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Institutes of Roman Law [160 AD] The Online Library of Liberty A Project Of Liberty Fund, Inc. Gaius, Institutes of Roman Law [160 AD] The Online Library Of Liberty This E-Book (PDF format) is published by Liberty Fund, Inc., a private, non-profit, educational foundation established in 1960 to encourage study of the ideal of a society of free and responsible individuals. 2010 was the 50th anniversary year of the founding of Liberty Fund. It is part of the Online Library of Liberty web site http://oll.libertyfund.org, which was established in 2004 in order to further the educational goals of Liberty Fund, Inc. To find out more about the author or title, to use the site's powerful search engine, to see other titles in other formats (HTML, facsimile PDF), or to make use of the hundreds of essays, educational aids, and study guides, please visit the OLL web site. This title is also part of the Portable Library of Liberty DVD which contains over 1,000 books and quotes about liberty and power, and is available free of charge upon request. The cuneiform inscription that appears in the logo and serves as a design element in all Liberty Fund books and web sites is the earliest-known written appearance of the word “freedom” (amagi), or “liberty.” It is taken from a clay document written about 2300 B.C. in the Sumerian city-state of Lagash, in present day Iraq. To find out more about Liberty Fund, Inc., or the Online Library of Liberty Project, please contact the Director at [email protected]. LIBERTY FUND, INC. 8335 Allison Pointe Trail, Suite 300 Indianapolis, Indiana 46250-1684 Online Library of Liberty: Institutes of Roman Law Edition Used: Gai Institutiones or Institutes of Roman Law by Gaius, with a Translation and Commentary by the late Edward Poste, M.A. Fourth edition, revised and enlarged by E.A. Whittuck, M.A. B.C.L., with an historical introduction by A.H.J. Greenidge, D.Litt. (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1904). Author: Gaius Translator: Edward Poste Introduction: Abel Hendy Jones Greenidge About This Title: An edition with Latin, English translations, and extensive editorial commentary. The Institutes of Roman Law is Gaius’ best known work which became the authoritative legal text during the late Roman Empire. It was the first systematic collection and analysis of Roman law which dealt with all aspects of Roman law: the legal status of persons (slaves, free persons, and citizens), property rights, contracts, and various legal actions. PLL v6.0 (generated September, 2011) 2 http://oll.libertyfund.org/title/1154 Online Library of Liberty: Institutes of Roman Law About Liberty Fund: Liberty Fund, Inc. is a private, educational foundation established to encourage the study of the ideal of a society of free and responsible individuals. Copyright Information: The text is in the public domain. Fair Use Statement: This material is put online to further the educational goals of Liberty Fund, Inc. Unless otherwise stated in the Copyright Information section above, this material may be used freely for educational and academic purposes. It may not be used in any way for profit. PLL v6.0 (generated September, 2011) 3 http://oll.libertyfund.org/title/1154 Online Library of Liberty: Institutes of Roman Law Table Of Contents Preface Explanation of Abbreviations Historical Introduction Commentarivs Primvs De Ivre [i. De Ivre Civili Et Natvrali.] [ii. De Ivris Divisione.] [iii. De Condicione Hominvm.] [iiii. De De Di Ticiis Vel Lege Aelia Sentia.] De His Qvi Svi Vel Alieni Ivris Sint. De Patria Potestate. De Manv. De Mancipio. Qvibus Modis Ivs Potestatis Solvatvr. De Tvtelis. De Cvratoribvs. De Cvratoribvs. Commentarivs Secvndvs De Rebvs Singvlis Et De Rervm Universitatibvs De Rervm Divisione. Rervm Corporalivm Adqvisitiones Civiles. Qvibvs Alienare Liceat Vel Non. De Pvpillis an Aliqvid a Se Alienare Possvnt. Qvibvs Modis Per Vniversitatem Res Adqvirantvr. [de Legatis.] De Fideicommissariis Hereditatibvs. Commentarivs Tertivs Intestatorvm Hereditates De Legitima Agnatorvm Svccessione. Consensv Obligationes. Addendum Formal, Abstract, and Simulative Dispositions. Commentarivs Qvartvs Appendix Additions and Amendments PLL v6.0 (generated September, 2011) 4 http://oll.libertyfund.org/title/1154 Online Library of Liberty: Institutes of Roman Law [Back to Table of Contents] PREFACE The death of the author of this Commentary and Translation has taken from us one who in the intervals allowed him by his official duties gave himself with single- minded devotion to the acquisition and furtherance of knowledge. ‘Omnium, quos cognovi, doctissimus’ were the words in which Mr. Poste’s great erudition was commemorated by the Vice-Chancellor of the University, the distinguished head of the distinguished College of which Mr. Poste was almost the senior Fellow; and certainly no one can read this Commentary without being impressed by the writer’s philosophic spirit and extensive learning. It is especially remarkable that a scholar, who was never engaged in the teaching or practice of law, should have produced a legal textbook, which perhaps more than any other makes intelligible to English students the teaching of the great German masters of Roman jurisprudence and at the same time never fails to be interesting by reason of its own force and individuality. In re-editing this well-known work, at the request of Mr. Poste’s executors and of the Delegates of the Clarendon Press, my endeavour has been to preserve as far as possible the character which Mr. Poste himself gave it, while making such alterations as seemed to be required at the present time. As Mr. Poste never revised his Translation and Commentary with any completeness since they were first published, their revision for this edition has been a more considerable undertaking than would otherwise have been the case. It should be noticed that the part of the Commentary relating to analytic jurisprudence has been much curtailed in the present edition. This has been done by the advice of persons engaged in the teaching of Roman law at Oxford, who are of opinion that the insertion of so much matter bearing on the general theory of law has rendered the Commentary unnecessarily difficult to students and that the subject is one better left to independent treatises. The omission of the Preliminary Definitions on this account has made it possible to introduce into the book an Historical Introduction to Gaius, which has been written by Dr. Greenidge, who is well known for his writings on Roman constitutional history, and for his special Treatises on ‘Infamia’ and on ‘The Legal Procedure of Cicero’s Time.’ The text of Gaius adopted is that of the last edition of Krueger and Studemund, which its German proprietors have again most kindly allowed us to use. In this text the numerous lacunae are only filled up, where from passages in the Institutes or other sources the missing words may be inferred, at least with a very high degree of probability. Some other conjectural readings, more or less followed in the Translation, will be found in the Appendix. It is to be hoped that in some future edition of this book a Critical Apparatus may be supplied by a competent hand. In the meantime the student should more especially refer to the notes on the text appended to Krueger’s and Studemund’s Gaius. He may also consult with advantage the notes to the late Professor Muirhead’s edition of Gaius, though the valuable textual criticism to be found there requires revision in the light of more recent research. In conclusion, I have to express my obligations to my old friend and pupil Mr. Ledlie, the translator of Sohm’s Institutes, for many helpful suggestions. Another old friend PLL v6.0 (generated September, 2011) 5 http://oll.libertyfund.org/title/1154 Online Library of Liberty: Institutes of Roman Law and pupil, Dr. Potts, has also rendered me valuable aid, especially in the preparation of the Index and of the Chronological Table. My friends Dr. Schuster and Dr. Greenidge have given me useful information on several points about which I have consulted them. E. A. WHITTUCK. Claverton Manor, Bath, October 17, 1904. PLL v6.0 (generated September, 2011) 6 http://oll.libertyfund.org/title/1154 Online Library of Liberty: Institutes of Roman Law [Back to Table of Contents] EXPLANATION OF ABBREVIATIONS Inst. Institutes of Justinian. Dig. Digest or Pandects of Justinian. Cod. Code of Justinian. Nov. Novellae Constitutiones or Novels of Justinian. The meaning of the numbers that follow these abbreviations will be obvious to any one who opens a volume of the Corpus Juris. Pr. stands for principio, meaning, in the first paragraph of a title of the Institutes, or of a fragment of a title of the Digest, or of a ‘lex’ of a title of the Code. The Commentaries of Gaius are referred to by numbers indicating the book and the paragraph: e.g. 2 § 5, indicates the 5th paragraph of Book 2. When the reference is to another paragraph in the same book, the book is omitted. When Ulpian or Paulus are quoted, the works referred to are the Ulpiani Fragmenta or Excerpta ex Ulpiani Libro singulari Regularum, and the Sententiae Receptae of Paulus. Fragm. Vat. Fragmenta Juris Romani Vaticana. (For the Jus antejustinianum see Huschke’s or Krueger’s Collections of ante-Justinian legal writings.) When Savigny, Vangerow, Keller, Bethmann-Hollweg, Ihering, Kuntze, Windscheid, Dernburg, Lenel, Sohm, Muirhead, and Roby are simply cited, the references are to Savigny, System des heutigen römischen Rechts; Vangerow, Lehrbuch der Pandekten; Keller, Der römische Civilprocess und die Actionen; Bethmann-Hollweg, Der römische Civilprozess; Ihering, Geist des römischen Rechts auf den verschiedenen Stufen seiner Entwicklung; Kuntze, Institutionen und Geschichte des römischen Rechts; Windscheid, Lehrbuch des Pandekten-Rechts; Dernburg, Pandekten; Lenel, Das Edictum Perpetuum, ein Versuch zu dessen Wiederherstellung; Sohm, The Institutes—A Text-book of the History and System of Roman Private Law (translated by J.
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