Handbook of Freemasonry Brill Handbooks on Contemporary Religion Series Editors Carole M. Cusack (University of Sydney) James R. Lewis (University of Tromsø) Editorial Board Olav Hammer (University of Southern Denmark) Charlotte Hardman (University of Durham) Titus Hjelm (University College London) Adam Possamai (University of Western Sydney) Inken Prohl (University of Heidelberg) VOLUME 8 The titles published in this series are listed at brill.com/bhcr Handbook of Freemasonry Edited by Henrik Bogdan Jan A.M. Snoek LEIDEN | BOSTON Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Handbook of Freemasonry / edited by Henrik Bogdan, Jan A.M. Snoek. pages cm. -- (Brill handbooks on contemporary religion, ISSN 1874-6691 ; volume 8) ISBN 978-90-04-21833-8 (hardback : alk. paper) -- ISBN 978-90-04-27312-2 (e-book) 1. Freemasonry--History. I. Bogdan, Henrik. II. Snoek, Joannes Augustinus Maria, 1946- HS403.H264 2014 366’.1--dc23 2014009769 This publication has been typeset in the multilingual “Brill” typeface. With over 5,100 characters covering Latin, ipa, Greek, and Cyrillic, this typeface is especially suitable for use in the humanities. For more information, please see www.brill.com/brill-typeface. issn 1874-6691 isbn 978-90-04-21833-8 (hardback) isbn 978-90-04-27312-2 (e-book) Copyright 2014 by Koninklijke Brill nv, Leiden, The Netherlands. Koninklijke Brill nv incorporates the imprints Brill, Brill Nijhoff, Global Oriental and Hotei Publishing. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, translated, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without prior written permission from the publisher. Authorization to photocopy items for internal or personal use is granted by Koninklijke Brill nv provided that the appropriate fees are paid directly to The Copyright Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Suite 910, Danvers, ma 01923, usa. Fees are subject to change. This book is printed on acid-free paper. Contents Acknowledgements ix List of Figures x List of Contributors xiv 1 Introduction 1 Henrik Bogdan and Jan A.M. Snoek Part 1 Historical Perspectives 2 The History of Freemasonry: An Overview 13 Jan A.M. Snoek and Henrik Bogdan 3 The Old Charges 33 Andrew Prescott 4 The Origins of Freemasonry: Scotland 50 David Stevenson 5 The Origins of Freemasonry: England 63 Matthew D.J. Scanlan 6 Freemasonry and Templarism 82 Pierre Mollier 7 Freemasonry and the Enlightenment 100 Margaret Jacob and Matthew Crow 8 Masonic Historiography 117 Charles Porset Part 2 Freemasonry and Religion 9 Freemasonry and the Catholic Church 139 José A. Ferrer Benimeli vi contents 10 Freemasonry and the Orthodox Churches 155 Jean-François Var 11 Freemasonry and Protestantism 162 Guy Liagre 12 Freemasonry and Judaism 188 Robert Jan van Pelt 13 Freemasonry and Islam 233 Thierry Zarcone 14 Freemasonry and Eastern Religions 258 Jessica Harland-Jacobs and Jan A.M. Snoek 15 Freemasonry and Western Esotericism 277 Henrik Bogdan 16 Freemasonry and New Religious Movements 306 Massimo Introvigne Part 3 Ritual, Organisation, and Diffusion 17 Masonic Rituals of Initiation 321 Jan A.M. Snoek 18 Freemasonry and Performance 328 Kristiane Hasselmann 19 Masonic Rites and Systems 355 Arturo de Hoyos 20 Relationships between Grand Lodges 378 Jan A.M. Snoek 21 Freemasonry and Friendly Societies 387 Daniel Weinbren contents vii Part 4 Freemasonry, Society and Politics 22 Freemasonry and Women 407 Jan A.M. Snoek 23 Freemasonry and Blacks 422 Cécile Révauger 24 Freemasonry and Colonialism 439 Jessica Harland-Jacobs 25 Freemasonry and Nationalism 461 Jeffrey Tyssens 26 Freemasonry and War 473 François Rognon Part 5 Freemasonry and Culture 27 Freemasonry and Music 497 Malcolm Davies 28 Freemasonry and Literature 523 Robert. A. Gilbert 29 Freemasonry and Modern Art 539 Marijo Ariëns-Volker 30 Freemasonry and Architecture 557 James Stevens Curl 31 The Material Culture of Freemasonry 606 Mark J.R. Dennis Subject Index 625 Index of Proper Names 649 Acknowledgements We would like to thank Michael Taylor for having translated into English Chapters 6, 8, 9, and 26, as well as having improved the English of Chapters 10, 11, and 13. We would also like to thank Brill Academic Publishers for inviting us to edit this Handbook. Additional thanks go to Maarten Frieswijk at Brill, and to the Brill Handbooks on Contemporary Religion series editors, Carole M. Cusack and James R. Lewis. Finally, and most importantly, thanks are due to all the contributors of this volume. Göteborg and Marbella, Vernal Equinox 2014 Henrik Bogdan and Jan Snoek List of Figures 26.1 The sign of distress at Waterloo 484 26.2 Masonic banners on the ramparts of the Commune 488 26.3 Example of masonic morals 490 26.4 ‘Churchill and Franklin Roosevelt’ (Photograph taken from Hamill and Gilbert 1992: 89, 127) 493 26.5 ‘Audie Murphy’ (Photograph taken from Hamill and Gilbert 1992: 89, 127) 493 27.1 ‘The Enter’d Prentice’s Song’, Page 84 of the 1723 Constitutions 500 27.2 ‘Die Kette’ by Johann Gottlieb Naumann from Vierzig Freimäurerlieder (Berlin 1784). By permission of the Cultural Masonic Centre, Prince Fredrik, The Hague 506 27.3 The opening of the Marcia Funèbre 1881, by W.F.G. Nicolaï. By permission of the Cultural Masonic Centre, Prince Fredrik, The Hague 508 27.4 ‘Der Dreimalige Accord’ 513 27.5 The fifth adagio (bar 16 to the end) from the composer’s manuscript. By permission of the Cultural Masonic Centre, Prince Fredrik, The Hague 516 30.1 Design for the Ark of the Masonic Covenant by Soane, drawn (1813–1814) in pen with coloured washes by George Allen Underwood (1792–1829), who worked in Soane’s office 1807–1815. It features the three basic Orders of Architecture (By Courtesy of the Trustees of Sir John Soane’s Museum, London, SM 14/4/6) 561 30.2 Perspective view of the Council Chamber, Freemasons’ Hall, by night, drawn by J. M Gandy, 1831. Pen and watercolour (By Courtesy of the Trustees of Sir John Soane’s Museum, London, SM P268) 562 30.3 Soane’s tomb in the burial-ground of St Giles-in-the-Fields (now St Pancras Gardens), London (James Stevens Curl) 564 30.4 Illustration from Grand Orient de France, Le Régulateur du Maçon. Paris (Grand Orient de France) 1801, showing a Pantheon-like structure on a base of seven steps, with various Masonic symbols. Note the cord, or border, alluding to the care of providence, which surrounds and keeps Freemasons within its protection: it is an emblem of the fraternal bond by which Freemasons are united (Collection James Stevens Curl) 566 30.5 The destruction of the Temple in Jerusalem, engraved by Philip Galle (1537–1612) after a drawing by Maarten van Heemskerck (1498–1574): it should be noted than not only are there twin columns standing in front list of Figures xi of the Temple (which is of the circular type, contrary to all Biblical evidence), but there are twisted barley-sugar ‘Solomonic’ columns in antis at the entrance to the porch. This is an example of Renaissance syncretism (Collection James Stevens Curl) 568 30.6 Plan of the Karlskirche, Vienna, by Johann Bernhard Fischer von Erlach. Plate 15 from his Entwurff of 1725. Note the elliptical space, the prostyle portico, and the twin columns flanking the portico attached to the very wide front (Collection James Stevens Curl) 569 30.7 Elevation of the Karlskirche, Vienna, by Fischer von Erlach. Plate 12 from his Entwurff of 1725. Note the twin spiral columns flanking the Antique Roman portico (Collection James Stevens Curl) 570 30.8 Panarèthéeon or Temple of Virtue and School of Morals by Ledoux. From James Stevens Curl, The Art and Architecture of Freemasonry. London (Batsford) 1991 174 (Collection James Stevens Curl) 571 30.9 Temple of Memory by Ledoux from Curl, Freemasonry. 1991 175 (Collection James Stevens Curl) 572 30.10 Oïkéma or Temple of Sexual Instruction by Ledoux from Curl, Freemasonry. 1991 173 (Collection James Stevens Curl) 573 30.11 Trials by fire, water, earth, and air (Quatre Élémens) for the reception of initiates in Memphis. Plate from Alexandre-Marie Lenoir, La Franche-Maçonnerie rendue à sa véritable Origine, ou l’Antiquité de la Franche-Maçonnerie prouvée par l’explication des mystères anciens et modernes. Paris (Fournier, etc.) 1814, showing ceremonies as described in the novel Séthos by Terrasson (Collection James Stevens Curl) 574 30.12 Iron Bridge at Wörlitz modelled on the first Iron Bridge in Shropshire: it was just one of many exemplary bridges in the Gartenreich intended to show different solutions to the problems of bridge-building (James Stevens Curl) 575 30.13 Temple of Diana framed by the ‘ruined’ ‘Greek’ Arch at Arkadia (Collection James Stevens Curl) 576 30.14 Tower at Edge Hill, Warwickshire (James Stevens Curl) 578 30.15 ‘Ruined’ Temple of Mercury at Schwetzingen (Bernd Hausner RPS/ LAD) 579 30.16 ‘Mosque’ at Schwetzingen (Andreas Förderer) 579 30.17 Frontispiece to Anderson’s Constitutions (1723) showing Five Roman Orders of Architecture and the Proof of Euclid’s 47th proposition (United Grand Lodge of England) 580 30.18 Summons to attend the duties of the West India & American Lodge of the Most Ancient & Honourable Society of Free & Accepted xii list of Figures Masons at the Queen’s Arms Tavern in St Paul’s Churchyard, London, 1760. Note the Three Orders of Architecture. On the left are the three theological Virtues (Charity [with putti], Hope [with anchor], and Faith [with book]), and on the right are Fortitude and Wisdom as Minerva, Strength as Hercules, and Beauty as Venus (with putto). The Motto Fidelitas Moribus Unita (referring to fidelity, morals or customs, and unity) is associated with the Phoenix, and therefore with the Art of Memory.