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Thinking Outside the Sphere Views of the Stars from Aristotle to Herschel Thinking Outside the Sphere
Thinking Outside the Sphere Views of the Stars from Aristotle to Herschel Thinking Outside the Sphere A Constellation of Rare Books from the History of Science Collection The exhibition was made possible by generous support from Mr. & Mrs. James B. Hebenstreit and Mrs. Lathrop M. Gates. CATALOG OF THE EXHIBITION Linda Hall Library Linda Hall Library of Science, Engineering and Technology Cynthia J. Rogers, Curator 5109 Cherry Street Kansas City MO 64110 1 Thinking Outside the Sphere is held in copyright by the Linda Hall Library, 2010, and any reproduction of text or images requires permission. The Linda Hall Library is an independently funded library devoted to science, engineering and technology which is used extensively by The exhibition opened at the Linda Hall Library April 22 and closed companies, academic institutions and individuals throughout the world. September 18, 2010. The Library was established by the wills of Herbert and Linda Hall and opened in 1946. It is located on a 14 acre arboretum in Kansas City, Missouri, the site of the former home of Herbert and Linda Hall. Sources of images on preliminary pages: Page 1, cover left: Peter Apian. Cosmographia, 1550. We invite you to visit the Library or our website at www.lindahlll.org. Page 1, right: Camille Flammarion. L'atmosphère météorologie populaire, 1888. Page 3, Table of contents: Leonhard Euler. Theoria motuum planetarum et cometarum, 1744. 2 Table of Contents Introduction Section1 The Ancient Universe Section2 The Enduring Earth-Centered System Section3 The Sun Takes -
The Discovery of the Sea
The Discovery of the Sea "This On© YSYY-60U-YR3N The Discovery ofthe Sea J. H. PARRY UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA PRESS Berkeley • Los Angeles • London Copyrighted material University of California Press Berkeley and Los Angeles University of California Press, Ltd. London, England Copyright 1974, 1981 by J. H. Parry All rights reserved First California Edition 1981 Published by arrangement with The Dial Press ISBN 0-520-04236-0 cloth 0-520-04237-9 paper Library of Congress Catalog Card Number 81-51174 Printed in the United States of America 123456789 Copytightad material ^gSS3S38SSSSSSSSSS8SSgS8SSSSSS8SSSSSS©SSSSSSSSSSSSS8SSg CONTENTS PREFACE ix INTROn ilCTION : ONE S F A xi PART J: PRE PARATION I A RELIABLE SHIP 3 U FIND TNG THE WAY AT SEA 24 III THE OCEANS OF THE WORI.n TN ROOKS 42 ]Jl THE TIES OF TRADE 63 V THE STREET CORNER OF EUROPE 80 VI WEST AFRICA AND THE ISI ANDS 95 VII THE WAY TO INDIA 1 17 PART JJ: ACHJF.VKMKNT VIII TECHNICAL PROBL EMS AND SOMITTONS 1 39 IX THE INDIAN OCEAN C R O S S T N C. 164 X THE ATLANTIC C R O S S T N C 1 84 XJ A NEW WORT D? 20C) XII THE PACIFIC CROSSING AND THE WORI.n ENCOMPASSED 234 EPILOC.IJE 261 BIBLIOGRAPHIC AI. NOTE 26.^ INDEX 269 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS 1 An Arab bagMa from Oman, from a model in the Science Museum. 9 s World map, engraved, from Ptolemy, Geographic, Rome, 1478. 61 3 World map, woodcut, by Henricus Martellus, c. 1490, from Imularium^ in the British Museum. -
Redeeming the Truth
UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA Los Angeles Redeeming the Truth: Robert Morden and the Marketing of Authority in Early World Atlases A dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree Doctor of Philosophy in History by Laura Suzanne York 2013 © Copyright by Laura Suzanne York 2013 ABSTRACT OF THE DISSERTATION Redeeming the Truth: Robert Morden and the Marketing of Authority in Early World Atlases by Laura Suzanne York Doctor of Philosophy in History University of California, Los Angeles, 2013 Professor Muriel C. McClendon, Chair By its very nature as a “book of the world”—a product simultaneously artistic and intellectual—the world atlas of the seventeenth century promoted a totalizing global view designed to inform, educate, and delight readers by describing the entire world through science and imagination, mathematics and wonder. Yet early modern atlas makers faced two important challenges to commercial success. First, there were many similar products available from competitors at home and abroad. Secondly, they faced consumer skepticism about the authority of any work claiming to describe the entire world, in the period before standards of publishing credibility were established, and before the transition from trust in premodern geographic authorities to trust in modern authorities was complete. ii This study argues that commercial world atlas compilers of London and Paris strove to meet these challenges through marketing strategies of authorial self-presentation designed to promote their authority to create a trustworthy world atlas. It identifies and examines several key personas that, deployed through atlas texts and portraits, together formed a self-presentation asserting the atlas producer’s cultural authority. -
The Most Beautiful Book Ever Published on the Constellations
The most beautiful book ever published on the constellations Andreas Cellarius. Harmonia macrocosmica, seu Atlas universalis et novus. Amsterdam: Jan Jansson, 1661. 20 7/8 inches x 13 inches (530 x 330 mm), 364 pages, engraved and colored title page, 29 hand-colored plates. The seventeenth century was the Golden Age of Dutch cartography, in which the availability of large copperplates, superb draftsmanship, and immaculate coloring were combined with a period exuberance of detail—for winds, anchors, and a compass rose were more important to a map’s effect than many a minor inland town. The earth and sea in that nautical era were the chief subjects of attention; the celestial atlas remained a rarity. Cellarius’ Harmonia macrocosmica, however, has claims to be the most beautiful book ever published on the constellations, with delineations not only of the zodiac but the different cosmological systems of Ptolemy, Copernicus, and Tycho Brahe. Cellarius himself remains a shadowy figure, but he was most likely a German or a Pole as his name suggests — it is a Latinization of Keller or Kellner. Cellarius produced an atlas of Poland and Lithuania in 1652, and at the time of publication of Harmonia macrocosmica was rector of the Latin School at Hoorn, roughly twenty miles north of Amsterdam. The plates are brilliantly colored, highlighted in gold, with all the baroque trimmings. What space remains after a celestial hemisphere has been imposed on a huge rectangular sheet is filled to overflowing with banners, clouds, diagrams, mythological figures, portraits of astronomers and their observatories, or cherubs playing with sextants and telescopes. -
Barry Lawrence Ruderman Antique Maps Inc
Barry Lawrence Ruderman Antique Maps Inc. 7407 La Jolla Boulevard www.raremaps.com (858) 551-8500 La Jolla, CA 92037 [email protected] Planisphaerium Arateum Sive Compages Orbium Mundanorum Ex Hypothesi Aratea In Plano Expressa Stock#: 41104 Map Maker: Cellarius Date: 1660 (1708) Place: Amsterdam Color: Hand Colored Condition: VG Size: 20 x 17 inches Price: SOLD Description: Fine old color example of Cellarius's chart illustrating the Greek Astronomer Aratus' model of the universe, from the 1708 Valk & Schenk edition of Andreas Cellarius' Harmonia Cosmographica . This decorative celestial chart is based on the theories of the 3rd century Greek astronomer, Aratus, in which the Earth is at the center of the celestial universe with the Sun and Moon orbiting around it. The orbits of the planets are shown with the twelve signs of the zodiac and their human representations depicted around the edge of the sphere, with additional illustrations of principal Greek gods and goddesses. Aratus's most famous work was his hexameter poem Phaenomena. The first part of the poem is a verse setting of a lost work of the same name by Eudoxus of Cnidus. It describes the constellations and other celestial phenomena. The second half is called the Diosemeia, and is chiefly about weather lore. Although Aratus was somewhat ignorant of Greek astronomy, his poem was very popular in the Greek and Roman world. Andreas Cellarius was born in 1596 in Neuhausen and educated in Heidelberg. He emigrated to Holland in the early 17th Century and 1637 moved to Hoorn, where he became the rector of the Latin School. -
“Peces En El Cielo” ¿Por Qué Hay Constelaciones Con Nombres De Animales Marinos?
MUSEO DE LA CIENCIA Y EL COSMOS Organismo Autónomo de Museos y Centros del Cabildo Insular de Tenerife “Peces en el cielo” ¿Por qué hay constelaciones con nombres de animales marinos? Por Carmen del Puerto Varela, directora del Museo de la Ciencia y el Cosmos, y Oswaldo González Sánchez, responsable de Didáctica del Museo. La luz artificial y otros factores de contaminación medioambiental en las ciudades impiden hoy disfrutar de la belleza de una noche estrellada. Pero, en la antigüedad, la presencia nocturna de las estrellas era tan manifiesta que inevitablemente los pueblos de entonces habían de establecer vínculos con ellas. Las diferentes culturas creyeron o quisieron ver dibujado en el cielo a sus héroes mitológicos y sus leyendas. Después, entre los siglos XVI y XVIII, fue el exotismo de los Mares del Sur, como resultado de los grandes viajes de exploración alrededor del mundo, el que se vio reflejado en el cielo. Y de dividir el firmamento en elementos pictóricos a lo largo de la Historia surgieron las llamadas “Constelaciones”. Mapa de los hemisferios celestes de 1680. Foto: Frederick de Wit/Fine Art Photographic/Getty Images) 1 Una constelación es una agrupación aparente de estrellas: aunque parecen hallarse en el mismo plano, en realidad se encuentran a diferentes distancias sin que necesariamente exista relación entre ellas. Por convenio, hoy es cada una de las 88 áreas en que se divide el cielo así como el grupo de estrellas que contienen. Sin embargo, a lo largo de la Historia, el número total de constelaciones y el área que ocupaban variaban según el autor que catalogaba las estrellas. -
Portolan Charts
P O R T O L A N C H A R T S THEI R ORIG IN AND CHARACTERISTICS W ITH A DESCRI PTIV E LIST OF THOSE BELONG ING TO THE HISPANIC SOCIETY OF AM ERICA D ARD L T R T E W U E S E E S PH . H V N ON , D . NEW Y ORK 191 1 OPYRI G HT 1 1 1 C , 9 BY T HE HISPANI C S OC IE TY OF AMERI CA t he knicketbocket pteas. n ew mom CONTENTS T PORTOLAN CHAR S . BIBLIOGRAPHY DESCRIPTIVE LIST OF CHARTS AND ATLASES I N THE COLLECTION OF THE HISPANIC SOCI ETY OF AMERICA : H 1 T GI ROLDI 5H . GIACOMO , EARLY CENTURY N 1 468 PETRUS ROSELLI , . O 1 470 O . NICOLAUS DE NICOLO, - F T 1 5 E L H ANONYMOUS . A E T ‘ O VES CONTE I 1 51 2 DE MA OLO, J ’ N FRED CI 1 24 C D H OCTOM A NO U C 5 . CON E , Q OT H OMANO FREDU CCI L E CONTE DE , AT AS OF FIV CHARTS, 1 537 ° 9 1 GT H T ANONYMOUS, EARLY CEN URY 59 1 GTH ANONYMOUS, EARLY CENTURY 1 L 1 T 0 . G H ANONYMOUS, ATLAS OF THREE CHARTS, EAR Y CEN TURY 1 1 L OE L I 5TH . BAPTISTA AGNESE, AT AS FOURTEEN CHARTS, EAR Y CENTURY 1 2 . L L BARTO OMEO O IVO, AFTER 1 3 . H I ERONY M O GI RI VA , AFTER 1 552 52 BARTOLOMEO OLIVES, 60 . -
Myth and Mentality and Myth Studia Fennica Folkloristica
Commission 1935–1970 Commission The Irish Folklore Folklore Irish The Myth and Mentality Studies in Folklore and Popular Thought Edited by Anna-Leena Siikala Studia Fennica Folkloristica The Finnish Literature Society (SKS) was founded in 1831 and has, from the very beginning, engaged in publishing operations. It nowadays publishes literature in the fields of ethnology and folkloristics, linguistics, literary research and cultural history. The first volume of the Studia Fennica series appeared in 1933. Since 1992, the series has been divided into three thematic subseries: Ethnologica, Folkloristica and Linguistica. Two additional subseries were formed in 2002, Historica and Litteraria. The subseries Anthropologica was formed in 2007. In addition to its publishing activities, the Finnish Literature Society maintains research activities and infrastructures, an archive containing folklore and literary collections, a research library and promotes Finnish literature abroad. Studia Fennica Editorial board Anna-Leena Siikala Rauno Endén Teppo Korhonen Pentti Leino Auli Viikari Kristiina Näyhö Editorial Office SKS P.O. Box 259 FI-00171 Helsinki www.finlit.fi Myth and Mentality Studies in Folklore and Popular Thought Edited by Anna-Leena Siikala Finnish Literature Society · Helsinki Studia Fennica Folkloristica 8 The publication has undergone a peer review. The open access publication of this volume has received part funding via a Jane and Aatos Erkko Foundation grant. © 2002 Anna-Leena Siikala and SKS License CC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 International A digital edition of a printed book first published in 2002 by the Finnish Literature Society. Cover Design: Timo Numminen EPUB: Tero Salmén ISBN 978-951-746-371-3 (Print) ISBN 978-952-222-849-9 (PDF) ISBN 978-952-222-848-2 (EPUB) ISSN 0085-6835 (Studia Fennica) ISSN 1235-1946 (Studia Fennica Folkloristica) DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.21435/sff.8 This work is licensed under a Creative Commons CC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 International License. -
Kartenschätze Aus Den Sammlungen Der Staatsbibliothek Zu Berlin
Lothar Zögner unter Mitarbeit von Klaus Lindner Gudrun K. Zögner Kartenschätze Aus den Sammlungen der Staatsbibliothek zu Berlin Herausgegeben von Antonius Jammers Generaldirel0Dr der Staatsbibliothek zu Berlin Preußischer Kulturbesitz westermann Inhalt V Ein Wort zuvor 7 An die Freunde der Kunst kartographischen Schaffens 8 Kartenschätze oder die „Vorstellung der vornehmsten und 9 accuratesten Charten, denen Liebhabern zum Vergnügen" Claudius Ptolemäus Weltkarte 1482 10 Antikes Weltbild 10. Jahrhundert 12 Lübecker Weltkarte 1475 13 Hartmann Schedel Weltkarte 1493 14 Nicolaus Germanus Nordlandkarte 1482 16 Johannes Stabius, Albrecht Dürer Weltkarte 1515 18 Lorenz Fries Die Neue Welt 1522 20 Peter Apian Weltkarte 1520 21 Christoforo Buondelmonte Die Inseln der Ägäis um 1460 22 Piri Re'is Segelhandbuch für das Mittelmeer 1521 23 Vesconte Maggiolo Portolankarte des Mittelmeeres 1541 24 Dominico Vigliarolo Portolankarte des Mittelmeeres 1580 26 Gerard Mercator Himmelsglobus 1551 28 Heinrich Zell Wandkarte von Europa 1535 29 Martin Waldseemüller Lothringen und Westrich 1513 30 Wolfgang Lazius Herzogtum Kärnten und Grafschaft Görz 1561 32 Jos Murer Karte des Zürcher Gebietes 1566 34 Tilemann Stella Grafschaft Mansfeld 1571 35 Arnold Mercator Land zwischen Mosel und Saar 1566 36 Matthias Quad Lothringen 1596 und Luxemburg 1589 38 Johannes Metellus Straßenatlas von Europa 1580 40 Gerard Mercator Atlas 1595 41 Inseln und Festungen in der Ägäis, nach 1655 42 Georg Braun, Franz Hogenberg Konstantinopel 1572 44 Abraham Ortelius Das Heilige Land und -
The Calvinist Copernicans
The Calvinist Copernicans History of Science and Scholarship in the Netherlands, volume I The series History of Science and Scholarship in the Netherlands presents studies on a variety of subjects in the history of science, scholarship and academic institu tions in the Netherlands. Titles in this series 1. Rienk Vermij, The Calvinist Copernicans. The reception of the new astronomy in the Dutch Republic, IJ7J-IJJo. 2002, ISBN 90-6984-340-4 2. Gerhard Wiesenfeldt, Leerer Raum in Minervas Haus. Experimentelle Natur lehre an der Universitdt Leiden, 167J- IJIJ. 2002, ISBN 90-6984-339-0 3. Rina Knoeff, Herman Boerhaave (I668- IJ}8). Calvinist chemist and pf?ysician. 2002, ISBN 90-6984-342-0 4. Johanna Levelt Sengers, How fluids unmix. Discoveries ~ the School of Van der Waals and Kamerlingh Onnes. 2002, ISBN 90-6984-357-9 Editorial Board K. van Berkel, University of Groningen W.Th.M. Frijhoff, Free University of Amsterdam A. van Helden, Utrecht University W.E. Krul, University of Groningen A. de Swaan, Amsterdam School of Sociological Research R.P.W. Visser, Utrecht University The Calvinist Copernicans The reception of the new astronomy in the Dutch Republic, 1575-1750 Rienk Vermij Koninklijke Nederlandse Akademie van Wetenschappen, Amsterdam 2002 © 2002 Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopy ing, recording or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the pub lisher. Edita KNAW, P.O. Box 19121, IOOO GC Amsterdam, the Netherlands edita@ bureau.knaw.nl, www.knaw.nl/edita The paper in this publication meets the requirements of @l Iso-norm 9706 (1994) for permanence The investigations were supported by the Foundation for Historical Re search, which is subsidized by the Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research (NWO) Contents Acknowledgements V111 Introduction PART 1. -
How Astronomical Objects Are Named
How Astronomical Objects Are Named Jeanne E. Bishop Westlake Schools Planetarium 24525 Hilliard Road Westlake, Ohio 44145 U.S.A. bishop{at}@wlake.org Sept 2004 Introduction “What, I wonder, would the science of astrono- use of the sky by the societies of At the 1988 meeting in Rich- my be like, if we could not properly discrimi- the people that developed them. However, these different systems mond, Virginia, the Inter- nate among the stars themselves. Without the national Planetarium Society are beyond the scope of this arti- (IPS) released a statement ex- use of unique names, all observatories, both cle; the discussion will be limited plaining and opposing the sell- ancient and modern, would be useful to to the system of constellations ing of star names by private nobody, and the books describing these things used currently by astronomers in business groups. In this state- all countries. As we shall see, the ment I reviewed the official would seem to us to be more like enigmas history of the official constella- methods by which stars are rather than descriptions and explanations.” tions includes contributions and named. Later, at the IPS Exec- – Johannes Hevelius, 1611-1687 innovations of people from utive Council Meeting in 2000, many cultures and countries. there was a positive response to The IAU recognizes 88 constel- the suggestion that as continuing Chair of with the name registered in an ‘important’ lations, all originating in ancient times or the Committee for Astronomical Accuracy, I book “… is a scam. Astronomers don’t recog- during the European age of exploration and prepare a reference article that describes not nize those names. -
Navigation 2020
Catalogue ofFollow Navigation theAtlases Stars & Exploration Bruce Marshall Rare Books FOLLOW THE STARS A CATALOGUE OF NAVIGATION ATLASES &EXPLORATION BRUCE MARSHALL RARE BOOKS FOYERS, 20 GRETTON ROAD, GOTHERINGTON CHELTENHAM, GLOS. GL52 9QU ENGLAND, UK TEL. +44(0) 1242 672997 e-mail: [email protected] website: www.marshallrarebooks.com “ YOU CAN NEVER CROSS THE OCEAN UNLESS YOU HAVE THE COURAGE TO LOSE SIGHT OF THE SHORE AND THE SEA WILL GRANT EACH MAN NEW HOPE AND SLEEP WILL BRING DREAMS OF HOME. ” CHRISTOPHER COLUMBUS THE COVER ILLUSTRATION IS A BRASS SCULPTURE OF GALLILEO. THE REAR COVER IS ITEM 5. AN ARMILARY SPHERE. INSIDE COVERS ARE OF ITEM 15. CELLARIUS. CATALOGUE PHOTOGRAPHY AND DESIGN BY CLARE MARSHALL TERMS AND CONDITIONS: ALL BOOKS ARE AS DESCRIBED AND IN GOOD CONDITION. IF FOUND OTHERWISE ANY ITEM MAY BE RETURNED WITHIN 14 DAYS FOR A FULL REFUND. ALL PRICES ARE IN STERLING AND DO NOT INCLUDE POSTAGE. HOWEVER, WE DO ACCEPT PAYMENT IN EUROS OR DOLLARS AT THE CURRENT RATE. ALL GOODS REMAIN THE PROPERTY OF BRUCE MARSHALL RARE BOOKS UNTIL PAID IN FULL. 1. ANTONISZOON, CORNELIS The Safeguard of Sailers, or Great Rutter. Containing the Courses, Distances, Soundings, Floods, and Ebbs; with the Marks for the Entring of sundry Harbours of England, Scotland, France, Spain, Ireland, Flanders, Holland, and the sounds of Denmark; also the Coast of Jutland and Norway; with other Necessary Rules of Common Navigation; Collected out of the newest and largest Waegoner, and confirmed by the practice and experience of many able pilots and seamen, now published for the use and benefit of all honest mariners.