLOTS, location of - 77 WooD- TOBACCO POUCHES, described-- 24 pipes of - 135-150 TOBACCO SEED- rotten, use of -203-205 germination of -61 WOODPECKER SCALPS, used as sowing of-83-84, 85 money - 134 TOBACCO STEMS, use of. 95-96, 217-218 WOOD WARDIA RADICANS------103 TOOTHACHE, remedy for-226 WORMS, use of, to bore pipe- WEALTH, among the Karuk - 55-- stems - 142 WEAVING, details of, in basket WORMWOOD, use of - 224 making -107-126 XEROPHYLLUM TENAX_------103 WEEDING, practice of-86 YAS, acknowledgment to 2 WHIPPOORWILL- YEFIPPAN, a Karuk doctor- 160 called tobacco eater -263 YEW, pipes made of -150 design named for -266 YURUK- WHISTLES, use of -137 fondness of. for American WHITE MAN, tobacco of - 269-278 tobacco -21-22 WILD TOBACCO- reference to culture of 3 belief concerning - 29 smoking customs of- 33-34 breeding from- 9

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W1'?TIAN COLLEGE L%7

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