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Soviet Nationality Policy, Urban Growth, and Identity Change in the Ukrainian SSR 1923-1934 Examines a Significant Stage in the Early Development of the USSR

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Soviet Nationality Policy, Urban Growth, and Identity Change in the Ukrainian SSR 1923-1934 Examines a Significant Stage in the Early Development of the USSR In the early 1920s the Bolsheviks, who were overwhelmingly urban, pro- letarian, and Russian, believed that rapid industrialization would dissolve the non-Russian national identities and create a solid base of support for the new political order. By the end of the decade, however, the social changes initiated by rapid economic development strengthened national assertiveness. This book analyzes the precarious relationship between Soviet legitimacy- building and the consequences of rapid industrial development in the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic, the most populous non-Russian republic in the USSR, during the 1920s and 1930s. George Liber traces the impact of rapid urban growth upon the implementation of Soviet preferential policies, korenizatsiia. This plan advocated the equality of non-Russian and Russian languages and cultures and sought to integrate non-Russians into the Soviet state by promoting them into leading positions in the party, the government, and trade unions. The author shows how the interplay between industrial- ization, urbanization, and korenizatsiia produced a modern, urban Ukrainian identity. This, he argues, explains why the Stalinist leadership changed its course on the nationality question in the 1930s and gave precedence to the Russians in the USSR. Soviet nationality policy, urban growth, and identity change in the Ukrainian SSR 1923-1934 examines a significant stage in the early development of the USSR. Many of the issues addressed by George Liber contributed to the end of the Soviet Union and still haunt the current post-Soviet leadership. This book will be read by students and specialists of Soviet, post-Soviet and Ukrainian studies, history, and sociology. SOVIET NATIONALITY POLICY, URBAN GROWTH, AND IDENTITY CHANGE IN THE UKRAINIAN SSR 1923-1934 Soviet and East European Studies: 84 Editorial Board Stephen White (General editor) Judy Batt Michael Kaser Anthony Kemp-Welch Margot Light Alastair McAuley James Riordan Judith Shapiro Soviet and East European Studies, under the auspices of Cambridge University Press and the British Association for Soviet, Slavonic and East European Studies (BASSEES), promotes the publication of works presenting substantial and original research on the economics, politics, sociology and modern history of the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe. Soviet and East European Studies 84 GEORGE O. LIBER Soviet nationality policy, urban growth, and identity change in the Ukrainian SSR 1923-1934 83 CHRISTOPH BLUTH Soviet strategic arms policy before SALT 82 JOHN P. WILLERTON Patronage and politics in the USSR 8l JAMES HUGHES Stalin, Siberia and the crisis of the New Economic Policy 80 ILIANA ZLOCH-CHRISTY East-West financial relations Current problems and future prospects 79 MICHAEL D. KENNEDY Professionals, power and Solidarity in Poland A critical sociology of Soviet-type society 78 GARETH M. WINROW The foreign policy of the GDR in Africa yy JOZEF M. VAN BRABANT The planned economies and international economic organizations 76 WILLIAM MOSKOFF The bread of affliction: the food supply in the USSR during World War II J$ YAACOV RO'l The struggle for Soviet-Jewish emigration 1948-1967 74 GRAEME GILL The origins of the Stalinist political system 73 SANTOSH MEHROTRA India and the Soviet Union: trade and technology transfer 72 ILYA PRIZEL Latin America through Soviet eyes The evolution of Soviet perceptions during the Brezhnev era 1964-1982 71 ROBERT G. PATMAN The Soviet Union in the Horn of Africa The diplomacy of intervention and disengagement 70 IVAN T. BEREND The Hungarian economic reforms 1953-1988 69 CHRIS WARD Russia's cotton workers and the New Economic Policy Shop-floor culture and state policy 1921-1929 68 LASZL6 CSABA Eastern Europe in the world economy Series list continues on p. 296 SOVIET NATIONALITY POLICY, URBAN GROWTH, AND IDENTITY CHANGE IN THE UKRAINIAN SSR 1923-1934 GEORGE O. LIBER Assistant Professor of History The University of Alabama at Birmingham CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS PUBLISHED BY THE PRESS SYNDICATE OF THE UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE The Pitt Building, Trumpington Street, Cambridge, United Kingdom CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS The Edinburgh Building, Cambridge CB2 2RU, UK 40 West 20th Street, New York NY 10011-4211, USA 477 Williamstown Road, Port Melbourne, VIC 3207, Australia Ruiz de Alarcon 13, 28014 Madrid, Spain Dock House, The Waterfront, Cape Town 8001, South Africa http://www.cambridge.org © Cambridge University Press 1992 This book is in copyright. Subject to statutory exception and to the provisions of relevant collective licensing agreements, no reproduction of any part may take place without the written permission of Cambridge University Press. First published 1992 First paperback edition 2002 A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloguing in Publication data Liber, George. Soviet nationality policy, urban growth, and identity change in the Ukrainian SSR, 1923-1934 1923-1934: the urban harvest / George O. Liber. p. cm. - (Soviet and East European studies; 84) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0 521413915 (hardback) 1. Nationalism - Ukraine - History. 2. Russification - Ukraine. 3. Soviet Union - History - 1917-1936. 4. Soviet Union - Ethnic relations. 5. Ukraine - History 1921-1944. I. Title. II. Series. DK508.833.L53 1992 323.n91791047-dc20 91-29963 CIP ISBN 0 521413915 hardback ISBN 0 52152243 9 paperback To my parents Contents List of tables page x Acknowledgments xiii Abbreviations xvi A note on transliteration xvii Maps xviii Introduction 1 Part I Periphery and center 9 1 The Ukrainian environment, 1861-1921 11 2 The Bolshevik response 26 Part II Social changes 47 3 Urban growth and national identity 49 4 The working class and the trade unions 67 5 Communist Party membership 87 Part HI Political consequences 105 6 The transformation of the urban Ukrainian identity 107 7 The ideological challenge of Ukrainian national communism 121 Part IV Center's reaction 143 8 Shifting the anchors of legitimacy 145 9 Scorching the harvest, 1930-1934 160 Conclusion 175 Appendices 185 Notes 207 Bibliography 241 Index 276 Tables 3.1 Growth of the urban population, 1920-1933 page 50 3.2 Growth of the largest cities, 1920-1934 51 3.3 Urban and rural population of the Ukrainian SSR by 54 nationality, December 17, 1926 3.4 Changes in the number and percentage of Ukrainians in 57 five important industrial centers, 1923-1933 3.5 Literacy and native language literacy in the UkrSSR among 59 the five largest nationalities, 1926 3.6 Newspapers by language and annual circulation, 1918-1933 60 3.7 Linguistically assimilated population of the UkrSSR, 63 December 17, 1926 4.1 Change in the number of workers and bureaucrats in 71 various branches of the economy, 1925/26-1932 4.2 Percentage of workers who came from the countryside, 74 fiscal years 1927-1929 4.3 National composition of wage-earning workers in the six 78 largest cities, December 17, 1926 4.4 Change in percent of Ukrainians in the work force of 79 certain industries, 1926-1931 4.5 National composition of the new trade unionists, July- 81 December, 1931 4.6 National identification and conversational language of 83 trade unionists, 1926-1929 4.7 Percentage of Ukrainians and language usage in the 84 industrial and intellectual unions, 1926-1929 5.1 When party members and candidate-members joined the 89 KP(b)U 5.2 Location of KP(b)U party membership, 1922 90 5.3 KP(b)U members and candidate-members in seven indus- 90 trial okrugs, 1928-1930 5.4 Urban and rural membership of the KP(b)U, 1922-1927 92 5.5 Conversational language of KP(b)U members, 1922 93 5.6 Nationality and native-language affiliation of the KP(b)U, 94 January 10, 1927 Appendices xi 5.7 National composition of the newly accepted candidate- 95 members of the KP(b)U, July 1, 1925-March 31, 1930 5.8 National composition of those promoted from candidate- 96 membership to membership in the KP(b)U, 1928-1929 Appendices 1 Urban national change in the Ukrainian SSR, 1897-1926 187 2 Population of the Ukrainian SSR by national identity, region, and urban-rural location, December 17, 1926 188 3 Changes in the national composition of the six largest Ukrainian cities, 1920-1926 189 4 Literacy and language in the cities and countryside of the Ukrainian SSR, December 17, 1926 190 5 Nationality and native language in the cities and country- side of the Ukrainian SSR, December 17, 1926 192 6 Total economically independent population of the Ukrai- nian SSR by nationality and occupation, December 17,1926 193 7 Urban economically independent population by nation- ality and occupation, December 17, 1926 194 8 Nationality of economically independent workers and total labor force in urban centers by region, December 17, 1926 195 9 National composition of the working class in the Ukrainian SSR, 1926-1934 196 10 Number of members of trade unions in the Ukrainian SSR, 1921-1934 197 11 National composition and conversational language of trade-union workers and bureaucrats, May 1926 198 12 National composition of various trade union groupings, 1926-1931 200 13 National composition and conversational language of trade-union workers and bureaucrats, October 1929 201 14 National composition of members and candidate-members of the KP(b)U, 1922-1931 203 15 Members and candidate-members of the KP(b)U by social origin and current occupation, 1922-1931 204 16 New KP(b)U members promoted from the ranks of candidate-members by social origin and current occu- pation, 1925-1931 205 17 New KP(b)U candidate-members by social origin and current occupation, 1925-1928 206 Acknowledgments The idea for this monograph first emerged in seminars directed by Karl W. Deutsch and Sheila Fitzpatrick and evolved from a Ph.D. dissertation written at Columbia University. I am grateful to members of my committee: Leopold Haimson, Marc Raeff, Jack Snyder, Robert A.
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