Page 1 SMALL CARNIVORE CONSERVATION the Newsletter and Journal of the IUCN/SSC Mustelid, Viverrid & Procyonid Specialist Group IUCN . the World Conservation Union

Svran CnnNrvonnCoNSERVATToN

The Newsletterand Journal of the IUCN/SSC Mustelid,Viverrid& ProcyonidSpecialist Group IUCN Number12 April1995

Sprcrrs SURVTvALCoMMrssroN

African lon!-nosed monsoose (Xenogolerdso) - Foto: C.B. Powell

Theproduction and distribution of thisissue has been sponsored by 'Blijdorp * Zoo, Rotterdam,Holland $*1''' andthe "RoyalZoological Society of Antwerp",Antwerp, Belgium Svrnn CanNrvoRECoNSERVATToN

The Newsletterand Joumal of the IUCN/SSC Mustelid, Mverrid & ProcyonidSpecialist Group

Editor-in-chief:HarryVan Rompaey, Edegem, Belgium

Editors: AngelaGlatston, Rotterdam, Netherlands Huw Griffiths,Leeds, United Kingdom MichaelRiffel, Heidelberg,Germany Amd SchreibeqHeidelberg, Germany RolandWirth, Miinchen, Germany

Theviews expressed in ihis publicationare those ofthe aulhorsrnd do not necessarilyreflect thosc of the IUCN, nor theIUCN/SSC MusFlid. Vivenid & ProcyonidSpecialisi Group.

We arepanicularly grateful to WalterRasmussen lbr readinglhe manuscriptsand improving the Englishslyle.

Theain of thispublication is to offerdre menbers of theIUCN/SSC MV&PSG, and those who are concemedwith mustelids.viverrids. and procyonids. brief papers.news items. abslracls, rnd tiiles of recentliterature. All readersare invited to sendmaErial to:

Small CarnivoreConservation c/o Dr. H. Van Rompaey Jan Verbertlei.l5 2650Edegem Belsium

Printedon recycledpaper ISSN l019-5041 The life in symp atry of Xenogalenaso andAtilax palutlinosus in a central African forest

JustinaC. RAY

Intmduction

Thc rain forest mongooses of Africa xrc very poorly knowni the little infbrmati{)nrhar exisrs comes from tbe museum collectingexpedilions (Allen. 192.1;Hayrnan. 1940:Schoutedcn, 19.15).This paucily of information is highlighted for Xduosale rdso. tho Long nosed mongoose.and Atilar palu.linosus. the Marsh mongoose.whose distnbutions broadly olcrlap through- CETTBALAFBICAN FEPUBUC out ceniral and wcsl Afdca. Arild has bcen studiedin soutbcm Aliica (Baker, 1987; Maddock & Perri., 1993). but nei(her specieshas bccn the subjectofsysrcmalic trappins or ecological resenrchin the closed,canopylbrcsts ofrhe African tropics.As a result. there are few dallt from Affi€an fbresK t{) challenge assumptronscon.erning the rltrily of X.rdgdl. (Haltcnorth & Diller. 1977rColyn & Van Rompacy. 199'1)and olher aspecrsof rhe biology of the lwo specics.

My puryose here is ro summariTeinformation from a tirpping and radio,telemetry srudy conductedover a two year p(nud in rhe nonhernConp^ BJ.in. lhe rwo.pc(i.* Jre \er) srmilar in sizc and overall appearancc{in fact, neirherBaMbuti nor BaAka pygmies diltinguish the two species tpers. obs.l); however. their spatial and lernporal use of ihe lbrcst differs markedly. l;

The 35 kn: studyarea(Kongana) wrs k)catedinthe south r '1. western Central Airican Republic, between the borders of Cameroonand Congo (Fis. l). lt was localed in rhe,1.500kml Dzanga-SlnghaNational Reserve tnd Dzanga-Ndoki Nrtional Park eskblished in 1990. Vcgerarion is semi-deciduou! rain BAYAT{GA forest. and is highly learonal: rajn averaging 1.100 mr year. Parrs of the Kongana area wcrc selectirely loggcd (apprux. I srem/hr) in tbe early 1980s. /,."

DurinS June 1992to April 199:1.eleven mongooscs were t'r KONGANA .attured: ten ,Xeno8dl€ndso and orc Atild rcludiror&r (Tnble l). The animals wcre caught in one and rwo door Tomahawk traps: most capturesrequired pre bliting (5-21 days). Captured mongooscswcre immobilized wuh kclamine hydrochloridc (av errge dose for X?nogaLe.O.2a mykgi ,4rlldr. 0.16 ml/kg). and lilled wirh 51 or 20 g radio trrDsnriters. The othcr known mongooscin the area. Bdeogal?nieripes. was rever captured.

Morphology ,ii. RoAo SA GllA RIVER Although the hairsol trilar andXendgal"arcb.tnded. ,., both RESEFI'Euflfrs specieshave an overall black appearance,and are similar tu size Id (Table 1). ieading t{) the tendencyto confuscthe rwo in the field. STUDYSITE 1nthe lrap however,their morphologicaldiffcrcnces are immedi- alcly clerr. Indeed. these conlribute to the jusrif-icalionfor the lie. l. The Central African Republic and Kongan! Study Are difierent generic disiincrion of Lbisspecies (Allen. 1924; Orts, 1970i Rosevear,1974). The long,nosedmongooso is true to its The nost obvious external difference between the two 'prolong(cd)...well namc:it' noseis relativelylong and llesby and is species are the feet: Both X"".,gdl? and Arild.r are five-roed, but beyond the usual lirnits detennined by the bones and te€ih' thc latter is the only moDgoose whose feet are completely (Rosevear. 1974:332). The head is nanower lnd the nuzzle unwebbed.The fbot of ,4rild.ris completely niked ro ihe heel. sharperand longer than that of Arlld.r. Orts ( 1970) discuslesthe whcreasthe foot ofxcnosdl" is hairy up to the pads(Figs. 2 3). unusurl c.Nnialcharacteristics of Xero8dl.. Finally. ,Y"n./Sdlehrs a ionger tail rclati\c lo the hody. Distribution and habitat use (!dult).92.? hN (young adull), rnd 71.3 ha (luvenile/subadult). There i! some evjdenceof liule ovcrlap between home ranges; 'lmpping and monitoring of t..tck beds suggcsrcdhigh however.none ofthese animals was followed !imultaneously.It densitiesof XerrSdlc. and it rppcarcd to be thc numerically is clear thar the MCP method is not adequatein descrjbingthe dominant carnilore in thc rrca- /td/irr, on lhe olher hrnd. fie home ranges.as large areasthat were apparentlynol usedby the quentedonly st.eanrand swrmphabitatswilhin the forcsl. During animals were included within the perimeter. lhiflcen months of tracking an ndult maie Arilar. he was never lo.rlcd outsidc of the nnrow band of streamsidehabitar. The The shrpe ofrhe home rangeofthe male Arlll1.rwas quite ersily distinguish ble rracksofthis epecieswerc alsonljvcr lbund different fron lhar olX€trrr8.rle.and appearedtobe diclatedby ihe in uphnd li)rcst. Although all aurhorsrgree lhat rhe distribution ilmost linear disribudon of suitable streamlide habitat. The of Arildr is confiDcd to rrers with penmnenr waler (Kingdon. hone range wrs approximately 5.950 m lon-s (the dillance as l977iRowc Rowc.l978 i Sluan.l98l). somehrve reponed sighlings measuredrlong lhe slreamberween the averageof six northern- !$dt fronr this habilat(Roscvcar, 1974; Rowe-Rowe. 1978). most and si'( southern-mostlocations). and the animal was never located outside of the strip of streamsidcswrnp. Thc rvcrage Exact locations of day timc rcsring \iLcs lbr fic radio widrh of rhe stream and adjacent swamp habital was 90.3 m rollrrcd ^ti1.?r were fouod on 23 occasions.No two were in the (mealured at 17 evcnly distributed poinls along the stream); same spoti however. they were often in ihe same 500 n' a.ea. hence. the home range was approximately 5.f ha. The MCP Rc\r \pors qere alwnys on islandsofhigh ground sunoundedby nrethodof analysisgale rn rrca estimateof 248 ha. but iI was \$unp or running wrter. They were characterizedby varymg clearly unrealistic bccauscit conneciedoutermosr poinls along d.!r.cs of covcr: s)mc wcrc relarilely exposed.others were sireambends, and encloled large swarhsof upland lbresl wberc bcncxth vinc en{anglementsor exposed roo$ (alhough with the animal was never on.c locrtcd. .r...\\iblc escaperoutes), and otherswere in holes. Utilization patlems wilhin rhc home range are probably Streambeds were Nlsoimporrrnt lbr Xzn"sal"r Lrapping influenced by the shapeof the hone range. Preliminary result! recordsindicated regions of overlap of home rangesthere. rnd from thcsc four males showed that while it took a Xetngal. an trackswere common.However. data fronl radio tracking lhowed averrge of six hours 1(' tralcrsc irs home range.Ihe Aril.rr took rhar nost time was speni in upland forest.the dominant habitat ckxer 1o,18hours. Furthcr analysiswill explore temporal use of llpe of the area(Fig. ,l). The nrixed sl)ecies ib.estsof the Dzanga spaccin morc dclil. region are characterizedby a dense and tangled undersbry mrintirined in p.trt by the rnusually high density of elephants Activity (Caffoll. 1988). The cover thus p.ovidcd may blr an imponanl tactor governinghabitacuse: this hypothesisis fu(her suppoted One of lhe most intereslingdiscoveries of this study was b) rlre tendencyfbr collxred X",og4le to avoid standsof nlono- the diumrl rc(ivily paliern of X"trog.r/c(Fig. 5). During two 24- "molapa lotninanr Gilhefliolendron z/ei'"'r.i forest.or , which hour follors of iwo difterent males.both spen! very little time have very open understories(Fi8.,r). The lew locaiionsot resting during the day. and spent 19.0005.00 h largcly in one x.rotal. obtainedin this habitatwere rc.ordcd whilc rhc rnimll spot, mostly inactive. Because it is r solitaty lbresl dwelling $as tr:rvellxrg. mongoose.several authors have luggested thrt il is noclumal (Roseve.tr.1974i Haltenorlh & Diller. 1977). Homeranges TheAr'ldr was crepuscular(Fi-!.5). with perk etivity carly ' So l'ar,I haveused only the "Mimmun ConvexPolygon in the nnming (t)4.00-06.00h) and ir the elcning (17.0G20.0oh)- nre{hodro analyzehome range si7e. 1n Fig.4, the home rangcs ol Other autho.s hrle found thcm to be crepuscularor n&rurnal lhrecn lc xerr8dle Nrcshowni the MCP arerswere: 12..1ha (Roseven. 197.1:Snithers. 1983:Maddock & Perrin,1993).

Fig. 2. Long-nosedmongoose. Xrrogdlr, adrr. Note the paftly Fig. L Marsh moDgoose.A/ilarr'dl,li .Jr&r.Nole the unwebbed webbed feer. Pholo: C. B. Powell feer. Photo: J. C. Ray N

5OOm ffi**.,{rAt\,

ifill

ROAD STREAM E SWAMP FOREST n "MOLAPA" -1 MIXEDSPECIES FOREST

Fig 4.Radio locations a.d habitnt map of three malc Xenosal? nulo home ranges.Diarnond: adult. December-Janurryt993 94. juvcnile/subadult. n=146: Plus: Junc November 1993. n=337i Triangle: toung adult. February May 1994.n=596

Foodhabits 100

Preliminary results from food habits analysis indicared thalwhile anhropodsformed a significantpaft of rhedict for borh spccrcs.small mamrnalswere less important for Arlldr than for XenoSdl..Renains oflizards and snakesoccuned in the scarsof bolh species.bul fish and crab $erc found only in thoscofArl/r_r. Frcgs were prescntin most Atild sca6. whereasXenogale zre - trogs only occrsionally.

nrtld latrineswere ibund on exposedrocks near streams fr 1oo and on sandybe.tches- There was no evidenceof latrine-usefor x.ro8./1.,: howeler. scatswere occasionNllyfound in tbe same spol whc.e one had been fbund prcviously. However. ii has not beer determinedwhether this occurred significantly more olten Ihan expectedby chance.

Acknowlcdgements This work would not havebeen complelcd without rheabte fjeld xssistanceof Maka JosephSylvestre. Bokombi F-ranco, 2121424 MokonzoEtienne.Mokoko Marc, ErubuCasron. Singale Jerone. HOUR and B:rlayona Joseph. I would also like ro acknowledge the suppot of lhe Central African governrnenland WWF-US/RCA. Fig. 5. Proportion of iime (percentrge of observations)r.rdn) rnd Jay Malcolm. This study was fundcd by grants iiom lhc collared mongooseswc.e acrive. A. The mean and slaD Wildlife Conservalbn Society and the Conservarion.Food and dard cnors of lhree mxlc x?,,aal. nuso (l=1.521). Health Foundation.and a Fullbright Scholarship. ts. Male Atilar palutlihoslr (n=1.83'l) Tablel. Measurementsof Xenogdlend Atilar capluredal Konganasiudy site 1992-199a( Source=l) xnd in theliterature ('Source: 2=Rosevear,197.1(westAfrisa)il=Allcn. 1924(easternZaire):4=orts. 1970(eastern Z.ire): 5=Bakcr.1992 (summanzed for soulhemAfrica)

335

510 L1 I

2t5

255 Iu 35

110 I

1.15 t€a at

t12

103 37 3

415 33

106 5

322 33 (,r{2Js3) (341m)

Ref€r€nces Allen.J. A. 1924.Cxmivoit collectedby the AmericanMuseum Madd@k. A. H. & Penin. M. R. 1993. Spatial and temporal CongoExpedition. BULL. AneL Mus. Nat.Hist.. 1'7:73- ecology of an assemblageof viverrids in Natal. Souih 281. Atnca. J. ZnoL..229:217 -287. Baker.C. M. 1987.Biology of the water mongoose(Alild.r OI1s.S. G. 1970.Lexen.,sdlede J. A. Allen (Carnivora.Vivenidde) pdfuditrds,r).Ph.D. Thesis, University of Natal.Durban, au sujcl d une capfxre effe.t!3e at Kivu. Rer. Zool. Bot. SouthAfricr. ,4,fr.82:174I lt6. Baker,C. M. 1992. Atila\ pahdinosus.Mumnaliun Specics Roseve!., D. R. 1974.fte cuniorcs oj Wct Africd. Trusteesof 408:1-6. the British Museum of Natural Histoy, London. UK. Canoll. R. W. 1988.Relative dcnsity. range extennon. and Rowe'Rowe. D. T. 1978.Thc smrll camivoresof Natal.Innn?r- conservationpotential of the lowland gorilla (Gortlls gd?r.25:1-48. gorilloSorilh) in rheDzanga-Sangha region ofsouthwest Schoulcdcn.H. 19,15-De zoogdier€nvan Belgisch Congo en van ern Central African Republic. Man,nalia 52:lo9 323. Ruanda-Urundi.2. Camivorr,Ungulata. An . Mus.B?lg. Colyn,M. & Vln Rompaey.H. 1994.Morphometric evidence of Conso.C. Dierk. (2)3(U3):169332. themonolypic status oflhe Africanlong-nosed mongoose Smithcrs.R- H. N. 19a3.The rumnalt of the SouthemAl'ri&n 'zoo1.. Xenosalenoso (Czrnivora. Herpestidae). Relg. J. S"br"8ton.University of Pretdia,Pretoria, Soulh Atrica- 124,115t92. Stuan.C. T. l98l- Noteson lhe mammalianca.nivores of the Haltenorth.T. & Dillef. H. 19'77. A freldsuide to ttu mommalsol CapeProvincc, South Africa. Bo tebokl,l 58. Altxa inctudheMulasar.dr. Collins,London. UK. Hayman.R. W. (in Sanderson.l.T.). 1940.Thc mammalsofthe Departmentof Wildlife Ecologyand Conservation, nonh Cameroonsforest area. Ird, . 7,ool.Soc. Lndon 201Newins-Ziegler Hall j 24:690693. Universityof Florida, Cainesville, Kingdon.J.S. 1971. tdv A,/tnunnanhuLs: an atlasolerolutbn in Afrcn. vol.IIt. PaftA (Cdmtiz'erl. Acad. Press Inndon. FL 32611,USA Viverrids in an Ethiopian Rift Valley national park

J.W.DUCKWORTH

Introduction

Nechisar Narionat Park (05.51 -06.00'N. 37.32' 48.8) colcr! 75,2m ha fron l,lotl10 1.650m ASL in sourhemEthiopia. luon ol the c€ntre consistsof gcnrly undularing grasstandwith \catteredbare rocky and bushyareas. Extensive bushlands fringe thcseplains while the two rivers are lined with riparjan forest: a {nall ground-watcrforest (a rarc habirat)is supportedbythc high $aler lable associaledwith numeroussprings in the west of rhe park. The park is boundedro the crst by the Amrro nountains. to the west by the rown of Arba Minch and lo rhenorth and southby lake! AMya and Ch.unorespccrively (Fig. l). Peripheratregions of rheselakes are included in rhe park area. as ltrc ar leasr rwo \nraller w.ucrbodies.Thc two main rivcrs, ihe Sermateand Kultb are bolh lcss than 10 m Ncrossand rurely deeperrhan I m. Thc town ol Arba Minch is thc capital of rhc North Omo administn- rive region. It expandedgrearly during the 1980s:however there \ eresti ll extensiveareas of semi naruralbushland adjacenr ro the pxrk. merning that thcse aniinal populations\ erc not isolated_ Thc ncarestsimiirr foresrsand phins are extrcmetydlstanr; both ri\crs iringed wirh ripafian fbrest star and e.d within the park. rhus therc are no linking corridors to similar fore!.s outsrdc.

The lcmperaturelluctuates sensonallyi January lo Mafch 9, t., rPT r\ rhehouost period. wirh meandaily maxinla ofl5.C. Novenber rnd December are typically the coldesr monrs: even rhen. lhe nreandrily maximurnis about28'C. The nainrains are in March Fig. l.Nc.hilar Nationrl park. showing localrdes visited and tu May andthere is a smlllerpeak in Septemberro November.The rr:ijls walked by night. 1. ArbN Minch |own; 2, park rnnral.rnrfall is usually between800and t,000 mm. The survey Headquaners:3. Eniraned:,1.Dagbullei 5, Sermrle River period lhus staned somc rime ailer the long rains and extended campsrtc;6.Hor Springsi7. Hitu. (after Duckworrh. 1992) Inn) the shon raift.

Nechisar,a! well as containinga divche seleclioDof Rift I,192 m ASL) was occrpicd fron l7 July ro 2l Augusr. Ir was in \allev hrbilrts ir a beautifully scenic scuing. supportsa viable Kulfb Riparian Forest(KRF) nnnEdiarely adjacentto rhe Kulfb popLrlalion of the criticllly threatened Swayne s hartebeeste River. $'ith easy accessro Kullb Bushland (KB) and Cmund- 1lttlaphut busclehus svd'r.l (a subspcciesnow resrrictedto water Foresr (GwF). A ma.iorvehicle urck ran fiom park He hthiopia) For lhese reasons.it has beeoundcr developmenras a through KB (crossirg the cWF part way) 1()Eniramed and tbcn \ational Park since 1972,is lully sr,tffedand conrajns177 kn of lollowed the Kulfb River(through KRF) to the Kultb crossrcads. \.hicular dirt trncks. This track was uscd for nosr observations,although aI orhcr poslible vehicle and foor tracks rhrough the Kts and cWF Prior io 1990. biologic.tl work in rhc park concenrrated betwecnEniramed and HQ were wrlked a! leastonce. Thevehicle lrrlelt on the grasslandrnd associatedungulale poputatioDs. tracks afforded excelleni views of all habiratsand, being almost \..rurnJl mrrnnral,dr(,rnen poorl) '(c,,rJed|n comtdn\on ro clcrr of vegelalion, allowed observersto walk atmost silently. rhediurnal speciesin an arcarwaser (1980) st.essedhow noctur Most work was wilhin 5 km of Eniramed.A .etum visit from 15 r.rl Aliican camilores were vinually unknown lnd rectified this to 17 September aliowcd intersive rcassessnentof thc area 'rluatron fbr thc Serengeri.Tanzania During July to Seprember lotlowing work around the Serm{lc. 1990 n ream of five BriLish biologisrs collaborared wirh the r.sidcnt park slafTto sufvey the wildlife ofNechisar (Duckworth Fieldwork rround the Scrmalewas baseoar an un,named ,7dl.. 1992);onemajoraimwa! ro invesrigalenociurnrlmammal site106'00'N,37'43 Ei I,140n ASL on I7 September,1,095 m). . I rmLnIit'. I)uclso||h I laq2, pre.enrc,iintormarr,n ,,n .ulu, occupied from 26 August to 23 Seprcmber. The tbrcst and ror noctumal 'nammals btrt did not covcr rhe ecologicat and bushland(SRF and SB) wcre much more opcn than thoseiround f'.h!vioural dita collectedfbr rhesespecies. This note derailsatl Eniramed bur thc distance 1o lhe Plains and lhe vrried terain Lnlormationcollected concerning rhe vivedds of the area (no merDtthat it was imporant ro co!e. a largearea, evcn to Hitu (21 nrustelidswerc observed.though some doubtlcssoccur). km distant). Thc presenceol snall eninences overlooking thc plains and open b shland.in conjunction with a frl] moon and Studyareas cloudless nighls allowes staric searches(lhis was importanl jn crse shy specrcswere habiturlly nissed during walked obserla Fieidworkwas based at rwo silcsw ithin Nechisar:Enirnned Lnrns).The occasional use of:t vehicle(wirhhigh powe.sporlimps) .rnclbeside the Serrnalc River Enirrmed (05'20 N. l7.l5 E: allowcd tu(her seirches. Again vehicle trackswere the main routesused for obser aliaying wonies about individualily ofdata. Eniraned is popular lations. bu1 bccausemost arexs were so open obseners were with local visitors and reguhrly vili@d by scavenginganimals. nuch lessrestricied than around Eniramed. However. the Riparian To p.event rhese .rnimals inftating ihe contact frequencies.all Forelt (SRF). which was much narrowcr rnd lcss shl.ply diffcr cncounrcrswithin fiveminutes walk of Eniramed were discarded entiatedfrom the surroundingbushland than thc KRF. wrs somc lion calculrltuns.The more renote Sermalestudy sitewas rarely distanceaway frotn tracks for much of ils lengthr in its thickcr visitcd by othcr people. areastherc wcrc hng csLablished(but illegal) planralions. Thetime spcnrse.rrching in a given habitatwas divided by Methods the total rumber of individuale seen there, to give contact frcqucncics as hours per animal lbr each spe€ies.Fr€quencies From both srudysites. nocturnal walks ofup to 2l km were were Nls) calculated for groupst any reference hencefbth to "group' conducied,and all mannnls seenor heardrecorded. Much ofthe includcs singlc animals (as groups consisting of one centreof Nechisar consis$ ol open grassyplains with very few individurl only). The contacl frequencieswere not convertedto scatteredsingletrees orsmall bulhy clumps.Animals seenwirhin populalion densities lbr the reasons discussed in Duckwonh thesebushy areas(some were 50 nl across)have beenclassified (1992).Glanz (1982i concludedthat this neededa large me.$ure of subjectivity coming from comprehcnsiveknowledge of the area and specicsin qucslion. In the absenceof lhis information, Nocturnal mammalswere countedby walking establishcd presentationhere of contact f.equcncicsis more useful as tewer trails at a sieady pace with a continuouslyrunning headtorch. assumplionsare invdved in their calcularion. Animals were detectedby their rustling sounds.their reflective eyesor occasionallyfronl vocalisations.Frequent briefstops were Teslsof stalislicnlsignificance are by Chi'squaredapplied n.rdeto listen.The headtorchbeam was setto lnaximundiameter to group conlacl irequency (individuals are not statistically n) facilitale dctcclion of eyeshines over as wide an area as independent).Expected numbers were cxlculated tiom ihe totalof possible.The slow walkins pac€(about I 2 km perhou.) alk,wed groups tbund acrossall test categories.divided in proponion to carelul searchingot' the vegetation adjacent to the trail. at all the anDunt of timc in crch cxtcgory. heights. Anirnals were irnmediarely illuminaled with a high- powerNit{h X ccllspotlight ( 100,000cp). This bright beam,in Casualrecords (including animah seenfrom vehiclesand conjunction with l0x binocutars.allowed identilication of even those seenfiom viewpoint! by nigho have not bccn considcrcd lhc mosl dishnr animals fbund excepl on the Plarns- during calculationof contactfrequencies. bul halc bccn incorpo rrlcd for commenls on group-sizeand behaviour. Oblerver noisc was minimisedby countsbeing conducted eithersingly or with the secondobse.vert.ailing the fi.st by aboul During daylight, mammals were noted opponunistically 100 m, and only advancingwhen si-qnalled(u!ing a torch) by the while obserle.s serched for birds (Saftbrd ?r dl.. 1993). Two iirsr. Several animals were flushed by the lecond observeis mink traps were set mosl nights al Eniramedand infiequently ai approach. emphasising the impofiance of obscrvations being thc Sermalc sile. Serrches fbr tbotprints were made. but no nradesingly. Very few Nnimrls wcre seento llee the lighl i$elf: vivenids lefl prints identiliable by us. thus alnost all eyeshineslocated wcre idcntificd.rnd many were watched lbr considerableperiods of time. though it is questn)n Speciesnotes lblc how naruraltbeir behaviourwas. This is. however.a slrong indication of how litllc hunted lhey were. which was confirmed African civet Cireuictk cirettlt in olher ways (Duckworth et al.. 1992). This species,only observcdrt night. was commonly seen Times of start,stop and changeofhabitat were reco.ded. in KRF. bul rnuch rn.er in adjacentKB and GwF (KRF tested when animals were watched for more than lwo minutes thc xg.rinsiCwF: Xi=6;P<0.02): in KB and GwF the white tailed warchingperiod was substractedfiom sea-rchingtime, allowing munluu\e$ u\ \er) . omm^nr.ce beloer. I he dpparenr'carcir' precise quanrification of effori in each habitat. The fouowing ofbolh specicsin all habitatsaround the Sermalecomparcd wirh dchils wcrc taken lbr each encounler:species. group size. basis the Kulfo is not easily cxplicablc. Kingdon 11977)states that the of idcnrification for dilficu1l species(c.9. genets).time, reaction speciesoccupies numc.ous habilals. parlicularly moist anddensely to observer.heighr in vegetation.and any interestingbehaviour.

work went on throughoutthe night with a concentratron rn All27 sighlingsaway fron canps were ofsingle animals: the mid elening. Timc distribution was unlbrtunalely not par- civets usually are loliltry (Kingdon, 1977).Once two aninals liculrrly similar in each habiiai. Wher the same path wa! uled were sccn 1()meeti one annnal gave a hoarse,lharp exhalation. outward and retum. obse.le.s wrilcd :10minules beibre return- upon which the other ran off. Animals (ai least lwo) scavenged ;ng. allowing the distributx)nofNnimals to chrnge (rnirnals seen ni-shtly around Eniramed: they wcrc seen togelher thice. one on return boreno.elation to thoscon thc way out). Becauseof the appeared duller, greyer and 15 30E srnaller than the other. dislribudon of existing traih. some areas were walked ma.y Forasins aninals noved relatively quickly between rrcas of r.rnes.$ hrl< orher\ serc co\ercd,'nl) ,'nrc,{ r$iJr thick leaf-lilter which were investigatcdinlensi,rely by uneven lidc to sidc snifiing- They fiequently fofaged in dense under An unusqal but licqucntly-wxlked trail could bias lhe growth bul none was seen to climb. Molr animals apparenlly results. ln frequently-walked dreas,a numbe. of individurlly ignored rhe observer,or aclively approachedand investigated. iden{iliableaninuls were seen(€.9. a one eyed Afrioan civel and One which came vcry close ro rhe observerpanicked and run off a White-tailednongoose with ablack tail)i thesewere found only grunting nasally. Onc anirnal may hav€ been partially blind as once (even rhough thc spccies were conmon in tbese areas). only one eye reflected. genet (refened Common Cenetta genetta to as G. felina b\ KRI. (;WF KB SA SRI Schlawe,1980 & Igill) -roralhoun s..k 17.5 295 5625 ,1r75 1025 rl Never seeninfbresr, this specieswas relatively frequenrin bushland (usually in more open areas)i of fou. singles in thc Afri.rnlre(s/i) l75 J 75i l1+ 5 253 Plains.three were nearsmall clustersofbushcs, andthe orher was comm.n generrg/i) ll25i l05i l:lr rcslirg on a bough 5 m up an isolaed 8 m rrec.This attachmenr L \. genet(p/ ) I 25 I 75 56 25i rl 15' l0 25i (o bushescven on the Plains echocsWaser's (1980) Serengeri \.nJr, |., eoof,c llndings. AII animalswere singlc rnd observedar night. w r trFtrloo!.lCrp, 13 7tr 2 15 3 10.5r (rndi r8.r5' 2 :t75 r05' After fleld expericnccof both speciesin thc area. ir was casy to idenrify gcnctswirhout seeingrhe hil tip (in rhis species. Tablc l. Nocturnal sighting frcquenciesof yiveffids in Nechisar r'\ually pale: occasionally.some d:.k hrirs .ighr ro the tip gale a National Park. Figures .epresentthe time (to the nearcst 'lighlly shadedappcarance. as confirmed by rcferencero skins al quartcr honr) per sighting (of eithcr sroups or individu- rhe BMNH). This specieswrs less richly coloured oleritll (as als).Forexamplc, in KRF, a l,arge-spotledgencr was seen nalcd by Yalden ., d1., l9U0) rhan was Large spouedgenet and €very 1.25hours offieldwork. Thesetigurcs are rhe reci- i. spots werc smrller, but more nnpo anrly the ears appearcd prcal of the €ncounler ralc cxpr€sseddr sightings per hour. nruchlonger. Colleclors'measurements on Ethiopianskins ar rhe Ahbrciations: KRF, Riparian Forcst by Kulfo River: BMNH suggestthatthis is arcxldifference (fourcommon genets GwF. Ground-Watcr Forest: KB, Kultb Bushland: SB. had crrs of 50. 5.1.47. and 45 mni five large-spoucdgenets SennaleBushland:SRF, Ripa.ianForest by SermaleRive.i mersurcd34, t2. .12,and 38 mm). P. GrassPlains; W. t. mongoose.White-tailed mongoosei L. s. genel. Large-spo(cd gcnet; grp, sighting iiequency Large-spotted g€r€t G. rubiginosa kefened ro as c, maculata per group: ind. sighting frequency per individual; g/i. by Schlawe.1980 & l98l) sighiing fiequcn.y per group or individual (used 'Ihe with mostcommonly encounteredanirnal by night in heavy largely solitary speciesshowing no differencesberween lorcsl. but extremelyrareoutsidc (KB and SB iestedagainst KRF grp orind); +. assessmenibasedon lewerthan six contacis; rnd CWF: X;=58: P<0.001). The only two bushlrnd lnimalt c. casualnocturnrl record. (borh scen well) were 250 and 150 m from KRF and SRF .espectivcly.Surprisingly. this specicsseemed .are in SRF (one p{th thandid theseolher two species,.orlrd Waser(1980). whose rn 10.25hrs, and one seena few times in the camp)ralihough rhc descriptionhowever probably rcfersprincipally to G. senetta^.1 ll)rcn band was much narrower and less differentiatedfiom rhe perhapsspecifically to stalking animals. The only aclively hun, .unounding bushlandihan rhe KRF. it containedan impressivc ting individual obs€rved,in thick leaf-litter in KRF. madc about lray oftbrestspecialisrbirds (Safforder d/.. 1993).Thc understorey six pounces(all unsuccessful)within one minute overabout 6 n. of SRF was denserthan in KRF, pcrhapshampering detecrion of Ir rearcdup like a Red fox (yrllp€r ',lpt r) betbre pouncing.The rrcdo'ninantly tenestrial specics.Animals. always singlc, sca iaecesofan individual caughtin a wire cagetrap were mainly fi!h \engcd nightly at Eniramed.The pe.& count in the 2 4 kn from lins and scales.One ran offwith a.otting bananatiom the crnpr EniranEd 1o the Kulfo crossroadswas five (although nornally this sane rnnnal may have learnedto chcck rhe pirfall rraps (sei ooly one or rwo were !een, re-emphasisingthe dangersofcalcu lbr smatl mamnals: Duckwonh ei dl.. 1993) as faeces werc luriDgpopulation densilics lrom contactfrequencies).All siglrrings regularly found within and around the traps. sere br nighr. Of 7l encounters,only two involyed certain associarion Yalden "r a/. { 1980)lound this spcciesto predominaiein belweenanimals.ln onecase. two animalsshotpast the obser!,eri nore hunid ucls of Ethiopia. wirh commoD gener in drier 30 secondslatcr one retu.ned.while the otherlurked whereit had r.grcn s; K ingdon( 1977 ) srlggeslcdthat when more rhin onc gcnct bccn.hasedlbra coupleofminutes. thenquietly movedoff.In the .peciesoccurs in an area,Lheir.iches are fairly distincl, though other.one animal sal3 m up in a t ee fork while the olhcrforaged (i\erlap cxlcnsivellr Thus. the exclusjl'c dilrribution of rhis on the ground below. A11orhers rppeared single. but four times \peciesand the fbrmcr on sucha local scaleis noteworthy.Waler two animals were scc. only 30110m apart and lnm)rhrve been 1l9E0) fbund lhese lwo speciesnot to overlap in disrribution in lr)gether (during rnitlysis. these eight animals werc t.eated as iour study irers in the Serengeti.He saw inseclivorous small separaiecontacls).Ikeda ?t dl. (1982) tbund that.rllhoughseveral .amivores more lrequcntlt than lhose (including gcnets)taking individuals visited a fccding station. they invariibly r.aveled \'nall vettebrates.This was also true in Nechisar,except in forest separutely.Altbough very approlchablc.many animalsran olTar rreas, where this genel was the molt commonly-encountcrcd tbc noise of footsteps;somc rearedup or their hindlegs.though rnimal: il appearsthatWasefmade few observrtn'nsin the forest this seemedless comnon than in white-tailed mongooses.

Mosr (36 of 41) animalswere fbund on the ground;several There was wide variation in the rail prttem ofrhis species. (8 of 36) when illumina{edclimbed srplings or lianesup to 2-4 m Most had 7 9 dark bandsof approximatcly equal thickness and an (and thcn sometimesdescended I iew minnteslate.). Some stens extensivedusky tip. itself containing up lo lwo black bands. climbed with easc wcre less than 5 cm in diamctcr. Five of,1l lnimals were inilirlly found above the groundi thc highest was Dwarf mongoose sp. F|€rogdle paoula/H. hirtula 6 n up. Thrcc were on lianes or snplingsand two on main tree- Two togelher in a frequently,visitedarea of cWF on 5 hunks. This seenN less arborcrl than suggestedby Kingdon Augusr aboul noon could rot be idenliiied 1(]spccies. ,lt)71).

Slend€r mongoose C'al€relht sa guinea Fbraginggenetsfieely climbcdoverfallenwood (inn.rked One in KB trt20.00 hrs complcmc.tcd five by day (fou. in conlrxsrtomongooses andciveNl andno!ed on afaster.straighter KBi th.ee near lhe HQ and one near Eniranredrthe olhcr in SB below l)agabulle). One by day wxs probably wirh a second. A&nowledg€ments judging by the concentratedmobbing of Slate coloured boubous This surveywas madc possible by thegenerosily of many I Inniarius lunebris) atld Gr€y-backedcamampteras (a'd'rdlo} individualsand organisations.listed in full in Duckwo.tbet dl- teru brcrituudata) lOmaway:lhis speciesis frequentlymobbed (1992).Major grantswere receivedfrom the Faunaand Flora by birds (Kingdon, 1977). All were on the floor. although the PreservalionSociety in conjunctionwith theInternationalCoun specicsis frcqucntly arboreal (Kingdon. 1977). The batanceof cil lbr Bird Preservation.the People's rrust for E.dagercd noctumaland diumal activity seemsto vary markedlyin different Species,and the PercySldden Mcmo.ial Fund. Nilech Lid do- arcas(Kingdon, 1977):during the surveyilis clearthat nocturnal natedtwo excellenthalogen spotlighls for rhesurvey. The Elhio trtivily was unusurl, as the specieswas not shy. pian wildlife ConservarionOrganisation permitted and lup ponedthe ferea.chand help specil;c to rhisaspecl ofthe survey Egyptian mongoose te.Zestes ichneu otl wasreceived fron Tim Allen'Rowlandv,n(wwF). ChrisHillman One closeto ihe Hot SprinSsin SB in mid afternoon.This (New York ZoologicalSociety). Ato YosefGet'et (wardcnof speciesis apparentlyscarce throughout Ethtupia (Yalden et d/.. Nechisar).DaphneHills (The Natural Histffy Muscum,London). r9r90). andDerek Yalden. Observarions wcre also made by Mike Evans, RogerSafford.Mdrk Telfer. Rob Timrnins, and Chemere Zewdie White-taifed mongoose lct eumtu albiraadu (ParkBiologist). Common in bush rnd somefbrests; the only Plajnsrecord was in a bushy afea. lt was much rarer in KRF than in CWF (Xi=lli P<0.001). This result was the converseof the pattem Referenc€s shown by Alrican civet: possibly these lpecies compete as no Duckwonh.J. W. 1992.Conract tiequencies of noctumaiinam' habltat had both commonly. although food is unlikely to bc thc mals in an EthiopianRift Valley nationalpNrk. ,4/L J. ciuse of this as the mongoosei! an insectilore and the oivcl an Etol., 3O:9O-91. omnivore (waser, l9li0). The fr€quency in CWF (not rarity in Duckworth.J. W.. E!'ans.M. L. Safford.R. J., Telfer,M. G., KRF and SRF) seens surprising,as Waser (1980) found them Timnins, R. J. & iaewdie,C.1992. A suner of Nc.hi'ar p.efer relatively open areas. There was no indication of the National Park, Ethi.)pid. Srndy Repon 50. lnternational decre,seof aclilily statedby Kingdon (1977) to occur beiween Councilfor Bi.d Prcscrvatnn,Cambridge. 132 pp. midnightand 0,1.00hrs: consideringthe two major habitats.GWF Duckworth.J. W.. Hanison.D. L. & Tinmins, R. J. 1993.Notes {nd KB. there were 17 in 45 hrs between 20.00 and 24.00 hrs. on a collectionof smallmammals lionl the EthiopianRilt comparedto 1.1in 31.5 hrs belween00.00 aDd0.1.00 hrs. V ley. Mdmnd ' 51:2'7a-282. Glanz. W. E. 1982.The leneslrirl manmal fauna of Bano Anirnals were usually rlone. .odr.li Kingdon's (19?7) ColoradoIsland: censuses ard long-termchrnges. Pp. assertionthat pairs or families are usual.There were 38 singles, 455-,168in E. G. LeighJr, A. S. Rand& D. M. Windsor, onegroup oftwo andone of three(ofwhich one soonleft the other eds.The e.ology ofa tott.dl /or"st.Snithsonian Institu' lwo). ln fte group of iwo the leaderwas about l0'/, larger rnd tion Press,Washington. caried its tail straighland horizontal,while the follower kept its Ikeda,H.. Ono. Y.. Baba.M.. Doi. T. & lwamoto,T. 1982. tail arched;Kingdon (1977) statesthat tlre leaderoften holds its Rangingand activity pattems of th.ccnoctumal !iverrids tail erect and fluffcd out. All were on the ground, though one in OmoNP, Ethiopia.A,fr. J. tcol..20.l'19 186. climbed over some60 cm high boulders.Reactiontothe observcr Kingdon.J. I977.,.-drt,/ri&n manndts.voL 3 PdttA (Cnnib- varied greatly, some approachedvery closely lo investigate. Pr). AcademicPress. London. while othe.s flcd irnmedialely.Animals often rearedup on lheir Kirubel Tesfaye.1985. Nu.r/rdr National Park prelininary hindlcgs. One anirnal walking along the trail to the obse.ver repoft (with particular referc e to the distribution .t halledat2 m distance.madeseve.al fdse stans'accompanicdby laryehefin resantl najorthre.lts tothe pa* rcsowces). <'!et Lutra lutra like hahl" calls. |hen dashed noisily past Unpubl.EWCO repot. AddisAbrbr. through the leaHitler, rcjoining the palh after 3 n. Mosi showed Saftbrd.R. J.. Duckwonh.J. W., Evans,M. L, Tclfcr. M- G., no obvious reaction. Timmin$,R. J. & ChcmereZewdie. 1993. The birdsof NechisarNational Park. Ethiopia. S.op"r 16:6180. Animals foragedby slow and nethodical investigationof Schhwc,L. 1980.Zur geographischenVerbreitung der Ginster- leaf liuer while walking. oiten in a slightly zig-zag path. as katzcn.Caliung GenexaG. Crvier 1816. Fiun. Abh.. describedby Waser (1980). The only identified food was when 1:117-161. one animalcame upon afew termitcs,snorted and licked lhemup Schlawe.l-. 1981.Material, Fundorre, Texl- undBildquellen als rapidly. One, when urinating. squattedlike a young dog. Grundlagenfur eineA(enlistc zur Revisionder Gattung G"n?ttdG. Cuvler1816. Zool. Abh..37:85-182. Oflhe 4l secn.:12had the typical whitish tail. and one had waser.P. M. 1980.Small noctumal carnivores: ecological stu a black tail (its body and leg pelage wxs.rs nomrl); this latter diesin the Ser€ngeti.A,/i J. t ol.. l8il67 185. morph is much commoner in some arcas(Kingdon, 1977). Yalden,D. W.. Largen.M.J. andKock.D. 1980.Catalogue ofthe rnamnalsofEthiopia. lv. Catnilor^.Mon.Zool.ltd|. N.S. Other species Suppl..13:169 2'72. The short time sc.rleprevenled further work, which would probably have allowed the detectionof fullher species.Arnong Departmentof Zoology, the musrelids and viverrids, Ratel Melliwru .al'ensir (T. S. Allcn Ro$lrndson, pers. comm.. 1990) and llanded mongoose DowningStreet, Cambridge CB2 3EJ, M,,sos nrnso (Kirubel Tesfaye, 1985)are both known from the UK Recoveryof the Europeanpolecat (Mustela putoius) in Bilain

JohnnyBirks

I'here is growin-s evidencc rhat rhe Eur)pean polecrt L Alrhoughfatly prorectedunder wildliie lesislarionin Bn tMusteld tutorius) has been recovering frcn the t9rh century tain.the polccrt is still regardcdhy sone peoplers a pesiand declinc which rery nearly led to its extincrionin Brirain. polecars is kitledin growingnunbers (Tapper. 1992). There is a need wcrc app.uently comrnon and widcsprcad in the early t8ms. !o undcrstandand monitor possible conllicrs between polccar Iheir subscquentdecline, .econstructedby I-angley & yatden behaviourrnd hunan activiticssuch as gnmerearing and 11977)through a searchoflocal naturrl hilrory literirtu.e.teti the pouhrykcepin-!. with a vicw to findingways of resolrineror \pccies confined mainly to i singlc st.ongholdin central Wales minimizingsuch conllicts. It is alsoimpo{rnt ro assessthc rin the far wesl of nninlandBrirain) by 1915.By thisdate the signilicanceof all lbrms of nran-inducedmortaliry. both polecit waseiiherextincr or nearlyso ovcrthe whole ofScotland deliberale(such as trapping)aDd rc.idenral (such as road t'nd En!land (the specicsha\ not been recordedin Irclnnd). traffic accidcntsand secondrryrodenricide poisoning)

The main causeof this major contraclionofthe polec,rls 4. Culturalinfluences may havean inportanrbcaring upo. thc rrngc wrs hea!y predaro.control. especiallyrrapping, associated conscNationof smrll carnivolessuch a! the poiecrl (fff \ith g.rmeshooting. However, this p.cssurehas been casin8 since exrmplethe orrer arrld /r/ra was|lidely regardedas r pestin thc er.ly decadesof the 20ih ccntury (Tapper. 1992). 11is not Britain unril ir becameraret now it is reveredand heavily \urprising. therefore.that the polecat has fbr some years been protccted)There is a casefbr engendc.i'gpositive lirudes \howrng a significrnt expansion froD its Welsh st.onghold towardslhe polecxtrmong the generalpublic and key interest lWalton. 1964.1968). groupssucb xs ldndowners.There is also a nccd to raise nwarenessabout thc appearancexnd bchaviour ofrhe species aslt relums1o those areas (covefing mosi of Britain)where il Whilst thcreis evidence thrlrhe polecat s wcl.ome recovery hasbeeD lbsent for aboula hundredyears. i\ continuing (Birks. 1993:Blandford. 1987)il docs raiseseverxl '\sues which should be addressedif its.onserv ion ir Britain is In ordcrto ensurethar rhe islues listed rbove are properly addressed,the VincentWildlife Trusris cunenrlyundenaking andco ordinatingresearch and conservationacrion involving a l. Thcre .rreconcern\ aboui rhe genclic integriry of rhe polecar numberof organisations.includjng museums. wildlife trusrs. arisingout of the widesprcadoccunence ofdomestic, escrped un.v.rir) Jepaflmenl'.rnJ re'earchIn.trrure,. and fcral ferrcts (Mustela funr) in the Brirish counrrlside. Therc is thus a needro clrrify lhe phylogeneticlinks bcrwcen M. puttius ntl M..lirc. to assessthe extentof introgressivc Birts,J.1993. The rcturn ofthe polecar. a/ir wikl,5ll):16 25. hybridisationbclween the two. and to determine ;ts signiti- Blandford,P. R 1987.Bjology of the Polect Mustelupubrius: cance fbr tbc iuture conservrrion of genetically pure M. a literaturereview. Mlnm. Re\'..l7(4)rt55-t913. Langley,P. J. & Yalden,D. W. 197?.The declineof the rarer carnivoresin crcat Bdtaindrring rhcnineteenth cenlury. I tscoiogicalinfornution on rhe polecat'suse of lowland farm- Matnm.Rer.. 1 (t):95 | t6. land in Britain is very sparse.This hindersland manngersand Tapper,S. 1992.Game heritas.. came Consc.lancy.i40 pp. conscrvation bodies wishing ro rnakc infonned decistuns Walton,K. C. 1964.The distributionof rhe polecal Prrdriar aboul pracLiccswhich nay influence the health of polecnr tr"rodar in England.wales and Scothnd. t959-62. Pro.. populalions. There is thus an uf-gentneed ro gather basic zool. Soc.London 143:333-336. ccologicaldata on numbers.diet. and habrtatselecttun of the Walton.K. C. 1968.The dislributionof the polccat prh.itrs specics.Recognising thrl rhesituation is x dynanic one,lhcre /lroftus in Greattsritain, 1961 67. J. Z,o!..155:21'7240. r\ alK) a needto moDikr the changingdistribution and starus ol the poleca! as its recovery conrinue!. so thrt wc .an The VincentWildlife Trust, l0 Lovat Lane, undersrandthe factors which influencethis process. LondonECiR 8DT,UK

BovineTB and Wildlife

''Ihe Oneol rhesaddesr rspe.rs orlhc b.dee6 xndrubcrculosis saga .odplete healiie of lung lc\ons which so often n I:ngland,is lhatthe idcithar lildlilecauses TB in carrlehas.o*,gone seldon takesplace in c lle. lhis is a fundam€nral rbrold. and ir New Zealandinvcstigrlions a.e proccedingeven rnlo differenceand in pr.criceill tubercutinposi(ile c rle arercgaded as hcdeehogslnd feral slo.ts. and cals!s a source.Cltrle TB hasaho infNluouslooLhercalllc".And he.ile\ M F!d!c!n& Knowtes(l9t5): 'pre.d to buflalorD Soud Afica s KrugerPark and r() endlnSered bison problbly all 1B catllc produceinfectcd faeces (hence rrunsitr ro badgeBlia dunSbeedet. Thc pivoralpoinr Lhal all c. lc lung tesions 'open' \t!y is reaftinncdby rhe cenrcn!rypaper .elebrating Koch s And yel n now sccnrsthar the pivoral r..son for chinine that discolery(1882) of the TB baciltus.b) ColliN & cfunse. t983. ./ bddgersgive cows lts, lnd lot vice lersa.is quitcsimpl! becaurcrhc Appliel AattututosJ 'experrs 55:1329. havc Dot Erd rhe classicstudy Fiancis 1947 Aartk, IA, SllDlcsPress. London, p. 12,1i M. Hanco!, 17 NounrellisCross, St.oud. (Jlos.cl,s lPT, UK First observationsof Crossarchusplatycephalus (Goldman, 1984)in the ZairelCongoSystem (Dja River,southeastem Cameroon)

MarcCOLYN, Marc DETHIER, Paul NGEGUEU, OlivierPERPETE, and Hany VAN ROMPAEY

Cusirnanses.smxll crmivorcs (HerFstidae) of the low- ansorsei.nd C. pla6.ephalus) n^ke \t clear that the immense land fbrest.havc a wide distribution in iropical Africa. Thus fir . fbrestedarea to the westof the UbanguiRiver. a.d madeup o{ the four specieshave beendescribed (Goldnran. l98,tr Coiyn & Van numerouswcsLcm rributarie,j ofthe Zairelcongo River (Lobaye, Rompaey. 1994): Sangha complex, Likoula...). is nor inhabited by cusinanses. C.oriar.r"s o/rs.trzr F. Cuvier. 1825 Reccntwork (Colyn, l9r)4. Colyn & Van Ronpaey. 1994) eftec found from Sierra l-eoneto Ghana tively showsthata/orrd/.rrs is notpresentin the Lobayesystem 't Cnssarchus al. \dntiri homas & wroughton. 1907 in the Cenral African Rcpublic. nor to thc west of the Ubangui known from both banksof ihe Zairelcongo Rivcr in Zaire. River- Neitber did Cxrpanoto( 1994)oblerve C pldtr.lphtlus itl Uganda llnd possibly Zambia the Odzalaregion ofthe Congo. Furtherwest.lhe prescnccol C Ctossarchuslnsory?i rlab^Gphalus in Cameroon is mentioned by Perrei & Aellcn kno\,,nliom the left brnk oftheZai.e/Congo Riverin Zaire (1956).6kmNNw ofSangnelinaandin NgamrndKond6y6ba6. and lio Angol.r The lasttwo localities are siluarednexr ihe sourcesoflhc Rivers Cn s! d r. ht' p Ia b^.. p l aI u \ Lobo and Libi. small tributarics at thc wcsrcm periphery of ihe known liom Bcnin, Nigerir, and Ca,neroon Dja R'ver. and near the ridge line oi the coastal basins(Nten, Nyong). Tothe nonheasl,l1nruseun specirnen(AMNH) is known This taxonomy is gcncrally lccepted. excepithat Wozen- fion rbc Bc oua region(30 km W ot. This locaiity is situatedon crali { 1989)considers C. prtr.sprdlur ro be r subsFcies of C the ridge line between rhe basins ol rhc Sanghl Sanaga.and Nyong.

Thc gcographic disnibution of three of these spccics is taunal inventories. mnde belween Seprember1994 and well-known: popuhrions ofC. arJ.r/rrare isolatedin the iorests Fcb.uary 1995 in the major part of the Dja Faunal Rcserve, 'Drhoncy west of the Gap (Goldnan. 198,1).whilst both C .tlk)wcdustoexamine severalhundreds of bonesoriginating liom 'consumed alexdndri ,r1d C. ansorgei principally inhabil rhc ii)restsof that game at Ekom (Dclhier. 1995).Thcsc contnined five parr ofthe Zairelcongo Bnsin delimiredto the eastand the norrh skulls ol C p/do.ephahs. Unfofunately. we have not beenrble by thc Ubrngui River (Colyn & Van Rompaey, 1994). Our to observea live anxnal in lhe wild nor a dead onc in onc ofthe knowlcdgc ofrhe geographicaldistribution ofC. /1a1.\replnlusis village markets.Neverrheless. both the viihgers xnd the Bak.rarc morc vague;this st'eciesis only well-known in ihc coNsralbrsins wellacquaintedwithlhis smallc.tmilore, ahhoughit is ohvbusly ol the Cross Rilcr (Nigerir). in south westem Cameroon(Ntem. uncommonwhen comparedwith theresults ofour obsenxtionsof Nyong. lrnd Sanaga),lind liom Equrto.ial Guinea where it was C. dle\didri ntl C. ansory.i in Zaire (Colyn .r dl.. 1988:Colyn recenlly obscrvcd in the Monte Alen Park (C. Lasso, pcrs. & Van Rompaey. 1990). comm.;. lts presenceis uncertainin the coashl brsins of Gabon andthe Congo (Brosset.1979iGoldman, 1984iDorvseit Lemaire Two !*ull! anongst the new naterial are adult, rnd & Dowsett. 1991)-Likewisc. studicsofthe disributional paterns undamaged.Conparing iheir measurementswith those reported of rhe llrree rypically cenlral Africln spcc;es(C. a!.randri, C. by Coldman (1984) lbows that the two specimensof C /ldt) ."prdl!s from Ekom fNll within the rangeof.raniometric variation of,ll specimensfion the Atlrnric coasralrcgnrn (Table l)

We may conclude ihar rhe geographicaldistriburion of 5' C. plat\rcthdlus. .onr?ty to data iD the literature.does not se€m ro bc limited to the Atlantic coastalbasins. The discoveryof this spcies in the Dja Faunal Reserveconfirms its presencein the Zairelcongo Basin. Although little known in the Reseve, and 0' urknown in the more easrcrly regx)ns (CAR, Congo) and the

Fig. l. Principll corstal basinsofthe Adantic andof ihe Dja River Fig.2.I'irst obsenatiurof Crossarchutpl.1t)"cephdlus in n\e in thc Zairclcongo fluvial syltem. l: Ekomi 2: Ngam; Zrirelcongofluvial systemand colonisation process liom 3: Kond6y6ba6:.1: Berloun. rhecoasl basins t0 Characier Caneloutr,Bemn, Nigeria

64,vt6,9 65,2-75,5

Irble L Comparisonof craniometricdalx on Crossdtthusplary:ephalur (after Goldmrn. 1984) with iwo specimen\lion the Dja FauDalReserve. Camcroon. (Abbreviations: scc coldman. 19841 ntrrth (Gahon). i! seemsth at C. plab^.ephalus (\9hose distribution sialisatnlndu gibieri Kisaryani. Natwe et t.aun(3:22-39. r\ princip{lly rclated to the constal blsins of Cameroon) is Dethier,M 1995Eludedc lagestion de lachassedans h R6sene 'West Jispersingrowards the centre of the Cennal Faunal Re- delaune du Dia (Came.oun). RapponEcofac, Group€ment .-ion . This phenonenonofcolonization from the Atlantic coashl AGRECOCTFT. halins hasalsobeen obsefved by ourselvesand our colleaguesfor Dowselt-Lemaire.F. & Dowsett.R. J. 1991. Observations fthcr taxonomic groups, espcci.tllyCercopithecidae primrtes. conplamentairessur quelques grands mammifbrcs dans le bassindu Kouilouar Congo.Touraco Research Repoft \cknowl€dgements 4:291-296. We are grrteful for the help given us by the authoritiesof Goldman.C. A. 1984.Systematic revirion of the Airican mon (hc Directior de la Fauneet dcs Ai.es Prot6g6esdu Minislirc de soosesenus C/o$dr.rxs (Mammalia:vivenidae). Cdn. I tJrvrronnementet dcs F{trCts. the elders and population of J. Zoal.,62:161u1630. ll,onl village. Mr. Froment and rhose responsible lbr rhc Pener.J. L. & Aellen.V. 1956.Mamrniltrcs du Canerounde la '(-(,nposante 'Compos,rnte Camerounaisc', and Mr. C. Lassoofthe collectionJ.-L. Perret. Rzr. Suist.7nol.. 63(26):395 450. (iuin€e Equatoriale.Progrrmme Ecofac'. This srudy was the Wozencraft.W. C. 1989.Classificatun ofthe .ecentCamivora. t\ult of two missionsin the programme Conservarioncl Utili Pp-569 593 ,? J. L. Cilrlemrn,cd. Caminft behoriot, -.r(ionRaLionclle des EcosystimesForesliers cn AfriqueCentrale ..o1o8\ and ewlution.Chapman and Hnll. London. 'Commissn)n I:( oFAC) ofthe desConmunaut6s europ6ennes \o 6 RPR 3691dirccred by the GroupemenrAGRECO'. Appendix.Recorded localities of C'.prtf.eprdlur in Caneroon (Goldman.1984) Ambam:02"21'N, I l'16'E: Bachuntai:05.,10'N,09'26'Er rl.)sset. A. 1979. Liste dcs ve(6br6s de la r6gion dc Makokou Balanga:04'24'N. I l'0l,Et Batoki:0,1.03'N, 09"06'E: Benoua: (Cabon). Repo . 0,1'35'N.I 3'25'ErB ipindi: 03"05 N. 10'25'E; Bonge( =MbonSe): L .qaneto. C. 1994.Parc Narionrl d'Odzala. Congo: Ernozoolo tu'33 N.09'05E; Buca: ; Buea:04"09 N.09'14'E: Dikumal gie, Fauneet tscotourisme.Rappori Ecofa., croupement 04'55'N,09"15'E:Ebolowa:02'56 N, l l'l I'Ei Es6ka:03'38'N. AGRECO CTFI. I0'4T ErFineschang:05'35N,09'30'E:Isobi:04'II'N.09'{n'E; ,ilyn. M. 199,1.Mission Zoologique: Forer de Ngouo (RCA). Kond6y€bad:02"58'N. 12'00'E: Kribi: 02'57' N. 09'56'Ei Kumba: Rapport Ecofac. GroupernentAGRECO CTFT. 0,1'38'N.09'25'E: Lolodorf: 03'l 4'N. 10'14'EtMainyu Bridgc: nLyn. M & Van Rompacy, H. 1990. Croslarthus dnsorgei 05'40'N,09"35'E;Malende:04"20N.09'26 8;Mamfe:05'46'N. igri.'oloL a new subspeciesof Ansorge s cusnnanse 09"178: Meret:03'26'N. I l'45 E: Mueli: 01.23'N, 09.07'Ei (Carn;vora. Vlvenidrc) from south cenlral Zaire. Z. Ndoungue:-; Ngarn:02':17'N,| 1'54 8: Nko:04'27'N. l0'49 8; Sa"settert., 55:94 9li. Okoiyong:05":15'N. 09"22 EiRumpi Bcrgcn:0,1'50'N. 09"06 E: r'olvn, M & Vrn Ronrpaey.H. 199.1.A biogeographicsrudy of Sakbny6m6:04'02'N, 10'34 8: Victoria: 0,1'01N. 09'12'E; cusimarses(Crrsrdr.rli)(Carnivora. Herpestidae)in rhe Yaound6:03"52 N, I l'31'E Z.tirc Basin. J. Aiog?dgr.. 2l:119 489. I olyn. M.. Dudu.A. &Mankoto mrMblelele. 1988.Donn6es sur - lexploitaiion du petil et moyen gibier d€s forCts CNRS URA 373,Laboratoire de Primatologie ombrcphilesdu Zaire. L Consommationqualitative dans BiologieEvolutive - StationBiologique, le nilieu rural. 2. Analyse de l effet reladfdc la commer . 35 380 Paimpont,France

1l New recordsofthe rare Sokokebushy-tailed mongoose,Bdeogsle crassicauda o mnia o r a in the coastalShimba Hills National Reserveand at Diani Beach,Kenya

ThomasENGEL & Hary VAN ROMPAEY

Introduction

Thc nncommon subspeciesof Bushy-tailed mongoose, R.l@sak .ratstauda onnirora Helle\ 1913. known as the Sokoke bushy tailcd n)ngoosc, has until now beensuspected as o.curring in thc ShimbNHills Nalionrl Reserve.soulh of Moln- basr, Kenya lschreiber .r d/.. 1989).

Picturesofa li!e lpecimenin ils naturalcn v ironmcnl in the Shinba Hills NR weretaken inJuoe 1993(Fig. l). The aninal was foragingon cithcrquecn termilesor maledriver ants(Doitl,r sp.) aiong a cratered.rough foad berween.r large,open grasslrndarea (with bulh and very small islandsof forcst) and a pllnritLi('n ol' piie lPinut cdrihaea), qprox. 100 m from the Longonwrgandi Forest.This indigenousrelic! forest is known r{) hrve onc ol the highcsLplanl diversitieson (he East African coast. Fig. L Probably the first pholo of a live Sokoke busby tailed nrongoose. /tdco8dl? tatsi.:uudd onniwra. Phoro: After r liw days of riin, e rergedinsects abounded and Thomas Engel. elen the Sillcfy chcckcd hornbils (B).zndr.s b'?rtr) did not leavelhe forest arer that cvcning. as is usual,bul stnyedcalching 40'05 E; NMNH ll8lllt LACMNH-56749and 56750.NMK- inscctsin thcairal sunsel.The mongoosewas spottedincarhead- 1596. 1597.and 290A). Taylor (1986) mentionshaving trapped lightsat about 18.50h.Ilwas walking up anddown iheroad.olien thrcc furlhcr specimensxt Gedi, nearMalindi (03'18'S. '10"01'E). rushingone ortwo neters up the rcadtocatch cftrwlirg, winglcss The Los AngelesMuseum holds.it lerst one specinen eachtiom insects.Although thc car engine was tumed off and on several Milmani (Boni Forest.close ro the Somali border)(LACMNH- times so that the animal could be followcd. and rbout 20 pictures ,12940)and the Kitini rrca(02'll'S,40'3l E).Bothofthesemay were takenusing a poweriulflash {t adistanceofbetween rppror. belong to the subspecresoani,r/d. 6 and 20 meters.the nrongoosew{s undisturhed.and continucdto foragc on thc insectsfor abour20 mins. befbredisappearing into Allen & Lovefidge ( I 927. I 942) collcctedlwo specimens: one in Philipshol in the UsambaraMts. (MCZ 22615) and one in Description Mrgrott{) (05'02 S, l9'06'E) (Fig. 2). ln their 1927 paper they statethat. accordingto the natives (wNkami), exaclly the same Heller (1913) describedthe holotype from M'eras as 'p<.re' occur.In rheI lufuru \4r, Ihe Tan/anian'pfrimen. tue resemblingA. .. .rdrsnaedd in its sizeand prcportions,but with blackish and may belong ro B. .. cnssi.autla (Kilrgdon. 1977). darkef tail and fcct (blNckrarher rhan senl-brown).rnd a lighrer body colour, due to the rarily of biack-tipped hairs (the buffy Mus€ m abbreviations: undcrlirr prcdominares.giving rhe coat a grizzled eftect). Head FMNH: Field Museum of Nntural HisL()ry.Chicago. lL. USA; and body: 420 mln, tail: 245 mm, hindlbol, 8l mn. and ear: LACMNH: Los Angeles Counly Museun of Natural History. 3.1mm. Body weight alerNges1.5 2 kg. Los Angeles.CA, USA: MCZ: Museum ofComparrtive Zoolo gy. Cambridge.MA. USAr NMK: National MuseumsofKcnya, Thc bushy iailed mongoosefiom the ShimbaHills NR had Nairobi. Kenya: NMNH: National Museun of Natural Hisrory. a lery bushy, blackish tail, and short.black haired le-ss.The rest Washington.D.C.. USA. of the body was more brownish, and not drrk bhck. The eyes rellecred'rl\en qhite in Lhe'purlighr,Fi!. ll Status and competition

Thc rhrcernale specimens knownfrom Sokoke(now inthe R.leosale ttussic&la i. nnconmon to rare and patchily National MuseumofKenya. Nairobi) arc comparativclypaler and distributedrthe cau!esofthis rarity:rre unknown.Kingdon (1977) smaller. and their tails are less bushy. su-lgestslhat irs distributioD is the result of a drying of the environment.and thal irs previous habitatswere more forested. Distribution Thus.ns thelbrests ofEast Aiiica receded,d../dsst.drda became isolatedind evolvedfrom R. ,lSl"e'. TNylor (1986).on the other K€nya hand, arguesthat, if this model of speciationis irue. one would The rypelocalny of B. .. ,, r;'drd is Mazeras(03'58'5. cxpectcirher a much wider distribution ofthe lpecies in isolared l9'31'E). frcm which rhreespecinens were collec|ed in l9ll iirests or. sincc i111sooccurs in rocky outcropsand bushy areas, (NMNH 182699,182275 lhoiotypel, and 182281).O|her speci' a grealercobnizrlion ol lhese types of habitat. As this has not mcnswcrc collccted iD Kwale (04'10 S,3,1'27 E: FMNH-85974). beenthccasc. he suggeststhaiB..rarrt..re../d may be an inherent andtheArabukoSokokeForesr.ca.20lmSofMxliruli(03'14 S. .\ rJr(.|e. re,.dnd r rre c"nrF'ncnr,,frh((dmitor( (onrn,unir).

I] In thc Shimba Hills NR the bushy tailed mongooseco- According ro the warden of ihe Shnnba Lodge. Ishmail .\ins wilh the Africrn civet (Ci f?ti.//r ./r.r./). the Whiie-niled Klfunir. r bushy l.tiled mongoosew.rs noted on one ofbis gane noogoose (Lrrsann? d|lri.arld). rhe Marsh mongoose(Arild.! dri!esat l\'larerewithin the Shimba Hills NR cr 1992.Ofthe m.rny tdlr/,roMr). lhe Slender mongoose(Gdlerelld ransuinca), rhe nrongooseobseNations made by l'E during 1993 95. thrce may Large-spolledgenet (G.r"|ra r,risitusa). rnd the Honey,badg€r havebeen ofB. .. drnlford. Oneofthese g)asofan adultfollowed IMellirru &pensis). All rhcscspccics halc bcenobsened in the h) ! roun!ner. Anorherrecenr .ighrin! $J, ol a \pecim(n.ver) ield by one of the authors (TE). who also sighted and phot{) simihr rc the one in Fig. l. in the Longonrwrglndi Forest. lraphed the Two-spottedpilm civel (Ndr/ntrnl tirotata) in rhe ShiInbaHills lbr thc lirsl timc. Conclusions

Lirtle is known of the diet of t]. c. onnivotd. Allel|, & Few specimensolB. .. ,nnn dra havebccn collcctcd rnd, l-overidge (1927) baited a trap with meat. They fbund beerle since it is endemic to the rapidly decreasiDgna..ow.oastd belt remrins in the sromach.and drotpings, believedto belong to the offorest. it is almostcc.tainly cndage.cd.Morcovcr. thcrc Nrcno .pccics.contrined crrb rcmains.According to Ewer (1973) recordsof il being kept in captivily (Schreiber"r al.. 1989).The &lcosdl. s widc blunt cuspedlnolars and molaLisedcarnassials ShimbaHills NR is mosl imponnnras tbe last maiorrelugium lbr .uggestthe predominanceof vegetablefoods in rhediel. Although lnore than 1.100highef planr speciesand an unknown number ol 'o nrned rirord (from d,rri!.rfrr: eatinSelerything) il would \eem thar the bushy-lailedrnongoose is chielly insccti!o.ous,bur nra) .r1solake crabs.rodcn6, and othcr smrll trcy. Thc discovcryof thc Sokokcbushy 1ailedmongooso in the Shimbr Hills in.reasesthe urgency of Nttemptsto srop Pirrt Further observations aiibrestation. which is rcplxcing thc nalural vegetation in this importanlrcscrve (Schreibcr"l a/.. I 989). Someof theplrnhlions On tbe 2nd ol Fcbrury 1990.Dr. K. Bock found .r dead are est.rblishedon former man made gras!land.Regenefation of rDongooseon ihe roadat Diani Beach{ca.0,1"18 S,39'13'E). naturallbrcn in thc plxnlrlion undcrgrowtbisobvious. and would orlt hrir',rmplr' ucrc trtcL hurJlrcr IniLr,'\1'pi, erJmirfl iun. definitely take placeon the grasslandif burning to favour antelope l)r. Bock noredthat the-bairded hairs conform with illustfations grazing was siopped (he Sable antelope. Hippottutsus riq?r Ln Kirgdon'(1977) and identifiedthem ar coning from 4... ,oos.!?rii, is now endemic in Kenya). ,rrrirrrd. Diani Bcach is thc rcgion's nrair torist resoft.There rc hotels rbng thc bcach.only.t fcw smrll. natural patchesof No turther aftb.estation inside the Reserve should be iorest and bushlandremain. and there are numefouslocal settle- pcrmitted,and old plantationslhould sk,wly be rra.sfo.med into rlrentsbelween Dirni and thc Shimba Hills NR situated 20 km r*ay in the hinterland. Full protection.and probably rn upgradingof the Reserve to National Park stalus.coupled wirh political stability, population ard settlement control, increased awa.eness and moral scnsibilily lmong Kcnya \vildlife staff, .tnd .t bettcr cquipped ForestDepadment (o stop illegal wood collecting.)arc the m.in essentialsfbr ihe survival ot' the local fauna and flora. amongsl which is the rare Sokoke bulhy lailed mongoose. TETYA Allen, C. M. & Love.idge. A. 1927.Mammrls frcm the Uluguru and Usambara nountains. Tanganyika terrilory. P/o.. Bonon So( Nat. Htst, 3it:,t13-4,11. AlleD. G. M. & Loveridse. A. 1912.Scientific resultsof a fourth cxpeditir)nto forestedareas in ersl rnd ccntral Africa. L Mammals.arl/. Mut. Conp. 7iol.89(4):145216. r0rSlsl Heller, E. 1913.New antelopesand camivoresfrcm British East Aftca. Snirison. Misc. Colled. 6113):1-15. Kingdon, J. 1977.td$A,/ii n Mnnals. Vol. Ill Pdn A (Cunti. ror?s). Academic Press,London-New York. Schreiber,A., Wirth. R.. Riffel. M. & Van Ronpaey, H. 1989. TATZITII Weosels,cirets, nongoosestntl theit reldtivs. An o.lion plan for the .onserratior of nusteli.ls dnd ire i.ls. IUCN, Gland. 99 pp. Trylo.. M. E. 1986. Aspccts on the biology of thc Four tocd mongoose. A./eos./. trossiuu.ro. Cimb.busio Ser A- 8(22):187-193.

Biogeography,GEO I, Universityof Bayreuth, Fig. L Known recordsof bdeaealeLnssi(auda onntrotu. 95440Bayreuth, Germany l: Mazcrasr2: Kwrlc; :l: Arabuko Sokokc Foresrr4:Mrgrctln; Jan Verbertlei,15, 2650 Edegem, Belgium 5: UsambaraMrs.; 6: Boni ForcsrrT: Kipini: 8: ShimbaHills NR; tl: Diani Beach

l:l Somedata about the Europeanmink Mustela lutreola dislribution in the Lovat River Basin in Russiaand Belarus:Current status and retrospectiveanalysis

VadimE. SIDOROVICHT,Vladimir Y SAVCHENKO2and Vyarcheslav B. BUNDYT

Introduction

Researchon the cuffent distribution and numbers of the Europeanninkplaysanimporrantroleinassistingthesurvivalol a specieswhich is in danger of vanishing iiom the wild. Thc easternpan ot thc presentrange ofthe Europeanmink is mainty in Russia.whilst summarizingRussian reseafch on the dirtribu- lion of the Europeanmink (Tumanov & Zveryev, 1986: Ryabo! I Novgorod p/ dl.. l99li Tumano\, 1992: Rozhnov, 1993). it becamc clear that the cenlre ol the easternpd ofits range now lies mainly in the Tver. Snolensk and Vologda regions of Russia.lind in the adjacentlrreas of the Novgorod.Pskov, Yrrcdavl. Koslroma.and lvanov .egions According to theseworkers. the exlrnr Eurcpean mink populationsc.tn be found in the upperparis ofrhc basinsof the Rivcr! Volga. Westc.n Dvina and Norhern Dvinx, and. ong theentire lenglhs of theRivers Msta dndLovat. Thehighesrdensi ty of Erropeanmink was.epored from theTverregion: hereexisi ipproxinately 1.95 specimenspcr 1,000ha (Tumanov, t922). Porusy

Despiie thesc asserions. our invenrory of thc natus ol BUSSIA Europeanmink nurnbcrsalong tbe coursesof nine nvcrs (a rolal of 2m km) in the uppcr part of rhe Wcsrern Dvina River Basin -Lovat unde'takenin August September1993, revealed that the species hasalso become r.lrehere, with an averagedensity ofbetween 0.5 Holm ro 2 specimensper l0 km ofriver (Sidorovich& Korulin. 1994). Tbis populaiion density is typical of those poput:rrion! in the north tuestof Bela.us (the Vitebsk region), where the speciesis LOKnya- known to be delreasing at presenr. Serezna

This obs.rvation underlinesthe need fbr Europeanmink Puzrya) conservaoonorganisations and !pecialiststopay speciala(ention :Kunya to monitoring decrcasesin tbe nnmbe. ofthis species,as well as the rapid decreascin its dislriburion. However, questionnaires VelikieLuk i scntto huntersandfieldzoologisls cannotb€ relied on as the main meansof population monitoring. as is ofren the case in Russia (Tumanov & Zveryev. 1986; Tumanov. 1992; Rozhnov. 1993). oCc r{ Despilethe huge size ofthe territ{)ryofRussia, mink moni{oring requiresrcgulaf inventoriesalong specially selectedrivers in the I Eoshoilvan , various river balins occupiedby rhe species. a I ,-89\ Bas€don the personalinvenbries madeby lhc authors,rhe p.esentpaper a(empts to Eve an ovcrvjew of the current distri, I BELARUS I bution of the Europeanmink. and its abundance,in lhe basin of , the River Lovat (the upper pxrt ofwhicb is in nonh,eastBelarus, and fte rest in noflh-westernRussia). Srudies ofthe dislribution , and dynamicsofth€ Europcanmi* in Belarus were camed our I within lhe framework ofthe Nature ConservarionProgramme of Vicebck the Institute of Zoology of rhe Bclarus Academy of Sciences. Inventories lbr clrr.ifying the distribution ot' this vanishing specieswere initiated and financedby the EuropeanMink Con servationand B.eeding Cornnittee (EMCC).

Studvareas and terrns

Withinthe territory oiRussia (Fig. 1),thc following rivers Fig. LMap of the waterbodicsinvestigated in the Lovat River andglacial laftes in tbe basinof the River Lovar(running fiorn Brsin (Rusia, Belarus). $uth to norlh)wc.c examined: investigatedslretches of river t4 TheghcialLake Sennirsa (9 km)a.d rheshall Rircr Sennnsa(9km) adulr mink (ifthe tracks were not very abundrnt) or of a family ir rhe tJ\!lat distict of Psko! regbn. 26-29July 1992; grout consistingofa femalewirh kits (ifrhe t.ackswere abundant I A \t.etch ofthc RiverLovar f.om thebofdcfof Belarusro thebfidSe and oflanous sizes).This is in full accordancewith the lircrature on ihe Ncvcl velikije Luti highwal (85 km) in rhe t(vyar and on the relalive exrcnsionof nink hone ranges(Hephcr ?r dl.. vel'Li.icLuki Disrrictsol P\kov rcgion.20 30 June 1990and 30 1967i Danilov & Tumanov. 1976) According 1o thc results Jul)6 Aueus{1992i of Danilov & Tumanov (1976) and our own personaldata (Sidoro I I he smallRilcr Zherstilnsa(19 km), rheehci.lBolshoy Ivanrnd K.ntay Lakes(conrbincd .rea = l6 kn) in Nelcl districrof Psko! vich. 1993) it can be assumcdthat an averagenink li er will region.2:-28 Deccnrbcf1993i consist of approximalcly 3.5 kirs by ihe time of their dispcrsal. I Theglacial l.!kc Loknya(4 km) andfie uppefcoune oi LheRi!e. Based on this approxinate information collected during rhe LokDy!in LoknyadisLnct of Pskovregion,29,10 Novcmber 1993i snow ffee periods.we attemptedto estimatethe densiryof mink I Thc lMll RiverPurnla- lioD its sourcero Lhev,llagc of Sinihhino in the pre-reproducliveperiod (March-April). as well as rhe 1.16knt. rheglacirl l-akcUzho (5km) and Lrke Miritnirskoye(3.5 probable dcnsily in the post-reproductiveperbd, i.e. by the knr),togelher*rrh Inurnuc lnallelacirl lal'e\o. thcRilerPuznla beginning ol the hunting searon(November). Such an approach in Lokny!disrricrofPstov reAn)n.242E Nolember 199:1,5-9 Mly cNnbe consideredas being suitableforexprersing estimares ofthc number of nink on walcrbodiesduring the snow-freepcrn)d. ', Thc $nall RiverSererhr iiom thc lillage of Plostoshto rts nouth 1.1.1km). andrhe mediunr size Riler Kun!a iiom the mouthof rhe As far as possible. we attempted, R,vcrScrezha ro rheRiver I-o!a1(18 km) in Toropersdi\triclofTvc. usins different infor- rc-Pion.2:l 29 June 199.r: mation sources.lo find out whetherthe Anerican mink inhabirs Thc anall Ri\er Porusyabcrween the rso bridgeron rhe Holnr a particular wrtcrbody. and what proportion of thc population Sramy.Rusa hish*r! (70 kn) in Poddorsrrnd StarayaRussa includes Amcrican mink. lntormaiion so rces includedi rhe dirtrlclsof tbe Novgorodregbn- I 5 July 1994. questioningoi local hunters.examinadon of mink pells held by local huntersand lur purchasinSofganisations in dislricr cenircs! In the terrilory ol Belarus.regular studicshave been the examination of nink skulls collcclcd by local hunters for r)dcnrkcnon differentaspects ol the biologyof the Europcan bounty paymenls,and c.llibfatile live-trappingand lisual obser, rink (Sidorovich.1992!. 1993) in theupper course ofthe Lovat valions. Existence of a while arca on the upper lip. and the 1i\er(Fig. 1) liorn Dccembe. 1986 to May l994.In case ofsnow- posscsrcnof only one rool on the first upper premolar werc ,,\er duringthe pcrn)d from theend of Novcmherto the begin- consideredto be diagnoslic icaturesof Europeanrnink- In toral, LnSof April. a censusof the specieswas perfomcd annually. 104 (iD Russia.6l) hunterswerc qucstioncd.227 (63) mink lurs exarnined,and 1,19( l3) skulls.In additn)n.visual observaiionsof 53 mink weresnade at a suffi.iently close distance.From tbesc Censusmethods, and pmcedureforcalculating 53 animals. ll American and 15 Europcan mjnk were photo- graphedor video-raped(in Russia,23. 3 and 8, respecrivcly). thepopulation densities of theEuropean mink We als) auemptedto use mink lbotprints to diagnosethe lf there was in winler. ccnsusesof mink presence of the two spccies (Sidorovich. I 994). The mrin charac liu()pcrn mink and Americrn nrink) on waterbodiesand in brnk lcr usedwas that the rctal arc,tof rhefoor print of a Europeanmink irnr)pes were based on methodologies suggesrcdby Teplov is considerablymore lillcd by the printsofthe digital xnd hcclpad!: 1952)and Tcrno!ski (1971), taking all respecrsinto accounrol ihis isbecruse the padsare relalilely lNrgerin the Europeanmink .. \t€cific ecologicalcharrcter of the tenitories examined.On rhanrn theAmerican mink. Sidorovich( t99.{)also presents ametho irerbodieswhere an ice shccttrsually appears in thc sccondhalf dol{Uy for diftbrenliaiing bctween the tracks of min} and thc polecat. I $intcr, rcensus was cirried out beforethe lbrmalion offiis, as 1e animals arc willing to use cavities under the ice as their These lources of information allowed conclusions1o be ..rnr{nent habitat.and lhus ra.ely show on rhe sno , sufacej tfiis 'nade on the prcsenceof the American mink and. in casesof ,'uld lead to dellcienciesin rhe censusresults. Warcrbodies and occurrenceollhe two speciestogethe., on fi. relativeproportions ..$k biol('pe! with a highdensity ofmink wefe usuallyexamined ol lhe iwo species.Tbe dcgreeofprecision ofthe latler cstimates I dayslollowing snow fall. We alsoattemptcd to avoidcensusing rangcs ft)m suffrcient to very approximate.The presentpapcr rnk afier r shre fall in air temperarures,!s then the animalsare assumesthatifaileast 15,,10mink arecountedon a hydrographic ..u.rll) inactivc. In cale of route censuscs.t.ails were regis€red syslcm. and the specilic identity of at least l0-25 individulls of rrer brief racking, $ as to distinguish betwecn the tracks of theseare dcternrinedaccurately. thcsc dala can only be conside .,)n\pcifirs. Mink populnriondcDsity was calcularedper l0 k.r red lo be suitableforestimating the distribution ofEur)pean and I $atercourselength and, in caseof ltagnant waterbodics,per 5 Anerican mink within the region, but nol fbr dclcmrining nink 'rrr of banklenglh. demogr,tphy.

Unfonunately. ir is vc.y difficult to undertakc prc.ise Ecological pffameters of signilicance lor lhc European .Jnsusesof mink in the snow free period. For this reason,the nink were esdmatedfor severalofthe waterbodiesinvestigated. r,puhlion density dat3 collecred durnrg such periods musl bc Th€separameters include thc structureot' the walerbody,irs bank :larded as rpproximate. In tbe ice-fiee penod, rivers of suffr- andtlood-plain. !nd the populationdcnsilics ofother senriaquatic cnt deplh and tbe banksofglacial lakesweresrr!cyedby kayak carnivoreswhich interactwith the Europcrn mink Elrination of J by inllauble 6oat. allowing exa.ninati(nrofall the partsofthe ecologicalparameters was canied oul from topographicmapr on '.drklhatare lavourable for nink. Shallow nvcrs and brookswere a scale of l:50 000. ffom specialhldrological publications.and .ur\clcd on foot. allowing obser!.tln'n of both banks and rhe on thc basisofvisual estimarcsand measurenrenlsin the locNlity. -.ording of the presenceand abund,tnceof nink tracks. River Themethodology fbrcensusing the otter is presentedb! Sidorovich .LretchcsofI l.5kminwhichaconcentrationofminktrackswere & Lauzhcl(1992) and Sidorovich (1992c) The invenroryofthe hservedwere considcredto refresentthe home rangc ofa sirgle beaverfbllows Kudryashov (1971).

l5 Resultsand discussion in the Usvyrt. Velikije-Luki and Novosokolniki districts whilst there was a small proporlion of Anerican nrink pelts in Nevel Curr€nt rangeand abrndanc€of the [urop€an mink in the district. ln 1992'1993.the prcportion of Europeanmink w.!! 25 Lovat River Basin ,107.in Nevel district. hut only l5 20'l. in thc districts of Usvyrt Theresults ofinventories ofmink populationsand clarifi- and Velikije-Luki. cationoftheir species conposition. undertaken on the waterbodies in thebasin ofthe t-ovatRiver in Russiaand Belarus in 19921994 ln the caseof the River Lovat in Belarus.\'here regular arepresented in TableI (wherethestudieswere perfonned during field researchon the number of Europeanmink has been caffied snow-cover)and Table 2 (resullsobtained in tbe snowliee oul, thc infbrmttlion nccdcd is available trom December 19136 period).The data .evealthat the Europeann nk is cunently onwards. Uniil 1989 this region wa! only inhabited by the distributedthroughout rhe entire basin ofthe RiverLovat. Larger Europeannink. living at a high density: populationsofthe specieso{cupy the basnrs of smallrivers in the . belweenthe glacial lakes on rhe Riv€r Lovat. near rhe village centralpart of fte Lovat Basin.These small rivers are: Nasva. of Mcrha: l.l indilidurls per 10 km of waterbodyiength: PuTnya.I,oknya, Smerdelj. Serezha, Small Tuder.Big Tuder, . on small rilers: 4.0-10.0(average 7.3) individualsper t0 kmi Dobsha.Nosha. and ihe uppercourse of themedium-sized Polistj . on glacial lakes: 1.2-4.2(average 2.2) iqdividuals per l0 kln. Rivcr. Th€ populationdensity of the Eu.opeanmink i! ltill relativelyhigh on these rivers i fbr exxmpleir i s3 5 individualsper Here, the first Anerican mink was caught al the end of l0 km duringthc postreproductivc pcri()d on the RiverPuzny! 1988. By the winter of 1989/1990,American mink pelts formed andRiverSerezh.In the upper aDd klwerpalts oflhe basinofthe approxinately 109. oflhe turs purchased(n=44). By spdng l99l Lovat River the populationdensity of the Europeanmink is thcy hrd riscn t() approxirnatcly6{)E (n=82). and approxnnately considerablylower, tiom 0.5 to l0 individualsper l0 km. 807. (n=66) by the spring of 1992. Currently. the proportion of Eurupern mink in rb9 nink populition of the regior is snatler: Fronl our data.the diltribution of the Americannink different sourceseliimating it at between67..tnd 177. (Tablc l). rppearsto be rheinverse oflhar oflhe Europexnrnink. Whilst in The densily of American mink has increased.wilh. for example. thecentralplrt ofthe LovaI Riler Blsin eitheronlyr few isolated 5 14 specinrensI'er l0 km on small rivers. Americanmink can befound (on the Rivers l-oknya, Puznya. and Snerdelj)or the densityof the speciesis still ratherlow (0.5'2 A bri(fanal!\i\ of Furopeanmink hahitah in lhe Loval Rirer specimensper l0 knr on Serezhaand KunyaRivers). a much Ba.sin higherdensity (2 8 indiyidualsper 10knl in rhepre reproductive periodand 3-13 in theposr-reproduciive period) can be seen in the During the courseofourstudics in thc Lolat rivcr Basinwc upperand lower pans ol theriver basin. have beenable lo distinguishlhe fbllowing naill Europeanmink

Relrospectiv€analysis of Europeanmink distribution in the - Smrll riveF pilh l.Dgrhs of

Nanr aid tll)c ol $atcrbody Apl)rox.slrdc of Europcatr nrinkrn thcpopularion (91) 5.0 2 Clar,xllakc Mntinskotc 1.5 I t4 Sm.ll nvd Puznyatrom Uzho Krnenkavillase (ircl:l sm.ll

Fu/nyi lrom Krhenla Loglr.ial t00

Puzntaliom Nad\nNkoyelo 10.0

95 r00

t00 100 Clicial late BolsholIvnn l 2.1 2.0 snall riverZbernilitsi up 190 t2

ZheAllvilsaalier Bolshoy Iv.n 50

Loval from Mahalovo to it0 i5

I11.0 lt 25 t2 6 55 25 2 3.1 20 I 2.5 100 2 l.l 2.5 25 l5

o0rcensus daia of 1992 l99.1ln=761 t1

Iabel 2. Somedata of mink censusin Lovat River basin(Russis, Belarus), springs and sumersot 1992- 1994

Appmx.dcnsny ofminks Appro\. percentaee raDges(i'rc lamiiy hone ot thc Enrcpc.nmink 1n dr nink populationon thebase ,l4Lrdd'. n xppcrcp.n.r,

med,un sue i,ver Porustr (70) 12 i21 t,2 J.t n,.d,um szc iilcr Kunya (18) :l r8(9) I lt:l 052 5.2 ii.d,u'n sizc.vcr Lovat (8s) .10(22) 0.52 13.7 05i 55 2 Ll tt

D.n\iq ol mlnk! i\ given in lndividuak p€r l0 kh ol warcrcruAe lcngth, and,n lndivdnxk pcr 5 kn of bank lcnetb lbr non flotr trrlerbodies. : Oilt thc mosicccnidaraarearve t1 Aasin, 1993-1994; n=19). conel.te some habitnr laclors and Novikov.G. A. 1938.fte Europeannink.Na\tka,Leningrad. (In Europeanmink population densities.Conelations were revealed betweenEuropean mink populalion densitiesand (a) the rate of N)vikov. C. A. et nL. 1970.Gane animolsof the lxningtud water tlow in small rivers (r=0.76; P<0.01). (b) the degree of R(8io', Proc.Leningrad University. 359 pp. (ln Ruslian) winding of the river (r=0.32; b0.05). (c) current rate (r=0.301 Rozhnov.V. V. 1993.Extinction ofrhe Europeanmink: ecologi- b0.05). {d) divenity ofbnnk structures(r=0.58f=0.01). among cal cataslropheor naluralprocess? ,u./edla 1: I 0 I 6. shirh high. .reeo o\erproqn bank'. Jrc rhe n,nn rmponrnr Ryabov,P., Lavrov. v. & Sokotov.M. 1991.Europcan and (F0.46t P=0.05).and lhe exis(enceofr waterloggedflood,plain Americanmink. Othotai Ochol Cho... 12:1215. (r=0.30; b0-05). Clear correlations exist between Europcan Sidorovich.V. E- 19a8.Trpob$ of||atefiodiesas the hdbitats mink population densities and thosc of the beaver (r=0.7,1i al seni aquati( tuni,L,re' abundoi.e und nunber ol P<0.01). as the latter speciesimproves habitat condiiions fbr theirpopuktt io\s. Dep.it VINITI 12.10.88,N. 7935888. Europear nink as well as for other semi-aquatic carnivores Minsk.5,1 pp. (ln Russian) (Sidorovich. 1981t.1991). In rdditn)n, the following datarefer ro Sidorovich.v E 1990.On ecology ofseni-aquatrc jmponance the oflhese ecologicalfxcrors for Europeanmink. Ot' mcli(mtioncanals. Pp.90-lOO in l tensilicotiond pm the 78 individual Europeanrnink home rangesrecorded on the .|u.tio,tof sameresourcer. Kirov. (In Russian) Upper Lovat during the winters of 1986-1988,59 (75.67.) coin Sidorovich.V. E- 1991.Strualure. reproductive status and dy- cided wifi the localbn {,f bealer lodses. and 68 (137.2s.)rlerc namicsof theotter populaiion in Byelorussia.,4.rdft ?/irl., located on river stretcheswith relatively high. srccp. fo.ested 36:153-161. banks. From the 67 animals counied on rivers rnd brooks,47 Sidorovich,V. E. 1992a.Comparative analysis ofthe dietsofthe (70.2%)were recordednear rapids (cuncnt >0.6 m/sec)and 4l on Europernmink (Mustulalutr.olaJ, American mink (M river stretcheswith strongly winding beds. !iso'1)and polccar\M. putorius)in Byelorussia.S'n.rl Ctar\'tr G'a\ a , G2 .! Conclusions Sidorovich.V. E. 1992b.Gegenwafiige Sirurtion dcs Europiii schesNcrzcs (Mrrrcld l,r/eold) in Belorusland. Hypothese This study revealsthat Europeanmink are still .elatively seinesVerschwindens. Scni-a.!uutisth? StiusetieN. Wiss. abuDdanton the iribu|ariesof rhe Rivcr Lollt in the central part R.it. UniL Hall?:316-328. ofthe Lolat Basin.However. thc prcccssr)fthe expansionbythe Sidorovich. V. E. 1992c.Structure of O(er (Lutra lutra)poptla America. mink. which is alrendy almosr complete in the lower tion in Belaru!.Bjal/. MOIP 97:43-51.(In Russian) and upper pans oftbe basin.can also bc obse.ved.The competi, Sidor)vich.V. E. 1993.Reproductive plasiicity oflhe American dve exclusion of thc Europeanmink by the Ameican nink is nink. M ytyz. in Belarus. A(ta Theri.n.,18(2\)15 | 83. procceding yery rapidly (within 5- 10 years fbr a medium sized Sidorovich. V. E. I 994.How to identifythe tracks of theEuropean river. as was observedon the uppcr Lovat, Sidoro\ich. 1992b). nink (Mrrkld furrc,ld). the Anerican mink (M. ltror) This rapid exclusionoi thc native mink is not only causedby the andihe polecat(M p,r.,/trr) on $,alcrbodies.,tndll adf- competitiveadlanlrgcs ofthe Americann nk (Danilov & Turna- niroft CoNerv-.,lO:8 9. nov, 1976: Hentrcnen& Lrhli, 1978r Mdan. 1989j Sidorovich. Sidorcvich,V. E.& Kozholin,A. V. 1994.Preliminary dali onthe 1992)but also.to a greatextent. by ellectilc rcpr)ductive regula- statusof the Europeanmink ! (Musk4i lutkolo) ab\\n tion by the expanding American rnink population (Sidorovich. dancein thecentre of theeastern pari of its presentra.ge. 1922b,1993). When subject|o competitiveexpansion. European Snall.d ivre Coisen-.lO:1011. mink iind theif lasl refugeson glacial lakesand, in panicular. on Sidorovicb,V. E. & Lauzhel.G. O. 1992.Numbers of ottersand ,,nJllhfnok..$ hiln \ driou,r) pe\ul.mall ' i\ fl,,el approachb ppulation estinationin Byelorussia.IUCN habital when populationsof the speciesare rclrtively stable. OtterSpe.ialist Ctoup BuU.,1:t3 16. Teplov.V. P. 1952.Taking lhe ccnsus ofoucr, sable.maltenj and Acknolll€dgements smallmustelids. Pp. 165-172in Inst.of Geography.Acld. The idea of this survey came fiom Tiil Marxn (Estonia). Sci. USSR. Metrods ol tut?nni ing the numberrand We are also gratetul to Dr L Kochirnovski, S. Salu*. and V. Kozenlo geoeraphkaldist.ibution oJ tetestrial vnehrates. for their help in the researchon the upper Lov,tl River in Belarus Temovski.D. V. 1973.Census of otterand mink. Prd.. Oidd in 1988-1992.The presentrescarch a.d translationof the paper Reserv 9:114-161. fion Russian inlo English we.e financially supponed by the Tunanov,L L. 1992.The numberof Europeanmink (Mrrr?la EuropeanMink Conservalionand brccdingCommittee (EMCC). lutl.ol.t L.) 1n the easlemarea :nd its relationto the Amcricanmink. S:eul dquati!.he Saugeliere, Wiss. Beitr. Refer€nc€s Uaiv. Halle:129335. Danilo,t, P.I. & Tumanov.L L. 1976.Mustelids ol the no hn"esl Tumanov.L L. & Zveryev.E. L. 1986.Pr€sent distribution and d ll? US.SR.Nauka. Lcningrad. (In Rulsidn) numbcrol lhe Europeanmink (Mustelalutr?ola) in 6e Hcnrlonen, H. & Lahti. S. 1978. Onko vesikko io havinnyl USSR.Zool. 2.. 65(3):126-435. (ln Russian) Suomesta?Sbrn., a,orto 37:34-36. rlnstitute Heptner.V. C. cr dl. 1961.ltlannals oJ t|rc USSR.Pa 2. VoL L of Zoolo$/, BelarussianAcademy of Moscow. (In Russian) Sciences,Skrotiny str., 27, Minsk 220072,Belarus Kudryashov. V. S. 1973. Census of the bealer. Pr,.. Oldd 'Institute for Problems of Natural ResourceUsage Resene 9:166 176. (In Russian) Maran.T. 1989.Einige Aspeklezum gegcnscitigenVerhalten des and Ecologlr,Belarussian Academy of Sciences, Eurcpn;sch.. I,l ustela I ut rcoid und Americanischen Nerzes Staroborisovskytract, 10,Minsk 220045,Belarus lt'tustela riton sowie zu ihrer Raum- und Zeiinutzung. 3corodok Populdtionsnkologiena erartigerSdug?1ierc,Wiss.Beit. Hunter Organization,Gorodok, Ua i,. H 0l le 31\P39) :3 12-332. Vitebskregion, Belarus

l8 An innovative and selectivelive-trap for raccoons(Ptocuon lotor)

GilbertPROULX

Thc Raccoon (P/".]o, /o1ol) is a well known procyonid cla'nped by two jaws closing on each other. Becausethe trap s r,,und in North America whereit is indigenous(Kau fmann, I 982). phstic housingcomplctcly coversthe bk)ckcd limb, the animals .fid in Europeand Russiawhere it hasbeen introduccd (Redford, cannot damage thei. toes by scratchingthe ground, a comnon 1962i Bcauforl, 1968: Ro€b€n. 1975). It is dn adaptableand happeningwlrh box rraps.The trap alsoproteds the blockedlimb .uccessfulspecies thal inhabils fbrests near water. and rrcas of from wrist torlion injurie!. rrgh human dcnsiry whe.e it finds abundantfood and shelter Krufnnnn, 1982). Assessmentstudies Rrccoons often ffe subjcct 1() bnto$crl investigattuns Proul\ ?r dl. (1993a)tesled the EGG irap in simulared .,rmin! ar dcvcloping proper conservationpfoSrans. Although naturalenvironmenlsby setling it alanangle (to rvoid thecaplure ,mpleinfornation hasbeen gathered on theraccoon's lile history. ofsnall rodents)on a treetru* andbaiiirg it with marshnallow 'hereis needfor fufiher researchon ihe species'social structure, at its openingand on the trigger(Fig. l). Thei testswefe first ..rd the ltnilnals behxvbr and rcproductivchnnogy (Kaufmann, carriedoul wiih nine raccoonsfor x 12h caplurepeiod. In a e82). The cumbersomeand rclativcly cxpcnsivehox traps(25 x secondseries of lests.nine riccoonswere held capdvetbr 24 :l \ 8l cm and larger)arc commonly uscd to clpture. mark. and consecutivehours. In all cases,the animalsdid nol sufier any rr sportraccoons(Meyer.1991; Endres & Srnith.l99liTaulman ieriousinjunes. Ecc-captured raccoons caneasily be darted with .\ williamson, 1993). The anirnals m:iy damagc their feet and anJnenheric or irnmobili/edwirh r,ndre pole. ':.th on rraps made out ot wne nesh but theseinjuries can be rinimized by construclingtraps out ofwood or plastic.However. In Canada,Proulx (1990) found that the EGC trap baited , \ isihle and odomnt bait is often usedto enticeraccoons to enter withmarshmallow and sei on a aeewas as etlicienl as the box irap .,i\ trrps (Meyer, l99l) and this commonly resultsin the caplure to captureraccoons. Contrary to the box trap.it did not capiure -unwanted" i anilnals such as cats (F./is .ath). small dogs any "unwanted species.tn lhe United Shies. Proulx cr ./. 'unwanted ( ,,?ir &nilidlir). rodentsand birds. These animals ( 1993b)found that when the trap was baited with meat.it wasalso ricn gct hun during their escapeattempts and this is a sourceof remar*rblyefficie'rt in capturingraccoons. However. the bait -nncern fof the sereral public (Defendersof wildlife, 1984). attractedseveral carnivores and x few dexterousVirginia opos su.ms(Duelphisvitsitlia|a) werecaptured. A catalso succeeded This paperreviews the chrra.leristicsofan innovativeand in firing the trap by prwing thc rriggcr.A sweelnon mcal brit .trnless live-lrap ihat seleclively capturcsrrccoons. suchas marshnallowis thereforemore appropiale in mrinlain ing rhehigh selectivityof rheEGG trapfbr raccoon. The EGG Trap Conclusion The EGG trap (EGG tfap Co.. Dr R. Thonpson. Wagner, \.urh Dakota, USA) consistsol a 9 crn widc x I I cm long plastic The box trap undoubledlyis r valuable meansto caplrre r)using (Fig- l). Through a:1 cm diameteropening, animals can raccoons.However. whcncvcr thcrc is I risk oi cnpturing "un .rch with their paw the dgger situatcd mid way within the wanted wild animalsor peoples'spers. consideralion should bc rusing. However. in order 1o lire lhe 1rrp, animrls must be able given to the use of the EGG lrap. The EGG trap is relitively ,, lrasp the trigger and pull on it. Therefbre,digitignde animals inexpensive(approximetaly l0 US$) and. becauseof its small .uall) arc unablc 1('firc the trap. When the t.igger i! pulled. it size. it can be sel whercvcr a.accoon nay livc. Since it can .leasesa5.7 cnl long barmoling latefally within the housingthat efficiently captureraccoons without causingsefious injuries, and 'unwanted" .locks the aninral s paw. The EGO trap is not compNrableto the reduce the number of species,the EGC lrap is a rshly controversial leghold trap where an animal s paw is valuabletool t{) use in any raccoonconservat;on program.

! I Drdlrdmor rh( f LC rdp and I. r(e ser.

l9 EGG lraps in simulated natural environments. J' Wi/11. Bcaulbrt,F. de. 1968.Apparition du raton-la.'enr.PbLron kttor Dis..29:411-452. (L.). et Fftnce.Mdtnnatia 32:30'7. Proulx.C.. Hubc , C. F- Jr.HuDgcrlbrd, L. L. & Bluett.R. D. Defendersof Wildlife. 1981.Chanqins U.S. ttdn,ing polit\: .l lqa.1b.E\rluariun ol Iso foorhuldingJc\i.c, r.' cJfrure handbookJbra./iusts. Defendcrs of Wildl., Wa!hington. raccoonsin non-drowning water-sets.I lth Midwest and D.C.56 pp. 7th Southeast.Furbearer Workshop. Okl:thonaCity. Okla Endres,K. M. & Smith,W. P. 1993.Inliuence ofrgc, sex.season homa. P. t6. andavailability on den selection by raccdnswithin the cen, Redford, P. 1962.Raccoon in the USSR.J Mann.. 43:541 5:12. tral basinof Tennessee.Aner. MidL.Nat., 129:l16- 131- Roeben. P. 1975. Zur Ausbreitungdes Wrschbaeren. P/o.)rl, Kaufmann,J. H. 1982.Raccmn & alUcs.Pp.567 585 tuJ. A. Chap, lotot (Li,l|,r,6.1758). und des Marderhundcs,N).r"rzxr?r man& G. A. Feidharncr,cds.Wild nanhuls ofNorth Aneri. procronoid?s (Gray, 1834), in dcr Bnndesrepublik .2. The JohnHopkins UDi!. Press.Baltinore. Maryland. Deutschland.Siiuge tierk. Mitt.. 23:93-101. Meyer.S. 1991.Bei,s ttnd to ani,nalrcns.Meyer Publ..Garri- Taulman.J. F. & J. H. Williamson. 1993.A simplc apparatusand son.lowa. 132pp. techniquelor anesihetizingraccoons. AneL Mi.|l. Not., Proulr.G.lqqr. Humdnct'df'tinef'!'e'rm. 4r,"dl h | 1989/oA AlbeftaRes. Counc., Edmonton, Canada. l5 pp. Proulx,G.,Onderka. A. J..Kolenosky,A. J.. Cole. P. J., Drescher, Alpha Wildlife Research& ManagementLtd., R. K. & Badry,M. J. 1993a.lnjuries and behaviorof 9 Garnet Crescent,Sherwood Park, Alberta, ruccoons(Proo'rn /ridr) capiuredin theSoll calchirnd thc CanadaT8A 2R7

Smallcarnivore observations in Way KambasNational Park, Sumatra,Indonesia

F'fom20/10/9.f until26/10/9,1I siayedat the Way Kanan Smafl-toothed pafm civet Arctoealidit triviryata RangerStation in Way KambasNational Park.Way Klmbas is a I believethat I sawan individualcross a roadat 0950on 110,000ha park localed in Lampung provincc in southeastern 2,y10.Payne et .1. (1985) lisl this speciesas being usually Sumatra.My purposein lhe reservewas 1()cvaluate the tourist nocturnaland arboreal. lt wasa reddishbrown color wilh a very potential of Way Kambas for th€ Philadelphia Zoo's truvcl longtdrl in proportiontoits bodyand had a verylean appearance. prograrn.Dunng rnl slal I madc following obleNations ofsmall JoanneReilly andGuy Speddingoi the Way KambasElephant andRhinoprojec!. stationedatWay Kanantoldne that they often encounterbaded linsangand on occasionbinturong ,4..ri.rir Orientaf small-clawed otter AonN cinerca bi11utunKar nighl on the road lion the Way KambasPark One individual observed swinning in the wlty Kanan enrranceto way Kanansrarion. Rilcf at 1500on 2ll10. One adult and ibur youngstersobserved Literature l*ving thc rivcr and moving as a group through the forest afier lndon.siaNational pdtkt dnd NdtureR(t.rr?t. DirectorateGe- beingdisturbed by me at 0715 on 22l10.Otiers were alsoheard on neralof Tourism,Jakarta. lndonesia. sevefaloccasions wher I canoeddown ihe Way Krnrn. Payne.J., Francis, C. M. & Pfillipps.K. 19a5.AJiel.l sui.le b the nannik of Bonco.The SabahSoc. & wwF Malaysia. Masked palm ci\et Paguma /drrard, Common palm civ€t Parudoxurus hemaphrcditxs, and Banded linsang Pr;drdddr RobertBerghaier, Animal Department,Zoological Societyof Philadelphia,3400 West Girard Ave., Al1 rhrec spccics obseNcd at 1830 on 23/10 foraging Philadelphia,PA 19t04,USA within l5 melcrs of clch othcr atuund a lourist bungalow.

Zooanimal behaviour and welfare Martens

-A Summer School, 17-28July 1995,Itdinburgh Zoo- Morteryossen./ and 11. 1993 and 1994. Werkgroep BoomnanerNederland van de Verenigingvoor Zoogdierkunde Designedlor all those involved in the mdnagemenaand en Zoogdierenbescherming,Apeldoom. Holland. hrsbandryof captiveanimal popuiations, whether these be zoos,safari pirks, wildlife centres or rear-and release schemes. This publication sumsup the aciivities ofthe memben of 'Workgroup Zoo Animal Behaviourand Welfarewill updatepanicipants the Pine Marten Holland of the Society of with the ktest scientific theory in the areasof behaviourand Manmnlogy and Mammal Proteciion . lt is at the same nme a welfare,showing how this theorycan be practicallyimpli- ycNrly repof and a ycarly newslcttcr. Thc publishc.s do not mentedback home in the participant's place of work. considcr it rs xjournal, but morc likely as an inlernnl sourceoi infomatior. Each numbercontainsat leanten notes/shortpapers Fot fufther infomation, pleuse contact: on M.rrt J ndrr.r as well as a literature list. A1l thc lcx$ are in Han ish Macandra, Un iy Ed Tec hnol o I iesIld., Ab.lenH o use, Dutch. I Marchhall Crescent,Edinbursh, EH16 sHP. UK Tel: 0l3l 6503475 Fax: 0l3l 6503474 In|amotion un.l oftlets: WZ Enmaloan,11, 35uI HP Utr?cht,

20 (rnel- D. 1994.Smallspeies ofnuselids. wi?./.r,el 60(3):74-76.0 n Dur.h) Crcok\. K. 1994.Denognphy and sr.rusof the lsland lox .nd the Istand \lldinger, S .ral.l993 In-vivoandin vilru expEsion of caninedhtcmper spottcdskunk on SantaCruz lsland.Caliaomia. .S,,rr,?rrsm Narzlat., viralfrorcinsindogsandnon donesticcrnivorcs.,.kr. yirol., l:t2:il2l f9:257 262 128 ltttustela nirdlis) Csorba,G. & Denerer,A. l99l Annoraredlisl ofrype specimensofrecenr \nr(isl.vst!. S. K. ?r a/. l9'J3 Erminc rcproduclionmd crnbryodevelop- nanmrls in thc HungrrianNatural Hisrory Museum. M&?tt rnc, Zo,/. n\ent t.Muneta erninea). scientfut 17:293 298. Hungatua.6:71t\5. \ nrn islavsty,S. K ./ {1. l99l. Edly I'rc inpla.ulionat dcvelopbenlof the l)ansaard.B. M. & Moller. S. ll. I99'l Heanalologyand ctinical chenical \to!r enbryos..Sirir\4 Abt 2n..2::1035. starusin mink or Drcdlcrionfdms. S.ia,r,rf l8:783,788. rn.eret.c r992.P.edation dc I hnondellede.ivaecRipd.d n,urnrpN une Dayan. I . Sinberloft, D. & fcheroov.c. 1993.Morpnological change i. BelerreMustelu nirulis. Hiroh 25(;t):159t60. Qualemarynannals: I rclc for speciesinleraclions? Pp. 7 I 83 D R. A \ndera, M & Cerveny,J. I 994 Ail.s ol disr.ibutionof lhe mammatsof the Manin & A D Ba.nolskt. eds.nt r/tol,Sn.aL .hunse h Quakthar, SummaMrs. regtun(SW Bohemiat.A.ta & i?nt.Bohehj.ae Bmo (Ncv nunndk of Nonh Aneica. cambridSeUnile6ny pre$, Camb.idge. r/izt 28(2/3):llll. Dayan,T 1994.Camivore diveBny i. rhelare Quatcrnary of Isaet.eakm. \ubry.K B.&Houslon,D B 1993.Di(ribution and (atusofthc Firher Res.,4l:313349. (.Mustelu,Man.s, M.les) lMat.\ pennanti)ir W^shingron.North-ve i. n Na.ur., 1l:69 19 Detkcr, D. 1193.Tree climbing by Long-tailcdweasel: an anti-pfcdaroi llJr.s. C t-. i993. A ncw late wisconsinan rccord ot Wotvcrine trod stEregyl'A&z Jd) 5l:l?9 180. pl"id:eie \ouihwcstcmNe!ada.C,rfu,r R(rear(h h the 9:95-97. Digregorio.C B - Reyna,A. C. & Muiphy. B D. 199.1.Roles ot melatonin B.rrrsky. D. I 993.Rcinrroduction of Blek lsl€d llnet ro A tizatu. Endan. andprolactinin tesliculr crudesccnsin mi.k (Mzsr./a yrJrn).1Rcpl,. loetl sry.i.s uplute lo(9no):9 & azlirt. 102:l 5. 'r i rk\. J. I99.1.The pole.atis backl Alive tud huntingin WarNictshirc it,s Eilam. D. 1994. l.nuencc of body noAhology on luroiog behaviourin .fficia]l. War,-ickthite Wildl, a4A. ctnirorcs. J Motor B.har..26:1 12.t.Mdliwru capensis||iLsoni) irrunr,J. 1991.Walchidg badger.tbs AanaulRep.Iai.est.^hne & Runatuj Frn, P. C. ?rdl. 1992.Eadng habit of eastAsi.n peopleand lransmission of In6t Nit|re (summer):.l C.n!?n. Ltd. 199:l 5. lrcn'a$s. A.la rf,?rtu 50:105-315.( *ersel ) , ,htkhuize.. S 1993. Mrlens mtstcrious lello$ ncighbours.Dizrcn Fehlberg.U. lq94 I-)cologicalbdricr cffecrsof notoNays on mlmalian l0(l):.18. (ln Dutch) wildlife ananimal pmtecr ion prcbLn}Deut! h( Ikrart.l W..h?n!.hr., 'lriekhuiTcn, S. 1994.BooDmancn inde houtschuur7/,slt.r 5(,1)::t6 (ln l0l:115 129.\Mana) DnLh) l.Llartes nart^) Flynn. R. W 1993. ..,l,al rt nut.ns in south ea| Ak^ka. Atas*^ Depr. r umcs. C P. & Mons, R D. 1993.Dnect and indirecr consequcncc of niok Fisheries& came Div. Wildl. Resrora..Rcs. Rep. w,2l-t (Study? 16). pre\cncein a corn6o.le.n colony. Condot 95:7087ll. rtr\knk, S W., et al. (1994) Mun?n!, sables,dkd fi\h.r. Biolo!, dntl Fomichcra, L l. et al. 1992. Innunorlobulns oI lk An ricdn httitt: .,,s.f[trnn. Comell Universitt pEss,lrhaca& l-o.do..48il pp. G.rei.!, crp/.ssion,.r,/,ri,,. Nauka Publ., Siberirn Branch. .trn.J. 1994.Magneric Nonhe net. BB( Wildlif. 11112)1122. (Gutoguto) Novosihink 156pp ,pp!. C. 1992.Obscrvalions propos i dc .arniroresrrouves mons sur res Frank,P. A (undated)Sourhem weasel Mui(tu lknatd otLw.?d,f^nity ourcs du ddprnenent des Ardennes.ArZ Sn.. Hitt. Nat. Anteknet Mustelid!e,orderCamilora. Pp 3l0 314,r S. R.Coodge(seenextret) 8t 56-i8 Fnnt. P. A. (undated).Floiida Nc^selMustda freandla Bnt,ruldd, tamily hnnensen.N. 1993.Mrnks andouers; is rr comp.lition?Or./ t 96(:t)j68 Mustclidae,orderCamivora.Pp315 3l8i,S.R.coodge,J zral.199.1. Production rnd .haracrerizrtion of a no.oclonrl badger anlr i r1n.5.F lool l'.per\dtdnJnh!|.nrcrf urt rr.nren,(nr.In imnunoglobulinG andits use in dcfiningrhe speLiiicity ofM].ordr rcli!- badge^,M.l.r,r?Lr Z. Siius.ti.rk. 59:2tn 223 b,rir inliction in badgeisby westen hlot vet Inn nal. & Ihhunopathot.. 'or. E & Bonis,L de. I993 t,e craned'A,pfurn- d,bif,us (Carnivotu, 40:213 252. \'lamnalia):son inponance pour laconprehension de taphylosaniedcs (ioodse,J. !r rl. 199.1.Serodiaenosn .f M).?ba.r.ri,- ,,r^ inaectioDin mustclidts.conpr. R?,1 J.|d,..r t.!z/'?r //t _lt6:1327-ll:l:t (Bitin badgersdevelopmentofan indirect ELISA usinga 25 KDaanri8cn r/., gual Frcnch Unglisb) R2... l:15(4):8285. rtpenon,B. K, Pbilrpson.SM.&woodbouse.A D. i994.Fieldtriatsof Good.idee.L M.. Willirms. E S.& Busbirt.S. W I 99:1.lflecls oi I nrodified rlo{ releNe synlhctic lurs lnr stoah (,ltakla zmi,.dl rnd feders live vnuscanincdineDper vrccinc on caprivebldger (Iajr./cd,ar6). tMtr.td Iuro). N.v zeatard J zu7.,2t:279-281 J. Wil.ll Dh., 30:492-496 \. nre \ P l,)i)4 ILhiri hrr!.rcrr.h\ nr t-br..i..r prn

2l Ilemrann. M 199.1. Siiug.iere ihl Saanand: vehkitun{, c.lihRlruns Mrnin. R.. Rodnluez.A & Delb€s. M 1995 Locdl tuedrngspecialization S./ur:. Natur$hutbundes Saarlmd.St. Wendcl 166pp. by badg€6 (M./.s nz&r) in a mediletuneanenvircnnent Oz.,/,gia Hjandal. L t)ahl, S O. & Hufthanmer. A C. 1993.suhmer pel4es in 101,1550 seaselsin sinrer: indicationor winler rep.oducrronFdund Not.si.a Masuda.R & Yoshida,M. C. 199.1.A molccularphllogcnt of thc lamily (S.i.r Al l4r6:l-6.1 Mu\t€lidae (Carnivorr). based on conparison of nilochondriai Hockstra$er.K ?ral 1991,\minoacidscquctrccsofmanmaliinl.zil lype cltochromeb nucleDtidesequences. Zr,,l S.i, ll:605 612 proteinaseinhibirors ftom salivary Slands.Cdl Rn\ hot & Pht\bl - Mrcol. T., Doncrner. C. P & M.cKinley. L. A 199.1.Corelares of lcal 106(8):103108. (tldr.s ,rdfr.r) varirrion i'i rhc abundanccof h.de.noesbnla..u\ europu t J A.in. Hodeenxn.T. P. ./ ,1. 1994.Surriral rn m inrensivelyrrapped nanen ri.,/ - 63:851860 (M./.r rel.J) populdronin Maine.J. Wi/d/.tt2,28..58:595-599. Millcr, B. ./ ,/. 199,1.Relntroduciion ol rhc Black footcd fcrct (Mlrrrld Hosoda-T .r a/ I 993.Reslriction site polymorpbism io $e ribosom.lDNA "irr?zr). Pp .155-464tP.J. (llnet. C. M. Mdce & A. T Fenher, eds. of elehrsNciesof CanidaeandMusrelidae.(:rr,lofi,(Totlo)58:221 Cr.atir. cons.r,'alion: Int.rarti. nanaq.tn nt of Nild atu .atrire 2)0 tMdt.\ h d(lunryt, M.le\ ta. anokunt, etc.) d"inatu. Chapman& Hall. London Humphlty. cd. /izl. anrl ?rrtuhg.r.d bitra .t Fknnh. Vol. I. Mannth. Modden.C. & wolsrn. M 1991 P.tanoth(liunt Ldll.ro,i (Mdrmalia. Florida Uni!cNiry Prcss,Crinsvillc. C!rnivord)xusded thrermrozin vonweisblden Anoreburgin Miinzer Ilubl.. E., Sreltinen, J & Kennen, J 199.1.Do aniiicid feedirrgsites of Bc.kcD.Mai,i?/ N/!r/hirz,t'h. Ar.hir 11t21 5-221. bhck grouseallr.cl nannalan predatorsL5".n2, lqinr,40rll1-l17. Moller. B lg9:l Enlc Ergchnhsczu Wildereinbu.gerungdes Slcinkruzcs (ln Finni\h, Engli\h \ummary) (.{7/,'e no.r!,) inden LandkreneiHildesheim uid Peine.d?t. x/r!|l .refiries.D. .r.& Cdlchley,C. H. 199:1.A .ew I'ioeddren (Mdt6 nat^ (L.) Ni..l.rsa.hs.ns 46: 12-81 (.Man{ fuina) rccordinr the No.th Yort\hire Moors skull dnnensionsand confinna M.s.oni, T M & Rico. F I- 1993 ScqncnlialdiffcrcDrialion of scnsory tion of lhe sp€cies.Ndt,.dhr (Hull) Il9rl'15-150. inneNationin rhc mystacial.tad of lhc feret. ConNL Neututalhol - Jenners.D. 1992.Bunring ffusteld tuhnus (L,17541 Ndtuurh^1.Eihliol. :l:l:l:.l02s l ,('tfY56r1.16-I'19. Murth,!. E C & t)o$ding..l E 199'l Ranecand dict of {oats l,,r(,tu Joh.son.W. E., Frrntlin. W. L. & Inare.J A 199: The mammalianfauna .fft,.d)inaNe{ Zealandbeechforen.,\'zvZ?dlddIE.a. l8rl 1-18. ofoorrhernChileao Parago.i. i biogeognph,cxldilenm M, n,/t, N lin Davies.S. A.. Cas€!.C. A. &Wandeler.A.1991.ldenlilicalion ofthe 56:11515 1. (Con.pain huriboldti J rcgionallarictics ol thc rabicsvirus qithin the Crn ian Prclincc of Jon$, L L & Raphacl.M. C. 199:1.IDcxpcnsivc camcf! systcmsfor Onwia. J. Cen. tt irrobiol. - 11:829 831. derecdng'nartens. fishers- and orher aninals: guideli.es ioi use and N.di. Drvies. S. A.. Case), C. A & Wandeler,A. 1994. A nolec(lar rraidardizarionUS lorest S(rr. G.a. T4 hn.Rdp. PNlv 306rI 22. epideniological(udl ol rdies virus in ceorralOnnno and westem Kapian.J. B.&Me!d,R.A. 199,1Seasonalcha.gesi.resrrculrrtuncrionxnd Quebec, G., !'if,l. 75:25752583. sen'iial characreisiicsof t"e 'nale Elnern sporredshnt (spil,s,lc N.ylor. B. J & l,lovat, M. l99.1.Calch eficienc! a.d selecrivir v of v.nob tubrin! dtnburrilus) .t. Mantn.,15:lotl tO2O trps lnd se$ usedl.r.rtluring A €ri.an mancns. lvilrll S . Rull. 'thyroid Kdsprzak,M.. SzymecTko.R. & Pielryga,T. 199:l hornonc lcvcls in minkal diffcrcntagcs &nrrlrl?:ltq180 Newmark,w D. Iq93. SighringofStiped wcascl(P,..il.euk ulbiruchu) Katnik,D. D., Hdison- D. J. & Hodcenran,T. P 199,1.Spanal reladoos in a in :,rgorooeoroConservarion Are.. Bull. L:o! Alr Nul Hi!. So(.- hae(ed populalion ol manen in Maine. 1 Wildl Ma,zAy.. 58:ti0G60?. 2l(l):25-26 Kenhuel. C. 1991. Pras€ncedu putois au Mans. 4,L Graury Sdflhois Nolte.D. L. .r d/. 1994.Why a.epredaror urines rversv€ to prey?7 Cr.,,. Ecol.. 20'l 505-I 516. (.Munela.min dl Kilprrrick. H. J & Rego.P W. 199.1Iniluence of season.sex. and site Oleinik.V. M. & Svetchtina.E. B 199:1.Sone resuhities in lhe enzyme availrbilny on Fisher(M?rrlrlprnln/r) rest site sel€ctionin theceniial specrun lomalionin thedigestive ruci of re mink , rz,r/!, l7:103305. hudsdd forcst.Cd,. J. 2,,1.12:1116-1119. Ovenkxug.K , Broscth,H. & Knulscn,B. 199.1.Area ud habilaluse ofPinc Kolobaev,N. N. & Popo!. A. V. I gqo.Srble in Z€iskt Rescruc.Pp.62-10i, maftcnsMdr,?s mdri.J in nrid NoMay. t,rr,l?(2):81-88. R.s.rr.s oJnE Atnutska:"aR.gi,r. Blagoveshchcnsk(ln Russian) Paragi,T. F. & Wholcchccse.C M 199.1.Mfien. Mart.s atfi.nrdnd. Korf nnlki, E 1993Rcgularionof mulriannlalvolecyclcsbydensitt dcpcndcnr predarionoi a Noirherngosl'awk-A..ittt.t gehtul{ Cah tieliNalur.- !!ian iid mtunmariln pedation. oikas 6:359 363. tMustetu niwlir) 108:8182. Koniinaki, Fr 1993. !)oes nesthole quality, breedingsuccess or lbod Paragi.T. F., Anhur, S. M. & Krohn-w. B 199,1Scasonal and circldian dcplcriondfivcthcbrccdingdispcrsalof Tcnnralnr'sowllJ,lri, ri.,l. activh,!parLrns oI fcnralcFhhcr. Ma lts Fnnanti, snh *n\ aar t ipu 62:606613. lntat.r ndr.r) K./hechkin. v v 1994 On wolvcrinc bchariourwhcn hunringrhc nusk Parir, B (r "ral l9g4 Exprcssionof{idcflnalerowlhfactorrccel)lorinrhc d.cr Lultuola 1:51. trc-irrplanrari.n utcrusand blasrocynof the Wesremspotted skunk. Kruska.D l99l Evid.trccofdcclinc in brainsiTc in nnch mink, Masr.ld Rnn R.t rcdu.t., 51:21)5-214 ivn t don(stio, during slbadult posrmnl ontoge.esis. afa,n , Poddubmyr.N. Y. 1992.Asynchrcnisn of populariondynamics of various t?ldr Europe A(n(tt( E(ne u l-. l75li. dans un fxraec dc l oucst dc l! l,ran.c Ropcr, f. l. 1994.The Erropeanbadg€f MzLs r.l.r food specialislor Mdnnalid 58(l):l8l'189. gene.dinl 1 2,,1, 234:437,152. Lisle,C. W. dezr a1.l99l. Mlcobact.riun b.rn in *ill Lners.N.tr Z.aland Roper.T. J. 199,1.Do badgeA,Meles n.les- btry rhcir dcadl J 7ad.,611 I?r.1,,11:1,18 1,19. | .de. I cc4. FeeJrn!hdbr\ Jl rheslunc mdncr Vuar'\ roi- "ri.l.n'""n Ro$i. L adl. 1992.Epideniolog! ofsyhatic lri.hincllosh in north wcstcro mcnrallacto.s in wenem F.ance Z .ta-!8..i.*..59(3)r189-l9l ltal\ R.r Scient.& I.chn. Ojfic? Int(rntl r:tt...1 . 11:1Q3910,16. Lod€. T. 199.1.Typologie d'un milieu liagnenl€ par le vison d Europ€ Rotrvinen.K.crl/.l992.Acuu'nulationof dictryfishiallydcidsinthebodt Must.la lu.rcala L. 1161.Bull. Sor. Sci. Nut. Ou(n Flan(e 11:1340. far reservesof sonrecarnivomus fDFhcaing aninals. A*/i.!/. S.,. (Englishsunnnary) Itlad l:.183.189

22 Rtrr1Olmo.J. & Pllazon.5 1993.Diet ollhe Sbne manen(Manesfohd vrk(nov-L.V. 1992Exreriorcharactcrisricsoipoleclcubsfrcmthcalone Erilebcn. 1777)in nonh casrernSpain. Donana A.1a Vert?bt.,20:56-61 liller. Pp.55 60tL Fzz,a i rtolrfi_yd ZltrdtD*r. Tver Univesilt Publ.. \.rxnkko.J lg92 Rlskofpredrtionandforaeingacdlnlinshrew.,4,r i,,,/. Tver.lln Ru$ian) F.tnn'i 29 291 299 \Mu!.la niali) vrenon.v. 1995 PrcmiaresdonntessurlesnanrnriG.essauvage\delaville \.rr-geanr.A B. .r a1 1993 l)islnbulion and abundan.cof predatorsthat de Prns. ei desboi\ de Boulogneel de vincen.es.An t.,/a 7(1)rl9 25 elllcr duck pr{du.llon PrairiePolhole Region. (A Fitlt &Wild\. Se^ R(eur.. Publ..1911 96 lMqhi6 ntphilis) Vink. H 199.1.Drs eerros. Z,,!di?r 5(.1):36( I o Dulch) (MzLr ,,?/A) \.Arki.H &Ono, Y lt94 IlabitatuscandseleclionoftheSihcrianweasel Vnic, J.&Slcvan.llc.J. 1993Conparativesludiesof thcserunlipoproreins utr.ttt \ihnit u r o.eana nvi ng thc non 'natin! sea$n..l Ma,''r.Irr. andlitids in sonedodenic. lt6ora&rl and$ild rninr!ls.Q,,p. Bi,.r.,r. .tuJrntt9ll):21 32. & Ph,'siol. l SeriesB ) lll6:22f-229 \.rlr. S C. 199.1Observed acrs ol egg de(ruc1lon.egg remolal. and Weber,J M. & Aubry, S 1994 Diel.ry responseoflhe EuroNan bldger. predrtnrnon ncsts.i passenneb s ar Dclta Marsh-Manitobr. aa, M.Lr ,rz&r. durine a populationoulbrcal of wrter lolcs. nnnd, '.. Fn dNdt 108:.1151.\Muiela niralr, t.rr.lris J. Zoo1..2a4:681690. '.{nu. V. & Pastivn.,C 1993 Tne {elchosis (anacr.bicenleroloxaenia) Wciler. E. lr92 Seasoral .hanges in adull n.mmalirn brainwcight Oirhogenesisin nrink.L The ioxicny of C rzLlr {nins isotnledtion Nuluryi sensthah.n 79:471-116 (Mustekt putoln$ furo) mnik tirnrt,r l8:221,22? Wbitebead,H. & walde- S. J. 1991. Teritoriality and ihe evolulion of .r.rnnn! S A (/,1. 1991.Organi\alion of responsr\enessin rhc fctre( chrrtcr displacemeot..d sexualdimorphism li.nb Eto!. & Erol.. pr nrry rtrditoryconex J. Neuropathol..69:361-aa3 5(ll:303318. \.hcieher.RR &Hunter,D B. 199:1.A survcyofthecauscolmorlaliry n wildl, D. E. 1992 Ccnelic resourcebants lbr conser!ingwildlife species: Jdulrnrink. trilh enrphasison thc lacradonperiod. Cdr..l /tr,/,3.1:103 justificarion,ex.tnples md beconringofeaniscd or a globd bass,4,rr Reprcd.S.i,)u:211 251. tMui.ld rigri|?t) \.htr.rdcr. R R. & Yodzis.P 199.1ErliDction dymmi.s in thc Amerlcan Williams.E S .r d/. 1992 Dis€as€managcmcnt in the tslact looled lirrt \'t^trcn lMunes an.riranat. Ct rery. /rd.. 8:i058-1068 (M!!!/, ni6lpcJ)reinlroductionprogranrnrc in wyoninS ,4,,, P/,. ..hno. G.. Pohlnrc,f, K. & Srole. M. 199.1A.orrrrbulion to the helnrinrh Am.r. Ass.iaoo V.t , 1992:lO11. r!unuolSbtoncnianen(Mdr.r.loind Enlcb.D, |171t.Z Jdta/}nt.na.h. Wolsrn. M. & Semcno!.Y. A. 1994.Dental €volutbn in thc late Mieene EenL\ F,oftclli'oru (Crr.r!ora, Munclidacl and iis biosrraligraphic . - rrunr!0, f. Y . Montlli. R L & Hlver. l,. J. t 99l. Castro.ntcririsassociabd implicarioos.Pp 8:l i, Ncogcnc and Quateriary Banmrl\ of e (k\tndiun \\t\h t).rl'ins?nr type inllctiotr in Bhck liored lirret liahexrclic. Conlircncc in honour ol prof. K. Kosalski. Mat 17 21. \Mun(la niEri'xr) yel Pdrrol., l0:108-:r10. 199,1,Krakos. Poland '.r\in. J &tluxley.C l99l lnhoulzaciondecarniloressilvesrre\coDIaWoodrelle. R. 199.1.AlloFrcit.l bebxviourin Europeanhadgc$. Arin nrezclade tetaminc r xilacina y.,./tralia tMcxico) 2l:135 139.tM. A.lav. .16:41:l-415 /irrn) (Enslishsummary) woodroifc. R &Macdonald.D W lg95 Fcnrale.oopelirion nr EuroFan .r\malas.U l.. Sidorovich,V Y &Shtnalaw.V.U 1993Hclnrinthsof badlcn M../cyn?lcr eliacrson brecdingsuccess.J. Anin. Edn.,6l:12-2O irusrelidsliving neir rhc warer s]llens ol Behus vr.ti Akartenii Yloncn-H. & Rontainen.Il. 199.1Breeding supprssion in lhe b.nk lolc as ftl!^ Arc/,ru si.t?n I Btlal,rid'rt, Nar"t 4:96 l0l. tlr belrRrssran. anhpred.rorl adaptationin a piedicrxbleenrironnent. /]r.l !i"1,

. nrn. \. L & Charllon.K. M. 1992.Thc disribftion ol challenecvifus Zbou.Z.-Y.& Nordsiog.,K 1993Mesangioprolifcmtivc glomerulonephnlil nlndud rabics!i.us versusskuDk srrccr ubies vnus in the hrainsof in mink with ctrccphalitiszoonosis. A.d V?. .S.adirdyi.z 3.1:6976. .xpernnenralhlnl€cred rabid stunts. A.r, N1!r.?d,/r,/.. 8.1:501-508 ,nudzinski, J. F. .,,/ lg93 CENTRCORFITC -anti nbics monoclonll .,rL){.A R l993.lnfe.ringc\tnr.tuninddectinnrgpopulatiinJ Mtth.nat. globulin in rabresdiagnostic. 2. Examinarionohalurally infectcdani t|m., i2:19 a2.lMusteld lut.ol.) nrals.trlr11d lt?tcr-,d^t/na 1912)1115 (Itr Poii$. Englsh slm . {dud. G A 1993.Reduced predarioD hy nen bor relocatior:diff.r.ot nrr) (Ma .\ Ijka) .ttecs on legmlld s oal nestsandaftifici.l nesrs.O/,is.!zd,i 'nz Zholneftrvskata-t. I ?r,/., 19a9.Catalngue ol.oll..tnrn: ol th. Zoolo|i.dL 11:149253. lMai.s nnn.\'t Mun\"n ol Birrqi.al Innnuk SiberiunBrdnth. USSRA.ddeh\ ol .i.illd-!er.f.1991. RetroducrionduneM re |Md,.r ,arre t ii Sdnl Aubnr St ietu.: Manndh: 10lx t ontistinE ol th. late caddi.r .I th?aaiatul d. Bonnerrl.t.nr&,,r.12:10 ll r,t/dlf?. NxutaPubl..SibcrlanBranch. Novosibirsk. l6l pp.(In Russia., .,i r M & Higuchi.H. 1992.Hahirat freferen.e 01 lhe lzu lslandlhrush Englidrtransl.liodol lhesectionmustclidscxi{s:seerr/..o1dNo.:tr::l aD&r.?1a,4r andtheelllct ofweaselinifodu.tion on lbe population l2) ot tlrc lh.ush on Miyake kland tr.d ll:4757. (lI Japancsc.English Zoss. A. 1992 Sodrerspects of thc c.oloet of Europernbadger (M!L\ ,,.1.s) if ihc SlirereNxrurereset\eTdrlu tllil..li T.indisetl 9,5:176 .L\l(tr.S I- & uustirt, w. 199.1.Forc{ nriqoeivironmentr and rc{rrg I ri5. .n.rgerrcsolrhe AmericaD mafi enM o.t. ! ank r i.ana. Fot! rqh\ t 1:219 - Yivdrids .'no\sk!.D V & rer.olskrla. Y G lgS.1.N urul anrl expcrinrcntll Jnin l hybridiTatiotrP,i.odd 9.1:l:80-85(ln Russiul Bonrs,L. de Carnivorr( viverordes (Canrivorr.Mammalia) du Mrocane ,m t$n. 1 D 1991. Mar tcn Fpulatronsin uncurand l.SgcdBoreal tures$ intineur d'Europe occidcntlle: origine des trmillet modcrnesde 'D ()ntan. ,7 wil./1.,Va"a!.. 58i17: 2ll0 Felifomia. /r,rr ::i r Aaol. F/dn.. 16511t:A592 r,!.p$n.l D. & C. gan.P. w. 199.1Maien a.iivity i0 unculand loggcd (rhao.S..Au.J.&YanA,l-1992 A.ewlpecie\of manrnr.lforHongKongl Bortrl tnrc{s itr Onlarn,.J $l/d/. ,Varzg. . 5E:180:88. rheJlvan mongoosc1,gerre!r!s jttdni.ut\. M.h lt,v Kona Ndt.Hist. .r\ainr.A. c/ (/. 1994.Chemic!l lnrmobiliz.lion ol wild hadge6 (n1'./.,r .t,..l9:137138. "i/.rr.,4.r. M.d f.r. 1.15:5775110. Colyn. M. & van Romta.y- H. 1994.A biogeogrlthic studyof cusnnlnscs r.n U\nlc. Y 1993 Deui nouvellesobscAations de Manre (Mal1!r (C,,r.tu/./,rs) (Carnivora. Herpenrdae) in theZanc Basin.J Ai,r.,s/, ,krft r)danslabouchedeBrolonne(Senrc-MarliiJne) P.ri,llr...12:12. fantuvill€. Y. 199:1.Ouclque\ oblerva(ion\diumcs d. Fd,ine lMdnzr Colh.M &VanRonpaey.H 199.1\4orphomelncevidenceofthcmonolrprc lt,rui P"tr I lxt 11:lI nalus oflhc Afri.an i.ng nosednoneoos. x!r,{//e n/v) (Carnivora. riatr uville. Y. 199.1.O6sci\llion d'une Hemin. lMn\|.tu amti"ed) i Hfpenrdrel. 4.13. 1 2,,1. r2:r(2) 175 lr: Heunenuvilletla, P.tit t.ariol 18:ll) Co i, J L. dr d. 199.1.Wildlifc !\ hostslor licl,s (Acai) in ,{ntlgua.Wesl retror!. V A. 1992.Finll ntues ofrhc hvdrolysisofsone nuiierl\ n rlc lntl\es..I M..1.Enk no!..3l:51-61 sdaU inrestineof m!n'nals {ilh drilerentlbod spe.irlisalion. Dcbonis,I-.l99il. LoverMioc.nc Clrn ivora(Mrnmalia ) faunafNn west Fi.blith.skii Z.ln.hr t M. S..re,,rz 78(8)165ll (ln Russirn.Englsh cn' Llrope theb€ginnine of the nldem Felilnmia familics a,/15r,. (;l,t trd,.? 165:85-92. Itrdnrns.n.R., Xames.M. & Claik, M. 1992 Newrccordsofle(ebrilesin Ituchet.Y 1991.L! Cenett€dans lcs Altle\ Mlrilines. A,ll t&,r alN(1. \ourh-p.scm Artrnsls. Pr?.. A/tazsds !.//. &i.,.16:109 111. 185:3.135.

2l Khao, K C & Ho, C. T. 1992.The influenceof D"r.hod?n6 tlrnati&! compper.M E 199.1Thc inrp.rtan.cofccology. behalior, a.d generrcsin (Hymenoptcia:Formicidae) on lossesdue to lt?l,p.ltrt rrora.nlr the maint€nanccofcoati(Ndrld rdri.d) [email protected] disserta- (Heteroprera:Miridae), blact pod diseasc.lnd manmalian pests in tion, Universiryof lenie$ee, Knorville. 238 pp. cocoain Malaysia.A/. Enr.naa R?r . 82:485491 Hamic, A N ?r ol. | 993 Firsfepoi of dD.,noLt sp in Rlccoon\ (Pr,.r,, Kok, O. & Louw, S. 1994.Bird and manrmalpredaloB of curculionidand lotor). J. w ltll l)it , 29.r39 t4t . teneb.ionidbeerles in semi-rid rc8ionsof Souh Africa. J. Afr. Zoo1.. lln.H.199l OnthcconscvationsfalegiesoirheRedpand..Clt,.r.lt/ida. 108:555563 l99l(2):ll-12.(In Chinesc) Le Jacques,D. 1991.Nolc sur lc conponenenl de caplured€s pmiesdc la Hu-H. ctdl. 1993.View of,{ifurlr.filgz,r prcrection-bascd.n cuftnl g€nett€d'Eu.ope B.rlta 9., ctto L.. 1758.Bull Enin.a 16l -1 1. slto^tionl :Ji(huanJ. Zool.. l2{l ):.16.( ln Cbinese) Le Jacques.D & Loda, T 199,1.l- alimentldon de la genelled Europc, Kolla6. T. M. Jr. 1993.Ticks (Acari: Ixdlidae) inl€stinglhc mcdium sized A.netta e.n.ttt L.. 1758. dans un bocagedc l o!cs1 de la France. wrld mahnal\ in soulh-wcstTcnncsseeI M.d. ,rron,l.. 30:896$0. ,|duudlu 58:383 189. Mmelli. A. ?. dl 1993. ttul(t.ltnnini (Acari. Ixodidr) ini!(rng on Maddocl, A. H. 199:l Small camivorcsrrapl)ed ar veroo. CrooLesNatu.e m.dium siTcd mlmmals and blue jays in noahem lllinors. I M.l Reserre.L,,,,.rr.I.r 42r:15-'12. Entot,.l., .O:95O952 MaiTeret-C?rdl 199:l.Lagenett€G.tr.tdS.,.tadanslalalldedel Eyre Miller. G. C 1992. A kcy to somc common hclminlhsof rhe R.ccoon, (Landes de Cas.ogne/Gtonde): occupaltun de l'espace et .6ginrc Pn(r.n lotot, in rbe soulh eanem United Stltes. J. ZTird ,S.t. r_,.. alimentaire.Ca,rrae?or 14:2132. 108:ll I 116. Nakakuki.S lgg3 Thebranchialfte.lobulardirisnrn.andhloGllcschot Mugms, J N & Seidensticker,J. l99:l. Ccognthic variationof leaobody $e Masted pdln ci!€t (Pdg!,n larrat.l lonB.J. vet.MqL Sti ,55:425- ma\sand a nodcl of ns effefi o. lhe crprciry ol lhe raccoonlo lduenand 129 t6t- 8 1. Fkrirla Mus Nat. Hist., Bt,/. S.i.. :16l:l):85l0?. (Cited PapadopFlous,B. .r d/. I 99l. Trcls lAcanna.iim. Arga\idacand lxodidle) wronsly in Vol. I I ) of On^n tiunu SaudiArubia l2:2ly.l2'a. Mugdas.J N. Seiden{icter,J. & Mahlke-John$n.K. P 1993 Mdabolic Pcnzh.rn,B 1..& Chapam, F. 1994.Prevrlenc€ of8dr?rra r)rrn1i infccrion ldiplarions to clinate and distribnrionin theraccoon Pr,.r,, Lrr'r and in rhr€€I'oFlarions of Ycllos noneooses(C:r,,i./is p.,t.t/lara) in the orhcrProcyonidae.Snirnr,,.Conttib.Zool.-512:131. Trdslaal. SouthAfdca. .1.wi/dl /)it . .10(4):557559. Prculx.C. ?r a/ l S93 l njury and beh.vior of raccoons(Pf,.v, lat r) Pullen,C. 199:1.Ne{ sitc fidcliry in the tsandednoneoose dr,!,s ,!,8, capllrcd in the son cilcb rnd rhe EGC lrips in $milated natural Ianne ryerer 12:23. enrironmenls.J'Iyi// . Dir..29:,t17-.152 Sar(er.N. J Hnen. S. 1991.Food cotrsunrptionand feedi.g behaviou.ot Pung,O.J ?ral 1994.Ectoparasiles ofoppossuns and nccsns in south- Snralllndiannrongooscs(s.4)?sr(tuurcpunctus)incapti\iry.Ban!1a- castcrnccoreia. 1 Mc./. t r,,,,/.. 3l:915 919 deshJ. Zaol..2l lO9-114. Taulnran,I F & Willianrson,J. H. 199,1.F_ooil preferences olcaptive wild Trllor, P. J. & Me\ter. J 1E91.Ctrlitlil pennillatu. Llunn. Sp.ti.s 432:1 1. Raccoons( Pr,.r,, rr,rl ( aa. Fi? ll Natur.,t t)8:) lu ) 15. Trrlor. P J & Meener. J 199:l Moehometric varilrion in ihe Yello* wen, R. C. 1993.Wamins: do nor eattarantulas. /nr,, At,rr T.runtutu nrong.oses,(inn ,ir /enn illutu (Cuvier. I 829) (Ca.ni!on: Vilcridac) Sot. , 2l t):3l2 l.Prodor lon ) in southernAfrica. D,/rd" Mm. Norir. l8::17-ll. wrighl, S. j.. Compper.M. E & D€Leon. B. l99il. Are cats tcystotre Vilella,F J. & Zwent, P. J. I 991.E ologt of rhcS mall Indianmoogese in predatds in Ncotropicalforcsls! Thc cvidcncc from Baro Colorado a dry coasralforen of l\eno Rico wheresympalric wnh thcPucrlo Rican ls]Land.Oikos 1l:219 291. lPot.\ lla\ us an'JNasua nati.d) niehrj^r a arribtun J. St i., 29:24 29. Xie.B.-Q.Hc.I H &Chao,Z.J. 1993.Descnprion ofa new speciesol Nlusrelidsand Prnlorids C,?d?t4s_\?1a Kohout, I 903 from westernYunnrn. Cbina (Siphonapteral vemipsyllidae) Acta Zaotuuon.Snt.a talt)s10? (1. Chinese.Fng Ba(uez, R. M.. Mares.M. A. & Oicda.R. A. (ND). nta,,r/r,,J & r,./,/n lidr summary) Okhhoma Museun oi Nrturd Hinory 282 pp. (Bihneual Enslish/ Zhang,B. Wang-Y. & Cao. G. 1993.Eipennent\ ofselectivecopularion Splnish) andbreedingpalleriolMastedpalmciret.Cird?r../Zrrl,28:3215. Bnbal F. J. l9!l Humaninpacl on lhecamivores ofVenezuela. Pp 145 (ln Chrnese) 156 in S1udi.\ on Rtrnpnrl rrunu und t:rri'onnot No.2a INas"? a olira.?n, Pnb\Jlu|ut. Bu\larn ronst..Pn\ wn kror, Mustela MDsr€fidsrnd Vir€rrids li.nata, Dra hatbaru Galrtis titula, Coke\lu! len^trntur) lln Spnnisb) Colyn.M 199.1.Mhsi.nd.xpenise4ologique.Rapubliquecenlrafricanr€. Hill.R.ti. !rzl. 1993 Fuithcr srudieson ih€ sus.e ibihy oi Ra.coons CornposrnreECOFAC RCA CroupenenrAgreco-CTI: f. \Patlan lator) ro r rrbies virus of skunk origin and conpararivc Colri, M.l'erpire, O. & Karalemr.J. 199'1.Ra 'on. Mission Ralublic suscepdbiliryol Sfiiped skunls (Mcplriti nefunnl J. Wilrll. Dn.. cenrrilricaine SalorMli-Juin 199.1.Proiecl CEE-RIOFAC. tlnilersitd 29:415 177. de RcnncsI. Laboraloirede Primatolo-EieBiologie Evolurive. Rosauc.R. C., Porler.M. J. & Maclooes.C. D. 1991.Ecoloey of urban Colyn, M. & Pe.p!le.O 1995.Rappon rntem6dilnc. Missior d cxpcrtisc skunls- riccoons,md lores in netropolilanToronlo Pp. ll-18 ,, W ToologlqueRdserle du Frune de Dir (Canercun).Projcct ECOFAC Adlns & D. C. Leedy. &ls. Itildrya tonserdian in nEtropolnan AgrccoCflT. ?,rir.nn.nrr.Proc. Narl. Sln'p Urb.Lnw'ldl , NJrl Inr UibJn$rlJl. Ying Lin. I 99:1.Mannnalia. Pf. 999 1036,r Hu!ng, C. M. . erl.Aninak of Columbia. tlnaqi Mountuins Cbinr ForestryPublishins Housc. (ln Chincsc)

Atteman\. R. 1994.Wijzigin! wctgcvingin Nederland.Zmgdicrcn bcter Bfoman-.1 & Paboh. B. H. 1993. Subn..ce Plike and serokrniniike h€schcnndl/rr?..Lr 5(,1):1217. (lo Dulchl (Mustelidlel immunoreaclivnyrnlhe hl€rt cranialmusclesoftheruccoon../. C,,4 B,rcson,P. l99,l.lhedynanicsofparenr:offspringrelilio.sbipsinnan Nr,tul- 329:35.116.1. m^ls.ltu^l! ii ':ri| & ,rrol . 9:399 .103 Carillo. E. & Vaugha.. C l99l B€havioralchange i. Pf&a!, spp. Cibbard. P. L. 1991 Pleibc.n. hiior\ of ihe Inwt lhahkt va er (C.mivora. Procyonidae).aused by tou.ist lisitation in a Co{a Ri.xn ( ambridgeLJn,vertn! Press, Cxnbndge wildlifc !rc!. ll?r. Ai,/. 4.,p..,lI(3B]r843 8,18 (ln Spanish) Lange.R.T{isk,P.,vlnWindctr,A &vatrDicpcnbcck.A 1991/1bgdi.ren Chatez Ranirez- F. & Slacli, R. D. 1993 Crmrlor€ liuit-use aDd seed '?,r lt'.,\r r-!r/?d. KNNV tlitgeverii..100 pp. di\perul ol rwo rehted tlanr speciesof thc Edsards Platcau-Texas. Slula.C &'l 1991.Ati(llsuilebth.tuth&siSns.fsouth.mantlEal .t lrn r(rrc,r N4r!r, 38:l4l 145. ,4jr.ar 'ri/,//y'.. SonthcmBook Publishcn.}]alfvay Housc.SA Fourniei, A 1992 Qlelques noolelles...der.lon laveur P/od", /,hr Wolsan.M 1994Elolulionof$cnriddlcinn$carincanyarctoidcarnivorans tlar.n 2511):10 and n\ phylogeneiicsignificancc Pp.sll-s:l, Abstncts ofconfcrcnce Giux. J C. I 99:1.Prcda.ion dc cjcnrplarcsaduhos deR4o spF.par nanile.os- on Neoreneand Quatemarynammals of the Pdaearctic.May I ?-21. en el \udeslede Brasil.a,l. Asar. HerDetol.EsD.,1:23 25. Krlkow, Poland.

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TheNewsletter and Journal of theIUCN/SSC Mustelid,Viverrid & ProcyonidSpecialist Group rucN

Number11 October1994

SPECIESSURVIveI CoMMISSIoN

LarSe-spottedcivet (vrverromegosprk). Photo by R.Winh.

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